HomeMy WebLinkAbout19960476 Ver 1_Complete File_19960514State of North Carolina
Department of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources ` • •
Division of Environmental Management
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor Ago
Jonathan B. Howes, Secretary ID E H N F =I
A. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E., Director
May 23, 1996
Jackson County
DEM Project # 960476
APPROVAL of 401 Water Quality Certification
Mr. C. R. Styles
N. C. Dept. of Transportation
P.O. Box 250
Bryson City, NC 28713
Dear Mr. Styles:
You have our approval to place fill material in 0.01 acres of wetlands or waters for the purpose of
improving SR 1390M, as you described in your application dated 6 May 1996. After reviewing your
application, we have decided that this fill is covered by General Water Quality Certification Number
3026. This certification allows you to use Nationwide Permit Number 3 when it is issued by the Corps
of Engineers.
This approval is only valid for the purpose and design that you described in your application. If
you change your project, you must notify us and you may be required to send us a new application.
For this approval to, be valid, you must follow the conditions listed in the attached certification. In
addition, you should get any other federal, state or local permits before you go ahead with your
project.
If you do not accept any of the conditions of this certification, you may ask for an adjudicatory
hearing. You must act within 60 days of the date that you receive this letter. To ask for a hearing,
send a written petition which conforms to Chapter 150B of the North Carolina General Statutes to the
Office of Administrative Hearings, P.O. Box 27447, Raleigh, N.C. 27611-7447. This certification and
its conditions are final and binding unless you ask for a hearing.
This letter completes the review of the Division of Environmental Management under Section
401 of the Clean Water Act. If you have any questions, please telephone John Dorney at 919-733-
1786.
Sincerely,
n Howard, . P.E.
Attachment
cc: Wilmington District Corps of Engineers
Corps of Engineers Asheville Field Office
Asheville DEM Regional Office
Mr. John Dorney
Central Files
960476.1tr
Environmental Sciences Branch, 4401 Reedy Creek Rd., Raleigh, NC 27607 Telephone 919-733-1786 FAX # 733-9959
An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer • 50% recycled/10% post consumer paper
? 0' ?SS?ED
6 4 4 STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
9
DEPARTMENT OF TMNSPORTATION
JAMES B. HUNT JR.
GOVERNOR
DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
Bryson City, NC 28713
May 6, 1996
GARLAND B. GARRETT JR.
SECRETARY
Jackson County
SR 1390M & SR 1562
Mr. Bob Johnson
215 Army Corps of Engineer
Reg. Field Office
Room 75, Grove Park Ave.
Asheville, NC 28801-2714
Dear Mr. Johnson,
?Q
The North Carolina Department of Transportation is proposing to grade, drain, base, and
pave primarily along the existing roadway of SR 1390M, Piney Mountain Road in Jackson
County. In order to construct this project in accordance with our current secondary road
standards, and due to the rechannelization of an unnamed tributary of the Tuckasegee River
(DEM Class C), and the replacement of one (1) pipe culvert, we are requesting authorization
under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act.
I am sending a straight line diagram with our proposed erosion control construction
limits at various sites along the project. In addition, a typical section of the road, cross
sections, drawings for the pipe replacement and the channel change of the unnamed tributary of
the Tuckasegee River, general notes and standards on erosion control measures, and a marked
county map are enclosed. We propose to replace the new culvert slightly below the existing
streambed elevation where bedrock is not encountered to minimize impact to wildlife habitat
and allow the existing gradient to remain as unchanged as physically possible.
The best management practices will be used to minimize and control sedimentation and
erosion on this project. The construction foreman will review all erosion control measures
daily to ensure sedimentation and erosion are being effectively controlled. If the planned
devices are not functioning as intended, they will immediately be replaced with better devices.
The rock silt screen will be in place prior to pipe construction and will remain in place until the
project is stabilized.
ink
Mr. Bob Johnson
Page 2
May 6, 1996
By copy of this letter I am asking Mr. David Yow, North Carolina Resources
Commission, District Fisheries Biologist to comment directly to you concerning the 404
Nationwide permit request.
