19940672 Ver 1_Complete File_19940721

State of North Carolina
Department of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Jonathan B. Howes, Secretary
September 26, 1994
Dr. G. Wayne Wright
Corps of Engineers
P. O. Box 1890
Wilmington, NC 28402
Dear Dr. Wright:
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In keeping with your request, this office has circulated to interested state review agencies
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Public Notice and Action ID. No. 199304598 dated July 21,
1994 which describes a project proposal by the N. C. Dept. of Transportation, Division of
Highways of Raleigh. The project, involving a discharge of fill material into waters of the state
is located in Fontana Lake and tributaries for the widening of Highway 23 in Almond, Swain
County.
During the course of the review only one cooperating agency submitted written
comments. The Wildlife Resources Commission express concern in a memorandum of August
26, 1994, a copy of which has been forwarded to your Asheville COE office. The Commission,
however, will not enter an actual objection provided the following recommendations are
considered for inclusion in the '404 permit. The viewpoint position supports the
recommendations of the Commission as follows:
1. Wetland losses should be compensated at appropriate ratios for off-
site mitigation. Location and acreage of the wetland mitigation area
should be specified by the NC DOT prior to permit issuance.
2. Runoff from the project site should be continuously monitored during
construction to determine if water chemnistry is being adversely
affected, either by "hot rock" exposure or by contact with live concrete.
Erosion and sedimentation control plans should include contingencies
for containment of toxic runoff, should a problem develop.
3. Stringent erosion control measures should be installed before ground-
disturbing activities being and inspected regularly and following each
rainfall event. Structures should be designed to anticipate heavy
rainfall events in steep terrain, and should be continously maintained.
P. O. Box 27687, Raleigh, North Carolina 27611-7687 Telephone [phone]
An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer 50%recycled/10% post-consumer paper
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Dr. G. Wayne Wright
Page 2
September 26, 1994
Significant increases in turbidity in adjacent lake waters will be
considered by the NCWRC as a violation of permit conditions.
4. Permanent herbaceous vegetation should be planted on bare areas within
15 days of ground-disturbing activities. Seeding should be staged to
avoid large areas of continuously bare soils.
The Division of Environmental Management issued Section '401 Water Quality
Certification No. 2903 for this project.
Should you require additional input from the state on this matter, do not hesitate to
contact this office or the commenting agencies.
Very sincerely,
John Parker, Jr.
Inland '404 Coordinator
JRP: jr/aw
cc: Wildlife Resources Commission
Division of Environmental Management V
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® North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission
512 N. Salisbury Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27604-1188, 919-733-3391
Charles R. Fullwood, Executive Director
MEMORANDUM
TO: John R. Parker, Jr., Inland 404 Coordinator
Division of Coastal Management, DEHNR
FROM: David Yow, District 9 Habitat Biologist
Habitat Conservation Program
DATE: August 26, 1994
SUBJECT: U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Action ID No.
199304598, request from the N. C. Department of
Transportation (NCDOT) for authorization-of a 404
permit for NC 23 widening from US 19-74 to SR 1121
in Almond, Swain County, North Carolina, TIP
Project No. A-9DA.
This memorandum responds to a request from the NCDOT
for a Corps 404 permit to construct the subject highway
segment. The N. C. Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC)
has reviewed the proposed project, and a site inspection was
conducted on August 15, 1994. Our comments are provided in
accordance with provisions of the Clean Water Act of 1977
(33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.), the River and Harbor Act of 1899
(33 U.S.C. 403), and the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
(48 Stat. 401, as amended; 16 U.S.C. 661-667d).
The proposed work involves widening of an existing
highway facility, with limited realignment of approaches and
intersections. Aquatic habitat in the vicinity of the
project consists of Fontana Lake and tributaries. Wetland
fill is associated with expansion of existing roadway fill
slopes into adjacent coves of the reservoir.
In previous comment on this project (Stephanie E.
Goudreau, September 13, 1993) the NCWRC expressed concerns
regarding possible "hot rock" involvement, water quality
impacts from concrete contact, stream relocations, wetland
mitigation, and potential problems with erosion and soil
stabilization.

Action 199304598 Page 2 August 26, 1994
The NCWRC understands that surveys for "hot rock" have
been conducted for the subject project. While risk of water
quality impacts from rock exposure may be lower than on the
previous segment of NC 28, the possibility of a similar
incident exists for the subject project. The NCDOT is
coordinating off-site mitigation of the subject project with
resource agencies. However, on-site measures may be
required to compensate for lost buffering capacities of
wetland margins on Fontana Lake.
The NCWRC does object to issuance of a 404 permit for
the proposed work, provided the following recommendations
are included as permit conditions:
1. Wetland losses should be compensated at appropriate
ratios for off-site mitigation. Location and
acreage of the wetland mitigation area should be
specified by the NCDOT prior to permit issuance.
2. Runoff from the project site should be continuously
monitored during construction to determine if water
chemistry is being adversely affected, either by
"hot rock" exposure or by contact with live
concrete. Erosion and sedimentation control plans
should include contingencies for containment of
toxic runoff, should a problem develop.
3. 'Stringent erosion control measures should be
installed before ground disturbing activities begin
and inspected regularly and following each rainfall
event. Structures should be designed to anticipate
heavy rainfall events in steep terrain, and should
be continuously maintained. Significant increases
in turbidity in adjacent lake waters will be
considered by the NCWRC as a violation of permit
conditions.
4. Permanent herbaceous vegetation should be planted
on bare areas within 15 days of ground disturbing
activities. Seeding should be staged to avoid
large areas of continuously bare soils.
Thank you for the opportunity to provide input in the
planning stages for this project. If I can further assist
your office, please contact me at [phone].
CC: Joffrey Brooks, District 9 Wildlife Biologist
Micky Clemmons, District 9 Fisheries Biologist
Robert Johnson, Manager, Asheville Field Office, USAGE
,janice Nicholls, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
John Dorney, Division of Environmental Management

State of North Carolina
Department of Environment,
Health and.Natural Resources
Division of Environmental Management
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Jonathan B. Howes, Secretary
A. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E., Director
August 11, 1994
Mr. Barney O'Quinn
Planning and Environmental Branch
NC DOT
P.O. Box. 25201
Raleigh, N.C. 27611-5201
Dear Mr. O'Quinn:
Subject: Certification Pursuant to Section 401 of the Federal
Clean Water Act,
Proposed road improvement, NC 23
Project # 94672, COE # 199304598
Swain County
FILE rnp,
Attached hereto is a copy of Certification No. 2903 issued to N.C. Department of
Transportation dated August 11, 1994.
If we can be of further assistance, do not hesitate to contact us.
Sincerely,
eston Howard, r P.E.
Director
Attachments
wgc2906
cc: Wilmington District Corps of Engineers
Corps of Engineers Asheville Field Office
Asheville DEM Regional Office
Mr. John Domey
Mr. Steve Benton, Division of Coastal Management
Central Files
ATI.OXA
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ID EHNR
P.O. Box 29535, Raleigh, North Carolina 27626-0535 Telephone [phone] FAX [phone]
An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer 50% recycled/ 10% past-consumer paper

NORTH CAROLINA
Swain County
CERTIFICATION
THIS CERTIFICATION is issued in conformity with the requirements of Section 401 Public
Laws 92-500 and 95-217 of the United States and subject to the North Carolina Division of
Environmental Management Regulations in 15 NCAC 2H, Section .0500 to N.C. Dept. of
Transportation resulting in 3.09 acres of wetland impact in Swain County pursuant to an application
filed on the 21st day of July of 1994 to Widen NC 23 from US 19-74 to SR 1121.
The Application provides adequate assurance that the discharge of fill material into the waters
of Fontana Lake in conjunction with the proposed development in Swain County will not result in a
violation of applicable Water Quality Standards and discharge guidelines. Therefore, the State of
North Carolina certifies that this activity will not violate Sections 301,302,303,306,307 of PL 92-500
and PL 95-217 if conducted in accordance with the application and conditions hereinafter set forth.
Condition(s) of Certification:
1. That the activity be conducted in such a manner as to prevent significant
increase in turbidity outside the area of construction or. construction
related discharge (increases such that the turbidity in the stream is 25 NTU's
or less are not considered significant).
2. DEM shall be copied on all mitigation plans and annual reports for such plans.
Violations of any condition herein set forth shall result in revocation of this Certification. This
Certification shall become null and void unless the above conditions are made conditions of the
Federal or Costal Area Management Act Permit.
If this Certification is unacceptable to you, you have the right to an adjudicatory hearing upon
written request within thirty (30) days following receipt of this Certification. This request must be in
the form of a written petition conforming to Chapter 150B of the North Carolina General Statutes and
filed with the Office of Administrative Hearings, P.O. Box 27447, Raleigh, N.C. 27611-7447. Unless
such demands are made, this Certification shall be final and binding.
This the l lth day of August, 1994.
DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
ton oward, Jr
®rector
WQC# 2906
State of North Carolina
Department of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources
Division of Environmental Management
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Jonathan B. Howes, Secretary
A. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E., Director
August 18, 1994
Mr. Barney O'Quinn
Planning and Environmental Branch
NC DOT
P.O. Box 25201
Raleigh, N.C. 27611-5201
Dear Mr. O'Quinn:
FILE COPY
Subject: Certification Pursuant to Section 401 of the Federal
Clean Water Act,
Proposed road improvement,US 19 from SR 1121 at Almonds to the existing US
19/NC 28 intersection.
Project # 94672, COE # 199304598, TIP # A-9DA
Swain County
Attached hereto is a copy of Certification No. 2903 issued to N.C. Department of
Transportation dated August 18, 1994. This Certification replaces one issued to the DOT on 11
August, 1994.
If we can be of further assistance, do not hesitate to contact us.
Sincerely,
kt . on HAttachments
wgc2906
cc: Wilmington District Corps of Engineers
Corps of Engineers Asheville Field Office
Asheville DEM Regional Office
Mr. John Dorney
Mr. Steve Benton, Division of Coastal Management
Central Files
ED FE F=4
P.O. Box 29535, Raleigh, North Carolina 27626-0535 Telephone [phone] FAX [phone]
An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer 50% recycled/ 10% post-consumer paper
*- . *k'
NORTH CAROLINA
Swain County
CERTIFICATION
THIS CERTIFICATION is issued in conformity with the requirements of Section 401 Public
Laws 92-500 and 95-217 of the United States and subject to the North Carolina Division of
Environmental Management Regulations in 15 NCAC 2H, Section .0500 to N.C. Dept. of
Transportation resulting in 3.09 acres of impact to wetlands and water in Swain County pursuant to
an application filed on the 21st day of July of 1994 to widen and relocate US 19 from SR 1121 at
Almonds to the existing US 19INC 28 intersection.
The Application provides adequate assurance that the discharge of fill material into the waters
of Fontana Lake in conjunction with the proposed development in Swain County will not result in a
violation of applicable Water Quality Standards and discharge guidelines. Therefore, the State of
North Carolina certifies that this activity will not violate Sections 301,302,303,306,307 of PL 92-500
and PL 95-217 if conducted in accordance with the application and conditions hereinafter set forth.
Condition(s) of Certification:
1. That the activity be conducted in such a manner as to prevent significant
increase in turbidity outside the area of construction or construction
related discharge (increases such that the turbidity in the stream is 25 NTU's
or less are not considered significant).
2. DEM shall be copied on all mitigation plans and annual reports for such plans.
Violations of any condition herein set forth shall result in revocation of this Certification. This
Certification shall become null and void unless the above conditions are made conditions of the
Federal or Costal Area Management Act Permit.
If this Certification is unacceptable to you, you have the right to an adjudicatory hearing upon
written request within thirty (30) days following receipt of this Certification. This request must be in
the form of a written petition conforming to Chapter 150B of the North Carolina General Statutes and
filed with the Office of Administrative Hearings, P.O. Box 27447, Raleigh, N.C. 27611-7447. Unless
such demands are made, this Certification shall be final and binding.
This the 18th day of August, 1994.
DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
rtQiC?
. P stono?Jr.
WQC# 2906

