20001379 Ver 1_Complete File_20001025

Re: B-3111, Bridge 14 over Plumtree Cr.
Subject: Re: B-3111, Bridge 14 over Plumtree Cr.
Date: Wed, 08 Nov 2000 05:50:10 -0500
From: Bill Gilmore <bgilmore @dot. state.nc.us>
Organization: North Carolina Department of Transportation
To: Cynthia Van Der Wiele <cynthia. vanderwiele @ ncmail. net>,
Marella Buncick <[e-mail]>,
Rob Hanson <[e-mail]>,
"Charles Bruton,Ph.D." <[e-mail]>,
Cindy Roebuck <[e-mail]>, Jimmy Capps <[e-mail]>
Cynthia, what I can do is to look into this. If it is a concern we need to
investigate. Rob, please look into this from your end, Charles please do
the same from your end. Jimmy, I also need to know the letting schedule and
in particular the design complications? Cindy, please see that Charles sees
this today. Charles, do you thing that we could huddle on this today and
what is the rating on this wetland?
Cynthia Van Der Wiele wrote:
> Bill,
> I've received an application (notification) for a NW 23 for Bridge 14
> over Plumtree Creek. TIP is B-3111.
> The stream is designated a Wild Mountain Trout Water and supports a wild
> brown trout population. It was my understanding that the DOT has
> generally committed to bridging high quality resources...
> The project was signed off as a CE. The original plan was a 78' culvert
> to replace the existing bridge; this application calls for a 2-barrel
> box culvert 97' long. I think that a box culvert is probably the wrong
> one based on anticipated impacts to a high quality waters/trout
> streams. A box culvert installation would result in
> channelization impacts both upstream and downstream of the structure.
> This would disrupt the existing riffle/pool sequence, remove instream
> structure, impact gravel spawning beds and remove riparian vegetation
> which regulates water temperature. There would also be an inclination
> to utilize a lot rip-rap for scour protection. There would be issues
> regarding migration/movement of trout and other fish species through the
> structure.
> The letter stated that a spanning bridge structure could not be created
> at the site without great expense due to the topo. However, there is an
> existing.bridge there. Additionally, the document did not state what
> that cost was. The only alternatives presented were box culvert at
> existing location, box culvert 50' east and box culvert 50' west. Is
> that really a suitable range of alternatives?
> What is really frustrating is that with a NW 23, no concurrence from DWQ
> is required. I am very dismayed at this. Does this reflect DOT's
> environmental commitment? FYI, Marella Buncick of USFWS alerted me to
> this project wondering what I could do.
> Regards,
> Cynthia
1 of 1 11/14/00 1:56 PM

H d r" ° °+a
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
JAMES B. HUNT JR.
GOVERNOR
013 79
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
October 16, 2000
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Regulatory Field Office
151 Patton Avenue, Room 143
Asheville, North Carolina 28801-5006
ATTN: Mr. Steven Lund
NCDOT Coordinator
Dear Sir:
DAVID MCCOY
SECRETARY

SUBJECT: Avery County, Replacement of Bridge No. 14 over Plumtree Creek on SR 1114
(Big Plumtree Creek Road). Federal Aid Project No. MABRZ-1114(1), State
Project No. 8.2721001, TIP No. B-3111.
Attached for your information is a copy of the Categorical Exclusion Planning Document for the
subject project. The project is being processed by the Federal Highway Administration as a
"Categorical Exclusion" in accordance w' 23 CFR 771.115(b). NCDOT proposes to replace
the bridge with a two-barrel box culve 97 f t long. Each barrel of the culvert will have a cross
section of 8 x 9 feet. The culverts will be placed on a new alignment 50 feet west of the existing
structure. The provisions of Section 330.4 and appendix A (C) of these regulations will be
followed during construction of the project.
Jurisdictional Surface Waters Plumtree Creek (DWQ Index # 7-2-17) lies in the French
Broad River basin and is classified as a Class WS-IV Tr waterbody. Class WS-IV refers to
waters used as sources of water supply for drinking, culinary, or food processing purposes for
those users where a WS-I, II or III classification is not feasible. Class WS-IV waters are suitable
for all Class C uses, which include aquatic life propagation and survival, fishing, wildlife,
secondary recreation, and agriculture. The "Tr" classification refers to trout freshwaters
protected for natural trout propagation and survival of stocked trout. According to the NC
Wildlife Resources Commission, Plumtree Creek is Wild Designated Public Mountain Trout
Water and supports a wild brown trout population.
A spanning bridge structure could not be created at this site without great expense, due
to local topography. To minimize impacts to fish habitat, a cross-vane will be constructed for
the creation of a plunge pool just downstream from the project site. In addition, sills and
streambed material will be placed in the bottom of the box culverts to create a channel for
continuous movement of water during low-flow conditions. (See attached plans for details.) The
existing bridge will be removed. Best management practices for bridge demolition will be
followed during the course of the project. There will be no temporary fill dropped in Plumtree
MAILING ADDRESS: TELEPHONE: [phone] LOCATION:
NC DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FAX: [phone] TRANSPORTATION BUILDING
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 1 SOUTH WILMINGTON STREET
1548 MAIL SERVICE CENTER WEBSITE. WWW. DOH.DOT. STATE. NC. US RALEIGH NC
RALEIGH NC 27699-1548

Creek during demolition. In total, 97 feet of surface water will by impacted as a result of this
project.
Jurisdictional Wetlands No jurisdictional wetlands occur within the project area.
Approximately 300 feet of new approach work will be done to the south of the new bridge
alignment; however, no wetland impacts will occur.
Threatened and Endangered Species Ten species of plants and animals occur in Avery
County which receive federal protection under the Endangered Species Act. A biological
conclusion of No Effect has been made for each of these species resulting from the bridge
replacement. A complete discussion of protected species is included in the attached Categorical
Exclusion Planning Document.
The attached document also includes the project location and a discussion of impacts and
alternatives. In addition to the work described above, foundation investigations in soil and/or
rock will be necessary for this project. This may require test borings in Plumtree Creek.
It is anticipated that this project will be authorized via a NWP 6 and a NWP 23 (Categorical
Exclusion). By copy of this application, request is made to the Division of Water Quality for the
appropriate 401 Water Quality Certification, and to the Wildlife Resources Commission for their
approval for work in a designated trout county.
Please note that the Let Date for this project is February 20, 2001. We apologize for the lateness
of this application. If you have any questions or need any additional information, please contact
Mary Frazer at [phone].
Sincerely,
William Gilmore, P.E., Branch Manager
Project Development and Environmental Analysis
WDG/mef
cc: Mr. David Franklin, COE
Mr. John Dorney, NCDWQ
Mr. Ron Linville, NCWRC
Mr. Brian Cole, USFWS
Mrs. Debbie Barbour,,P.E., Design Services
Mr. Calvin Leggett, P.E., Program Development
Mr. John Alford, P.E., Roadway Design
Mr. D.R. Henderson, P.E., Hydraulics
Mr. Tim Rountree, P.E., Structure Design
Mr. Randy Wise, P.E., Roadside Environmental
Mr. R.C. McCann, P.E., Division 11 Engineer
Mr. John Williams, P.E., PD & EA
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PROJECT: 8.2721-001 (n-5111)

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United States Department of the Interior
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
Asheville Field Office
160 Zillicoa Street
Asheville, North Carolina 28801
July 18, 2000
Mr. John L. Williams T
Project Development and Environmental Analysis Branch
North Carolina Department of Transportation JUL 2 0 2000
1548 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1548
SECTION
Dear Mr. Williams:
Subject: Replacement of Bridge No. 14 over Plumtree Creek, SR 1114, Avery County, North
Carolina, B-3111 00• /379 c/tk,101 , Oct- , 25, LcC?0
In your letter of May 13, 2000, you requested a review of the subject bridge replacement project.
Our comments are provided in accordance with the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, as
amended (16 U.S.C. 661-667e), and Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (16 U.S.C. 1531-1543) (Act).
According to the information in your report, the North Carolina Department of Transportation
proposes to replace Bridge No. 14 over Plumtree Creek in Avery County. The existing bridge
would be removed and replaced with a two-barrel reinforced concrete box culvert. The new
structure would be built on a new alignment approximately 50 feet west of the existing structure.