Also by copy of this letter, I am requesting authorization to proceed under Section 401
of the Clean Water Act from Division of Environmental Management. In addition, I am
asking Mr. Yow, Mr. Ed Ingle, (NC DOT), and Mr. Richard Phillips, (DEHNR) to comment
directly to me concerning this permit request.
We would like to begin construction as soon as possible. If further information is
required, please advise. Your early review and consideration will be appreciated.
Yours truly,
C. R. Sty es, . E.
District Engineer
CRS/wmt
cc: Mr. Richard Phillips, P. E., Regional Engineer DEHNR
Mr. F. D. Martin, P. E., Division Engineer
Mr. E. L. Ingle, Area Roadside Environmental Engineer
Mr. Eric Galamb, Water Quality Certification Unit, DEM
Mr. David Yow, District Fisheries Biologist, NCWRC
DEM ID: ACTION ID:
Nationwide Permit Requested (Provide Nationwide Permit #): 03
JOINT FORM FOR
Nationwide permits that required notification to the Corps of Engineers
Nationwide permits that require application for Section 401 certification
WILMINGTON DISTRICT ENGINEER
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
P. O. Box 1890
Wilmington, NC 28402-1890
ATTN.: CESAW-CO-E
Telephone (919) 252-4511
WATER QUALITY PLANNING
DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
NC DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL,HEALTH,
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
P.O. Box 29535
Raleigh, NC 27626-0535
ATTN: Mr. John Dorney
Telephone (919) 733-5083
ONE (1) COPY OF THIS COMPLETED APPLICATION SHOULD BE SENT TO.THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS.
SEVEN (7) COPIES SHOULD BE SENT TO THE NC DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT.
PLEASE PRINT.
1. Owners Name: North Carolina Department of Transportation
2. Owners Address: P. O. Box 250, Bryson City, NC 28713
3. Owners Phone Number (Home
(Work): (704) 488-2131
4. If Applicable: Agent's name or responsible corporate official, address, phone number:
C. R. Styles
5. Location of work (MUST ATTACH MAP). County: Jackson
Nearest Town or City: Dillsboro
Specific Location (Include road numbers, landmarks, etc.): SR 1390, Piney Mtn. Rd. and SR 1562, Farmer
6. Name of Closest Stream/River: Unnamed Tribitary of Tuckasegee River near Barker's Creek
7. River Basin: Little Tennessee Riv_er_
8. Is this project located in watershed classified as Trout, SA HQW, ORW, WSI, or WS II? YES [ ] NO [ X ]
9. Have any Section 404 permits been previously requested for use on this property? YES [ ] NO [XI
If yes, explain.
10. Estimated total number of acres of waters of the U. S., including wetlands, located on project site:
11. Number of acres of waters of the U. S., including wetlands, impacted by the proposed project:
Filled: .01 Ac
Drained:
Flooded:
Excavated:
Total Impacted: .01 Ac
12. Description of proposed work (Attach PLANS- 8 1/2" X 11" drawings only): To widen and nave
13. Purpose of proposed work: Same
14. State reasons why the applicant believes that this activity must be carried out in wetlands. Also, note measures taken to
minimize wetland impacts. See Attachments
15. You are required to contact the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and/or National Marine Fisheries Service
(NMFS) regarding the presence or any Federally listed or proposed for listing endangered or threatened species or critical
habitat in the permit area that may be affected by the proposed project. Have you done so? YES [ X 1 NO [ ]
With Application
RESPONSES FROM THE USFWS AND/OR NMFS SHOULD BE FORWARDED TO CORPS.
16. You are required to contact the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) regarding the presence of historic properties
in the permit area which may be affected by the proposed project? Have you done so? YES [ ) NO X
With Application
RESPONSES FROM THE SHOP SHOULD BE FORWARDED TO CORPS.
17. Additional information required by DEM:
A. Wetland delineation map showing all wetlands, streams, and lakes on the property.
B. If available, representative photograph of wetlands to be impacted by project.
C. If delineation was performed by a consultant, include all data sheets relevant to the placement of the delineation line.
D. If a stormwater management plan is required for this project, attach copy.
E. What is land use of surrounding property? Rural Woodland - Residential
F. If applicable, what is proposed method of sewage disposal?
Owner's Signature £Date
Ni F•?? /1?u..rT .ii/
ROAD NA
SR ?3qa.