state of North Carolina
6epartment of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources
Division of Coastal Management
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Jonathan B. Howes, Secretary
Roger N. Schecter, Director
July 26, 1994
MEMORANDUM
TO: Mr. A. Preston Howard, .E., Director
Division of Environmental Management
FROM: John R. Parker, Jr.
Inland `404' Coordinator
SUBJECT: `404' Project Review-
The attached U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Public Notice for Action No. 199404598 dated
July 21, 1994 describing a proposed project by NC DOT-Swain Co. circulated to interested
state agencies for comments on applicable Section 404 and/or Section 10 permits.
Please indicate below your agency's position or viewpoint on the proposed project and return
this form by 8/12/94. If you have any questions regarding the proposed project, please contact
me at 733-2293. When appropriate, in-depth comments with supporting data is requested.
REPLY
No comment.
Comments on this project are attached.
This office supports the project proposal.
ED EHNF1
This office objects to the project as proposed.
Signed
Date
P.O. Box 27687, Raleigh, North Carolina 27611-7687 Telephone [phone] FAX [phone]
An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer 50% recycled/ 10% post-consumer paper
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DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
Wilmington District, Corps of Engineers
Post Office Box 1890
Wilmington, North Carolina 28402-1890
Action ID No. 199304598 July 21, 1994
PUBLIC NOTICE
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, DIVISION OF
HIGHWAYS, POST OFFICE BOX 25201, RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA 27611-5201 has
applied for a Department of the Army (DA) permit TO DISCHARGE FILL MATERIAL
INTO FONTANA LAKE, THE NANTAHALA RIVER, PUMP AND SILES BRANCHES, AND
TRIBUTARIES THEREOF IN CONJUNCTION OF NORTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY 23 WIDENING FROM
US 19-74 TO SR 1121 IN Almond, Swain County, North Carolina (TIP PROJECT NO.
A-9DA).
The following description of the work is taken from data provided by the
applicant and from observations made during an onsite visit by a
representative of the Corps of Engineers. Plans submitted with the
application show the widening of the existing two-lane roadway from the
community of Almond to the intersection of US 19-74. A new bridge will be
constructed north of the existing bridge across Fontana Lake. A total of
61,000 cubic yards of fill material will be discharged below the normal full
pool elevation of Fontana Lake (elevation 1708 feet) in conjunction with the
extension of cut and fill slopes, impacting 2.81 acres of surface waters and
0.28 acre of wetlands at five locations. A detailed breakdown of quantities
and acreages involved at the five locations is shown on sheet 17 of the
enclosed plans. All fill slopes are to be lined with class I rip rap up to
elevation 1711 feet. An existing haul road will be utilized to access a
temporary culverted crossing of the Nantahala River during the construction of
the new bridge. Four 48-inch corrugated steel pipes, 900 tons of class II rip
rap, and class B stone will be used for the crossing. All temporary fill
material will be completely removed upon project completion. Two concrete
footings and bents will be constructed, one on each side of the Nantahala
River channel, to support the new bridge structure. The project is scheduled
to begin in 1995 to take advantage of the Tennessee Valley Authority's
drawdown of the lake for routine inspection of the Fontana Dam. NC DOT is
developing a mitigation plan to compensate for unavoidable impacts to waters
and wetlands. Plans showing the work are included with this public notice.
The State of North Carolina will review this public notice to determine
the need for the applicant to obtain any required State authorization. No
Department of the Army (DA) permit will be issued until the coordinated State
viewpoint on the proposal has been received and reviewed by this agency, nor
will a DA permit be issued until the North Carolina Division of Environmental
Management (NCDEM) has determined the applicability of a Water Quality
Certificate as required by PL 92-500.
Should the permit be issued, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) will
require the permittee to employ best management practices to control erosion
and sedimentation, as necessary, to prevent adverse aquatic impacts.
This application is being considered pursuant to Section 10 of the River
and Harbor Act of 1899 (33 U.S.C. 403) and Section 404 of the Clean Water Act
(33 U.S.C. 1344). Any person may request, in writing within the comment
period specified in this notice, that a public hearing be held to consider
this application. Requests for public hearing shall state, with
particularity, the reasons for holding a public hearing.
A,
-2-
The District Engineer has consulted the latest published version of the
National Register of Historic Places for the presence or absence of registered
properties, or properties listed as being eligible for inclusion therein, and
this worksite is not registered property or property listed as being eligible
for inclusion in the Register. Consultation of the National Register
constitutes the extent of cultural resource investigations by the District
Engineer, and he is otherwise unaware of the presence of such resources.
Presently, unknown archeological, scientific, prehistorical, or historical
data may be lost or destroyed by work under the requested permit.
The District Engineer, based on available information, is not aware that
the proposed activity will affect species, or their critical habitat,
designated as endangered or threatened pursuant to the Endangered Species Act
of 1973.
The decision whether to issue a permit will be based on an evaluation of
the probable impacts, including cumulative impacts, of the proposed activity
and its intended use on the public interest. Evaluation of the probable
impacts which the proposed activity may have on the public interest requires a
careful weighing of all those factors which become relevant in each particular
case. The benefits which reasonably may be expected to accrue from the
proposal must be balanced against its reasonably foreseeable detriments. The
decision whether to authorize a proposal, and if so the conditions under which
it will be allowed to occur, are therefore determined by the outcome of the
general balancing process. That decision should reflect the national concern
for both protection and utilization of important resources. All factors which
may be relevant to the proposal must be considered including the cumulative
effects thereof. Among those are conservation, economics, aesthetics, general
environmental concerns, wetlands, cultural values, fish and wildlife values,
flood hazards and flood plain values (in accordance with Executive Order
11988), land use, navigation, shore erosion and accretion, recreation, water
supply and conservation, water quality, energy needs, safety, food and fiber
production, mineral needs, considerations of property ownership, and, in
general, the needs and welfare of the people. For activities involving the
placement of dredged or fill materials in waters of the United States, a
permit will be denied if the discharge that would be authorized by such permit
would not comply with the Environmental Protection Agencies' 404(b)(1)
guidelines. Subject to the preceding sentence and any other applicable
guidelines or criteria, a permit will be granted unless the District Engineer
determines that it would be contrary to the public interest.
The Corps of Engineers is soliciting comments from the public; Federal,
State and local agencies and officials; Indian Tribes and other interested
parties in order to consider and evaluate the impacts of this proposed
activity. Any comments received will be considered by the Corps of Engineers
to determine whether to issue, modify, condition or deny a permit for this
proposal. To make this decision, comments are used to assess impacts on
endangered species, historic properties, water quality, general environmental
effects and the other public interest factors listed above. Comments are used
in the preparation of an Environmental Assessment (EA) and/or an Environmental
Impact Statement (EIS) pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act
(NEPA). Comments are also used to determine the need for a public hearing and
to determine the overall public interest of the proposed activity.
Generally, the decision whether to issue this Department of the Army (DA)
permit will not be made until the North Carolina Division of Environmental
Management (NCDEM) issues, denies, or waives State certification required by
Section 401 of the Clean Water Act. The NCDEM considers whether or not the
w
-3-
proposed activity will comply with Sections 301, 302, 306, and 307 of the
Clean Water Act. The application and this public notice for the Department of
the Army (DA) permit serves as application to the NCDEM for certification.
Additional information regarding the Clean Water Act certification may be
reviewed at the offices of the Environmental Operations Section, North
Carolina Division of Environmental Management (NCDEM), Salisbury Street,
Archdale Building, Raleigh, North Carolina. Copies of such materials will be
furnished to any person requesting copies upon payment of reproduction costs.
The North Carolina Division of Environmental Management (NCDEM) plans to
take final action in the issuance of the Clean Water Act certification on or
after August 15, 1994.
All persons desiring to make comments regarding the application for Clean
Water Act certification should do so in writing delivered to the North
Carolina Division of Environmental Management (NCDEM), Post Office Box 27687,
Raleigh, North Carolina 27611-7687, on or before August 12, 1994, Attention:
Mr. John Dorney.
Written comments pertinent to the proposed work, as outlined above, will
be received in this office, Attention: David Baker, until 4:15 p.m., August
22, 1994, or telephone [phone].
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SUMMARY SHEET
SITE STATION STRUCTURE FILL BELOW FILL IN FILL IN
TYPE MAXIMUM SURFACE WETLANDS
HIGH POOL WATERS
(C.Y.) (acres) (acres)
I 1496+15 TO 60" CS 6,427 0.26 0.28
1499+50 -ll-
II 1501+50 TO BRIDGE 0 0 0
1509+50 A2-
ILIA 1513+10 TO 135 0.02 0
1513+75 -L1-
IIIB 1514+55 TO 48,705 1.94 0
1521+90 -Li-
IVA 1527+25 TO 36" CS 6,317 0.35 0
1528+65
.f i
IVB 1531+95 TO 36" C5 3,429 0.12 0 ..
1533+05 -LI-
V 1538+00 TO 24" CS 440 0.12 0
1539+10 -Ll-
VI 15+85 TO 12' X 6' RCBC 7,221 0.62
18+20 -Y4REV- ------ ------ ------
TOTAL 72,674 C.Y. 2.B1 ac 0.90 ac
N. C. DEPT OF TRANSPORTATION
DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
SWAIN COUNTY
PROJECT 8.3019122` A-0009DA
NC 28 Q
SHEET ?q OF -!
MEMO
TO: - Rb
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From: //",)- /
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Health, and Natural Resources
?? awry Nom, ? Printed on Recycled Paper
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N. C. DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONIMT, HEALTH,
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
ASHEVIME REGIONAL OFFICE
DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
'(ht'ATER, QUALITY SECTION
ou c".", gata,"
FAX 02
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FAX #: 704J251-MM 4-,o$g
DATE: ,.
# OF PAGES INCLUDING THIS COVER,;
11+IESSAGE: _ I questia please CaH 704!251; 6208
S0'cl cl AlI-kntl ?slw Ol ZR+rAa mi aj I t naysd WCrdJ LS:FT 1766Z-60-Dfld
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30'd -mml
MEMORANDUM PRINT NAMES :
Reviewer: -Abul"
z!/ T
TO: Jahn Dorney WQ Supv.:
'eL
Planning Branch DATE:
SUBJECT: WETLAND STAFF REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS
***EACH ITEM MUST BE ANSWERED (USE N/A FOR NOT APPLICABLE)
PERMIT YR. 94 PERMIT N0: 0000672 COUNTY: SWAIN
APPLICANT NAME: NC DOT, US 19-74
PROJECT-TYPE: ROAD CONST'UCTION PERMIT-TYPE: IAjD
COE-#: 299304598 DOT_#:
RCD_FROM CDA: DOT DATE_,FRM CDA: 07/22/94
REG-OFFICE: ARO
RIVER„AND SUB_BASIN_#: W404 O-1-
STREAI-.CLASS : (3 TrocA7?-
WL_IMPACT?: 0/N
WL„R.EQUESTED :
WL_SCOR'E(#):
MITIGATION?: Y/N
MITIGATION SIZE:
STR INDEX„NO: „ - 5-? - CZ --? 5)
WL_,,,TYPE :
WL_ACNEST? : YIN
WATER IMPACTED BY FILL,? : (9/N
i
MITIGATION TYPE:
DID YOU REQUEST MORE INFO?- &N
IS WETLAND RATING SHEET ATTACHED?: Yd)
HAVE PROJECT CHANGES/CONDITIONS BEEN DISCUSSED WITH APPLICANT?.- 6M
RECO.NMENl3ATxON (Circle One ISSUE SSUE/COND DENY
C
y?.)
cc: Regional Office
Contra! Files
Z0 ' d 8 eU I 1dno d3ium 01 H i3Q Od al I ? n aysd km=j Ls : n b66T-60-Enu
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DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
Wilmington District, Corps of Engineers
Post Office Box 1890
Wilmington, North Carolina 28402-1890
Action ID No. 199304598
PUBLIC NOTICE
F ? 1
t 1, a 2 2 1994
July 21, 1994
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, DIVISION OF
HIGHWAYS, POST OFFICE BOX 25201, RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA 27611-5201 has
applied for a Department of the Army (DA) permit TO DISCHARGE FILL MATERIAL
INTO FONTANA LAKE, THE NANTAHALA RIVER, PUMP AND SILES BRANCHES, AND
TRIBUTARIES THEREOF IN CONJUNCTION OF NORTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY 23 WIDENING FROM
US 19-74 TO SR 1121 IN Almond, Swain County, North Carolina (TIP PROJECT NO.
A-9DA).
The following description of the work is taken from data provided by the
applicant and from observations made during an onsite visit by a
representative of the Corps of Engineers. Plans submitted with the
application show the widening of the existing two-lane roadway from the
community of Almond to the intersection of US 19-74. A new bridge will be
constructed north of the existing bridge across Fontana Lake. A total of
61,000 cubic yards of fill material will be discharged below the normal full
pool elevation of Fontana Lake (elevation ?t) in conjunction with the
e ion of cut and fill slopes, impac tin 2.81 cres of surface waters and
0.28 are of wetlands at five locations. A sled breakdown of quantities
and creages involved at the five locations is shown on sheet 17 of the
enclosed plans. All fill slopes are to be lined with class I rip rap up to
elevation 1711 feet. An existing haul road will be utilized to access a
temporary culverted crossing of the Nantahala River during the construction of
the new bridge. Four 48-inch corrugated steel pipes, 900 tons of class II rip
rap, and class B stone will be used for the crossing. All temporary fill
material will be completely removed upon project completion. Two concrete
footings and bents will be constructed, one on each side of the Nantahala
River channel, to support the new bridge structure. The project is scheduled
to begin in 1995 to take advantage of the Tennessee Valley Authority's
drawdown of the lake for routine inspection of the Fontana Dam. NC DOT is ,
developing a mitigation plan to compensate for unavoidable impacts to waters'
and wetlands. Plans showing the work are included with this public notice.
The State of North Carolina will review this public notice to determine
the need for the applicant to obtain any required State authorization. No
Department of the Army (DA) permit will be issued until the coordinated State
viewpoint on the proposal has been received and reviewed by this agency, nor
will a DA permit be issued until the North Carolina Division of Environmental
Management (NCDEM) has determined the applicability of a Water Quality
Certificate as required by PL 92-500.
Should the permit be issued, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) will
require the permittee to employ best management practices to control erosion
and sedimentation, as necessary, to prevent adverse aquatic impacts.
This application is being considered pursuant to Section 10 of the River
and Harbor Act of 1899 (33 U.S.C. 403) and Section 404 of the Clean Water Act
(33 U.S.C. 1344). Any person may request, in writing within the comment
period specified in this notice, that a public hearing be held to consider
this application. Requests for public hearing shall state, with
particularity, the reasons for holding a public hearing..
-2-
The District Engineer has consulted the latest published version of the
National Register of Historic Places for the presence or absence of registered
properties, or properties listed as being eligible for inclusion therein, and
this worksite is not registered property or property listed as being eligible
for inclusion in the Register. Consultation of the National Register
constitutes the extent of cultural resource investigations by the District
Engineer, and he is otherwise unaware of the presence of such resources.
Presently, unknown archeological, scientific, prehistorical, or historical
data may be lost or destroyed by work under the requested permit.
The District Engineer, based on available information, is not aware that
the proposed activity will affect species, or their critical habitat,
designated as endangered or threatened pursuant to the Endangered Species Act
of 1973.
The decision whether to issue a permit will be based on an evaluation of
the probable impacts, including cumulative impacts, of the proposed activity
and its intended use on the public interest. Evaluation of the probable
impacts which the proposed activity may have on the public interest requires a
careful weighing of all those factors which become relevant in each particular
case. The benefits which reasonably may be expected to accrue from the
proposal must be balanced against its reasonably foreseeable detriments. The
decision whether to authorize a proposal, and if so the conditions under which
it will be allowed to occur, are therefore determined by the outcome of the
general balancing process. That decision should reflect the national concern
for both protection and utilization of important resources. All factors which
may be relevant to the proposal must be considered including the cumulative
effects thereof. Among those are conservation, economics, aesthetics, general
environmental concerns, wetlands, cultural values, fish and wildlife values,
flood hazards and flood plain values (in accordance with Executive order
11988), land use, navigation, shore erosion and accretion, recreation, water
supply and conservation, water quality, energy needs, safety, food and fiber
production, mineral needs, considerations of property ownership, and, in
general, the needs and welfare of the people. For activities involving the
placement of dredged or fill materials in waters of the United States, a
permit will be denied if the discharge that would be authorized by such permit
would not comply with the Environmental Protection Agencies, 404(b)(1)
guidelines. Subject to the preceding sentence and any other applicable
guidelines or criteria, a permit will be granted unless the District Engineer
determines that it would be contrary to the public interest.
The Corps of Engineers is soliciting comments from the public; Federal,
State and local agencies and officials; Indian Tribes and other interested
parties in order to consider and evaluate the impacts of this proposed
activity. Any comments received will be considered by the Corps of Engineers
to determine whether to issue, modify, condition or deny a permit for this
proposal. To make this decision, comments are used to assess impacts on
endangered species, historic properties, water quality, general environmental
effects and the other public interest factors listed above. Comments are used
in the preparation of an Environmental Assessment (EA) and/or an Environmental
Impact Statement (EIS) pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act
(NEPA). Comments are also used to determine the need for a public hearing and
to determine the overall public interest of the proposed activity.
Generally, the decision whether to issue this Department of the Army (DA)
permit will not be made until the North Carolina Division of Environmental
Management (NCDEM) issues, denies, or waives State certification required by
Section 401 of the Clean Water Act. The NCDEM considers whether or not the
0
-3-
proposed activity will comply with Sections 301, 302, 306, and 307 of the
Clean Water Act. The application and this public notice for the Department of
the Army (DA) permit serves as application to the NCDEM for certification.
Additional information regarding the Clean Water Act certification may be
reviewed at the offices of the Environmental Operations Section, North
Carolina Division of Environmental Management (NCDEM), Salisbury Street,
Archdale Building, Raleigh, North Carolina. Copies of such materials will be
furnished to any person requesting copies upon payment of reproduction costs.
The North Carolina Division of Environmental Management (NCDEM) plans to
take final action in the issuance of the Clean Water Act certification on or
after August 15, 1994.
All persons desiring to make comments regarding the application for Clean
Water Act certification should do so in writing delivered to the North
Carolina Division of Environmental Management (NCDEM), Post Office Box 27687,
Raleigh, North Carolina 27611-7687, on or before August 12, 1994, Attention:
Mr. John Dorney.
Written comments pertinent to the proposed work, as outlined above, will
be received in this office, Attention: David Baker, until 4:15 p.m., August
22, 1994, or telephone [phone].
I\vv UI •YY11111111yVv 11 Ul?VI L1.V f 1-14-?4 1 IJ•?? i
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DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
SWAIN COUNTY
PROJECT 8.3019122 A 0009DA
NC 28
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SUMMARY SHEET
SITE STATION STRUCTURE FILL BELOW FILL IN FILL IN
TYPE MAXIMUM SURFACE WETLANDS
HIGH POOL WATERS
(C.Y.) (acres) (acres)
I 1496+15 TO 60" CS 6,427 0.26 0.28
1499+50 -ll-
II 1501+50 TO BRIDGE 0 0 0
1509+50 -L2-
ILIA 1513+10 TO 135 0.02 0
1513+75 -Ll-
IIIB 1514+55 TO 48,705 1.94 0
1521+30 -L1-
IVA 1527+25 TO 36" CS 6,317 0.35 0
.f
1528+65
IVB 1531+95 TO 36" CS 3,429 0.12 0 ..
1533+05 -Ll-
V 1538+00 TO 24" CS 440 0.12 0
1539+10 -Lt-
VI 15+85 TO 12' X 6! RCBC 7,221 0.62
18+20 -Y4REV- -------- ------ ------
TOTAL 72,674 C.Y. 2.81 ac 0.90 ac

' 'N. C. DEPT OF TRANSPORTATION
_
DIVISION OF . HIGHWAYS."'

SWAIN COUNTY
PROJECT 8.3019122 ' `A-0009DA
NC 28
Q
SHEET f? OF -I
+j'
N. C. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
TRANSMITTAL)SLI?' ?' DATE
Tl
? REF. NO. OR -ROOM, BLDG.
..
OM: - REF. NO. OR ROOM, BLDG.
?TUMA
ACTION
? NOTE AND FILE ? PER OUR CONVERSATION
? NOTE AND RETURN TOME, ? PER YOUR REQUEST
? RETURN WITH MORE DETAILS ? FOR YOUR APPROVAL
? NOTE AND SEE ME ABOUT THIS ? FOR YOUR INFORMATION.
? PLEASE 'ANSWER ? FOR YOUR COMMENTS
?, PREPARE REPLY FOR MY S?IGNATURE ? SIGNATURE
? TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION ? INVEST „jkNp-REPORT
COMMENTS: ?.

aao
czz

Q
n
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,? srn?o
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
JAMES B. HUNT. JR. DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
GOVERNOR P.O. BOX 25201. RALEIGH. N.C. 27611-5201
June 17, 1994
District Engineer
Wilmington District Corps of Engineers
Regulatory Branch
Post Office Box 1890
Wilmington, NC 28402-1890
ATTENTION: Regulatory Unit
Dear Sir:
17,
JU,' L
I?ypd v? , "
R. SAMUEL HUNT III
SECRETARY
SUBJECT: Swain County, US 19-74 Relocation from US 19-74 to SR 1121.
Federal Aid Project No. APD-12-1(22), State Project No.
8.3019122, TIP No. A-9DA.
As you are aware, the North Carolina Department of
Transportation (NCDOT) proposes to widen the subject roadway from the
community of Almond to the intersection of US 19-74. This proposed
widening is a component of a larger planned improvement. The 1994-
2000 North Carolina Transportation Improvement Program (T.I.P.) calls
for a multi-lane facility from the town of Andrews to NC 28 east of
the community of Almond (T.I.P. No. A-9).
An application was submitted on January 26, 1994 for 404 permit
authorization for the A-9DA project mmPnt swere received from
your agency on February S, 1 and from the N.C. Diu-ision of
Environmental Management o May 24, 1994. This is int ded to
address these comments and a revised permit application i enclosed.
Comments received from the Corps of Engineers:
Comment 1: "The joint CAMA/COE application form should not be used
in the piedmont and mountain counties. Instead NCDOT should use the
enclosed ENG Form 4345 in these areas." Response: The application
for this project has been revised using the appropriate form.
? u:
NO
}
Comment 2: "Fontana Lake is considered navigable under section 10 of
the River and Harbors Act. DOT should check with the U.S. Coast
Guard to see whether they consider the lake navigable and whether a
bridge permit will be required." Response: By letter dated March
29, 1994, the U.S. Coast Guard advised the NCDOT that a bridge permit
would not be required from them (Copy of the letter enclosed).
Comment 3: "The full pool elevation of Fontana Lake is 1,708 feet.
Acreages and quantities of fill material to be discharged in your
application are based upon those below or waterward of the maximum
pool elevation of 1,710 feet. Recalculation of acreages and fill
quantities should be undertaken." Response: The revised application
package depicts a normal pool elevation of 1,706 feet.
Comment 4: "The addresses of adjacent riparian landowners should be
provided for public notice mailing requirements." Response: These
addresses are provided with the revised application.
Comment 5: "Please provide the quantity of fill material to be
discharged below the full pool elevation in conjunction with the
construction of the temporary haul road and crossing of the Nantahala
River." Response: The haul road already exists on the lake bed and
is normally concealed by the lake water. No additional fill or
excavation is anticipated in the lake bed. Approximately 900 tons of
Class II Rip rap and Class B stone will be placed in the channel of
the Nantahala River for the temporary crossing (See Sheet 6). This
material will be removed before the lake level rises again.
Comment 6: "Provide an estimated time frame for the development and
distribution of your proposed mitigation plan for TIP No.'s A-9DA and
A-6AA." Response: The NCDOT is developing a mitigation plan for
water quality problems associated with project A-6AA. This plan
should be ready for distribution within a few weeks. An off-site
mitigation proposal is being considered for the minor wetland impacts
associated with A-9DA. This proposal is currently being developed,
and has been discussed at the interagency permit review meetings held
at NCDOT. It is anticipated that key aspects of this plan will be
finalized during the next few months. A copy of both mitigation
plans will be submitted to interested agencies once it is completed.
Comments received from the N.C. Division of Environmental Management
Comment 1: "DEM believes that the erosion potential at the end of the
pipe would be greatly reduced near station 1498 if the pipe was
realigned..." Response: Due to the extent of existing fill, it is
not feasible to realign the pipe. Class I rip rap with filter fabric
will be placed at the outlet of the proposed 60" c.s. pipe at static
1498. The rip rap will reduce the erosion potential at the outlet a
well as on the far side of the outlet ditch.