Federally Listed Species
In your report you considered 10 federally listed species for Avery County. These include the
endangered Carolina northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus), Virginia big-eared
bat (Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), spruce-fir moss
spider (Microhexura montivaga), rock gnome lichen (Gymnoderma lineare), spreading avens
(Geum radiatum), and Roan Mountain bluet (Houstonia montana); the threatened Heller's
blazing star (Liatris helleri) and blue ridge goldenrod (Solidago spithamaea); and the threatened
(due to similarity of appearance) bog turtle (Clemmys muhlenbergii).
Based on the habitat requirements of these species, we concur with your conclusion of "no
effect" for federally listed species in the project area. In view of this, we believe the
requirements under Section 7(c) of the Act are fulfilled. However, obligations under Section 7 of
the Act must be reconsidered if. (1) new information reveals impacts of this identified action
that may affect listed species or critical habitat in a manner not previously considered, (2) this
action is subsequently modified in a manner that was not considered in this review, or (3) a new
species is listed or critical habitat is determined that may be affected by the identified action.
Effects to Waters and Wetlands
We are concerned about the decision to replace a bridge with a culvert. According to the
information in your letter, "a spanning structure could not be constructed without great expense
(due to topography)," yet the current crossing is a bridge, and Alternate 1 replaces the structure at
the existing location. The analysis provided does not even display the cost of a bridge and
further, obviously chooses the least expensive option. We also disagree that the project will not
have significant adverse effects on the flood plain. A 78-foot culvert, even with overflow
drainage provided, does not allow for the natural function of the flood plain nor does it allow for
wildlife passage. We also have questions about the culvert and its capacity to accommodate
high flows, especially during storm events, and the potential negative effects of scouring on the
natural stream channel downstream of the structure. A bridge would ensure the natural functions
of the flood plain and maintain fish passage, especially during low flows. We strongly
recommend replacing the existing bridge with a bridge.
If you have questions about these comments please contact Ms. Marella Buncick of our staff at
828/258-3939, Ext. 237. In any future correspondence concerning this project, please reference
our Log Number 4-2-00-244.
Sincerely,
Brian P. Cole
State Supervisor
cc:
Mr. Steve Lund, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Asheville Regulatory Field Office, 151 Patton
Avenue, Room 143, Asheville, NC 28801-5006
Ms. Cynthia Van Der Wiele, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources,
Division of Water Quality, Wetlands Section, 1621 Mail Service Center,
Raleigh, NC 27699-1621
Mr. Ron Linville, Western Piedmont Region Coordinator, North Carolina Wildlife Resources
Commission, 3855 Idlewild Road, Kernersville, NC 27284-9180
YO
t
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. Avery County
Bridge No. 14 on SR 1114
Over Plumtree Creek
Federal Project MABRZ-1114(1)
State Project 8.2721001
TIP No. B-3111
0013?g
CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
AND.
N. C. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
APPROVED:
Date .,.William D. Gilmore, P. E., Manager
Project Development and Environmental Analysis
6126!49. ' 0
Date icholas Graf, P. .
Division Administrator, FHWA
Avery County '
Bridge No. 14 on SR 1114
Over Plumtree Creek
Federal Project MABRZ-1114(1)
State Project 8.2721001
TIP No. B-3111
r "
CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION
August 1999
Documentation Prepared in
Planning and Environmental Branch By:
,0AS11111##f%I
SEAL
Date Jo L. Williams, P. E.
Protect Planning Engineer
??nln?ua?``
Date Wayne Elliott
Bridge Project Planning Engineer, Unit Head
S-i i -99 `y,
Date Lubin V. Prevatt, P. E., Assistant Manager
Project Development and Environmental Analysis

+i
PROJECT COMMITMENTS
Avery County
Bridge No. 14 on SKI 114
Over Plumtree Creek
Federal Project MABRZ-1114(1)
State Project 8.2721001
TIP No. B-3111
Geotechnical Unit
A Section 6 Permit will be required for the foundation investigations necessary on
this project. The investigation will include test borings in soil and/or rock for in-site
testing as well as obtaining samples for laboratory testing. This may require test borings
in streams and/or wetlands.
Resident Engineer & Roadway Design Unit
Best Management Practices for Bridge Demolition will be ' followed during design
s and construction of the project.
NCWRC has commented that Plumtree Creek is Wild Designated Public Mountain Trout
Water supporting brown trout. The following will be implemented to minimize impacts to aquatic
resources: `
• Instream work and land disturbance within the 25-foot wide buffer zone are
prohibited during the brown trout spawning season of November 1 through April 15
to protect the egg and fry stages.
• Where concrete is used, work will be accomplished so that wet concrete does not
contact stream water.
Where possible, heavy equipment will be operated from the bank rather than in the
stream channel to minimize sedimentation and reduce the likelihood of introducing
other pollutants into the stream.
• Temporary or permanent herbaceous vegetation should be planted on all bare soil
within 15 days of completion of ground disturbing activities to provide long-term
erosion control.
+ A small pool of water immediately downstream of the existing structure will be
preserved or re-created to promote fish spawning. In light of the fact that a spanning
structure could not be constructed without great expense (because of topography),
NCWRC has agreed to a culvert provided that NCDOT incorporate "fish friendly"
design into the culvert along with coordinating the design of any changes to the
channel with NCWRC.
Pogram & TIP Branch
Project Let date should be scheduled such that the contractors time will be
optimized regarding the November 1 through April 15 in water moratorium.
Page 1 of 2
PROJECT COMMITMENTS
Avery County
Bridge No. 14 on SR 1114
Over Plumtree Creek
Federal Project MABRZ-1114(1)
State Project 8.2721001
TIP No. B-3111
Hydraulies unit
Thus project must be reviewed under Section 26a of the.. Tennessee Valley
Authority (TVA) Act. The final bridge plans, hydraulic: analysis of the effects of the
replacement structure on the 100-year flood elevation, and notice of compliance with the
Historic Preservation Act of 1966 will be forwarded to TVA for approval.
A small pool of water immediately downstream of the existing structure will be
preserved or re-created to promote fish spawning. In.light of the fact that a spanning
structure could not be constructed without great expense (because of topography),
NCWRC has agreed to a culvert provided that NCDOT incorporate "fish friendly" design`
into the culvert along with coordinating the design of any'changes to the channel with
NCWRC.
Page 2 of 2
Avery County
Bridge No. 14 on SR 1114
Over Plumtree Creek
Federal Project MABRZ-1114(1)
State Project 8.2721001
TIP No. B-3111
Bridge No. 14 is located in Avery County over Plumtree Creek. It is programmed
in the Draft 2000-2006 Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) as a bridge
replacement project. This project is part of the Federal Highway Bridge Replacement and
Rehabilitation Program (HBRRP) and has been classified as a "Categorical Exclusion".
No substantial environmental impacts are expected.
1. SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS
Bridge No. 14 will be replaced as recommended in Alternate 2 with a two-barrel
box culvert on new alignment 50 feet west of the existing structure (see Figure 2). Each
barrel of the culvert will be approximately 78 feet long with a cross section of 8 x 9 feet.
Traffic will be maintained on the existing bridge during construction.
- There will be 300 feet of new approach work to the south. The pavement width
on the approaches will be 20 feet including two 10-foot lanes. Additionally there will be
4-foot grass shoulders. Based on preliminary design, the design speed should be
approximately 20 mph.
The estimated cost of the project is $295,000 including $275,000 in construction
costs and $20,000 in right of way costs. The estimated cost shown in the Draft 2000-
2006 TIP is $293,000; including $270,000 in construction costs, and $23,000 in right of
way costs.
U. ANTICIPATED DESIGN EXCEPTIONS
A design exception will likely be required due to a design speed of 20 mph. The
road is not posted and therefore subject to statutory 55 mph. The new alignment will
include a stopping movement at the end of the bridge, as does the current alignment. The
design is in keeping with the general curvature associated with roads in the area. To
improve the design speed any more would require major alignment modification and go
well beyond the scope of a bridge replacement project.
III. EXISTING CONDITIONS
SR 1114 is a paved road classified as a Rural Local Route in the Statewide
Functional Classification System. It is located approximately 8 miles southeast of
Newland, N. C. Currently the traffic volume is 200 vehicles per day (VPD) and projected
at 500 VPD for the year 2020. There is no posted speed limit in the vicinity of the bridge.