F R O M „/o? o ?d e,?[?T 8 ?'?? ?o Ervc? aF rrrirt r.v!
ADDITION
I M PROVEM ENT
TO BE PAVED
P POLES TO BE MOVED
T. POLES TO BE MOVE D
z
0
W WIDTH 30
SCALE I =so
Rw;Sa. ?- S J3 ?`1
EROSION CONTROL
DETAILS AND.
SPECIFICATIONS
245.03
245.05
893.01
890.05
245.01
245.02
892.04
895.10
892.01
892.02
897.01
897.02
894.01
245.04
896.01
896.02
896.03
Temporary Silt Ditch __ 17SD
Temporary Diversion
Temporary Silt Fence
?--
Temporary Slope Drain with Earth Berm ..........
?A
Silt Basin Type A ..................... .
Sift Basin Type B _-___-___
Temporary Rock Silt Check Type-A ..........
Temporary Rock Silt Check Type-B
Temporary Rock Sediment Dam Type-A
Temporary Rock Sediment Dam Type-B ;_-
Rock Pipe Inlet Protection Type-A ........... Rock' Pipe Inlet Protection Type-B ............ °
Rock Silt Screen
.......
Stilling Basin ............................................
Rock Inlet Protection:
Type A ............................... Am--OR--A))
Type 8 ............................... B ?•• OR •• B
Type C ................................ 'C ?•• OR •• C?
12
March, 1992
l -=----
---
-
ExlstlI2v Road ..
... ...............
-
-
:..
.
Railroad .....
...........
Li
trol of A
'
i
C --
,.....
ne.
....
....... .
on
ccess A
• Slope Stake lane . ............... -----r ?? ----•
.
id
B --
,
r
e. ..........................
................
••?
..
r
:
?- Culver r---,
,
...
.............. ........
?
Tclepliont? or Telegraph Pole ......... it tit>•r -0- ? IrttotI •-o- t
..
Tower Pole and Line.
; ......
...
: -? •
..
.
..
.
. .
Potiver Pole .......... ?t:?1s';' ' S , tt'ttOt' b t
t EasemcnL Line
•
:
: {?-•t?
.
.
.
:...:....:.....:.. `?
i?Iotivil> .`.
.
.
..
.
....... .......
Guard Hail .
'
:
.
:
' T T T
.
....
.
...
..........
...
Sanitary.
Sewer'- Line.
::........
.....;
--?-=': -?--5s
.
q
Wa ter Lino...`. '..'.:'..... '... ... ...... ----t t- t
Gas Line .'......~.:.':...' ........... :. 0 cas -0-
1'tt0VOS1 D ExISTING
Chain Link fence-' ................... -?-----?-
Woven I li re Pence':..
... v ..
......... -?---?- -o-fl-?
,
;
..... •-1...?
Re?eni:r?lClUil ...................
Reforestacion'.:..::...........
;.:......
.Temporary Silt Ditch T.S.1) TSn
----l t r----! I t-
Temporary Silt Fa it c: e ..... . .... +H
Tempo rary.Slope -Drain' ....:........... ??
Brush '... ..............
Silt Check Dann Ty])e A .. :............'. n
Silt; Check Dam Type .B ................
.Silt Basin 'I?-pe'A' ...:.:...'.:•, ......:..' -- .
Silt Basin Type B ..: .................
Rock Sitc Check Dam ......... ....:.... >j
TempAtone Ditch Check .......?.,?
Jill?l?it? t?fl??i1 •, •. •
,o
.
E,91z! TAY/o?Z ?a j
? 0, $ol 704-:*-' v
0
/90. 80? /MSG
C
l' lLy Sow w
Q
kLa
I® f
i h ? CAP
I'D
,tc?/?. you /h ,?so u !L Cis s.+rc .
P. D. $ox 28IC7 ?--5 0'-}.
e1#110a/X r d, W e
1
O
o ? av a toa
C. 0. P
GT ? ?Rn/E?
O
r
4.