n
s

r
Comment 2: "Can DOT use the existing footing (bent #2) for the
bridge crossing over Fontana Lake (sheet 4 of 19)? If not, can DOT
put a new bent to the west of the existing footing instead of the
east side? This would reduce the impacts to the Nantahala River. If
the bent is constructed on the east side, caution should be taken to
use coffer dams to avoid the need for channel relocation."
Response: The existing Bent #2 footing is not adequate for dAl
incorporation into the new bent. There is not enough room between
the existing footing and the bank to construct the new footing. This
bank is very steep and contains boulders and fractured rock. Any
attempt to excavate this slope will endanger the Bent #1 foundation
as well as endanger the construction workers. The Bent #2 will be
constructed using drilled shafts to support the footing. This will
minimize excavation and encroachment into the channel.
Comment 3: "Why is the temporary haul,* road to be constructed north
of bent #2? Can construction equipment work on one bent at a time
and still complete the project during the draw down period? Could the 41
project be let so that there are construction crews with equipment
working on each bent? If so, this may eliminate the need for the
haul road." Response: The temporary haul road is necessary because
Bent #2 is not accessible from the west side of the 'lake due to the
steep slope of the west bank. Time is extremely critical for
construction of Bents 2 & 3. It is estimated that there will barely
be enough time during the draw down period to build these bents.
There will not be enough time to remove the old footings.
Comment 4: "Will the existing US 19 pavement (sheet 17 of 19) be
removed when the road is relocated over site 6? Can a wetland be
created in the green highlighted area to replace water quality
(especially filtration) functions of the existing wetland?" Response:
The project plans have been revised such that the impacts at Site 6
are no longer required. The revised application reflects this change
in design.
Comment 5: "In the Final Re-evaluation of the FEIS, DOT stated that
sulfide bearing rock was not located. If sulfide bearing rock is
located after further study or commencement of construction, DOT
should develop a mitigation plan before the overburden is removed.
The mitigation plan should be submitted to this office for review and
comment." Response: The NCDOT will develop and submit a suitable
mitigation plan if sulfide bearing rocks are discovered.
Comment 6: "DOT states that standard DOT soil and erosion control
measures will be used. Since Fontana Lake is classified B Trout, DEM
requests that DOT employ the most stringent control measures with
daily inspections." Response: The NCDOT will treat this project as
high quality waters, utilizing more stringent erosion control
measures than would be called for otherwise.
r
Enclosed are a completed application form and detailed drawings
that illustrate the revised project impacts. Please review this
proposal for authorization under the Clean Water Act. A copy of this
information is being provided to the N.C. Division of Environmental
Management for their review. If you need any additional information,
please contact Mr. Gordon Cashin at [phone].
Sincerely,
o?
B . ' ?n, PE
Assistant Manager
Planning and Environmental Branch
cc: Mr. David Baker, COE, Asheville
Mr. F. D. Martin, P.E., Division 14 Engineer
Mr. John Dorney, DEM, DEHNR
Mr. Kelly Barger, P.E., Project Management Unit
Mr. Don Morton, P.E., Highway Design Branch
Mr. A. L. Hankins, P.E., Hydraulics Unit
Mr. John Smith, P.E., Structure Design
Mr. N. L. Graf, P.E. FHWA
BJO/gec
U.S. Department Commander Federal Building
Fifth Coast Guard District 431 Crawford Street
,3bC§004
Po
rtsmouth Ym , : VA 2 l J
of Transportatio/Aff
04) 398-6227
Uniited StatesPhone:
Coast Guard
Mr.'B. J. O'Quinn, P.E.
Assistant Manager
Planning and Environmental
North Carolina Department
Division of Highways
P.O. Box 25201
Branch
of Transportation
Raleigh, North Carolina 27611-5201
Dear Mr. O'Quinn:
16590
29 Mar 94
This is in response to your letter dated February 14, 1994,
asking us to advise you if the Coast Guard has jurisdiction over
the construction of a new bridge over Fontana Lake, in Swain
County, North Carolina.
Our review of the information you provided reveals that Fontana
Lake falls within the provisions of Section 107 of the Coast
Guard Authorization Act of 1982, and is excluded from Coast Guard
bridge permitting requirements. This legislation excludes
nontidal waterways which are not used or susceptible for use by
interstate or foreign commerce from bridge permit requirements.
The fact that a bridge permit is not required does not relieve
you of the responsibility for compliance with the requirements of
any other Federal, State or local agency who may have
jurisdiction over any other aspect of the project.
Sincerely,

ANN B. DEATON
Chief, Bridge Section
By direction of the Commander
Fifth Coast Guard District
e
APPLICATION FOR DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PERMIT OMB APPROVAL NO. 0710-6003
(33 CFR 325) Expires 30 September 1992
Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 5 hours per response for the majority of cases, including the time for reviewing Instructions,
searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Applications for larger or more complex
projects, or those in ecologically sensitive areas, could take up to 500 hours. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information,
including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Service, Directorate for Information Operations and Projects, 1215 Jefferson
Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202.4302; and to the office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0710-0003), Washington. DC 20503. Please
Do NOT RETURN your completed form to either of these addresses. Completed application must be submitted to the DI*Wd Engineer having jurisdiction over the
location of the proposed activity.
The Department of the Army permit program is authorized by Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1699, Section 404 of the Gear Water Act and Section 103 of the Marine,
Protection, Research and Sanctuaries AcL These laws require permits authorizing activities in or affecting navigable waters of the United States, the discharge of dredged or fill
material into waters of the United States, and the transportation of dredged material for the purpose of dumping it into ocean waters. Information provided on this forth will be used
in evaluating the application for a permit Information in this application is made a matter of public record through issuance of a public notice. Disclosure of the information
requested is voluntary: however, the data requested are necessary in order to communicate with the applicant and to evaluate the permit application. If necessary information is
not provided, the permit application cannot be processed nor can a permit be issued.
One set of original drawings or good reproducible copies which show the location and character of the proposed activity must be attached to this application (see sample drawings
and instructions) and be submitted to the District Engineer having jurisdiction over the location of the proposed activity. An application that is not completed in full will be returned.
1. APPLICATION NUMBER (To be assigned by Corps) 3. ?..A.ME, ADf1RF.SS, AND TITLE OF AUTHORIZED AGENT
Action ID. 199304598
Telephone no. during business hours

2. NAME AND ADDRESS OF APPLICANT
A/C ( ) (Residence)
N.C. Department of Transportation A/C( ) (Office)
P.O. Box 25201, Raleigh, NC 27611
Statement of Authorization: t hereby designate and authorize
O'Quinn
Mr
B
J
ATT to act in my
.
.
.
:
Telephone no. during business hours behalf as my agent in the processing of this permit application and to furnish,
upon request, supplemental information in support of the application.
A/C ( ) (Residence) SIGNATURE OF APPLICANT DATE
A/C619) 7gg-gl41 (Office)
4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTIVITY
4a. ACTIVITY
Construction of U.S. 19-74 in Almond, Swain County, North Carolina. Includes a new bridge
over Fontana Lake and the Nantahala River.
4b. PURPOSE
Public roadway
4c. DISCHARGE OF DREDGED OR FILL MATERIAL
See permit drawings for summary of fill amounts.
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SHEET
SITE STATION STRUC
TURE FILL BELOW FILL IN FILL IN
TYPE NORMAL SURFACE WETLANDS
HIGH POOL WATERS
(C.Y.) (ACRES) (ACRES)
1- 1496+15 TO 60" CS 5,095 0.26 0
28
1499+50 -L- .
II 1501+50 TO BRIDGE 0 0

1509+50
-L2- 0
IIIA 1513+10 TO 123 0.02 0
1513+75 -L1-
IIIB 1514+55 TO 46,350 1.94 0
1521+90 -L1-
IVA 1527+25
1528+65 TO
-L- 36" CS 5,951 0.35 0
IVB 1531+95 TO 3611 CS 3,242 0.12 0
1533+05 -L1-
V 1538+00 TO 2411CS 377 0.12 0
1539+10 -L1-
------- -------- ---------
TOTALS 61,138 C.Y. 2.81 A.C. 0.28 A. C.
N. C. DEPT OF TRANSPORTATION
( DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
SWAIN COUNTY
PROJECT 8.3019122 A-0009DA
NC 28
I ?r-?
i SHEET __ _L__ OF 17
? R
State of North Carolina
Department of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources
Division of Environmental Management
James B, Hunt, Jr., Governor .
Jonathan B, Howes, Secretary
A. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E., Director
April 13, 1994
Memorandum
To: Barney O'Quinn
NC DOT
C) EHNR
i
From: John Dorneq
Subject: US 19-74 Relocati n from US 19-74 to SR 1121,
Swain County, TIP # A-9DA.
Through discussions with the Asheville Corps of Engineers
office, we have learned that the Corps will not consider this to
be a project until the sulfide bearing rock problems associated
with A-6AA and mitigation issues are resolved. Please keep DEM
informed of the outcome of these problems since we also share
these concerns.
DEM has reviewed the "pre-application" package and offers
the following questions or comments:
1) DEM believes that the erosion potential at the end of the
pipe would be greatly reduced near station 1498 if the pipe was
realigned as shown on the attached sheet (2 of 19).
2) Can DOT use the existi.ng footing (bent #2) for the bridge
crossing over Fontana Lake (sheet 4 of 19)? If not, can DOT put
a new bent to the west of the existing footing instead of the
east side? This would reduce the impacts to the Nantahala River.
If the bent is constructed on the east side, caution should be
taken to use coffer dams to avoid the need for channel
relocation.
3) Why is a temporary haul road. to be constructed north of bent
#2? Can construction equipment work on one bent at a time and
still complete the project during the draw down period? Could
the project be let so that there are construction crews with
equipment working on each bent? If so, this may eliminate the
need for the haul road.
4) Will the existing US 19 pavement (sheet 17 of 19) be removed
when the road is relocated over site 6? Can a wetland be created
in the green highlighted area to replace water quality
(especially filtration) functions of the existing wetland?
5) In the Final Re-evaluation of the FEIS, DOT stated that
sulfide bearing rock was not located. If sulfide bearing rock
P.O. Box 29535. Raleigh, North Carolina 27526-0535 Telephone [phone] FAX [phone]
An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer 509k recycled/ 10% post-consumer paper
Mr. Barney O'Quinn Memo
April 13, 1994
Page 2
is located after further study or commencement of construction,
DOT should develop a mitigation plan before the overburden is
removed. The mitigation plan should be submitted to this office
for review and comment.
6) DOT states that standard DOT soil and erosion control
measures will be used. Since Fontana Lake is classified B Trout,
DEM requests that DOT employ the most stringent control measures
with daily inspections.
DEM has provided these comments and questions for. DOT's
application for 404/401. Should you have questions, please
contact Eric Galamb or me at 733-1786.
us19-74.com
cc: Roy Davis, Asheville Regional Office
Forrest Westall, Asheville Regional Office
Bob Johnson, Asheville Corps of Engineers
John Dorney
Central Files

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9 ? C7
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
WILMINGTON DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
P.O. BOX 1890
WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA 28402-1890
July 20, 1994
Regulatory Branch
Action ID No. 199304598
Mr. John Dorney
Division of Environmental Management
North Carolina Department of
Environment, Health and
Natural Resources
Post Office Box 29535
Raleigh, North Carolina 27626-0535
Dear Mr. Dorney:
S d7 ,
r-± 3' 2 2 1994
Enclosed is the application of NC Department of Transportation for
Department of the Army authorization and a State Water Quality Certification
to discharge fill material into the Nantahala River and Fontana Lake in
conjunction with the widening of US 19-74 in Almond, Swain County, North
Carolina (TIP No. A-9DA). Your receipt of this letter verifies your
acceptance of a valid request for certification in accordance with Section
325.2(b)(ii) of our administrative regulations.
We are considering authorizing the proposed activity pursuant to Section
404 of the Clean Water Act, and we have determined that a water quality
certification is required under the provisions of Section 401 of the same law.
A Department of the Army permit will not be granted until the certification
has been obtained or waived.
In accordance with our administrative regulations, in most cases, 60 days
after receipt of a request for certification is a reasonable time for State
action. Therefore, if you have not acted on the request, or asked for an
extension of time, by September 19, 1994, the District Engineer will deem that
waiver has occurred.
Questions or comments may be addressed to David Baker, Asheville Field
Office, Regulatory Branch, telephone [phone].
Sincerely,
Vne hi RegBranch
nclosure
E
Copy Furnished (without enclosure):
Mr. John Parker
_ Division of Coastal Management
North Carolina Department of
Environment, Health and
Natural Resources
Post Office Box 27687
Raleigh, North Carolina 27611-7687
vv ?
9F
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF TANSPORTATION
JAMES B. HUNT, JR. DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
GOVERNOR P.O. BOX 25201, RALEIGH, N.C. 27611-5201
January 26, 1994
District Engineer
Wilmington District Corps of Engineers
Regulatory Branch
Post Office Box 1890
Wilmington, NC 28402-1890
ATTENTION: Regulatory Unit
Dear Sir:
R. SAMUEL HUNT III
SECRETARY
1 ?? v ; ?w
1

SUBJECT: Swain County, US 19-74 Relocation from US 19-74 to SR 1131.
Federal Aid Project No. APD-12-1(22), State Project No.
8.3019122, TIP No. A-9DA.
The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) proposes
to widen the subject roadway to a multi-lane section along the
existing alignment from the community of Almond to the intersection
of US 19-74. This proposed widening is a component of a larger
planned improvement. The 1994-2000 North Carolina Transportation
Improvement Program (T.I.P.) calls for a multi-lane facility from the
town of Andrews to NC 28 east of the community of Almond (T.I.P. No.
A-9).
A Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) for project No. A-
9 was approved by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in 1984.
That document examined eight alternative alignments for providing an
improved roadway from the town of Andrews to the intersection of US-
74 and NC 28 near Almond. A preferred alignment was selected based
on the data gathered. Due to funding restrictions, the project has
been separated into five sections. Construction of the first section,
A-9DA, is scheduled to take place in 1995, and is the subject of this
application. The next section, A-91), extends from Almond to the
community of Stecoah, and is scheduled for construction in 1998. The
remaining three sections (A-9C, A-9B and A-9A) will be constructed
after the year 2000.
0