The road serves primarily local residential traffic.
The existing bridge was completed in 1957. The deck is 45 feet long and 12.2
feet wide composed of a timber floor on a steel girder floorbeam system. The
substructure is constructed of timber caps and piles. There is approximately 17 feet of
vertical clearance between the bridge deck and streambed. There is one lane of traffic on
the bridge.
According to Bridge Maintenance Unit records, the sufficiency rating of the
bridge is 26.8 out of a possible 100. Presently the bridge is posted with weight
restrictions of 13 tons for single vehicles and 16 tons for truck-tractor semi-trailers.
Vertical alignment is fair in the project vicinity. The bridge is at the intersection
of SR 1119. The south approach includes a curve that terminates on the bridge. The
pavement width on the approaches to the existing bridge is 12 feet. Shoulders on the
approaches of the bridge are approximately 4 feet wide.
The Traffic Engineering Branch indicates that no accidents have been reported
during the period October 93 through September 96 in the vicinity of the project.
There are no busses crossing the bridge currently. According to the
Transportation Director for Avery County closing the road would not be a major burden
since busses currently can not use the bridge due to weight restrictions and a sharp angle
on the approach to the bridge.
Bell South Telephone has an aerial cable along the north approach to the bridge.
Mountain Electric Membership Corporation has an aerial single-phase line crossing the
existing bridge. This line will require relocation if the structure is replaced on the existing
alignment.
IV. PROPOSED ALTERNATIVES
There are three "build" options considered in this document as follows:
Alternate 1) Replace Bridge No. 14 with two-barrel box culvert on the existing
location. Traffic would be detoured on secondary roads during
construction. The design speed would be approximately 20 mph.
Alternate 2) (Recommended) Replace Bridge No. 14 with a two-barrel box culvert on
new alignment 50 feet west of the existing structure. Traffic will be
maintained on the existing bridge during construction. The design speed
will be approximately 20 mph.
Alternate 3) Replace Bridge No. 14 with a two-barrel box culvert on new alignment 50
feet east of the existing structure. Traffic will be maintained on the
existing bridge during construction. The design speed will be
approximately 20 mph.
"Do-nothing" is not practical; requiring the eventual closing of the road as the
existing bridge completely deteriorates. Rehabilitation of the existing deteriorating
bridge is neither practical nor economical.
V. ESTIMATED COST (Table 1)

COMPONENT
ALTERNATE 1 Recommended
ALTERNATE 2
ALTERNATE 3
Box Culvert
Bridge Removal
Roadway & Approaches 67,000
4,000
-164,000 $ 54,000
4,000
119,000 $ 43,000
4,000
-269,000
Mobilization & Miscellaneous 70,000 53,000 95,000
Engineering & Contingencies 45,000 45,000 64,000
Total Construction $ 350,000 $275,000 $ 475,000
Right of Way $ 43,000 $ 33,000 $ 40,000
Total Cost $ 393,000 $ 308,000 $515,000
*Both Alternates 1 and 3 include a retaining wall that has increased their overall cost.
VII. DETOUR (ROAD USER COSTS)
The offsite detour considered in Alternate 1 includes SR 1117, SR 1118, SR 1142
and SR 1119. Road users would have to travel an average of 1.1 miles more along an
unpaved road than their normal route north along SR 1119, a paved road. The road
closure would last approximately one year. The total additional costs incurred by road
users would be approximately $27,000.
While the costs to road users are relatively low, the offsite detour is narrow and
treacherous. In addition, the cost of Alternate 2 which maintains traffic onsite is
significantly less than the cost of Alternate I which detours traffic off-site. The Division
Engineer concurs with maintaining traffic onsite as proposed in Alternate 2.
VIII. RECOMMENDED IMPROVEMENTS
Bridge No. 14 will be replaced as recommended in Alternate 2 with a two-barrel
box culvert on new alignment 50 feet west of the existing structure (see Figure 2). Each
barrel of the culvert will be approximately 78 feet long with a cross section of 8 x 9 feet.
Traffic will be maintained on the existing bridge during construction.
There will be 300 feet of new approach work to the south. The pavement width
on the approaches will be 20 feet including two 10-foot lanes. Additionally there will be
4-foot grass shoulders. Based on preliminary design, the design speed should be
approximately 20 mph.
Alternate 2 is recommended because it has the lowest overall cost with the same
design speed as Alternates 1 and 3. It also maintains traffic onsite and does not require the
use of a retaining wall. The Wildlife Resource Commission had expressed some concerns
regarding this procedure but has verbally agreed to the recommended alternate provided--
that NCDOT adheres to the environmental commitments listed earlier in this document.
IX. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
A. GENERAL
This project is expected to have an overall positive impact. Replacement of an
inadequate bridge will result in safer traffic operations.
This project is considered to be a "Categorical Exclusion" due to its limited scope
and insignificant environmental consequences.
This bridge replacement will not have a substantial adverse effect on the quality
of the human or natural environment by implementing the environmental commitments
listed in Section II of this document in addition to use of current NCDOT standards and
specifications.
The project is not in conflict with any plan, existing land use, or zoning
regulation. No change in land use is expected to result from construction of this project.
There are no hazardous waste impacts.
No adverse effect on families or communities is anticipated. Right-of-way
acquisition will be limited.
No adverse effect on public facilities or services is expected. The project is not
expected to adversely affect social, economic, or religious opportunities in the area.
There are no publicly owned parks, recreational facilities, or wildlife and
waterfowl refuges of national, state, or local significance in the vicinity of the project.
This project will not affect any resource protected by Section 4(f) of the Department of
Transportation Act.
The proposed bridge replacement project will not raise the existing flood levels or
have any significant adverse effect on the existing floodplain.
Utility impacts are considered to be low for the proposed project.
B. AIR AND NOISE
This project is an air quality "neutral" project, so it is not required to be included
in the regional emissions analysis and a project level CO analysis is not required.
The project is located in Avery County, which has been determined to be in
compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. 40 CFR part 51 is not
applicable, because the proposed project is located in an attainment area. This project is
not anticipated to create any adverse effects on the air quality of this attainment area.
The project will not substantially increase traffic volumes. Therefore, it will not
have substantial impact on noise levels. Temporary noise increases may occur during
construction.
4
C. LAND USE & FARMLAND EFFECTS
Avery County has no zoning in the area around this bridge. The land is used for
agricultural and residential purposes. It is a mixture of agricultural and residential usage.
The project would not impact any type of soil that is rated as prime or important
farmland.
D. HISTORICAL EFFECTS & ARCHAEOLOGICAL EFFECTS
On April 8, 1997, the State Historic Preservation Office reviewed the subject
project. Subsequently, they determined that neither architectural nor archaeological
surveys would be required. The project is not likely to affect any resources of historical
significance.
E. NATURAL RESOURCES
PHYSICAL RESOURCES
Regional Characteristics
.Ir
The project area lies in the western portion of North Carolina within the Blue
Ridge Physiographic Province. Elevations in the project area are approximately 3360
feet National Geodetic Vertical Datum (NGVD). The topography of the project vicinity
is hilly with steep slopes and rock outcrops.
The proposed project is in a rural area in Avery County approximately 6.8 miles
southwest of Linville. Avery County's major economic resources include agriculture,
forestry, manufacturing, and retail trade. The population of Avery County was 15,626 in
1996.
Soils
Individual soil maps (dated 1993) were obtained from the county Natural
Resources Conservation Services office, as there was not a published soil survey
available for Avery County. According to the available soil mapping, the detailed map
units within the project area include Cullasaja cobbly loam, Unaka gravelly loam, and
Chandler loam. The seasonal high water table for each of these soil types is below 6 feet.
Cullasaja cobbly loam (20D) is mapped along the valley of Plumtree Creek
within the project area. This soil is moderately steep, occurring on 15 to 25 % slopes. It
is described as a non-hydric, very deep, well-drained soil which occurs on coves and
benches below rock outcrops in the Southern Appalachian Mountains.
Unaka gravelly loam (97E) is mapped adjacent to (east and west of) the valley of
the creek within the project area. This soil is described as non-hydric, steep (25 to
50 % slopes), moderately deep, and well drained on ridges and mountain slopes.