I
F
37-4.7+93= fi
To io¢w? .bows
3 O
3 cc
t
lS CMQ
5 0'
I
bb
'.5 f- 00 i-OO
1
- ?- DATA
POLE
PROJECT ?ti %+! 3•?• / 9d COUNTY ?c,?so.? SHEET
OWNER OF P LES 101a/
STATION
POLE DIST. FROM a
PRESENT RD, DIST. FROM D_
PROJECT- DIST. Q. PROJ.
AFTER MOVING
REMARKS
NO. R T. LT. R T. LT. RT. LT.
S ?-Z P. P• ?? /G ' 13 #5 Mov er "Fa lc 4A5" 4A77 e.?,?er?'
?, PP Z? ' Z ?o ' a.•? P? So' T sr .Mw
_ T/ON
:SCALE I / G C
O' TO DEAD END _
POL'S TOE= /I 'V;D _Q_-
.j OG I rl ",I N . -,[ --
TC E-, P,-lV? D
/V,4 f A-0 FAFMEk COVE-
EC p 8+00
DAVID PAYNE
RT. 2 WHITI IER, NC.
r O
BURT FARMER
R772 WHITTIER NC
O
I
l
JOE FARMER
7+ 00 RT 2 WHITTIER, N. C.
18` 14
i
i
i
?. t 0
MARTHA FARMER lO
RT 2 WHITTIER. NC
4'X4 WATER. RES/V/OR /3, LT.STA '0 34
TO BE MOVED
r - ?
E1DX'-%SI0N- CONTRC
DSPECIFICATIONS
O
L,
y?.
245.03 D .s .ription
Temporary* Slit Ditch .? ................•. ,SymbQ1
......... ?sn
245.05 Temporary Diversion ,,,.-,-• .............. .......
893.01 Temporary Slit Fence -------------------- •,
890.05 Temporary Slope Drain with Earth Berm -, T ?-- ?--
........
245.01
Silt Basin Type A ........................
...... _.?
....
245.02 Silt Basin Type B .....................
---.
..................
892.04 Temporary Rock Silt Check Type-A ..........
895.10 Temporary Rock Slit Check Type-B
.....?
........
892.01 Temporary Rock Sediment Dam Type-A ............
892.02 Temporary Rock Sediment Dam Type-B ,., U
897.01 Rock Pipe Inlet Protection Type-A ,,._.,.....
897.02 Rock Pipe Inlet Protection Type-B
-.
..........
894.01 Rock Slit Screen ..............:......... ...................
245.04 Stilling Basin .. ............................. ..........
Rock Inlet Protection:
896.01 Type A ........ _...................... A a-- OR -- A )
896.02
Type B ...................... :..:.....
..
.. I
B OR B
896.03 Type C ...:........................... C rE]J.- OR " C
12 March, 1992
?T-'ji• ir• ???_ ?? '=?. ?.?M s+-mar •....e'..
w• .}.•. ':.P:ifL. ..'"?t: P•.6•i ••t?v y'r+iF•^:r-• ... ?.:t•+e:.. ix j%lyt." •.•}4,'`?•n'•'" +'+E
aN Yi?•.-_•w?!:r•.?.?y. a•1?•? '• _r....' ^? ...?7?.:• .'A...+•.
::iy'. r?_?i :? ?"'?r.???J.?.?vr.:.•3'''-:..`.•.•4t".•'~'l•.?T ??t? ?i?.?ir'.;.•'?:• '
?.. w•.ytn•".• ;ts.. .. .• .. ?. r... ii^.?.•3,-MTr?.r"++-. •w•'r^ :. s a- . ='+'r? •..Y.' . •eN.?C_ .
SR AVY
45 ?w
wx: r.•
CD E
?J 1 !"
02 =tuA
SE -
srd I
UA
Ti
N 7. _ : • ' 14- M=h,I992' ' _
f
=i .
TEWORARY SILT FENCE:
x
Vim. s ri,. 1.
A temporary silt. fence is commonly used at the toe of a fill section to prevent off-
site sedimentation. It is made of permeable filter fabric buried at the bottom,
stretched and supported by steel posts. The silt fence reduces the water flow while
retaining the sediment. They may also be used to divert water flow to protected
outlets. Silt fences need to be checked aftei each significant rainfall to ensure there
effectiveness. They must be maintained on a regular basis. Silt fences shall no be
installed across streams, ditches, or waterways.