Construction of section A-9DA is scheduled to begin in 1995 to
take advantage of a drawdown in Fontana Lake which will take place in
1995. This drawdown has been scheduled by the Tennessee Valley
Authority for routine inspection of the dam. This drawdown will
allow for easier construction of the proposed structure over Fontana
Lake, and will minimize adverse environmental impacts. The next
similar drawdown is scheduled for the year 2000. Consequently, the
drawdown scheduled for 1995 presents a brief window of opportunity
for the NCDOT to construct this project to avoid a substantial delay.
Delaying A-9DA until the next drawdown, would also delay construction
of future sections of the proposed A-9.
A reevaluation document has been prepared because of the time
elapsed between the FEIS and the scheduled construction date. This
new document examines the preferred alignment and addresses any
environmental concerns that may have developed since the completion
of the original FEIS.
The proposed project will involve widening the existing two lane
section to four lanes along the project length, construction of a new
bridge, and preliminary improvements to the intersection of NC 28 and
US 19-74. This will involve impacts to wetlands and surface waters
at six sites illustrated in the permit drawings.
The roadway widening will require the extension of cut and fill
slopes. This type of impact will occur at sites 1, 3, 4, and 5.
At site 1, roadway fill will overtop approximately 100 feet of Pump
Branch. Streamflow through this section will be relocated through a
pipe, which will connect to a pipe under the existing roadway.
Construction at this site will involve filling 0.26 acres of surface
waters and 0.28 acres of wetlands. Roadway widening at sites 3, 4,
and 5 will involve fill in surface waters of 1.96, 0.47 and 0.12
acres respectively, but no fill in wetlands.
At site 1, an alignment shift was studied to avoid impacts to
Pump Branch. This shift would require a substantial cut into the
mountainside. The total excavated material would increase by 150,000
cubic yards, and the construction footprint of the project would be
greatly increased. In addition, surface water impacts would be
increased from 0.26 acres to approximately 4 acres. This shift in
alignment would also increase the cost of construction by
approximately $500,000. Retaining walls at this site would restrict
the right of way limits and avoid impacts to the wetlands. However,
this alternate would increase the cost of construction by $650,000
and is therefore undesirable from a cost standpoint.
Relocation of Pump Branch was also considered as an alternative
to piping the stream. This would involve creating a new channel at
the base of the new fill slope and would require extensive excavation
to reach the appropriate elevation of Pump Branch. Again, a
substantial cut into the mountainside would be required, and would
enlarge the construction impact.
f
s
At site 2, a new bridge will be constructed over Fontana Lake
for westbound traffic. This will not require the permanent placement
of fill in waters of the United States. However, new footings and
piers will have to be constructed. During the construction, the
Nantahala River will be flowing through the lakebed at the project
site. At the lowest water elevation of the lake drawdown, this river
will be approximately 30 feet wide. It will be necessary to
construct some of the piers to the proposed bridge in the water.
Coffer dams will be built in the river to construct these piers. A
haul road will also be built across the drained lake bed to give
access to the construction site of the proposed bridge. This road
will require a temporary crossing of the Nantahala River. The haul
road will be removed once construction is complete and before the
water elevation begins to rise. It is proposed that stringent
erosion control measures and best management practices will be used
to minimize adverse impacts from this temporary fill.
Site 6 occurs at the intersection of US 19-7,4 and NC 23. This
intersection is to be redesigned in anticipation of future traffic
patterns. This will require filling 0.62 acres of wetlands. The
existing culvert on Siles Branch will be extended to convey the
stream underneath the new fill.
The intersection improvements at site 6 are proposed in
anticipation of future traffic conditions. Currently, traffic at
this intersection follows existing NC 19-74. Upon completion of the
A-9 project (post year 2000), traffic will be redirected to follow
the major traffic flow, future NC 19-74 (existing NC 28). If the
proposed modifications are not accomplished, the severe skew may
cause vehicles traveling west on NC 19-74 approaching the
intersection to follow their line of sight and continue straight
towards the Nantahala Gorge, similar to the existing through
movement. This will result in westbound traffic crossing the
eastbound lanes and increase the likelihood of accidents.
The proposed improvements will provide adequate sight distance
and will increase the operational safety of the intersection when
traffic flow is shifted. It is currently planned that the fill for
this intersection will be placed as part of A-9DA. Paving of this
intersection will be completed when the final section of A-9 is
built, and traffic will then be shifted.
The NCDOT is developing a mitigation plan for these impacts. It
is anticipated that this plan will complement the mitigation
currently being designed for project A-6AA. The completed plan
should address both the wetland impacts of A-9DA and the water
quality problems attributed to A-6AA. A copy of this mitigation plan
will be submitted to interested agencies once it is completed.
Enclosed are a completed application form and detailed drawings
that illustrate the project impacts. Please review this proposal for
authorization under the Clean Water Act. A copy of this information
is being provided to the N.C. Division of Environmental Management
for their review. This project is on the agenda for discussion at
the next Interagency Permit Review Meeting. If you need any
additional information, please contact Mr. Gordon Cashin at (919)
733-3141.
Sincerely,
B. Quin PE
Assis Manager
Planning and Environmental Branch
cc: Mr. David Baker, COE, Asheville
Mr. F. D. Martin, P.E., Division 14 Engineer
Mr. John Dorney, DEM, DEHNR
Mr. Kelly Barger, P.E., Project Management Unit
Mr. Don Morton, P.E., Highway Design Branch
Mr. A. L. Hankins, P.E., Hydraulics Unit
Mr. John Smith, P.E., Structure Design
Mr. N. L. Graf, P.E. FHWA
BJO/gec
APPLICATION
FOR
PERMIT TO EXCAVATE AND/OR FILL
WATER OUALITY CERTIFICATION
EASEMENT IN LANDS COVERED BY WATER CAMA PERMIT FOR MA)OR DEVELOPMENT
Department of Administration State of North Carolina Department of the Army
(GS 146-12) Department of Natural Resources and Community Development Corps of Engineers, Wilmington Disc
(G5 113-229, 143.215.3(a)(1). 143.115.3(c), 113A-118 (33 CFR 209.310-329)
Please type or print and fill in all blanks. If information is not applicable, so indicate by placing N/A in blank.
Applicant Information
A. Name North Carolina Department of Transportation; ATT: Mr. B. J. O'Ouinn
Last First Middle
S. Address P. 0. Box 25201
Street, P. O. Box or Route
Raleigh NC 27611 [phone]
City or Town State Zip Code Phone
11. Location of Proposed Project:
A. County Swain
S. 1. City, town, community or landmark
2. Is proposed work within city limits? Yes No X
C. Creek, river, sound or bay upon which project is located or nearest named body of water to project
Fontana Lake near Almond, NC
Ill. Description of Project
A. I. Maintenance of existing project N/A 2. New work - Highway Improvement
S. Purpuse of excavation or till
I. Access channel N/A ivngth width depth
?. Boat basin N/A length_ width depth
3. Fill area Below Maximum Pool length N/A width N/A depth N/A See Plans & Sections
4. Other
C. 1. Bulkhead length N/ Average distance waterward of MHW (shoreline) N/A
2. Type of bulkhead construction (material) N/A
0. Exc.ivated material (total for project)
1. Cubic yards 310.000 2. Type of material Upland earth & rock
E. Fill material to be placed below MHW (sec also VI. A) Fi 11 Bel ow Maximum Pool
I . Cubic yards - 72.674 2. Type of material Earth with Ri prap Facing
IV. Land Type, Disposal Area, and Construction Equipment:
At. Dues the area to be excavated include any marshland, swamps or other wetland? Yes No _.X
S. Ones the disposal area include any marshland, swamps or other wetland? Yes No . X
G Disposal Area
1. Location T n fill areas
Z Oo you claim title to disposal area?_ Y s
U. Fill material wurce if till is to be trucked in _ On-site orolect excavation
E. Haw will excavated material be entrapped and erosion controlled? -Standard-DOT Erosion and Sedimentation
Control Measures
i . I Vocof equipment to be used Typical Highway Construction Equipment
G. Will marshland be crossed in transporting equipment to project site? If yes, explain
length width-depth
041 F.81
V. Intended Use of Project Area (Describe)
A. 1. Private N/A
2.'Commercial - N/A
3. Housing Development or Industrial N/A
4. Other- Public Facility
e. I. lot size(s) N/A
2. Elevation of lot(s) above mean high water- N/A
3. Soil type and texture N/A
4. Type of building facilities or structures - N/A
S. Sewage disposal and/or wastewater treatment A. Existing N/A Planned N/A
S. Describe N/A
6. 'Land Classirication'(circle one) DEVELOPED TRANSITIONAL COMMUNITY RURAL
CONSERVATION OTHER (See CAMA Local Land Use Plan Synopsis)
VI. Pertaining to Fill and Water Quality:
A. Does the proposed project involve the placement of fill materials below mean high water? Yes X No
9. 1. Will any runoff or discharge enter adjacent waters as a result of project activity or planned use or the
area following project completion? Yes.L-No
2. Type of discharge- Surfa .a Runoff
3. Location of discharge Roadway sheetfl:ow & point ischara from syctAm
VII. Present raze of shoreline erosion (if known): N/A
Vlll. List permit number; and issue dates of previous Department of Army Corps of Engineers or State permits for
work in project area, if applicable:
IX. Length of time required to complete project: '
X. In addition to the completed application form, the following items must be provided:
A. Attach a copy of the deed (with State application only) or other instrument under which applicant
claims title to the affected property. OR if applicant is not claiming to be the owner of said property,
then forward a copy of the deed or•other instrument under which the owner claims title plus written
permission from the owner to carry out the project on his land.
8. Attach an accurate work plat drawn to scale on SYz X i 1" white paper (see instruction booklet for
details). Note: Original drawings preferred - only high quality copies accepted.
C. A copy of the application and plat must be served upon adjacent riparian landowners by regtstereo or
certified mail or by publication (G.S. 113-229 (d))Enter date served
D. List names and complete addresses of the riparian.landownets with property adjoining applicant's.
Such owners have 30 days in which to submit comments to agencies listed below.
1
X1.
Certifieatlon requirement: I certify that to the best of my knowledge, the proposed activity, the State of North Carolina's approved coasts! mans ty. -)mplies
manner consis*-it with such program, gement program and will be conducted in a
X11. Any permit issued pursuant h this appliation will allow only the development described in this appli-
utton and plat. Applicants should therefore describe in the application and plat all anticipated devel-
opment activities, including construction, excavation, filling, and land clemin:_
OATE 2?
?-
0iF•8Z
R*v. 10178 SEE REVERSE SIDE FOR MAILING INSTRUCTIONS
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STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF TkANSPORTATION
JAMES B. HUNT, JR. DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
GOVERNOR P.O. BOX 25201, RALEIGH, N.C. 27611-5201
February 2, 1994
Mr. Eric Galamb
DEHNR - Div. of Environmental Management
Archdale Building
512 North Salisbury Street
Raleigh, North Carolina 27604-1148
Dear Mr. Galamb:
x

SUBJECT: Final Reevaluation of Federal Final Environmental Impact Statement
for Future US 19-74 Relocation from US 19-74 to SR 1121, Swain
County, Federal Aid Project No. APD-12-1(22), State Project
No. 8.3019122, TIP No. A-9DA
Attached for your information is a copy of the approved Final
Reevaluation of Final Environmental Impact Statement for the subject highway
improvement project. If you have additional questions, please contact Joe
Foutz, P. E., Project Planning Engineer, at [phone].
Sincerely,
7y Fj« is ?i.? I?ic` lC
?,,H. Franklin Vick, P. E., Manager
Planning and Environmental Branch
HFV/plr
Attachments
R. SAMUEL HUNT III
SECRETARY
31?14
4*

Future US 19-74 Relocation
From US 19-74 to SR 1121
Swain County
Federal Aid Project No. APD-12-1(22)
State Project No. 8.3019122
TIP No. A-9DA
DRAFT REEVALUATION OF
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
U. S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
and
N. C. Department of Transportation
8-Zo 93 'm
Date ? L. J. Ward, P. E., Manager
°} Planning and Environmental Branch
?Q `13 C
Date Nic o L. Gra , P. E.
/%G< Division Administrator, FHWA
o"
Future US 19-74 Relocation
From US 19-74 to SR 1121
Swain County
Federal Aid Project No. APD-12-1(22)
State Project No. 8.3019122
TIP No. A-9DA
DRAFT REEVALUATION OF
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
AUGUST 1993
Documentation Prepared in Planning and Environmental Branch By:
Jo eph E. Foutz, P.E.
Project Planning Engineer
Lubin V. Prevatt, P. E., Assistant Manager
Planning and Environmental Branch
%is"141111111"
?16 CAR
01,
fq .1
'ESS
SEAL
18085

Future US 19-74 Relocation
From US 19-74 to SR 1121
Swain County
Federal Aid Project No. APD-12-1(22)
State Project No. 8.3019122
TIP No. A-9DA
thek r ?
..:Y i
a
.M
^^^ O
1; 6&10" This wi 1 take
advantage of the drawdown of Fontana Lake which is scheduled to take place in
1995. This drawdown will allow for easier construction of the proposed
structure over Fontana Lake.
T l i ronmerttal :Lmp°a ftl (f5s!S)for-the s? J
w Pr _. feral HiV-*W *AAft4WNW ft ot 1, (F ') MM-0
That document recommended the subject roadway be constructed on new location
northwest of the existing alignment and connect with the beginning of the
multilane section of US 19-74 near the Little Tennessee River. Since that
time, the multilane section of US 19-74 was extended from the Little
Tennessee River to the intersection of NC 28 with the construction of T.I.P.
Project No. A-6. As a result, it was decided to widen the existing route of
NC 28 and tie in to the intersection of US 19-74 (see Figure 2).
Current and projected traffic volumes are shown below:
1992 ADT High - 3,300 vpd; Low - 2,900 vpd
2012 ADT High - 5,500 vpd; Low - 4,900 vpd
Turning movements are attached.
Below is a list of environmental commitments:
- If any study area stream must be rechannelized or otherwise
severely modified during any phase of work, it will be necessary to
coordinate with the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission
and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. This requirement does not
apply when streams are intermittent.
- Best Management Practices will be used to control sedimentation.
- Since right-of-way is being acquired from the U. S. Forest Service,
a survey for Proposed, Endangered, Threatened, or Sensitive
(P.E.T.S.) species will be done prior to right of way acquisition.
A cooperative agreement has been developed between NCDOT and the
U. S. Forest Service for conducting these surveys.
- If sulfide bearing rock is found along the project, NCDOT will
develop a disposal and mitigation plan.
- Since the study area stream is located in one of the twenty-five
western NC "Trout Counties", the N. C. Wildlife Resources
Commission must review the proposed action and issue a concurrence
L
)"
letter before the COE will authorize the project under Section 404
of the Clean Water Act.
- "tINA - Section 404,Permi-t :frem3l. e
Eng'i? WM s wi l 1 be tree o p?mv j dt.
S
ti,wl Permit will be needed from the Division' of `i
kronmental Management'.-
T is approximately -1 25 -mj,l?,es in length. The total estimated
cost or the project is $5,803,000 which includes $2,800,000 for roadway
construction, $2,800,000 for bridge construction and $203,000 for
right-of-way.
Environmental Impacts
As of May 13, 1993, six federally protected species are listed by the
USFWS for Swain County as shown below :
Felis concolor couguar
Glaucomys sarinas coloratus
Myotis sodalis
Hybopsis monacha
Mesodon clarki nantahala
Pegias fabula
eastern cougar
Carolina northern flying squirrel
Indiana bat
spotfin chub
noonday snail
little-wing pearly mussel
A survey was conducted November, 1992 for all of the above listed
federally protected species in the project area except for the noonday snail.
A separate survey was conducted in May, 1993 for the noonday snail. T*e_
speciesl.
Because this project will require right of way acquisition from U. S.
Forest Service (USFS) land, a survey for Proposed, Endangered, Threatened, or
Sensitive species (P.E.T.S.) will need to be conducted. Over 100 species of
plants and animals are listed as P.E.T.S. species by the USFS. A cooperative
agreement has been developed between the NCDOT and the USFS for conducting
P.E.T.S. species surveys. This survey will be conducted prior to right of
way acquisition.
;s; ?r1 srl i ct
?lluvi ¢K s,socia
J
9' OF
Surface waters are being impacted at multiple sites in Siles Branch,
cove streams, Fontana Lake (Nantahaia River) and Pump Branch. Some impacts
involve direct fills, others involve incidental fills, resulting from culverta
extension. The quantities of anticipated impacts to Waters of the United
States are listed below:
Stream System Wetland Surface Water
(in acres) (in acres)
Siles Branch - 1.9
alluvial plain
Cove Streams - < 0.1
Nantahala River - 0.3
Pump Branch - < 0.1
alluvial plain -
Since Fontana Lake (Nantahaia River) qualifies as a "below headwater"
stream and since fills will be placed in a major water resource, or its
"adjacent" wetlands, it is anticipated that an Individual Section 404 Permit
will be required for this project. Permit drawings are to be prepared during
design for each area of impact.
In accordance with provisions of Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (33
U.S.C. 1344), the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) has primary
responsibility for reviewing actions which propose,to place fill into "Waters
of the United States". The COE has authority to issue or deny permits for
proposals which require approval under Section 404.
The Division of Environmental Management also has a jurisdictional rol
under Section 401 of the Clean Water Act. Section 401 Permits must be issue
prior to authorization of any Section 404 Permit by the COE. Section 401
permits are generally required when wetlands are being filled under one of
several Section 404 permits/authorizations.
Since the study area stream is located in one of the twenty-five western
NC "Trout Counties", the N. C. Wildlife Resources Commission must review the
proposed action and issue a concurrence letter before the COE will authorize
the project under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act.
In keeping with the 404(b)(1) guidelines of the Clean Water Act of 1977,
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/COE Memorandum of Agreement
(MOA), effective February 1990, and aspects of Executive Order 11990, the
project will be designed to avoid wetland encroachment to the extent
practicable; to minimize wetland impacts when avoidance is not possible; and
to mitigate wetland losses when necessary. Best Management Practices will be
utilized to minimize any impacts.
mom #o_ r :?he 1mss off t ie -c 'e t<i ed St.ai s ?iAA tie req: f red
a, , o the Individual Section ;.404 lent. Conceptual mitigation
planning is to include a commitment to mitigate on-site, or within the same
watershed, depending on the availability of suitable sites. Furthermore,
• s
-,
is 'te pftsued on a 1:1 b Improvement to and/or
of existing, degraded wetlands is to take precedent over attempts
wetlands on upland sites.
renovation- to create
U. S. Forest Service lands are involved in the acquisition of additional
right-of-way. To fulfill procedures for compliance with Executive Order
11593, a cultural resources survey was conducted to determine if any
significant archaeological resources would be affected by the road
improvements.
The archaeological inspection of NC 28 resulted in finding no evidence
of archaeological deposits. Therefore, the proposed project plans have been
determined to have no effect on archaeological sites that are on or have been
determined to be eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic
Places. No further archaeological work is recommended.
Because of previous problems encountered with sulfide bearing rock in
this region, a survey was conducted by the NCDOT Geotechnical Unit. The
survey found no evidence of sulfide bearing rock along this project.
However, if sulfide bearing rock is found during construction, NCDOT will
develop a disposal and mitigation plan to minimize impacts to the surrounding
environment. NCDOT is currently developing a mitigation plan to handle
sulfide bearing rock on another project in the area (T.I.P. Project No. A-6).
Ambient noise levels along the project were determined to be
approximately 47 dBA. If traffic volumes on NC 28 were to double in the next
20 years, receptors in the project vicinity would realize only a 3 dBA
increase in noise levels. Generally, as judged by most people, a 3 dBA
increase is considered to be a barely perceptible change, while a 5 dBA
change is more readily noticeable. Furthermore, the total future noise level
at this closest receptor would be approximately 50 dBA, which would be well
below the FHWA noise abatement criteria. Hence, it can be concluded that no
traffic noise impacts are likely for this project.
The project is located within the Western Mountain Air Quality Control
Region. The ambient air quality for Swain County has been determined to be
in compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Due to the
set-back distances between the receptors and the project, air quality
standards for the various pollutants from mobile sources, including carbon
monoxide and ozone, are not likely to be exceeded. Since this project is
locate in an area where the State Implementation Plan (SIP) does not contain
any transportation control measures, the conformity procedures of 23 CFR 770
do not apply to this project.
If vegetation is disposed of by burning, all burning shall be done in
accordance with applicable local laws and compliance with 15 NCAC 2D.0520.
This evaluation completes Federal Regulations, Part 772 (highway traffic
noise) and Part 770 (air quality) and no additional reports are required.
Attachments: (1) Natural Resource Technical Report
(2) Archaeological Survey Report
(3) Traffic Estimates