Chandler loam (72 E) is mapped to the west of the Unaka gravelly loam within
the project area. This is a non-hydric, steep, very deep, somewhat excessively
drained soil on ridges and mountain slopes of the Southern Appalachian
Mountains.
Site index is a measure of soil quality and productivity. The site index was not obtained
for these soil types, as a published soil survey was not available.
Water Resources
This section contains information concerning water resources likely to be
impacted by the proposed project. Water resources assessments include the physical
characteristics likely to be impacted by the proposed project (determined by field survey),
best usage classifications, and water quality aspects of the water resources. Probable
impacts to surface waters are also discussed as well as means to minimize impacts.
Physical Characteristics of Surface Waters
The project is located in the French Broad River basin. One surface water
resource, Plumtree Creek, will be impacted by the proposed project. Plumtree Creek
originates about 3 miles north of the project area. From the project area, the creek flows
in a westerly direction 2.4 miles to its confluence with North Toe River.
Plumtree Creek is approximately 10 to 13 feet wide adjacent to Bridge No. 14. In
the project area, the-stream flows south and consists mainly of a straight run. The
substrate of the river includes boulders and cobbles, which form rapids, as well as sand
and silt. At the time of the field survey, the river was a few inches deep over the rapids.
Streamflow was moderate and the water was clear with no suspended sediment.
The creek has a partially closed canopy and riparian vegetation consists of
deciduous trees. The floodplain appears to be seasonally flooded along some areas of the
bank. On the day of the site visit there were signs of recent overbank flooding.
Best Usage Classification
The Division of Water Quality (DWQ) assigns a classification to surface waters in
North Carolina designed to maintain, protect, and enhance water quality within the state.
Plumtree Creek (Index # 7-2-17) is classified as a Class WS-IV Tr waterbody. Class WS-
IV waters are used as sources of water supply for drinking, culinary, or food processing
purposes for those users where a WS-I, II or III classification is not feasible. Class WS-
IV are generally in moderately too highly developed watersheds and are suitable for all
Class C uses. Class C water resources are used for aquatic life propagation and survival,
fishing, wildlife, secondary recreation, and agriculture. Tr refers to trout freshwaters
protected for natural trout propagation, and survival of stocked trout.
6
No waters classified as High Quality Waters (HQW), Water Supplies (WS-I of
WS-II) or Outstanding Resource Waters (ORW) occur within 1 mile if the project study
area.
Water Quality
This section describes the water quality of the water resources within the project
area. Potential impacts to water quality from point and nonpoint sources are evaluated.
Water quality assessments are based upon published resource information and field study
observations.
General Watershed Characteristics
Nonpoint source runoff from agricultural land is likely to be the primary source of
water quality degradation to the water resources located within the project vicinity. The
surrounding vicinity appears to be primarily residential and forested land with some small
areas of cropland. Nutrient loading and increased sedimentation from agricultural runoff
and forestry affects water quality. Inputs of nonpoint source pollution from private
residences within the project area may also contribute to water quality degradation.
Benthic Macroinvertebrate Ambient Network
The Benthic Macroinvertebrate Ambient Network (BMAN), managed by the
Division of Water Quality (DWQ) and established in 1982, is part of an on-going ambient
long-term water quality monitoring program. The program has established fixed water
quality monitoring stations for selected benthic macroinvertebrates. No BMAN stations
have been established along Plumtree Creek.
Point Source Dischargers
Point source discharges in North Carolina are permitted through the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program administered by the DWQ.
All discharges are required to obtain a permit to discharge. There are no known
permitted point source dischargers to Plumtree Creek within the project vicinity.
Summary of Anticipated Impacts
Any action that affects water quality can adversely affect aquatic organisms.
Temporary impacts during the construction phases may result in long-term impacts to the
aquatic community. Replacing an existing structure in the same location with an off-site
detour is the preferred environmental approach. Replacement at a new location will
result in more severe impacts. Therefore, based strictly on environmental impacts,
Alternate 1 would be the preferred alignment. Physical impacts will be the most severe at
the point of bridge replacement.
7
Project construction may result in the following impacts to surface water
resources:
Increased sediment loading and siltation as a consequence of watershed vegetation
removal, erosion/and or construction.
Decreased light penetration/water clarity from increased sedimentation.
Changes in water temperature with vegetation removal.
Changes in the amount of available organic matter with vegetation removal.
Increased concentration of toxic compounds from highway runoff, construction
activities and construction equipment, and spills.
Alteration of water levels and flows due to interruptions and/or additions to
surface and groundwater flow from construction.
Increased scouring of the existing channel due to increased water flows from the
stormwater runoff associated with curb and gutter systems.
It is important to understand that construction impacts may not be restricted to the
communities in which the construction activity occurs. Efforts should be made to ensure
that no sediment leaves the construction site. NCDOT's Best Management Practices for
the Protection of Surface Waters should be followed during the construction phase of the
project. In addition, Design Standards in- Sensitive Watersheds and "Guidelines for
Construction Adjacent to or Crossing Trout Waters" as incorporated into Erosion and
Sedimentation Control Guidelines will be implemented and adhered to during the life of
the project.
BIOTIC RESOURCES
Terrestrial and aquatic communities are included in the description of biotic
resources. Living systems described in the following sections include communities of
associated plants and animals. These descriptions refer to the dominant flora and fauna in
each community and the relationship of these biotic components. Descriptions of the
terrestrial systems are presented in the context of plant community classifications. These
classifications follow Schafale and Weakley (1990) where possible. Representative
animal species, which are likely to occur in these habitats (based on published range
distributions), are also cited. Scientific nomenclature and common names (when
applicable) are used for the plant and animal species described. Subsequent references to
the same species are by the common name only.
Terrestrial Communities
Three distinct terrestrial communities were identified within the project area: a
man-dominated community, a floodplain, and an upland forest. Dominant faunal
components associated with these terrestrial areas will be discussed in each community
description. Many species are adapted to the entire range of habitats found along the
project alignment, but may not be mentioned separately in each community description.
Man-Dominated Community
The man-dominated community includes the grassy area north of the bridge, the
road shoulders and the areas associated with the residence south of the bridge. Many
plant species are adapted to these disturbed areas. Regularly maintained areas along the
road shoulders and residential areas are dominated by various grasses such as fescue
(Festuca sp.) and ryegrass (Lolium sp.), as well as wild onion (Allium cernuum),
dandelion (Taraxacum qfficianale), and clover (Trifolium sp.). The grassy area north of
the bridge is maintained less frequently and includes goldenrod (Solidago sp.), blackberry
(Rubus sp.), and aster.
The animal species present in these disturbed habitats are opportunistic and
capable of surviving on a variety of resources, ranging from vegetation (flowers, leaves,
fruits, and seeds) to both living and dead faunal components. Northern mockingbird
(Mimus polyglottos), American robin (Turdus migratorius), starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
and eastern kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) are common birds that use these habitats. The
grassy area north of the bridge may also be utilized by gray squirrel (Sciurus
carolinensis), Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), several species of mice
(Peromyscus sp.), American toad (Bufo americanus), and Eastern garter snake
(Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis).
Floodplain
This community occurs along the floodplain of Plumtree Creek. Species include
green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), alder (Alnus serrulata), red maple (Acer rubrum),
black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), and greenbrier. There were signs of recent
overbank flooding, however, the soils do not appear to stay inundated. Soils in this area
consist of a dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/4) sand. This community corresponds most
closely to the Montane Alluvial Forest community described in Schafale and Weakley
(1990).
Due to inclement weather, no faunal species were observed during the site visit.
Birds which may utilize this forested habitat may include those described in Section 3. 1.1
as well as white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), indigo bunting (Passerine
cyanea), yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia), and red-bellied woodpecker (Melanerpes
carolinus). Reptiles and mammals described previously as well as raccoon (Procyon
lotor) and rough green snake (Opheodrys aestivus) may utilize this adjacent community.
Amphibians such as marbled salamander (Ambystoma opacum), gray treefrog (Hyla
versicolor) and green frog (Rana clamitans melanota) may also be found.