AREAS of USE:
• At toe of fill sections where sediment runoff can be stored and contained
inside the project limits.
DESIGN CRrrmuA:
Material Wire Without Wire
Fabric Type 3 Class A Type 3 Class B
Steel posts length 5 ft 5 ft.
Post spacing 10 ft. 6 & maximum
17 March, 1992
• cl Q
iff C'm
LnA2
(i= z n
III= ?z
i{I w? U
' ? 1 f
3z caw J
es v v " .z I C! )
F< a w
F n r
F III= ??
JI
w m U ? O III- O T.rL
to E- C? 3
< E ,- Q
=a: M=E--W 04 -4 o a
S m
Z
S -.z ?- c? a Q
E-
n x .?sf -=Caw
-4 E- rui
<z rn <wdcn. I U3
Fs mwo Q==--
W .sad MaCA"I-IM .
=t7 -4 «CmQac,7
o< ri zr?
zzaa0-<s, ?l
m° ??°owE' c Cal 0 1 l z 7.
o
to r?..3mDa E-c5'4 vS
zm -406 M=fn+z L L'i
o <? z ow or:.a ...< >
a<
E- 01
18. March,1992
TEUPORARY ROCK SELT CHECK TYPE-$: - - _ ''- c` -
A temporary rock silt check type-B (also called check dam) is a small dam with a
weir used to reduce gullying in drainage ditches that are to be filled or
permanently stabilized at a later date. These type-B rock silt checks help reduce
the flow velocity and are generally made of class-B stone. They are used in ditches
during construction where the grade meets and/or exceeds 3%-
AREAS OF USE:
In channels, roadside ditch outlets, temporary silt ditches, and temporary
diversions.
• In conjunction with type-B silt basins.
DESIGN CRnmRiA:
• Center of rock silt check shall be at least 1 foot lower than the outer edges
(top of channel sides)
• The spacing (fQ _ (3 / % of ditch grade) X 1001L'
0
27 March, 1992
77
r W F- ..
G .
m
W
Q 1
z -j 1
?J¢Z
NOSOZZ
a:N000
W ;.
,z W
r..
>
w l--
O
mOZS <r O
• CC
CLW
LL
.
.0 4
a =c. <Wcrn
N??m UOM
W >
W
N 1 ?
c=
Zo
p m W
WUf
NI
i.II ; N ---,
cwcn ZN 1
?
/ 1
v OU¢ZNU
O
- ?- ,,, Z U. -a. Z - - ;
0 CL
1
1
N 1 a
Q U = L6
CL
Q
Q
W
M
Q
1
. 1
W CL
~ > 3? Fr-1
O
O
C -j -
N
¢
w w 2
O
: a. _
p U
Z Z 1-
3 ?_ Oa
>
.»
U~ W ¢
ND Cl
-..s N
Q ,
Ww O
- NN
a o> o W
<r
U
I
l
Dra
U a
I
28
? 911acm
m
1
W
F-
Y
U
W
U
d
Cn C C
?TZ
U T..:
ZOE
}- ZZi
OOC
c E?
p <c
W
Q
H
Cn
c
March,1992 .
. .,. • -". S. .r M: `• •tr?t?? ..X.... T, F ??•_.. _ , L_.x.- L'??? M.??5^?.?':L ,x.
.RomPam INLET PROTECTION TYPE-$: ` ` .
A rock pipe inlet protection type-$ is a small horseshoe shaped stzac=e. The
type-B rock pipe inlet protection•shall be used at pipe inlets which are 24 inches
and less in d aTn+ where there is. insufficient space for a type-A rock pipe inlet
protection with storage area. The type-B rock pipe inlet proton utilizes class A
stone lined with 5 or #57 stone to protect drainage pipe structures by impounding
the sediment laden water before it enters the pipe to trap sediment This device can
also be used around the inlet of temporary slope drains where space is limited at
the outlet end of slope drain such that a basin or other device can not be used.
AREAS OF USE.-
0 At inlets to pipes no larger than 24 inches in diame:e: where it receives flow
from severd directions.
• In low flow areas where ii6t of way is limited.
DESIGN
• Structural stone - class A
• Erosion control stone - # S or # 57 stone.
• Dam height - 1S ft minimum.