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NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF
TRANSPORTATION
DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL
BRANCH
FUTURE US 19 - 74 (NC 28)
SWAIN COUNTY
PROJECT NO. 8.3019122
T. I. P. NO.A-9DA
0
MILE
I FIG. 1
A y
JAMES G. MARTIN
GOVERNOR
THOMAS J. HARRELSON
SECRETARY
?iEHCIRANIDUKI T,-,),,
"r r'' M,
STATE o
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
P.O. BOX 25201
RALEIGH 27611-5201
em1 zr 20 "-)9-
DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
WILLIAM G. MARLEY, JR., P.E.
STATE HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATOR
C it :w i1 J: i l n Unit t- w m< C
j c a n n 1 n ,rJ i_I r l 1 t
Il. F:.=1ni-]a1.l Tur'ner' Frv-Ir'c.r`m-ntai Lipe-F,Vi'snr'
nv i r` (.) nmer-1ta I U n i t
IIF',._!L 1 (•J, at _!r •<I ewOllr'Ce TeCitrll Crtl ei:'Gr't T01" +:C
i-oposed. i rnprcv =-meilts to
2 8 to is 1 = "i c,!1 NC Ol!itt'' fJc' ,.
lA, tats Pr'oj ct No. 3 ..-019122, ?-4c'
Th tack J i•I,_.tur'aI ?'__vL!r'C' _ Fechn1csrI -eport v le._
P ` r,t i tl?rit de'tai I s and de'scr'ipt°i r")ns, of each of sever 'al natl..ir`a I
-e:."0Ur"__ I ke-l'j to Iiripacted y thl-- pr'opo:.ed' pi cl-ct
I
i n c I !ldi n,.-2 wetland's and f'uCl?r` 1 1'y -pr O't?Ct?CI ,peci r' I _aS
:v i e',h? the i nfor`mati on a L your, convenience, This report is
_.va1 ?_,1b I _ on cornputer' d1 :'c and I w111 L) -e
I Ia { to t. n te• 1W
(''1 t0 y0Ur' i i s C at your' c.on'verllonce If you have
que:,sti _:•nsicomments please call me at 9770,
'Sever <i potentially rna.ir?r 1_S J ,r'_ Iclentifi rd in this
t e c h n I ca i r`epor`t r {, ) _!!"v> y _ f r' - f»d -er,aI I 11 n::t-i-
r"iai have to 1., .- coriCl+_lcte _' In ii'i,ay 1 9'_ 3 (') =iii
Indi i dual _ cti on 404 Permit wi 1 1 pr'o1:;ahl y be r,equ i r,ed , ()
nal.<. e to _u's: sti- to may exist 'in the pr~oposed -impact ones f
t. - ;pr'oje'ct ; a fact wh i ch cat-, r'esul't: 1 n ser'1 ou i mp-icts to
r'_ aquatic ystems in the ar`_a; (4) l i Wt f 42 plant and
a animal, list--d iD.E.T.S. species by the !:... Poi Wst
3,er'vic:ez wi 1 l have to i nvest i'::iated pr'ior' to r` 71!ht of way
agr'eement's
In an attempt to provide appr'opHate consult_<tion with
your, staff, in their, effor't's to publish a r'eeval uatl on of an
:xi sti nq Er+vi ronmental Impact Statement EIS; , I i rivi to you
to involve this office in r'outi ne r'e'v i e%,i of the natural
rour'ce section's of your, dr,af F- document. Th i :s pr'ocedur'e
S houl d i ticr'ease the I 1 ke 1 1 hoot{ that 1 nadver't vnt - r'rors 1 11 my
1 rlput end l n your' Cl1 tor'1 aI pr'oCe's's wi I I be found pr1 or` tO
Cli'.str''i buti on of the clocu1rient to the r`evi e%,i a9enc1 e_ .

An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer
11 s
!?'PPvVEMElITQ- TO UTS-_
^^ TT,- T TO SP . y ZI. Y, Swain. Coun-

TIP No. A-9DA
St-=te Protect 'o. 3.2C_3122
Fedam.- Aid iio_ t"".PD-_c.-_ i ?•?
_?,'_.?^ALE:SSUPCS
A-9DA
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT Or 'T'RANSPORTATION
DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL BRANCH
ENVIRONMENTAL UNIT
M. Randall Turner, Environmental Supervisor
December 1992
11 . Y
!ABLE OF 'CONTENTS
-L.0 In-ro.uct=on
Protect Jescrip:_on .............................
..2 Purpose .......... ..............................?
Study Area ....................................._
4 :ie?nodc.................................. 2
?.0 Biotic Resources
2._ --est
2.2 Aauatic
2 . Suummary
'_'ia_ Commu nitiS s .......................
Commun=t=es ........... ................7
O?. s n?i'"Iva=3Cc _m;pacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _v
3 . J Prys_c•a_ Resourc ss
3.. water Resources ............... -'2
reams, R_vers mpoundments, 4?c. ....2
%'7a-e Qua-1Ly _3
3 _ 3 Summary of A_?ticipated Im_Macts 14
3. -Doi_s .........................................15
O eCia_ Topics
v`1a=erS o e US. Jurisdictional _SS'1eS . . . . ..
Anticipatec Impacts to i?laters c? U . S
4._.2 Anticipated Perm,,. --eauirements ....... _?
I.3 Avoidance, Minimization, M?t?aat_ar:.... ii
4.2 Rare and Protected Species .....................8
4.2.1- Federallv-Protected Species ............8
4.2.2 State-Protected Species ...............23
4.2.3 Federal Candidate Species .............24
4.2.4 Forest Service PETS Species ...........25
=.2.5 Summary of Anticipated Impacts ........25
.0 References
Appendix
USFS P.E.T.S. Species List for Swain County (Anima'ls' ....Al
USFS P.E.T.S. Species List for Swain County (Plants) ....A.3
1.v TNTRODUCTION
The following report is submitted for use as a
supplement to assist in preparation of a Reevaluation of are
existina Environmental Tmpact Statement (EIS). Since it is
not likely to appear intact in the final document, some
reference to the existence of the Natural Resources 'Iechnica'_
Reoort should be made in the Reevaluation should technical
questions arise in the future.
1.1 Project Description
The proposed action is the replacement of the e'-fisting
v_ded ?aC_1_ty ?,
-_arie roadway (NC-28) W_E!- a 4-1
Lane d1
"
US-19/NC-28 to SR 1121 (Fig. 1) immediate-v Hes-_ cf 'on-ara
-a"-.e (Ivanta a_a River) . Proposed ympr0 e nenvs include
construction of new bridge structure to accommcdate
northbound -gaff at =he Fontana akE tlantc.ha_a R_v°r)
Crossing. Two-wa`>r traffic will be maintained on x-ty
j
'7r lcge ?n-1_ 1? tirOVemeritS are COmpleLe::. Tn?2rSeCZ10n O! __e:^T
US-19 roli.Le (old ti'C-28) with e:-._ng U'.-_9/ "4L _s ,,a eC. ?--
thls section of the A-9 pro-ect, but will not be accOmolished
until some future date. P_ar?ned construction wl-i actual v
or in the vic1___ 'T of SR, _301 Almond :,anding -20ad) .
The ' =:nned mu't"-lane f aC111t-- will result- _n
_n_t_at_on of a northern .lternat2ve route bet:,reen
existing =--lane US-19/74 near Almond in ?,lair? County to
Andrews in Cherokee County. Upgraded facty Wi=_ provide
logical bypass of IL,;antaha_a Gorge for east- and westbound
r
?r G1r i i c .
^2 ?ur ose
o per-:Dose of this technical report is to _nven cr-:,
ca-;.a_oa _.nd describe t«e various nat r.al resources v t0
be direct-1v r 1rdirectlr t i'm,,u pacted by t `
o_ ? the proposed action .
Furthemore, the report attempts to describe and estimate the
likely conseauences of the anticipated impacts to these
resources. These descriptions and estimates are relevant
only in the context of existing planning/design concepts.
Should parameters and criteria change, it may become
necessarv to conduct additional field investiaations. The
technical report is intended to be used in suppor- of efforts
by the Project Planning Engineer to publish a Reevaluation in
keeping with state and federal reauirements.
1.3 Study Area
Project is located in the Blue Ridge salt of the
mountain physiographic province. Topography in the area is
mostly a contrast between generally steep, rising gradients
to steep, falling gradients. Most of the study area
interfaces with cut-slopes created daring the original

construe,.-On cf NC-28. 'Falling gradients on the '.west s ue
south of ==1e bridge ) and on the north si de ( w est o= t'
bridge) form portions of the perimeter of the Fontana
(Nantahala River) basin. (Note that from the exist i ng JS-
9/NC-28 intersection, NC-28 approaches the bridge generally
from the south. However, the road curves westward prier t-o
crossing the bridge. Therefore, habitat zones "south" of the
bridge wi" be generally described as either on the east
side, or the west side; habitats "north" of the Fridge will
be described as north sloe and south side.) Some deviations
in this topographic pattern are apparent. Several Cores are
found along the east side of the study area, sites of sur=ace
and seepage co'_ectlons from the Surround,ng terrain. -These
drain aces f _cvI _;^it0 S=1es 2ranC h v' a C' alerts/p=_ es _ :ca ?d
under the eXj St'_na roadway. 'T'hese coves also serve -.s
acs Ia:. r, Pressure re Ile_ , oints C _ __g high
wnter,.a?s . E=evatIon i. the %7 icini y of the `rot °et _ ang_es
ett:lee=s , 7-00 and 9k?iv rca 1JOVe mean Sea S_) .
vorlZontal d'menslons of the Study area v=-v Qua L cIt ale
reC,'•1=rement5. ?rC?eCt length _S arpro:rimate_y
miles.
1.4 Methodology
Dri or c con'duc _ _ f_e__. surv;a .r -o
pre__.:,i nar_r resource _n ormat?C n `'las assem?I. ed, _ncI,-, g
aerial pho tc of ?e iDro; ecT and r _c' _ty ?v _'
Coast and -Geodetic Su_ vey JS S) ':?Qra ng_a :la ''idesser l:ry
?COOT ccunty read map. Ot: er pre'i ? nary, oaf-s ..
_'e 'ICY.: iw as
aCCCmpi;Shed by conduct-._na a review of literature and Cata on
:dater resources, wildlife populations, prctec':.ed SpeC_es,
etc., found in publications provided by Various agencies o=
the o.-th Carolina Department of Envi ron;:ient, Iea'tand
Natural Resources (NCDlHNR` , the L.S. F i sh and W i_dIifo
Service (uSFWS) and _n numerous f=e_.., guides and ..ec .._ca'
-e."atr-. _'?i lS in" rm C. :was of a-'l'ed r^ rn IS y
v• la :.--
Coun-y Soil Conservation Service Office in Srys:,__ Cit'.
A field survey was conducted by methodically ,walking
throughout study arec"a., in the zones of impact, as ide17 S, In
outlying areas. Local flora and evidence of wildlife were
recorded during these surveys. Wetland identification
criteria were those outlined in the Corps of Engineers 987
Wetland Delineation Manual. Wetland-upland boundaries were
established using "determination" techniques.

2.0 BIOTIC RESOURCES
Lying systems described _n the fc11G?a_ng sections
include plant communities and wildlife. These systems are
interrelated and in many respects interdependent. Dominant
plants are emphasized and fauna (or their sign` w1nich were
observed are highlighted. No attempt has been made to
provide complete lists of flora or fauna, ;vhich occur in or
utilize portions of the study area. For cor.p_et . treazm.ents
of plants and animals likely to be found in these hab_t?.ts,
refer to s ac'*ic -references in Section 5.0.
'ttempts were made to classify study area plant
` - C a i_ Y1 f1'l`fal 1-i Weak-ley e ?Y?1` (r' 1 K _.n7rjn ,
u?_ ,
--n-mmu _,._a s r 1 C, he
Cowardin et al (19"9) Ile land community classi"-cation
schemes. `'G avoid ,-innecessa-v dupi_Cation, p_....nt and
lames are 85eni lSiiag the CO mO name '--f k--GCYie
"j .-%e scient_f is binomial , in parantheSes . an re pee : C
pant or animal name in subsequent na_rat_ve, only toe common
name is use e. Locations Gf eaC h of file biC commun_ es i s
hichlL ahted in inure 2.
2 . 1 e rrpSt-r4 ai Comi",1un -es
are represe.. lea b
maJcr comimun-L ty --pas. an=pu_ted RoaCsiue Com,:n _as.
y;..:ea Successional S_ope Commun_ Lies, Cove Forest Coi . tan_ t_es
d uvial ?lain CGm ?u ? tj es . GSt Cf he CC'^m °5
the study area are uplands, but portions of the ,klluvial
communities were identified as wetlands.
2.1.1 Manipulated Roadside Communities
Throughout the study area, roars=de s%ou'C:ers and slopes
are heavily regetu_ed la ..:? OroundCo ers of tall fescue
FeSti Ca Sp ) i =:s t' raS Of .eSp° eC s Lcu_'-? °daZ a p_= . a
love .-asses (Eragrostis Spp.) These herbaceous ----an-. r- art
-remnants of previous erosion control Seedings `oI c. '7=_ _ a
last roa :way construction in he area. Nume_ous ;;=eed-
invaders are apparent throughout Tthese areas, includ_ng
blackberries (F,uhus spp.), "apanese honeysuc'k?e (Lonicera
japonica), mullein: ( V'erbascum thapsis) , broom straws
(Andropoaon spp.) and white clover (Tri ol.ium repens).
Although -: _ lart ;Cgs occur in ? a_at i:a _y >_a-
ugh most .cs? of these r
roadside shoulders and portions of cut/fill slopes, one large
fill slope occurs along the north side of the project, west
of the bridge. This area is well-vegetated with fescue and
lespedeza, but numerous weedy species are present also.
This community is highly modified by man's activ_ties.
While plant succession proceeds Slowly in some areas of this
commur___y, _t is virtual- T non-ex _stent in the -f la , mowable
shoulder zones. In spite of these influences, numerous
cDnortunistic animals at___ze these areas to tne__ benefit.
_=rious rodents and Otlle_ small TamT...ais _ncluc._..._Ce
(Peromyscus spp.) , voles (TV'icrot::s Spp. shrews 'Sol-3z app.
and P_arina spp.) and ch_p.:un (Tamias striates) forage for
invertebrates, roots and ether plant material, as well as
scavenge cn animal carcasses. Occasic•na_ly opossum
(3idelphis virginiana), raccoon (Procyon lotor) and striped
skunk (Meph4tZS mephitis) enter these areas during their
nocturnal foraging rips. Migratory and residential bird
see i ces tiursue seeds. fruits and invertebrates which are
attracted to abundant lowers on clover, lespedelza and laeedv
Species. Since these areas are rather open and exposed to
view from large distances, predators such as the red-tailed
haw's (Putao amaicensis) may find Inuntiing over these areas to
be ocass_ona? `_r' productive, Nar..1cu_ar_'I
low vel icular traffic. Crow ( Corvus brachyrr.-nch es)
au_ture (Cathartes aura) and ot_er scavanger s ecies -.-_" ?e
seen freguen _ fol_cw?ng ?nClden?S of road arle'y
of snakes an.. _1zardS _':)robab=y a=So occur in se Z Ones
enroute to more promising foraging areas.
_. l . ? V_ ed Su, ccessiona_ "_oiD e Comm, un
Cut slopes which occur aloha both sides of the pro; eCt
and f?__r, J_J?eS i'iCS'. _.long the wes-? S_....- of e o_L:.."i
area are -awe 4 natal v drT,'-yes= m_xe =o? as _'_hese
are -he result of early and hid-succession fc__o' i.-.g _n?
construction of „C S. The typical successJona= pat.e_ns on
sout h-/'.rest-fac.Jng slopes -n she -NC mnount.,.i ns lead vo a
pro111 iferat-ion o_ locust, pine, mixed oaks, tree-cI-nea'ven.
sumac and other successful col-on izers, tolerant of the
relatively austere condit_`=s in these zones. A survey of
these areas revealed that the deve'_oping canopy is being
formed by nuitlerous species, including black locust (i?ob?nia
pseudcacacsa), white oak (uuercus alba), hic":cries (\Car',Ta
spp. tul p pop! u_ (Liricdendron tulip.;..L era), sca _ let oa':
(y?. cccC-I nea) , black, oak ) ve 1utL1na) and red- ...=p? :ce_
rubrum) . The Subcanopy In t12Sa CCmP.unltles iS m.=ture o:
sour,iood (Oxydendrum arbor-aum), dcg7a_-od ( Corvus ?l rid=)
Virginia and short-leaf pines (Pinus virginiana and P.
echinata) and black cherry (Prunus serotina). Shr'.:b and
herbaceous strata are generall'y' dominated by Japanese
honeysuckle, winged sumac (Rhus ccpallina), blackberry.-, giant
cane (Arundinaria aigantea), Christmas fern (Polystichu.-i?
acrostichoides), privet (Ligustrum sinense), goldenrods,
asters (Aster spp.), mullein and broom straws, in addition to
seedling and sapling forms of the canopy species.
These slopes are well-vegetated and the species which
predominate are generally those which are tolerant of
exposure to full sun and moderately dry soils. While
sourwood does occur on these slopes, for example, it is not
nearly as prevalent as it is on the north- and east-facing
slopes, found mostly along the west side of the project.
Heath species, including rose-bay, flame azalea and mcuntair_
A
laurel (Rhododendron maximum., R. calendulaceum, halmia
latifolia, etc.) and hemlock (Tsuca canadensis) are vi_
absent from the drier slopes (south- and ?.?est-=acing) , but
are found in several locations of the study area, usually on
The east side, or in more sheltered coves.
A subset of these successional slopes is represented by
cut slopes which are still dominated by fescue.. rove grass
and lespedeza, with occasional weedy invaders such as
mullein. These Slopes are CjUit large and often ver,7 steep.
presenting a severe challenge to seedling astabl_shment. The
entire hillside south of the roadway, .rest of SR 1'_31, and
slopes south-, of SR 130"'_ are typical of this hype .,y slope
community.
Most of the successional slopes are too steep vo se,.-ve
he rout i re needs cf _a--ae "Ram m a I s s u c as blac'S yea= / Jrsus
' - Vi 7 nLa<
_ eer Cdocoi17 eus ?• ? .? , . r:
-_I's americarus) and ?rTr?i al 1
fact, ]few mammal species are expected to ..requen these
steeply-sloped areas. Those TL'at do are t-O ? S,i all
Spec_a__S ?S T,`7_i=^ h reed 'po n _ oo ?S , _°a`JeS , a1
_nver ?ebrateS -
which, occur in these areas. Tle s-ro `,' s..= e'K
( Sorex fumeus), short-tailed shrew (Blarzna brevi.cauda),
tT _te-footed and deer mice P. _aucopL..,s ar_r ? <71,,n?^u_c?? ") .
reu.-bac'.yed .•ole (uhletiirio:?o,m,v= gapE er') , sc - .a_.. -ng
squirrel ( ?_'2_1 aucomys clans) , a nd easterm c =pmunr? a_ e l?ke=`T
To be amona the more common mamma__ar spec. s `r7 Ich bene
from habiTat found or steep cat slopes.
Birds such as flicker (Colaptes auratus), common
nighthawk (Chordeiles minor), blue-jay (Cyvanocitta cristata) ,
common crow, Carolina chickadee (Paz-us carol iniersis), white-
breasted rutnatch (S?tta caroliniensis), eas: ern bluebird
(Slalia siali.a) and red-tailed hawk, among others, :Ti--
ize portions of These developing naOI?ut zones 1Cr
forag perc"!'ing, nesting and -cost-I':g ,actlvlt_as.
Amphibians probably do not routinely utilize these
slopes for forage or refuge. Sites are too dry and af:,rd
1=tale -orotection from insolation and wind. Re-t_les, on the
other hand, are likely to be much more common in these areas.
Lizards and snakes probably forage actively on the ground and
arboreally. Predictable in these habitat zones are eastern
fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus), five-lined skink
(Eumeces fasciatus), corn snake (Elaphe guttata), rat snake
(E. obsoleta), copperhead (Agkistrodon contortri.,-) and timber
rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus).
Another subset of the Nixed Successional Slopes is
represented by lakeside slopes that are slated for fill.
These areas lie at the Fontana Lake (Nantahala River)
interface and in some zones are covered with rip-rap (fill
from previous roadway work), but exposed soil-silt strata,
denoting fluxuating lake water levels, occupy the lowest-
5