Upland Forest
This community occurs along the slopes adjacent to the roads within the project
area and also adjacent to the floodplain of Plumtree Creek. Dominant canopy species
9
C
include beech (Fagus grandifolia), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), eastern
hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), black oak (Quercus velutina), and yellow birch (Betula
alleghaniensis). White pine (Pines strobus) occurs at higher elevations. The understory
and shrub layer includes witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), and great rhododendron
(Rhododendron maximum). Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides) is dominant in
the herbaceous layer. This community resembles the Acidic Cove Forest community of
the NHP classification system.
No faunal species were observed during the site visit, however, birds that may
utilize this forested habitat may include tufted titmouse (Parus bicolor), eastern wood
peewee (Contopus virens), northern flicker (Colaptes auratus), solitary vireo (Vireo
solitarius), and rose breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus). Other species which
may be found include eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus), gray squirrel, striped skunk
(Mephitis mephitis), southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans), Fowler's toad (Bufo
woodhousei fowleri), eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina), five-lined skink (Eumeces
fasciatus), ground skink (Scincella lateralis), and rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta).
Aquatic Communities
Within the project area, Plumtree Creek is a mid-gradient, second order stream.
The bed material consists of sand and silt, as well as boulders and cobbles, which form
rapids. On the day of the site visit, the water was mostly clear with no suspended
sediment. The riparian community contains mostly trees and is described in
Section 3.1.2.
The North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (WRC) designates Avery
County as a "trout" county. Plumtree Creek provides habitat for a variety of species of
fish. According to Christopher Goudreau, the District 8 Biologist for the WRC, North
Muddy Creek was sampled in the vicinity of Bridge No. 14 in 1994-1995. Fish species
collected include brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Other species which were collected downstream include mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi),
longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae), and bluehead chub (Nocomis leptocephalus).
The benthic macroinvertebrate species found in Plumtree Creek during the field
survey include:
4 mayflies: Order Ephemeroptera, Family Heptageniidae
1 Caddisfly: Order Trichoptera
1 Midge: Order Diptera, Family Chironomidae
Reptiles and amphibians that inhabit the floodplain forest community also utilize
the aquatic community. Other species may include southern leopard frog (Rana
utricularia), southern two-lined salamander (Eurycea bislineata cirrigera), slimy
salamander (Plethodon glutinosis), and queen snake (Natrix septemvittata).
10
Summary of Anticipated I mpacts
Project construction will have various impacts to the previously described
terrestrial and aquatic communities. Any construction activities in or near these resources
have the potential to impact biological functions. This section quantifies and qualifies
potential impacts to the natural communities within the project area in terms of the area
impacted and the plants and animals affected. Temporary and permanent impacts are
considered here along with recommendations to minimize or eliminate impacts.
Terrestrial Communities
Terrestrial communities in the project area will be impacted by project
construction from clearing and paving and loss of the terrestrial community area along
the roadside. Estimated impacts are derived based on the study corridor width of 80 feet
for each alternate; and on the study corridor lengths of 200 feet for Alternate 1, 300 feet
for Alternate 2, and 200 feet for Alternate 3. Table 2 details the potential impacts to
terrestrial communities by habitat type. Please note that impacts are based on the entire
study corridor width, and that actual loss of habitat will likely be less.
Table 2
Estimated Area Impacts to Terrestrial Communities
Community Impacted Area in acres
Alternate 1 Alternate 2 Alternate 3
Upland Forest 0.14 0.16 0.16
Floodplain 0.02 0.20 0.01
Man-Dominated 0.02 0.02 0.06
Total Impacts 0.18 0.38 0.23
Destruction of natural communities along the project alignment will result in the
loss of foraging and breeding habitats for the various animal species that utilize the area.
Animal species will be displaced into surrounding communities. Adult birds, mammals,
and some reptiles are mobile enough to avoid mortality during construction. Young
animals and less mobile species, such as many amphibians, may suffer direct loss during
construction. Plants and animals found in these upland communities are generally
common throughout western North Carolina.
Impacts to terrestrial communities, particularly in locations having steep to
moderate slopes, can result in the aquatic community receiving heavy sediment loads as a
consequence of erosion. It is important to understand that construction impacts may not
11
be restricted to the communities in which the construction activity occurs, but may affect
downstream communities. Efforts should be made to ensure that no sediment leaves the
construction site.
Aquatic Communities
Impacts to aquatic communities include fluctuations in water temperatures due to
the loss of riparian vegetation. Shelter and food resources, both in the aquatic and
terrestrial portions of these organisms' life cycles, will be affected by losses in the
terrestrial communities. The loss of aquatic plants and animals will affect terrestrial
fauna, which rely on them as a food source.
Temporary and permanent impacts may result to aquatic organisms from
increased sedimentation. Aquatic invertebrates may drift downstream during
construction and recolonize the disturbed area once it has been stabilized. Sediments
have the potential to affect.fish and other aquatic life in several ways, including the
clogging and abrading of gills and other respiratory surfaces; affecting the habitat by.
r scouring and filling of pools and riffles; altering water chemistry; and smothering
different life stages. Increased sedimentation may cause decreased light penetration
through an increase in turbidity. Each alternate will cause temporary increases in
sedimentation from construction. Alternate 1, replacing the existing structure in place
with an off-site detour, will have the least amount of impact on the aquatic community
and riparian habitat.
Wet concrete should not come into contact with surface water during bridge
construction in order to minimize effects of runoff on the stream water quality. Potential
adverse effects can be minimized through the implementation of NCDOT Best
Management Practices for Protection of Surface Waters. In addition, Design Standards in
Sensitive Watersheds and "Guidelines for Construction Adjacent to or Crossing Trout
Waters" as incorporated into Erosion and Sedimentation Control Guidelines will be
implemented and adhered to during the life of the project.
JURISDICTIONAL TOPICS
This section provides inventories and impact analyses for two federal and state
regulatory issues: Waters of the U.S. and rare and protected species.
Waters of the United States
Wetlands and surface waters fall under the broad category of "Waters of the
United States" as defined in 33 CFR 328.3 and in accordance with provisions of Section
404 of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1344), and are regulated by the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers (USACE). Any action that proposes to dredge or place fill material into
surface waters or wetlands falls under these provisions.
12
Characteristics of Wetlands and Surface Waters
Jurisdictional wetlands do not occur within the project area. Plumtree Creek
meets the definition of surface waters. Plumtree Creek is therefore classified as Waters of
the United States. The channel ranges from 10 to 13 feet wide within the project area.
Summary of Anticipated Impacts
No wetlands will be impacted by the project. Project construction cannot be
accomplished without infringing on surface waters. Anticipated surface water impacts
fall under the jurisdiction of USACE and the Division of Water Quality (DWQ). Within
the project area, Plumtree Creek is 13 feet wide. Assuming a 80 feet wide study corridor
for each alternate, the construction of the new structure will impact-an area of 0.02 acres
and 80 linear feet of surface waters. The actual length of the stream impacts will be
likely be less, depending on final design plans.
Permits
Impacts to jurisdictional surface waters are anticipated from the proposed project.
Permits and certifications from various state and federal agencies may be required prior to
construction activities.
Construction is likely to be authorized by provisions of CFR 330.5 (a) Nationwide
Permit (NWP) No. 23, which authorizes activities undertaken, assisted, authorized,
regulated, funded, or financed in whole or in part, by another Federal agency or
department where that agency or department has determined, pursuant to the Council on
Environmental Quality Regulations for Implementing the Procedural Provisions of the
National Environmental Policy Act:
That the activity, work, or discharge is categorically excluded from environmental
documentation because it is included within a category of actions which neither
individually nor cumulatively have a significant effect on the human environment,
and
That the Office of the Chief Engineer has been furnished notice of the agency or
department's application for the categorical exclusion and concurs with that
determination.
This project will also require a 401 Water Quality Certification or waiver thereof,
from DEHNR prior to issuance of the NWP 23. Section 401 of the Clean Water Act
requires that the state issue or deny water certification for any federally permitted or
licensed activity that results in a discharge into Waters of the U.S. In addition, the project
is located in a designated "trout" county where NCDOT is required to obtain a letter of
approval from the NC Wildlife Resources Commission.