March, 1992'
^+1""s? ?L .?° •?r±• iSV°,w:.ti' . a: ?..:±;•?s. •? .. - '-*"y. -.'MN!-.. `CN?w?sn:'?w.?Y? ..
jig- .•.- '• ?•• ?? i?2'^.?''.ti?-„'^?..?t`?.?.?:: ?.. ..:•?i???= i - • " ?'?'''•r '""-• s Z??."'?•?yy. .°Y?a:i yT.:l4e???yo -Tar
??a's•''" .
•• t•.• 1. r ......ait.....?n...i- ?
Q
2<B'U].. 0Q E-? Z
cla
52
O CA V lsi??SL•
crM
1
ca ca +.
=0
2.
t!]O
V
4
0
«
4 Q O ?!
C `C<.ZfalUF.ZQGZF..E=Ca ca
4T Z
E-MW am=e-Wyrj?Q7?•--
Cl
?d
Z
?Q.Or??3
<
Ut1
Earn -4 02?QQ-.Z000Q
?' J.
O W-000 F?000 G.7E•
Z Q W Q Q 92 02 6 96 Q 4 O E- LL. •
W
4.
¢ ?
LLi
X
3: a
CL
? r.r 1
CL
to
> LL
Z -'
1
I
f ' 1
rn w t 1
A LLt
1 1
1 1
? 1 .'I
1 1
1
1 1
,l
Iz: J
0
O to
W Z
U.1N
d
w
to
iZ
0
v
L.L!
0
fZ
O_
L.LI
CL O.
r M
U-1
Z E-=
CL F?
v?
0
a
rz
I ?
ii cn
i
a
n ?
i
ij
36
Marrh,I992
Rocs SILT Scxmrrt:
A rock silt screen is a low-level dam structure to be used in streams*below culvert
sites. Rock silt screens shall be used to trap sediment transported by running water
and shall be placed in the stream below the construction site within the right-of-
way or easement boundary. The rock silt screen utilizes class B stone lined with #5
or #57 stone to produce a ripple-effect in the stream to settle the larger sediment
particles transported in the stream from the construction site. The trapped sediment
shall be cleaned out before the device is removed from the stream.
AREAS OF USE:
• In live streams below construction sites where construction occurs in or
adjacent to the stream.
• In live streams below a culvert construction site.
• Where it can be cleaned before it is removed from stream.
DESIGN CRXIERIA:
• Structural stone - class B stone
• Sediment control stone - # 5 or # 57 stone
r • Dam height -1.5 & minimum and 3 ft maximum ( shall not be higher than
1 & above normal flow of stream)
i
37 March, 1992
0
! i ?y „?
i
?W
¦-
LLH
O Q
.2 ria
z
.a ym z r2a cm
zf..6d?
r%1 Zf0?.0 E--alu aE=.0.3
?O^d4Wcn u'ZCaTU Qats.
v -= msn w
como=w
E-,=: G. G. E- fr5aS
mwoGE--o CL O
d0'edz? Qcm FOnOZ
G-OW E-Z.GZ D=ZW
?ZaWE ?`:nr"'mefa ?sa?am
MOO ra
G7g?..m Gf- efrs7.3??y6VE-.4 E+
E•V7 ZdZZ rn:! '-Z:Rd a3
O
38
I
r
i -+
C
N
? Z
0
m
- LL
X .
o
=T ? N
1T N
O
U
N
C
O
v
0
Z
LL J
I
?
/y
LJ-
U
C!?
J =?
Cl? e?
uc:
U zp's
O°
cr-
MCC
07,
0 CO:
CC
Q?
Z
l-
March,1992
--7-64ap,V
099
S ire # I
F%.iVS- y X6V -,24.71
s9• l3ga A
t'AiK. St1.
sr4.d *$01
,rm- (o {00
STA. S f So
O tF
J r
Z
I s ? v
A I ' Z
?
of ?
Z
. am '
l N-I
sioPc IN.
STAke
,L? NG
? cr•1
%n/ey cS ITE it
I
.5.e /390- -
,57"A. 6,L OD
NEI,v
'=fenCa =
IN.
_ .- --. mac- - - --- ; -
I .1. I i 7-.t i 1 1 .f t ?p f .L