?;ortions of t ese areas. Several areas aL-e sated t' _ece_.
fills. Most of the sites are on the west side of the
roadway, bout one site on the east side, immediately south of
the bridge will also be filled. Few plants have taken hold
in these zones, but occasional "volunteers" such as black
locust, sumac, tag alder and privet are apparent. These
areas are clearly visited by mammals such as opossum and.
raccoon, because spoor was observed in these areas. Smaller
mammals such as mice, rats, shrews and vole's are li elv to be
found in these areas also, depending on availability of
seasonal foods. It Would not be unreasonable to expect tc
find the belted kingfisher (Megacervle alcyon) "fishira"
adjacent to these meas. Water-dependent reptiles suc as
northern ?Muter snake ( Merodlu sipedcn) nd u,eer? Sna:-e
( Regina septevittata), painted turtle (Chrysemys pieta) anf
snapping turtle (Chelydra sarpentina) ?ai__ andoub'Ced_ be
'round _n these areas throughout t-h-e ` =rmer seasons, cepenc.:_na
on the level of human activity mnd the vai_abi_it Of
forage.
_.3 Cove Forest Communities
These sheltered, mesic communities are -found along the
east Side of the prC;eC°, SCL'. C-f the it. i . ?' e- 6 _-----__
cCnto' s from e Sul- ndin;, vert_4a L terr a_rt mee-, fOr...i "g
natural funnels in o sh ch _he ad?acen-- s_c- s shed _n ei.
runoff. From these cove, storm.- and arcurid,^7ater seepaae iS
??i_t :g - ?_?'? _roug_ ?_
shed w st aar ?,_ d u'tim--'teJ f _ 1o '. 'Qi-•iDS/?u_.
located beneath the existing road!?Iay. Water -ti even tuall_r
discharged into Si'_es Brarc:, e tributary to Fontana lake
(PIantahala River) with headwaters located approximately
southeast of the US-19/NC-28 intersection. 3ecause t'_ess
coves occupy the falling ground among Several adjacent
hillsides, these communities have.more than one aspect.
Those i',orions C4 _he coves h_4 -_ oc r or the south--facrn C;
slopes are occur ec bv a coil.ec;_ ::n of specie sc lew'"'at
different from those on the north-facina slopes.
In the lowest portions of the coves, the floodplain,
only sparse veaetation occurs, mostly herbaceous, including
grasses, sedges and asteraceous specimens, such as "-eggar's
tick (Bidens sp.). Soils in these zones are soft, presumably.-
recent depositions. In these unstable, dynamic areas, which
are undoubtedly scoured during rainfall events, particularly
during high water periods when Fontana Fontana backs up, the
growing season for any plant can be relatively short.
North-facing slopes of the coves are vegetated by a
combination of tulip poplar, red maple, sycamore IPlatanus
occidentalis), American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and
basswood (Tillia americana). Midcanopy species include
flowering dogwood, as well as silky dogwood (Corpus amomum),
ironwood (Carpinus caroliniana), horse ci'lestnut (Aesculus
octandra) and cherry birch (Betula lenta). Shrub and
6

herbaceous layers are well represented by mountain laurel,
rosebay, privet, tag alder (Alnus serrulata), giant cane and
Christmas fern, as well as small specimens of the canopy
species. Some hemlock and white pine (P. strobus) occur
infrequently in these coves.
South-facing slopes are occupied by many of these same
species, but they conspicuously do not display rose-bah- and
mountain laurel, and scrub pine becomes more prominent..
Greater opportunities and challenges for wildlife occur
in these areas. Habitat diversity in these areas is much
higher than in the Mixed Successional Slope Communities and
the canopy is more mature. Habitats in these coves are
differintiated on the basis of orientation, soil moisture,
degree of _nsolatior_, etc. it is reasonable to predict that
a much more diverse fauna is likely live in or frequent
the Cove Communities. in addition to the mammals listed for
the previous community, which undoubtedly utilize these
coves, larger mammals such as white-tail deer, black bear.,
opossum, raccoon and gray squirrel (Sciurus carollnensis) are
likely to exploit these areas for refuge, nurseries, forage
and paths of migration.
In addition to ..hose species listed for the successional
forests, scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea), black-and-white
warbler (Wictilta varia), cardinal (Cardinalis oardinalis),
tufted titmouse (Pares bicolor) and numerous other birds will
find useful habitats in the cove forests. The greater
diversity of habitats described for these zones offers
increased opportunities to birds, as it does for otter animal
groups. Invertebrate prey, seed/fruit crops and nesting
opportunities are abundant in these areas.
Snake and lizard groups will utilize this area,
attracted to the greater diversity and population of pre'
species. Turtles may also occur in these areas, particularly
in the lowlands, since topography is more gentle. Perhaps
the most common turtle to frequent these areas would be the
eastern box turtle (Terrapene+carolina). one major
distinction between the cove forests and the successional
forests is the likely presence of amphibians in the former,
but a conspicuous absence in the latter. In these coves
where moisture levels are adequate and shade is good, there
is undoubtedly a comparatively rich invertebrate fauna, upon
which these amphibians would depend as a food source.
Salamanders such as Jordan's salamander (Plethodon jordani),
slimy salamander (P. glutinosus) and two-lined salamander
(Eurycea bislineata), and toads such as Fowler's (Bufo
woodhousei) predictably occur in similar habitats.
7
2._.4 Alluvial Plain Communities
Narrow zones of alluvial deposits are apparent at each
of the coves. These zones vary in width, but are not much
wider than their "stream" channels (plus a few feet of
-iffilmlso F"
deposition to either side). in
these areas and only small stream flows were noted in a few
of the channels. ?hese small areas, with only sparse
vegetation, are merely subsets of the Cove CommunitieS
described above.
The floodplain of Pump Branch lies at the toe of the
roadway fill on the north side of he roadway and e:_tends
11 i.th, ..
ruIi }:J Ls
the " ra-'n ri1 limit f .=c} s
_rom ..e ro .er_1 y?o prcj. L moo.
intersection with the railway causeway on the hest side of
Fontana Lake (Nanta.1-,.ala River `• , where it flows ter a g` p_Lpe
into t he - ake. The Branch flows eastward _iiroug a ._ r,-
channel (2-41 ) formed by ,ie juxtaposition of the roadvlay
_1_1 to _^e south of the Branch and a natural 1 s1de
aradient to its north. Approximately 500 feet wect of t E
bridge, the channel widens and gives rise to a =lood?lai_ as
the toe of the hillside shifts to t he east. This s_f1 ?on
of roadway fill and hillside creates a flat plain which is
i 'N , -cus
Saturated and character=zed by silt deposition. _,7,Le-
black w=_-L ow ( ._;aI _.. _:ZQ"ra) , s=_kv dogwood and g a_ er ar_e
t he dominant w o c d v -'' ants in arils dill. Numerous herbaceous
species i_ - dina rushes (Jurc:zs spp.) , T•7oolgrass ( czrpLls
sp.) and sedges (Caret spp.) also occur 'sere.
Another alluvial plain lies north of the GS-_9/NC-28
raterrJectiCi11 Slles Branch flows northward iron n.ad'^ia:.ars
southeast of the project. Tt flows through a box culvert
beneat:l US -1-9 and immediately spreads out into a aide flood
plain, although a channel continues northward, parallel to
NC-28. This floodplain is also highly saturated and Soils
are mostly silts. Vegetation is dominated by black willo-."i
and rushes/sedges, although other herbaceous species will
undoubtedly appear during the growing season.
Most of the animals, previously identified as residents
or transients associated with one or more of the other
communities, would be likely to occur in thse floodplains.
Do to the austere contours which enclose the Pump Branch area
on all sides, it is unlikely that white-tailed deer or black
bear would be found in this area, except in the most rare
circumstances. All of the smaller mammals, birds, reptiles
and amphibians are expected to occur often in these areas.
Access via headwaters, or from the streams' discharges into
Fontana Lake (Nantahala River) could be easily used by
numerous animal species. Crayfish and salamanders
(Desmognathus monticola and D. ochropheus) are expected to be
found in abundance in this area. Crawfish burrows were
observed throughout the area.
8
2.2 Aquatic Communities
The proposed action will directly or indirectly impact
the aquatic milieu in four general areas: Pump Branch, Cove
Communities, Siles Branch and Fontana Lake (Nantahala River).
1 ??? a 0
. { ca "O ?l l at°_v 300ftpgt 'A-IsQuich
t k i ? _ ne l' Oro pct tee -- ' asd
_ ???:.swr-- -?- _ ?, r "? -Q? '?• C. C'.?. `"?ie (PCP) : 1
Pump Branch, surface drainage from the south side of the
roadway, west of]yS_R 1?121y,?y is piped under the roadway and
T Iow.Ci ? °'?i Ce'+.£k l: *,h t+.eUs-u.:ar._rninWs3'.''?` •3°? '0 e@ sa"' Ja?,`3 *- _. C?F _a?'N? l.- _. r } i a,
J T y :' :Xl*C1fi>: h ,t ?a? y. re v\V dTt"t aw rar ?m• v see 1Y=`G
. ?+. v l _ v 1 G
dZI 1 V i?{i .??, ?l?} ?. `gly?n r?.,wa1??r,+l?? u? Q 1• Y,7C?A? ? 1? srr.aa S'V a?u e C ?..T.. i ll r7. G U?? 1lr C.l -_?.17..,.a.?.
i 1y Q G t-iT yV .` N `-C t T Y . r e Ctl U V l ,?'V - ',D +
_ -.Canoe , c cio mdno dla, yea a .: -f ? h e w e S -,.mou n d I an-e .
I
Pump Branch and its tributary are not like- ,, _c ;a?,,e a
rich assemnblage of fish speCieS, but cne or two species of
small dace (Rhinicnthys sp. and/or Semotilus sp.) S.iner
(Notropis sp. ) and/or dar__ (Percyr= sp. and`/or Etheostcma
sp.) could occur. _t _s far m,o_e likely than either stream
provides hlabita.t to a more diverse group of invertebrates.
including insect larva _ 11 -forms and - u.s t acea ( crayf
These streams also undoubted-;, serve to nourish a.mp_n:ibia ns,
identified in earlier sections, during t::e__ Spawning and
larval development.
Very similar patterns of ut 1_zation can be a,_t.._;'_:ted
to the small drainages located in the Cove Communities. 7nW
if any fish are likely to be found in these streams, some of
which cease to flow during dry, low-water seasons. The baulk
of the organisms which will live in or immediate_!_ ad-i cent
-o these streams are invertebrates or amnhitaians.
? :s «izt.h the v,,s E_-anch
a^? a }era r Ize 11Zantdhaya R-??ve-r) sites cf imp-ct. Ir th se
t sS, ts o be nl'aC°d' into the water column"- r.
.c e 'Stre'am wil s" b"e ch.anneliZed by cu vast
e? le Hrancn-) , o k?.e=nts w? 11 ` e , a•__e f (bridge
ill ca,6=t-? gat- lake crosTsing) . The zones of ? tiwill
accommodate a proposed realignment of the curve south of the
bridge. Siles Branch, upstream of the impact zones, is a
small dace trickle which is not likely to Support a diverse
fish population. However, in the proposed fill zones, the
creek has opened into a ;aide (+2001) backwater channel.
Installation of bridge-support bents in Fontana Lake
(Nantahala River), to accommodate.the proposed bridge for
westbound traffic, will also be potentially destructive to
submerged habitats and to aquatic life. In both locations,
the fish fauna is likely to be rich; many of the species are
highly valued as sport-fish. Such fish as small-mouth bass
(Micropterus dolomieui), crappie (PCmOY.i.s spp.) white bass
9
(Morona chrysops), wal!eye (Stizostadion_ vitreum), sunfish
(Lepomis spp.shad (Dorosoma spp.muskellunge (Dso«
masguinongy), in addition to hog sucker (Hypentelium
nigricans) , darter (Percina spp.), Channel catfish (Ictalurus
punctatus), brown and rainbow trout (Salmo trutta and
Ocorhynchus mykiss) and a diverse array of minnows, suckers,
carp, etc. are likely to be found in the waters which tiill
receive f_! 1, or ,_: ?+'=l1ch structura_ :;'Orr ,^Ir_1 ?a,-e „ _ace .
-------------------------------------------------------------
Table 1. Animals (o_ their sign) Observed in the w_d? Area
-------------------------------------------------------------
COM-?ON NA14E J_ lrGy f i iJ .1
opossum
raccoon
c'_^ r Pmun.1
grail ;sal l re _
common cro'^7
Carolina ch-'ck-adee
white-breasted nuthatch
red-tar_eu -iaw~-
vulture
slimy salamarder
SCIy FTC 1C NAME
AE EVTD:EN
v CE
i
:..ambG1'ar(.lS j/P: Q L . m?Ci1 U:? E u r r J is
Didelphis virginiana Spoor
Procyon lotor Spoor
Tam-43S striates Visua'
Sciurus carolinensis Visual
:OTVeS >>racnyrynCiluS V?SlAcl
Parus caroliniensis `JiSua=
Sitta carolinensis V_sual
Lutec 4amaicansis Visual
Cathartes aura Visual
711ethodon alutinosus Visual
. _ . 2 Sup mart' of Anticipated Tmipacts to Biotic C' mr,-.u i ` i°s
Manipulated Roadside Communities ;"ri 11 be replaced 1: 1 .
Since the proposed divided roadway will have a vegetated
median, there will- actually be a net gains of relatively Prat
roadside shoulder zone. Some of the larae fill zone lying
west of the bridge on the north side of the road wi=l be lost
to additional fills so that westbound lanes can be wuilt.
Ant_cipated impacts to `ailed Succsssiona_ S,cpa
Communities are viewed mostly as temporary, with no long-term
consequences, since habitat will be replaced adjacent to
(simple horizontal shifts on the same slopes) their existing
locations (cut slopes). ?n order to achieve comparable slope
lines, following construction, tops of slopes and toes of
slopes must be shifted horizontally to accommodate proposed
improvements. The shifts will result in permanent loss of
habitat (old toe to new toe) only for fill slopes. What must
be achieved in either case, however, is the rapid
revegetation of the new slopes, so that displaced animals can
reoccupy these habitat zones.
Relatively small impacts will occur in the Cove
Communities, since the hydrologic function of these areas
must be maintained throughout construction. Clearly, grading
of adjacent slopes will result in temporary impacts, but
these areas are likely to recover completely. Only minor
horizontal encroachment into these areas is planned.
10