13
Avoidance, Minimization, Mitigation
Since this project will likely be authorized under a Nationwide permit, mitigation
for impacts to surface waters may or may not be required by the USACE. In accordance
with the Division of Water Quality Wetland Rules [15A NCAC 211 .0506 (h)] "Fill or
alteration of more than one acre of wetlands will require compensatory mitigation; and
fill or alteration of more than 150 linear feet of streams may require compensatory
mitigation. Since the wetland and stream impacts are lower than these designated
thresholds, compensatory mitigation should not be required.
Rare and Protected Species
Some populations of plants and animals are declining either due to natural forces
or due to their inability to coexist with man. Rare and protected species listed for Avery
County, and any likely impacts to these species as a result of the proposed project
construction, are discussed in the following sections.
Federally Protected Species
Plants and animals with federal classification of Endangered (E), Threatened (T),
Proposed Endangered (PE) and Proposed Threatened (PT) are protected under provisions
of Section 7 and Section 9 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
The Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) lists 10 federally protected species for
Avery County as of January 15,1999. These species are listed.in Table 3.
Table 3
Federally Protected Species for
Avery County
Scientific Name Common Name Federal Status
Clemmys muhlenbergii Bog turtle T S/A
Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus Virginia big-eared bat E
Falco peregrinus Peregrine falcon E
Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus Carolina northern flying squirrel E
Microhexura montivaga Spruce-fir moss spider E
Geum radiatum Spreading avers E
Houstonia montana Roan Mountain bluet E
Liatris helleri Heller's blazing star T
14
0
Solidago spithamaea Blue Ridge goldenrod T
Gymnoderma lineare Rock gnome lichen E
Notes: "E" Denotes Endangered (a species that is threatened with extinction throughout all
or a significant portion of its range).
"T" Denotes Threatened (a species that is likely to become an endangered species within
the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range).
"T S/A" Denotes Similarity of Appearance (a species that is listed as threatened due to
similaritv of annearance with other rare species).
A brief description of the characteristics and habitat requirements of each species,
along with a conclusion regarding potential project impact, follows.
Clemmys muhlenbergii (Bog turtle)
Appearance
Vertebrate Family: Emydidae
Federally Listed: 1997
Threatened due to Similarity of
The bog turtle is a small freshwater turtle reaching a maximum carapace length of
4.5 inches. These turtles have a domed carapace that is weakly keeled and is light brown
to ebony in color. The scutes have a lighter-colored starburst pattern. The plastron is
brownish-black with contrasting yellow or cream areas along the midline. A large
conspicuous orange, yellow, or red blotch on each side of the head distinguishes this
species.
The bog turtle is semi-aquatic and is typically found in freshwater wetlands
characterized by open fields, meadows, or marshes with slow moving streams, ditches,
and boggy areas. The bog turtle is also found in wetlands in agricultural areas subject to
light to moderate livestock grazing which helps to maintain an intermediate stage of
succession. During the winter, this species hibernates just below the upper surface of
mud. Mating occurs in May and June, and the female deposits two to six eggs in
sphagnum moss or sedge tussocks in May, June or July. The diet of the bog turtle is
varied consisting of beetles, lepidopteran and caddisfly larvae, snails, millipedes,
pondweed and sedge seeds, and carrion.
The southern population of the bog turtle is listed as Threatened due to Similarity
of Appearance to the northern population; therefore, the southern population is not
afforded protection under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. No habitat exists in
the project area for the bog turtle. There are no freshwater wetlands characterized by
open fields, meadows, or marshes with slow moving streams, ditches, or boggy areas near
the bridge. A search of the NHP database revealed an occurrence of the bog turtle within
a NHP Priofity Area known as Pyatte Bog is located approximately 0.9 miles southeast of
the project area However, this bog habitat is not present near Bridge No. 14.
15
Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus (Virginia big-eared bat)
Endangered
Vertebrate Family: Vespertilionidae
Federally Listed: 1979
The big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii) includes two subspecies which are
federally protected: the Virginia big-eared-bat (C. t. virginianus), and the Ozark big-eared
bat (C. t. ingen). The Virginia big-eared bat is known from West Virginia, Virginia,
Kentucky, and North Carolina, with a current population estimated at 13,566 individuals.
The Ozark big-eared bat is currently known from Oklahoma and Arkansas, with an
estimated population of 1,800.
Big-eared bats have light to dark brown fur and are medium in size, weighing 5 to
10 ounces. The total body length is about 3.9 inches. Distinguishing characteristics
include facial glands on either side of the snout and long ears (1 inch); _
Virginia big-eared bats roost in caves year-round. From December through
February, the bats hibernate in caves that range in temperature from 36.5 to 49.1
Fahrenheit. In the summer, the females gather in warmer caves that range in temperature
from 59 to 64 Fahrenheit. While females -are raising young in these "maternity caves",
males disperse into smaller groups separate from the females. The diet of the big-eared
bat consists primarily of moths captured in the air along forest edges after dark.
Biological Conclusion: No Effect
No habitat exists in the project area for the Virginia big-eared bat. There are no
caves located near the bridge. A search of the NB P database found no occurrence of the
Virginia big-eared bat in the project vicinity. It can be concluded that the project will not
impact this endangered species. -- - -
Falco peregrinus (Peregrine falcon)
Endangered
Vertebrate Family: Falconidae
Federally Listed: 1970; 1984
The peregrine falcon is a medium sized raptor (A 5 to 20 inches) with a long
narrow tail and long pointed wings. The coloring of the adult bird is slate gray with black
bars on the wings, tail and flanks. The lower body is white and reddish buffy and it is
extensively spotted and barred with black. The throat is white and with black moustache
marks on the sides of the face.
The typical nesting habitat of the peregrine falcon is along a cliff or series of
16
cliffs; however, nests have also been constructed in river cutbanks, trees, and ledges of
large buildings. The diet of the falcon consists primarily of small birds that are hunted in
the air. Hunting grounds include open waterways, fields, and marshes where the falcon
has known to dive at speeds up to 200 miles per hour. The peregrine falcon may travel as
far as 10 to 12 miles from its nest in search of prey.
Biological Conclusion: No Effect
The project area is characterized by agricultural and residential areas with no
cliffs or ledges of large buildings present near the bridge. A search of the NHP database
found no occurrence of the Peregrine falcon in the project vicinity. No nests were
observed along the riverbanks or in nearby trees. It can be concluded that the project will
not impact this endangered species.
Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus (Carolina northern flying squirrel)
Endangered
Vertebrate Family: Sciurdiae
Federally Listed: 1985
The Carolina northern flying squirrel is a small mammal weighing about 3 to 5
ounces. The adult squirrel is gray with a reddish or-brownish wash on the back, and a
grayish white to white underside. It has a large flap of skin along either side of its body
that is connected at the wrist in the front and at the ankle in the rear. The skin flaps and
its broad flattened tail allow the northern flying squirrel to glide from tree to tree. It is a
solely nocturnal animal with large dark eyes.
There are several isolated populations of the northern flying squirrel in the
western part of North Carolina along the Tennessee border. This squirrel is found above
5000 feet in the vegetation transition zone between hardwood and coniferous forests.
Both forest types are used to search for food and the hardwood forest is used for nesting
sites. The squirrel can subsist on lichens and fungi throughout much of its range,
however, the diet can also include seeds, buds, fruits, cones, and insects.
Biological Conclusion: No Effect
No habitat exists in the project area for the Carolina northern flying squirrel. The
project area is at an elevation of 3360 feet with no transition zone between hardwood and
coniferous forests. A search of the NHP database found no occurrence of the Carolina
northern flying squirrel in the project vicinity. It can be concluded that the project will
not impact this endangered species.
17
Microhexura montivaga (Spruce-fir moss spider)
Endangered
Invertebrate family: Dipluridae
Federally Listed: 1995
The spruce-fir moss spider is a small spider, approximately 0.1 to .15 inches in
length, which ranges from light brown to yellow-brown to a darker reddish brown with
no markings on its abdomen. This species is one of only two species belonging to the
genus Microhexura in the family Dipluridae. Diplurids belong in the primitive suborder
Mygalomorphae, which are often popularly referred to as "tarantulas". The spruce-fir
moss spider is distinguished by chelicerae that project forward beyond the anterior edge
of the carapace. Other characteristics include long posterior spinnerets, and a second pair
of book lungs that appear as light patches behind the genital furrow.
The spruce-fir moss spider constructs tube-shaped webs in the interface between damp,
well-drained moss mats and rock surfaces. It prefers well-shaded areas of mature Fraiser
fir and red spruce forest communities in the highest elevations of the Southern
Appalachian Mountains. The spider has not been observed feeding and prey has not been
found in the webs. It is likely that the abundant springtails (collembolans) which occur in
the moss mats are the food source for the spider.
Biological Conclusion: No Effect
No habitat exists in the project area for the spruce-fir moss spider. There are no
well-shaded areas of mature Fraiser fir and red spruce forest near the bridge. A search of
the NBP database found no occurrence of this species in the project vicinity. It can be
concluded that the project will not impact this endangered species.
Geum radiatum (Spreading avens)
Endangered
Plant Family: Rosaceae
Federally Listed: 1990
Spreading avers is a perennial herb having stems with an indefinite cyme of
bright yellow radially symmetrical flowers. Flowers of spreading avens are present from
June to early July. Spreading avens has basal leaves which are odd-pinnately compound;
terminal leaflets are kidney shaped and much larger than the lateral leaflets, which are
reduced or absent.
Spreading avers is found only in the North Carolina and Tennessee section of the
Southern Appalachian Mountains. Spreading avers occurs on scarps, bluffs, cliffs and
escarpments on mountains, hills and ridges. Known populations of this plant have been
found to occur at elevations from 5060 to 5800 feet. Other habitat requirements for this
species include full sunlight and shallow acidic soils. These soils contain a composition
of sand, pebbles, humus, sandy loam and clay loam. Most populations are pioneers on
18
rocky outcrops.
Biological Conclusion: No Effect
No habitat exists in the project area for spreading avens. The elevation of the
project area is approximately 3360 feet and known populations occur above 5000 feet. A
search of the NHP database found no occurrence of spreading avens in the project
vicinity. It can be concluded that the project will not impact this endangered species.
Houstonia montana (Roan Mountain bluet)
Endangered
( Hedyotis purpurea var. montana)
Plant Family: Rubiaceae
Federally Listed: 1990
Roan Mountain bluet is a cespitose perennial herb with erect or ascending,
unbranched or weakly terminally branched stems to 8 inches tall from a basal winter
rosette. Cauline leaves are opposite, sessile and ovate, 0.3 to 1.2 inches long and 0.2 to
0.6 inches wide. Flowers are reddish purple and funnel-shaped. The inflorescence is few
flowered, with flowers occurring from late May through August, with peak flowering in
June and July. There is considerable disagreement among the experts concerning whether
the Roan Mountain bluet belongs to the Hedyods or Houstonia genus, and whether it is a
variety or deserves a full species ranking.
Roan Mountain bluet grows on rocky exposures at high elevations of 4600 to
6270 feet. Bedrock geology is critical for the growth of this species. All sites are on
mafic (i.e. basic) rock, which contrasts with most other high elevation rocky-summit
sites, which are typically on felsic or acidic rock. The plants typically grow in gravel-
filled pockets found on north or northwest facing cliff ledges, or on talus slopes
associated with outcrop exposures on the south or southwest slopes of mountain balds.
Most sites are kept moist by frequent fog, mid-elevation clouds, or summer
thunderstorms.
Biological Conclusion: No Effect
No habitat exists in the project area for Roan Mountain bluet. The elevation of
the project area is approximately 3360 feet and this species occurs above 4600 feet. A
search of the NHP database found no occurrence of Roan Mountain bluet in the project
vicinity. It can be concluded that the project will not impact this endangered species.
19
Liatris helleri (Heller's blazing star)
Threatened
Plant Family: Asteraceae
Federally Listed: 1987
Heller's blazing star is a perennial herb with an erect stem from a cormlike
rootstock. The stiff stems are purple near the base turning to green, and are strongly
ribbed and angulate. Both basal and cauline leaves are numerous, decreasing in size
upward. The leaves are long and narrow, with those at the base 8 to 12 inches in length.
The stems reach up to 16 inches in height and are topped by a showy spike of lavender
flowers 0.3 to 8 inches long. Flowering occurs from July through September.
Heller's blazing star typically occurs on sandy soil on rocky summits, cliffs,
ledges and rocky woods at high elevation [3500 to 6000 feet]. The plants grow in humus
or clay loams on igneous and metasedimentary rock. Soils are generally acidic (pH 4)
and shallow. Sites occupied by the Heller's blazing star are generally exposed to full sun.
Biological Conclusion: No Effect
No habitat exists in the project area for Heller's blazing star. The elevation of the
project area is approximately 3360 feet and this species occurs above 3500 feet. There
are no areas of sandy soil on rocky summits, cliffs, ledges and rocky woods that are
exposed to full sun. A search of the NHP database found no occurrence of Heller's
blazing star in the project vicinity. It can be concluded that the project will not impact
this threatened species.
Solidago spithamaea (Blue Ridge goldenrod)
Threatened
Plant Family: Asteraceae
Federally Listed: 1995
The Blue Ridge goldenrod is a perennial herb with an erect, angled stem 4 to 16
inches tall. This sparsely to densely pubescent herb arises from a stout, short rhizome.
The elliptic leaves are serrate 3.9 to 9.8 inches long. The flowers are yellow and are
borne in heads of 20 to 30 flowers in a compact corymb. Flowering occurs during July
and August.
The Blue Ridge goldenrod occurs at elevations above 4600 feet. It is an early
successional species that occurs in the crevices of granite outcrops in full sun. The
development of the open mountain summits, including construction of observation
platforms, trails, parking lots, and roads, as well as trampling due to hikers and sightseers,
has likely contributed to the decline of this species.
Biological Conclusion: No Effect
20
No habitat exists in the project area for Blue Ridge goldenrod. The elevation of
the project area is approximately 3360 feet and this species occurs above 4600 feet. A
search of the NHP database found no occurrence of Blue Ridge goldenrod in the project
vicinity. It can be concluded that the project will not impact this threatened species.
Gymnoderma lineare (Rock gnome lichen)
Endangered
Family: Cladoniaceae
Federally Listed: 1994
The rock gnome lichen is a squamose lichen in the reindeer moss family. The
lichen can be identified by its fruiting bodies that are born singly or in clusters, black in
color, and are found at the tips of the squamules. The fruiting season of the rock gnome
lichen occurs from July through September.
The rock gnome lichen is a narrow endemic, restricted to areas of high humidity.
These high humidity environments occur on high elevation (4000 feet) mountaintops and
cliff faces that are frequently bathed in fog or lower elevation (2500 feet) deep gorges in
the Southern Appalachians. The rock gnome lichen primarily occurs on vertical rock
faces where seepage water from forest soils above flows only at very wet times. The rock
gnome lichen is almost always found growing with the moss Adreaea in these vertical
intermittent seeps. The major threat of extinction to the rock gnome lichen relates
directly to habitat alternation/loss of high elevation coniferous forests. These coniferous
forest usually lie adjacent to the habitat occupied by the rock gnome lichen. The high
elevation habitat occurs in the counties of Ashe, Avery, Buncombe, Graham, Haywood,
Mitchell, Swain, and Yancey. The lower elevation habitat of the rock gnome lichen can
be found in the counties of Jackson, Rutherford and Transylvania.
Biological Conclusion: No Effect
No habitat exists in the project area for the rock gnome lichen. The elevation of
the project area is approximately 3360 feet. In Avery County, this species occurs on high
elevation (4000 feet) mountaintops and cliff faces. A search of the NHP database .found
no occurrence of rock gnome lichen in the project vicinity. It can be concluded that the
project will not impact this threatened species.
21
Federal Species of Concern and State Listed Species
Federal Species of Concern (FSC) are not legally protected under the Endangered
Species Act and are not subject to any of its provisions, including Section 7, until they are
formally proposed or listed as Threatened or Endangered.' Table 4 includes FSC species
listed for Avery County and their state classifications. Organisms which are listed as
Endangered (E), Threatened (T), or Special Concern (SC) by the North Carolina Natural
Heritage Program list of Rare Plant and Animal Species are afforded state protection
under the State Endangered Species Act and the North Carolina Plant Protection and
Conservation Act of 1979; however, the level of protection given to state listed species
does not apply to NCDOT activities.