Perhaps the most substantial impacts fi11 occur in ..he
Alluvial Plain CommunJties (Pump and Sires Branch) and he
aquatic communities of Pump Branch, Siles Branch, the cove
streams and Fontana Lake (Nantahala River). These habitats
will be severely impacted by construction activities.
???a'??h?;?d?-?d??•fee?=t?-f ,P?rrr?:.d$.ra??-??l,..:bew?-?-?_??_._?
Qa:rrgtAzuf ia;.i 14,jayj?ne !-a :d -a: Stn,}..}. t-an.t?a&l - xoa do ::.of a4r
'I st tp tu3-ig a '^ Rf'A? l: h,
-a tha.t f. .l.es` RranC --S J p?r> anc.l.o;st,.O Smaller portions of cove streams will be
lost to Culvert/pipe extensions and related f___s. wi1eS
Branch fill encroachment a4 11 also result in permanent loss
of stream bottom and wL i' , restrict- t ? e overal_ cl anne'
.._
expanse in this part of the project. Proposed cul,.ert
e:ftension at _he upper end of riles Branch iw_„ a=so =?s ,._
in a permanent loss of natural habit-a- nterast_,gl-?7
enough., the Sires Branch fill incursio?? may also have a
posit-I've vor at least a non-neg?ti`; e aspect. The f___
footprints will add complexi'-y to the shoreline p8r_ eter.
f^Te_1-Stab_1_Zed T?7i_ a r'p-ran, ^_eS8 fl_! p?'n?i1S ili _GSa_
offer Special habitat tC a var^le'y cf small organism:,
potentially attracting _ncreasi nC numlDers f large= _ re---_rs
to these areas.
Some temporary __ucC-uatio^ _''T ^^r _aons C-
grcupS terreStri al areas --s an ,?C__-ated :.Ur--
the course of construction, bu4C_ _ ost-c_o,ect _vopLilat--ans ar_
`na tat`
- reveg- L_on.
expected to s_ovT_y return t0 - ..rural f0_IOT;d-
Slow-:roving, burrowing and/or subterranean org isms
will be directly impacted by coast-. C--Lon act-`/ides, n,9hile
.obiie organisms will be displaced to ad;=Cent communities.
Competitive forces in these adoptive communities will result
in a redefinition of population equilibria.
The proposed action is likely to have substantial
affects on the aquatic environment ?.,1eSS Str'_Ct force e:
of Sedimentation control measures are observed. Demolition
activities are likely to place sediment into the water
column, as will bent installation activities. Sediment-
loading of the stream channels by such activities zan be
haarmful to 'local populations of aquatic organisms, including
?
trout, bass and sunfish, as well as invertebrates such as
molluscs, crustacea and insect larvae, important parts of the
aquatic food chain. Coffer dams must be utilized to avoid
contact between green concrete and water column, as well as
to avoid silting effects from excavation and/or blasting.
Strongly recommend that restrictions be placed on work
barge(s) and lakeside equipment mobilization to insure that
staging and launching/doc:_ing areas not be a source of
continuous sedimentation.

-------------------------------------------------------------
Taule 2. Anticipated Losses To 3iotic Communities
-----------------------------------------------------------
IMP ACT
BIOTIC CQMNNNTTIR.S •-------------- ---------------
Temporary Permanent
-------------------------------=------------------------------
Terrestrial
-Maniemulated Roadsides h -
-Mi red 'Juccessional _ 7
-es
-Co•; e . ores z" ' 0.2
-Alluvial Pains ' - -
Aquatic
-Cove 2.t^eams 40v =-
-Pumr; Branc_t - 2 r
-Sites Branch ( fill
- --?
- Fontana 'lake v.
-------------------------------- -------------------------------
'ot?. Va=ues =eporte _.re _c-res .,ept as Noted base-"
a pcr: ; ar=able impact ?JLdt_ s (scale _ro... plan s:^eets ,; . Actua'
impacts ma°Y be :i o:.re less . L denotes a_ prO:z= ^at° - - - S-c, r
ofL br_rae shadow, ,•an_cn adequately expresses direr _ ^^acts .
C H`,S-r AL RESOURCES
The f^.1_Ot4'i;'iC two sections °sCrioe .?_s a't,azer
resources that occur with-'n the study area, or that relate in
one wav or another to the study area.
1 eater Resources
The topic of water resources is ;!resented it
sections. The first section descrihes n^vs_Cal as pert-
of he resource (S) and i..s (t._.,_r) relati onsh1p, .C ... J -cr
J
surface water systems. The second section discusses water
quality and special-use -resource cateacries. (.Wat_= Resot..rce.
discussions herein center on surface waters and do not
address groundwater, aquifers, or so_1-borne waters.'
D i ?_
3 .1.1 1 Streams , ?• ` e_r`? , _.' i oL:>u '-' 'amen?
i S e t c
The water resources to he 4--acted by the _roposed
action include Siles Branch, unnamed cove streams, Fontana
Lake (Nantahala River) and Pump Branch, all located within
the Lirt-le Tennessee River Basin (except that the upper react
.
of the Nantahala River lies in the uiawassee River Basin)
Siles Branch: Siles Branch lies on the west side of the
alignment and is more than 200' elide in the proposed pones of
r
fill. t.'v? moor 4 rff f -t J' t
,.. -_tz 'sou ..
° o e iii, _ h gyp? ac u--strafe
is almost totally silt. Shoals ave forme`; along t:ae eastern

p
Show o. the nci end of Sipes Branch i_om egos= ._ any
a_1u%,ial deposit-on. The headate_s of Siles 3_ancn ars
located approx_.mately 0.5 mile southeast of the US-1 9,'PdC-38
intersection. Sites Branch is joined by Long Branch at the
junction of US-19 and NC-28. Long Branch flows southwest,
paralleling US-19 along its northern right of way.
ea?, rrn.-tan_ an
Cove Streams: s mhe unnamed m.,ed cove st_rm ?s are i?r1 ?te_i:, and
originate no more than several hundred feet east of the
roadway. T'_1ei r channels are narrow (2'-4' • or less) and
substrate is silty with some small stone. Flows range frem
drv stream beds to rapid flows depending on rainfall events.
Each of these "streams" discharge into files Branch via
pipes/cu_rer?s beneath the roadw=v.
Fontana Lake: That section of Fontana lake (Nantahala ?i;er)
Which w'_be impacted by bridge construction is _ess .-han _
mile south of that ri,.'er's final destiniatio n, (here ?o=ns
the Little Tennessee River to form Fontana Lake (Little
Tennessee River). The Nantaha'_a River originates West of IS-
441 in southern Macon County from which it 1"1olas northward
into Swain County. At the proposed bridge cross_g, she
river is more than 400' ,aide, a dimension which varies as a
.unction of _ -a;n_fa_l and; LdU o'"?ap _,,7 '' d_o!ot-rn" " h a - ns
Lt=_.i ?t_t ? c ., ? r°? _
depth varies, but '-s probab_`? _i= @..'?eSS o? 1v e =rS :?OS?
she time. SU,tiJStraLe i5 moSt; Silt, w4+' : some seai^iertar°_,
rock. Current -s _Tiodera?=e, but -luctuates.
Pump Branch: Pump Branch is a small, high gradient st=eam
whick originates a few hundred feet north of the project-
northern terminus. It flows through a narrow (21-31)
channel, formed by the confluence of two vertical grades,
into the lake only after forming an a_'uvial floodp_ain in an
area where the two vertical gradients shift away from each
other. Substrate is silt, cobble, sand and small polders
Flow is _ap_d unti_ _Lt reaches the a' l--a-zia! 7c", a4 n, T,rha, _ _?
meanders and flow moderates.
3 . i . 2 Water Quality
The Division of Environmental Management (DEM) :as
assigned a best usage c `?--- '-to that section of
_ ^r* ?a N Yiala P.ire'r'') rhich is crossed by the
proposed action. Class B waters are best suited for primary
recreation and any other usage specified by Class C waters,
which includes aquatic life propagation and survival,
fishing, wildlife, secondary recreation, and agriculture.
P r 1 _ B r anft?, aM Y. r ye d;, c 0I s s. "rite ' "a r eo
slazs'= r s_l?t Water quality standards
designed to protect Class B and C usage are reported in 15A
NCAC .0211.
The Benthic Macroinvertebrate Ambient Netw=k- (Survey),
was undertaken in 1983 by the NC Department cf T'atura'
13
y

Resources and Community Development (presently Mown as
NCDEHNR) i n an attempt to monitor and correlate 1,?iater qua Iity
changes as a function of biotic community dynamics.
Unfortunately, no data are available for the immediate
project area.
The National Pollutant Disc barge Elimination STyste n
(IPDES) was established to control. and mon.LLor discharges
into Waters of North Carolina. Monitoring and permit
issuance in the state is administered through the DEM.
No NPDES permits have been issued for the Vicir_ity of the
proposed action.
?7nG1
,Ve_ .her Z an Qtla7 4 -<7 Wa}ors (1 (l,µ S anc-t^r vpG?'v=??
'wal_ers ( 0F , or Water Sapp i ies (WS-7, , or WS . ) ii-- be
impacted ??>> the proposed action, nor are a^y of _ iese rra.-ers
Located >> bin i mile of the pro,ec_ area.
The NC Wildlife Resources Commission ( NCWRC) __sts
the Nantahala River, from the Maccr. County line to -he
existing Fontana Lake water level, as a Hatcherv Sunported-
Designated Du!w_i Mountai_. Trout Water (DPMTW). "'he
"existing Fontana Lake water level" of course fluctuates
seasonally. The elevation 1708 feet (above meat" sea level'
generally correlates with the interface between river=le and
lacustrine morphology. Mickev C_emmons, NCWRC fishery
biologist agrees that the DPMTW line is much further south
than the studv area.
NOTE: If anv study area stream must be rechanneliZed cr
otherwise severely modified during any prase of work, it Lail1
be necessary to coordinate this planned activity with the
NCWRC and the USFWS, in keeping with the Fish and Wildl_fe
Coordination Act (48 Stat. 401, as amended; 16 U.S.C. 661 et
Seq. ) . requirements when streams are
1n fermi tent T4hen .he pn ?3r u t ' elrs, O?1 17_ ll a t
The NCWRC reports that leachates from anakista-bearing ?_.
substrates are flowing into Siles Branch via Long Branch and
its tributaries. The anakista-laden material was generated
as surplus material when the US-19 bypass of Bryson. City was
built. The spoil was deposited as fill in low pockets and
depressions along adjacent parcels. The NCWRC claims that
this material was not handled properly and as a result the pH
of Long Branch has been measured at 2.0 1. This acidifying
effect has resulted in multiple fish kills in Siles Branch.
3.1.3 Anticipated Impacts to Water Resources
Potential impacts to the study area water resources
include: increased sedimentation from construction-related
erosion; changes in ambient water temperature and incidence
of light due to elimination of adjacent vegetation; stream-
capture through the construction of RCBCs at Pump and Siles
1n
1
10
Branches, and stream displacement loss of aquatic habitat due
to construction in Soles Branch and Fontana :make (Nantaha'_a
River). impacts to Pump and Soles Branches are viewed as
substantial impacts, with potential implications to water
quality and hydrology. Strongly advise that Best Management
Practices (BMP's), including responsible sedimentation
controls be implemented throughout the construction phase of
work. Utilization of filter fabric, rip-rap and storm grater
containment is imperative. Us??;?.. coy-fen Gums-, oz'-sin.ilat-
stvvgtures_, ;Where ._f.i ld is to he-addfd: to Soles Branch -isw
important J a oontaining wed meat . S•lIll_ jar practices must %be
employed. f:or i=n-.rater construe t-ion ±n. Fontana Lake.
Furthermore, strongly advise that special conditions and/or
specifications for equipment mobilization be employed to
cover activities in and near water. Fontana La!-:e and its
tributaries, including adjacent terrestrial areas, are
extremely important recreational resources and are rich in
flora and fauna. War_er quality should be protected
throughout the life of the project.
Expanded horizontal profile of proposer roadway will
result in increased non-point discharge of storm water and
its associated sediments, toxins and nutrients. Use of
vegetated berms, swaies and other features, including
establishment of wetlands at designated locations should he
considered as a method of mitigating for the additional input
of potential toxic solutes and imiscibles.
if grading, excavation and demolition activities will
impact anakeesta-bearing substrates, it is important that
these "hot" substrates be properly handled during project
construction. Any fills which are laden with anakeesta
should be deposited following approved methodologies.
Exposed, leachable surfaces (cut slopes) should also be
stabilized.
3.2 Soils
A completed soil survey is nct available for Swain
County. A conversation with, Mr. Arthur Wade in the County
office in Bryson City revealed that no soil surveys have been
conducted in the vicinity of the proposed action.
4.0 SPECIAL TOPICS
4.1 Waters of the United States: Jurisdictional issues
Waters of the United States can be conveniently broken
into Wetlands and Surface Waters, the two major resources
which are targetted for protection by the Clean Water Act.
Wetlands are variously defined, but, ecologically, they tend
to be ecotones, or transitional areas between uplands and
deeper water systems. These areas can be important to
1
4
wi-Idlife and, depending on _1_di-,,ridual attributes, can serve
to buffer flood flow and remove pollutants from surface
waters. Wetlands are strictly defined as 'Those areas ?h at
are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a
frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under
normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation
typically adapted for life Jr saturated soil conditions."
Surface Waters can be considered Maters of the U . , . , ,^rhi ch
do of meet the "laetland" '_dent.t-=Cation test, such as Strear,
channels and deee water habit-at-s.
In accordance with provisions of Section ^04 of the
Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C 1344), the US Army Corps c?
C, 4; veers rnL, f has =.ia *' -reSponri1?11_ i' f^vr refir' - n;
- -
actions F}li?_Ci? prCpOSe+tC place -i-1 _ntoWa e, rs ^f ±ha
U_h_?z?od Stagy.e?s _ " n1L..I?p rO ..ut.o ri}ZT '":,_ issue or den-,;,
_F has .. _ ?
permits for proposals `^7h1Cn. require approval '.Ander ?C ??
404. T
The Division of '.7nvi rCn_Z en _a= Management i i C?E_I:.T~ a1SC F?
has a 'risdZCtloral role under Sec =ion ?01 of ...e C'.-an i
Water Act. Section 401 Permits, ''Then required, m,--st 'oe
issued prior to authorisation of any Section 40_ Permit by
the COE. Sect_o!: A-01 per... 5 :Ye generally re q'.-r e ._Cn
wetlands a_ -e he: ng ..:l Lea wnaer one o sever-ai Sec--ion permlts/aUt"OriZat_cns.
Since the Study area stream. is located - one of 25
western NC "Trout Counties", the 'CWRC must review Lhe
proposed action and issue a concurrence letter before the COE
w.L111 authorize the protect under Section 404 of the Clean
Water Act. Early coordination with the District Fishery
Biologist of the NCWRC is recommended.
4.1.1 Anticivated Impacts to Waters of the U.S.
'; j?zri.sdictioral wet lards in ,the. r e- -re
plains a-ssoci ated with P?anprncl
orated --.._th alluvia;l
( } .a Siles. Branch (sites 2>,,... The areas o? °Ynv l .moment
are..flat ar. a,?,., tap roYimatelyr:0.:?, end 1..0 acre in siya;,
ve1y. eSoils at both sites are newly formed, but
empe
saturation to the surface appears to be permanent.
Vegetation at both sites includes black willow, rushes,
sedges and beardgrass. These wetland systems can be
designated PSSbB, Palustrine-Scrub Shrub-Deciduous-Saturated,
as in Cowardin et al.
Surface waters are being impacted at multiple sites in
Siles Branch, cove streams, Fontana Lake (Nantahala River)
and Pump Branch. Some impacts involve direct fills, others
involve incidental fills, resulting from culvert extension,
etc. Table 3 lists the quanitities of anticipated impacts to
Waters of the U.S.
16
-------------------------------------------------------------
Table 3. Anticipated impacts to waters of the U.S.
-------------------------------------------------------------
Stream System
Si_es Branch
alluvial plain
Cove Streams
Nantah.ala River
Pump Branch
alluvial plain
Wetland Surface Water
4-0
1.0
- <0.1
- 0.3
0.2
--------------------------------------- ----------------------
Note: Values reported are estimated acreage of impacts.
4.1.2 Anticipated e ms Requirements
The C07- 1 ..-implemented Disc-retio.rarv Author: "-,r In.
TrCUL -daterin NC on anLiary 22, 1992. "hss 3D 0 _1cs resulted
in overriding certain Nationwide General Permits for projects
which propose to place fill in any west-ern N.C. s ire=,
including those located in Swain County. Presently, Section
404 Permit authorization from the COE for water-de,:enden:
projects in western N.C. is forthcoming only after tn.e RCDOT
has obtained written concurrence from the NCWRC.
Since Fontana Lase ', antahala R42 v e r G' a1_f 4L as
"below headwater" stream and since fills will be placer in
a major water resource, or its "adjacent" laetlands, it is
apparent that an Individual Section 404 Permit 11-ill be
required for this project. Permit drawings should be
prepared during design effort for each area of impact.
4.1.3 Avoidance, Minimization and Mitigation
in seeping with the 404(b)(1) guidelines of the Clean
Water Act of 1977, the US Environmental Protection .1.gency
(EPA)/COE Memorandum of Agreement (MCA), effective e.ruary
1990, and aspects of Executive Order 11990, projects should
be designed to avoid wetland encroachment to the extent
practicable; to minimize wetland impacts when avoidance is
not possible; and to mitigate wetland losses when necessary
Assuming that safety is the motivation for straightening
the curve in the roadway south of the Fontana Lake crossing,
the "avoidance" criteria has probably been met, as it applies
to the proposed fills in Sipes Branch. Smi;aly propose
fills.in Pump Branch wetland,!?;' (s'"ite 11, are unavoidable Iin
ord-e r; to accommodate, westbound traffic lanes. Avoidance `of `Y
impacts to upper Sipes 'Branch wetlands (site 2) is
justif?iableandavoidable from the view of tr-afficse_vices
and: safety (discouraging tractor trailer traffic from- isinc
the Nantah=ala Gorge route is certainly safety-related) The
minimization criteria can be met be applying BMP's in many
instances; however, it would be adviseable to contrast
reasonable structural alternatives to horizontal
17