Table 4
Federal Species of Concern and NC Protected Species for Avery
County
Scientific Name Common Name NC Status Habitat present
Cryptobranchus allegamensis Hellbender SC Yes
Microtus chrotorrhinus
carolinensis Southern rock vole SC No
Myotis leibii Eastern small-footed bat SC No
Neotoma magister Alleghany woodrat Sc Yes
Sorex palustris punctulatus Southern water shrew Sc Yes
Sylvilagus obscurus Appalachian cottontail SR No
Thryomanes bewickii altus Appalachian Bewick's
wren E No
Ascetocythere cosmeta Grayson crayfish
ostracod SR Yes
Speyeria diana Diana fritillary butterfly SR Yes
Speyeria idalia Regal fritillary butterfly SR No
Abies fraseri Fraser fir C No
Astilbe crenatiloba * Roan false goat's beard C Yes
Cardamine clematitis Mountain bittercress C Yes
Carex manhartii Manhart's sedge C Yes
Geum geniculatum Bent avens T Yes
Juglans cinerea Butternut W5 Yes
Lilium grayi Gray's lily T-SC No
Poa paludigena Bog bluegrass E No
22
Saxifraga caroliniana Carolina saxifrage C Yes
Plagiochila sullivantii var. A liverwort C No
sullivanti
Plagiochila virginica var. A liverwort . C Yes
caroliniana
Sphenolobopsis pearsonii A liverwort C No
Notes: Source: Amoroso and LeGrand; 1995 Weakley, 1995
T - Threatened, E - Endangered, SC - Special Concern, SR - State Rare, C-Candidate
* - Denotes a historic record - the species was last observed in the county more than 50 years
ago.
A review of the Natural Heritage Program database of rare species and unique
habitats revealed no federal or state protected species within the project area. There is a
recorded occurrence of cranberry (Vaccineum macrocarpon) approximately 0.7 miles east
of the project area. A NHP Priority Area known as Pyatte Bog is located approximately
0.9 miles southeast of the project area. Within this area are recorded occurrences of
Appalachian violet (Veronica americana) and Cuthbert's turtlehead (Chelone cuthbertii),
both listed as state Significantly Rare. Surveys for these species were not conducted
during the site visit.
23
FIGURES
;r.
ELEV. 4,687 ; `<•
6 1 141: 1 155 1372
N c 1 139 a .?w?i ?'
NEWLAND 137'. ' 360
Chestnut 2 1141 ! POP. 723 1 _ ry
Fronk Dale ?1. 1534 !•. 1542
l l 93 i a 1 181 1 11791 1500 y
,.•? g ?? 3 1182: N :. 1194 2 a
i 1 a,, 1 153 Montezuma cy
y 1140 " . , , 1117 5 N 1208 1501 •1540
S Hughes ''-'
1 131 -?
19E 'BIG ELK 1138 1152 1543
MOUNTAIN N .S 1153
N M 150 .
1120 1119
M;uM 1 154 HAWSHORE Q,
Pleasant M T N. p ' -
1 121 of ! ; • N ?'r 0 1151 . 194
1197 L'?
%1 • S * 1501
, 1202 i 'a
i 5 114 p 6
1 174 ; ••,? 1206 \, 150
p 1114 4 4
1122 _ W Bridge No. 14 ,
SP?r Plumtnre _ S
P 6 1117
118 1144 '*#%b
1123 1541
i
1204 111 • 6 wCROSSNORE ,D
e 1.8 1114 221 POP. 276
•91117 is 1115
W BUCK HILL t i t6 N
Z s` 94 '
536 1538
N ^
1114
_O 1109 .7 Ahamont i1"?•?
1113 ro 'i
®? Q
1187 _ TM?111o THREE KNOBS ,•??
1178 _p 1546
i
1109 ?? S 5 . S t. A.3 0 .6 1525
194 1 1 1 .6 `••? 1531 cam
i i
lip
Nom, North Carolina
Department of Transportation
Division of Highways
s Planning & Environmental Branch
Avery County
Replace Bridge No. 14 on SR M4
Over Plumtree Creek
&3M
Figure 1
{. • alb' r `t
"VE
_ i
?ti r
a
-LAW,

a ar

a

EAST FACE OF BRIDGE
CENTER OF BRIDGE FACING SOUTH APPROACH
FIGURE 3
ATTACHMENTS

North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources
James B. Hunt Jr., Governor
Betty Ray McCain, Secretary
April 22, 1997
Nicholas L. Graf
Division Administrator
Federal Highway Administration
Department of Transportation
310 New Bern Avenue
Raleigh, N.C. 27601-1442
Re: Bridge 14 on SR 1114 over Plumtree Creek,
Avery County, B-3111, Federal Aid Project
MABRZ-1114(1), State Project 8.272100 1, ER
97-8331
Dear Mr. Graf:

Division of Archives and History
Jeffrey J. Crow, Director
000
oovVF
?Ap?2519911
pIVIS10 QF
? ?{1dHVJp,YS
On April 8, 1997, Debbie Bevin of our staff met with North Carolina Department
of Transportation (NCDOT) staff for a meeting of the minds concerning the above
project. We reported our available information on historic architectural and
archaeological surveys and resources along with our recommendations. NCDOT
provided project area photographs and aerial photographs at-the meeting.
Based upon our review of the photographs and the information discussed at the
meeting, we offer our preliminary comments regarding this project.
In terms of historic architectural resources, we are aware of no historic structures
located within the area of potential effect. We recommend that no historic
architectural survey be conducted for this project.
There are no known archaeological sites within the proposed project area. Based
on our present knowledge of the area, it is unlikely that any archaeological
resources which may be eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic
Places will be affected by the project construction. We, therefore, recommend that
no archaeological investigation be conducted in connection with this project.
Having provided this information, we look forward to receipt of either a Categorical
Exclusion or Environmental Assessment which indicates how NCDOT addressed our
comments.
The above comments are made pursuant to Section 106 of the National Historic
Preservation Act of 1966 and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation's
Regulations for Compliance with Section 106, codified at 36 CFR Part 800.
109 Fast Jones Street • Raleigh. North Caro!ina 27(;01-2807 r,? z
Nicholas L. Graf
April 22, 1997, Page 2
Thank you for your cooperation and consideration. If you have questions
concerning the above comment, please contact Renee Gledhill-Earley, environmental
review coordinator, at 9191733-4763.
Sincerely,
David Brook
Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer
DB:slw
cc: -,/H. F. Vick
B. Church
T. Padgett

® North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission
312 N. Salisbury Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27604-1188, 919-733-3391
Charles R. Fullwood, Executive Director
MEMORANDUM
TO: Jeff Ingham
North Carolina Department of Transportation
FROM: Stephanie E. Goudreau, Eastern Mt. Region Coordinator
Habitat Conservation Program
DATE: April22; 1997
SUBJECT: Preliminary comments for the replacement of Bridge #14 on SR 1114 over Plumtree Creek, Avery
County, TIP #B-3111
This correspondence responds to a request by you for our preliminary comments regarding the subject
project.
Plumtree Creek is Wild Designated Public Mountain Trout Water and supports wild brown trout. We have
the following recommendations for minimizing adverse impacts to aquatic resources:
1) The existing bridge should be replaced with another spanning structure to maintain fish passage and
minimize disturbance to substrate.
2) Instream work and land disturbance within the 25-foot wide buffer zone are prohibited during the brown
trout spawning season of November 1 through April 15 to protect the egg and fry stages of trout.
3) If concrete will be used, work must be accomplished so that wet concrete does not contact stream water.
This will lessen the chance of altering the stream's water chemistry and causing a fish kill.
4) Heavy equipment should be operated from the bank rather than in the stream channel in order to minimize
sedimentation and reduce the likelihood of introducing other pollutants into the stream.
5) Stringent erosion controls should be installed where soil is disturbed and maintained until project
completion.
6) Temporary or permanent herbaceous vegetation should be planted on all bare soil within 15 days of ground
disturbing activities to provide long-term erosion control.
Thank you for the opportunity to review and comment during the early stages of this project. If you have
any questions regarding these comments, please contact me at 704/652-4257.