encroachments at Sites Branch and Pump Branch. Cost,
engineering feasibility, etc. could be compared, among
several options.
Mitigation for the loss of Waters of• the , U S will bey
required as ,a cond'iti on 'of°'' "he- ndividual Section- 404 Permi-?..
Conceptual mitigation planning should include a commitment to
mitigate on-site, or within the same watershed; depending on
the availability of suitable sites. Furthermore, mitigatio-m
should be pursued on a 1:1 basil. improvements to and;cr
renovation of existing, degraded laetlands should ta._e
precedent over attempts to create wet-'ands on upland sites.
2 Fare and Pro?.ected c„ec_es
-'.e Any action wh_ch has ne rni-en+-_a, o result =n
nega:.ive _mpac-, to federally-protected ants or an- .a_?, _s
sub j ec t tc rev_e_w by she US_ WS ( and; or he ' at_ona_ :- ar_ne
FiSheY-'•°SerViCe in the CCaStal ZCnej, under one Or :::ore
provisions of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973, as
amended. North Carolina laws are also designed to prc;,'ide a
measure cf pro?.ecL on to certain plants and animals, whi cn
are endemic to forth Carolina or whose populations are in
severe decline.
Federal Candidate species and those species des-
gnat-by she U. S. ,crest Service (USES) as P.E.T.S. species are
also included in this section. NFedera_ candidate species are
not protected by law, however some P.E.T.S. species are.
4.2.1 Federally-Protected S?ec?es
Plants or animals with status designations "E"
(Endangered), "T" (Threatened), or "?" (Proposed) are
protected under the ESA. Two majcr Provisions cf the ESA
have implications to NCDOT projects. Where federal funds, or
federal actions (permits) are involved, Section 7 requires
consultation. with the USFWS prior to taking any action which
will result in adverse impacts to a protected species.
Section 9 provides the USFWS with jurisdiction in cases where
no federal funds or permits are required.
As of October 27, 1992, six federally protected animals
are listed by the USFWS for Swain County (Table 3). A
description of each animal, including its preferred habitat,
is also presented, ollowing Table 3.
1s
$Orr
}
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. - - - - - - - - - - - _ - - _
Table 3. Federally Protected Species for Swain County
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME STATE'S
Felis concolor couauar eastern cougar E
Glaucomys sabrinus Carolina northern
coloratus flying squirrel _
Myotls soaa7is _nalara oa
H_vbopsis monacha sootfin chub T
Mesodon clarki nantarlala noonday snail
Pecias fabula __...le-w i nc pearly mussel E
--------------------------
Note : "E" and "`"" denote ----------------------------
Endangered (a ta:-:on_ teat is -------
threatened with e..tincticn 'hrcughout all or C s_gn caN?

portion o? i ts range) and 4
Threatened (a taxon t~at _s 4
l?ke?y
to beco;mie endangered in th e foreseeable future ) .
reliS COn 0_Or COUC7czr (eastern ccugal" i S
Animal Family. Few-dae
Date Listed 6/4173
Distribution in N. C. . 3_u swick, 3u nc=1;-je , !Car _eret. .y voOd.
?
Montgomery, On5_^viT, Swain, `a_a02? .
The cougar's historic range included wastern Canada and
eHtended south through the MidA.__=ntic region mer'___^_g with the
range of the F" orida cougar. The -_ypothetical range of the
eastern cougar ncludes all of Kentucr'?y and Norte Carolina,
eastern Tennessee, and northeastern. South Carolina. In Nc r?h
Carolina the cougar is thought to possibly occupy in only a few
scattered areas, including coastal swamps and the southern
Appalachian mountains. Populations of cougars have been
tentatively identified in Great SmOkey Mountain National Park,
Near Unit 22 in the Nantahala National Forest, northern
Uwharrie National Forest, and in the southeastern counties.
7he eas:.'emsr cougar is a lare..o. _? '?r.g-tai.e ?..
d ca that ads
spots. These cats measure from 2.1-2.7 m in length including the
tail and weigh 58-91 kg. Cougars are tawny colored with the
exception of the muzzle, the backs of the ears, and the tip of the
tail, which are black. Cougar kittens are spotted and have a
ringed tail.
The eastern cougar is found in large remote wilderness areas
where there is an abundance of their primary food source, white-
tailed deer, their primary food source. Cougars are also known to
feed on wild pigs, wild turkeys, and domestic livestock. A cougar
will usually occupy a range of 25 miles and they are most active
at night.
Virtually none of the study area is attractive to white-
tail deer, a principle prey species of the cougar. Furthermore,
none of the study area represents deep forest, the preferred
habitat of this species. BIOLOGICAL CONCLUSION: The project willl
not impact this species.
?Q

Glauccmvs sabrinus cclcratus (northern _lying squir= E
Animal Family: Sciurdi ae
Date Listed: 7/1/85
Distribution in N.C.: Avery, Buncombe, Graham, Maywood, Jackson,
McDowell, Mitchell, Swain, Transylvania, Watauga,
Yancey.
The northern flying squirrel is widely distributed in
northern North America and was not Known to exist on the east
coast south of New York until- Well into the 20t_") centur`r.
are several isolated populations of the northern f'Vi1g sa- rre"
in the western part of North Carolina, along the Tennessee border.
These pcpul ations are in Yancey and aY?t/C0? counties and t e
vicinity of Mt. i?:tC Hell
The northerr 47 _1_74
_ sq __rel is a small d_ng .eder - , that
measures 2t?-31 c; . in tot,__ _engt h an 95-140 gm it Freight .
This squ-L l=ei has Ez, L a?"ge well furrad flap of skin alon-g e't'_"'er
side of __ts body, this flap of skin _.S connected at the 'I _'S__
the front and at the ankle in the rear. The s'.zin flaps and its
r;road flattened tall allow the northern =lying squirrel to c__de
J
_rom tree to tree. It is a solely nocturnal animal w4L--:n l :rcfe
dark eyes. Juvenile SCuirrels have a uniform dark grey back and
an ' O -E Tf- w i: t .. i ° a rd er s i d e A d'.:. ' _ t s au i rre1 S a = ^e c?a __- a c t e r 5 -_ _ C -
n ?... _ _ _
:rey a roi"Tni , `an, or r e d d s ',,iasii On t1:e Inac11 , anO c
grayis_.-w=i=te .-o 'b u-fy white underside.
This squirrel is found above 5,000 feet in t c <'°tut_on
transition zone between hardwood and coniferous fores-s.BotIn
forest types are used to search for food and the hardwood forest
is used for nesting sites. Northern flying squirrels feed on
lichens, fungi, seeds, buds, fruit, Staminate cones, iT'iSeCtS, and
animal flesh. The northern flying S gUirrel occupies tree
cavities, woodpecker =soles and less often leaf nests in the
The
winter. Leaf rests are most often occupied in the summer.
inside o- t hei _ nests is li red with lichens, moss, or f inelY
chewed bark. A West Virginia study has preliminary results that
show the use of burrows by northern flying squirrels.
No suitable habitat for this species occurs in the study
area. No boreal forests, or high elevation forests are located in
the vicinity of the project. BIOLOGICAL CONCLUSION: The project
will not impact this species.
Myotis sodalis (Indiana bat) E
Animal Family: Vespert'Llionidae
Date Listed: 3/11/67
Distribution in N.C.: Jackson, Mitchell, Rutherford, Swain.
Myotis sodalis range is centered around cavernous limestone
regions in the eastern United States. They range from the western
edge of the Ozark Mountains in Oklahoma north to southern
Wisconsin, east to Vermont, and south down the Appalachian
Mountains to northern Alabama.
20
Adult. Indiana rats are tile smallest bats _-Found western
North Carolina. They measure 7.5 cm -'in length and weighs 1/8 -1/4
ounce. Several characteristics can be used to distinguish them
from other bats; the hair on the feet is short and does not extend
past the tips of the claws, the tali membrane is attached to -he
base of the keel, and the calcar (cartilaginous spur from one bats
heel which helps support tail or interfemoral membrane) is keeled.
The Indiana bats dorsal fur is brown _n color and the 'ien-ral fair
is lighter with a cinnamon hue.
Winter habitat is in caves and abandoned .; `nes :hat usua"y
has Standin,i7 water on tine floor, called h ibernacu'a. They CO =n-O
their hibernacu'a in September or 'Jovemoer and stay :.here ?l- th
4 4.
Le° ter.°-rF' _n - is c'- c.: ::
occaS_Cile.' r,er4ols oJ_
early May. r!.berrat` o'i on' y oc-l rs in regions t"i''hers _
te-Der = ?u_ es are s ,., ble ar'd _ angle from :-S degrees _e' _ _us .
Lit- is kno,,gn o_ the Summer hab-,at o= the -_-d_ar ?a7. i- _s
thought that they disperse t ro?ughou;. t ;ante and seer: t _e
summer foraging a' once over streams or along forest :riargins .
Females s-cend the summer in maternity cclenieS that contain from
50 t0 _ _'_:d=v'_dua' s . Whey have been found under _'o-se bark cn
read and _=Ving trees along small to medi',.im-SiZed streams.
Optimum foraging is over streams Frith mature riparian vegetation.
OV2rhanCi_ the water b v more than ? metes •7 . S Creams that have
been stripp ed of tiler _ 1pari an vegetation do nct _ape__ O Of _ er
suitable foraging habitat-. Rivers as forac-na areas and as
migration routes are extremely important to tills species.
No suitable habitat for this species occurs in the project
vicinity. Neither caves, nor limestone substrates, nor thick
riparian vegetation is found in the study area. BIOLOGICAL
C01,7CLUSION: The project will not impact the species.
HYbo-osiS monacha (spot-fin chub? T
Animal Family: Cyprinidae
Data Listed. 9/9/77/
Distribution in N.C.: Macon, Swain
The spotfin chub once ranged in the upper Tennessee River
system, from Alabama to Virginia and North Carolina. Presently it
is restricted to the Little Tennessee River drainage system in
Swain and Macon Counties. It is only found in the lower North
Fork of the Holston River in Virginia and Tennessee, the Emory
River System in western Tennessee, and the upper Little Tennessee
River System in North Carolina.
The spotfin chub is a small minnow that grows 92 ::m in total
length. This species is olive green above with silversides and
the females are whitish below. The :Hales have a brilliant
turquoise blue coloring on their backs, sides of the head, and
mid-lateral part of the body, fins are tipped with white during
peak development. Males and females are both characteried by a
prominent black spot on the lower part of the caudal _
2?
J
- - ---= a LS T:ode= a e ' C lar'1e streams, -?'v rS
These streams should have a good current-, clear `Tate-,
warm temperatures, and pools alternat`_ng rZf_les. "Mec_:,,ens
have been taken from a variet-y of substrates but
SZgnif? can__y silted Subs tra:.es. LZt:._e _S '--nown o_ ne _-4,
cycle and reprod1cte cycle ?n the spot fin chub. ':. s?o;._I n
chub feeds on insect larvae. It S considered to be _. "sj y. t
feeder" that se_ect-S its prey of_ o- c_ean sul--)st-. tea.
None o= _he aquatic ??nes in he _' udarea su?tab=s
h.S species. SZ_ T S'1 S _ reS doni'nate a-rd n^o S?r-^ _5 loca:ea.
Zn the Stu':y area ''/._(' pooh, aIternatZhg 1 +14 1- 1, 4 -C _;Ss.
10=0G_C .Ci CLTS OAT: This species sill" not be impacted b - _he
prCpoSe action
MesoCdon c_ar:-,i nan?ai -a cond"a_ cn a=_) T
An_ma_ F c.li•._ _ y . Po l ygyr idaa-
Date Listed. 1/3/80
D-StrZbution in T.C. . wa_n.
The nOOlda'T Snail _% .O')^' o" ^?aL ?Y a'l_. 1 Gor^e near
J
t =e inCt.C _ ^i Sj'7 4- , Ciie=oke=, uhd Macon OOun _J_ __. she COigc
it is found from vegetation level with the roadside to Several
rd_--eo e ..-D t-1 ?_ . _ ^^e The sn? -s only _r_.-al- ..wo
mile sec t_oc_ of :e gorge o ?e ncrth-faci._,_f cl_ f.. .:.'_-gi- 1 . S .
19, South c? Wesser, . .. e noonday sna_l has a rela" -ely s? ? ?l and
dome shaved she-- with a rounded 1--w sp.e. The shell as
whorls and is ayoss T b'ro,.ai n? s_?-v_ e_1 ow. T_ ? measures :? - _8 MM W4_ e
and only 11 mmrhigh.
The noonday snail typical'v lives under -cgs and _ea_ ?ta
on rocky slopes or in wet ravines. The iata:gala gorge i- forested
and shady, with exposed roc'. (some Calcareous) and an : usual_y
thick aver of humus. Snails can be found on surface vegetatrion
during ;alarm rains and are act_ve• during day' r yist aN : n4a- 4 me .
_ Oo ?.:iu ae r 3•• +?a r p e Q D .. '7 p g e t w _- r, '? ' + f .N "t c, al m [ r G i - . Z" =aZi S are
_ ._S u'u ,? a
thought to become sexual'_v :nature i n one vear , breed _n the ea._ lv
summer, and :ray live for another winter.
The study area of the project is close (Several .ales) to the
known range of the noonday snail; however, habitats in the study
area are potentially suitable for this species. Informal
discussions with Mr. John Alderman, NCWRC biologist confirms that
on-site surveys should be conducted in May to confirm/refute its
occurrence in the study area. BIOLOGICAL CONCrUS,ON: Can not rule
out impacts to this species until surveys are completed in spring.
pegias fabu_a (little tying pearly mussel) E
Date Listed: considered 6/22/84
Distribution in N.C.: Cherokee, Macon, Swain.
li:i
The 1Zttle wing. pearly mussel was once found ...__ou ou_ ti
smaller tr?butarzes of the upper Cumberland and Tennessee River
basins _n Alabama, Kentt;-_.:y, North Carol _i= ?l?rcin_a, a ?

5A
ennessee. 10?^1 this SveC=mss _S rE?7ed to be S= sev_n
Stream 'reaches; `Our in Kentucky one _n 1'nrE?-e----, an! 1_1
?. co ._
l cti cn o Pea as
Virginia. I' _ e as reort ed North Carrolina i l =,
?
_ _ ee .._ r o?e o Court.. ?..
fabu1a was pr?.or to "_9' 8 f r orn , vat =e y 1 C_r Ee .?1
is now considered extirpated in North Carolina.
Pea=as faL la S a Small mussel that ra rel_' e:,ceeds 3 . 8 c,, L _engtn, 1 . 3 cm i v.;idt'_ , and 2 . 2 cm !11 gh. '_^e anterior
the she!! is even-1v rounded and Seri-C?rcula= . he = er_ oS cui:
_s usually eroded, giving the shell a chIa1l or as_:I -^7
4 4- 4 4-
ppearanCe. i -tie peri o StraC:, 1S pr2SE Green
yellowish-brown with dark rays on the anterior surface tnat
n wi'dt 1+ has z"lei _ ' ?EiO?EC' but- lncom= le..e h_nce ..e°..__ anr-"
the lateral :eeth are e-_ner .eS_ig, al o_ c 0M a °-?la --?---
mhe llte ?r14 ari- m'usse'l small to -11e._-':-_u- sized;
Streams ,•i1 th lOw ? lrbyd =' "_? • cooI %,'la-- e_ , aY CL _C? 1 ?O c:, S? _. _ a J. -n
gradient. `=" 1s :i1ii'sse_ can E f: u d bu - _SC
boulders and sl•abrock, ly ng on pop •o= :e subs t r a t _n _ `?'s
and nart._y :?i..rieC'' or on the S'vr=ace -D f h8 g lbs a a _n
-= ans- -' -r_ zone bets eel lore -co-'s and _I _ _ES . has `ter.
suggested hat the best _mes ?o f_rd th.s mussel re. yas
spring and, L n ?.-he !a--e Fall, when _ ney arE on top or partl_ r;urJ ad
in the su'. s ?ra?`: r dur_na spas?ining ; Ahls tedt _986, . ?i ? e is
presen?ly I-n-wr about the '_ tl_ ?^7peas r ... ?se? s ^Epr:,.?uC _"IE
C--cle and feeding Evidence suggests that olds _..s g_och
from Tii dsummer until the f..1-owing Spring and ther 'releases . hei r.
An unknown fish is thought to be _ Dart of its life cycle.
Streams in the study area are highly silted and turbid. None
of the streams are characterized as raving _•ools and,/or riffles.
BIOLOGICAL CONCLUSION: The project will not impact this species.
4.2.2 State Protected S-oecies
Plants or ar;mals state desrgnaticrs of 11d ange_ e d,
Threatened or Special Concern (SC) are granted a measure of
protection by the State Endangered Species Act (G.S. 113-33=
LO 113-337) and the State Plant Protection and Conservation
Act of 1979 (G.S. 196:106-202.12 to 106-202.19), administ°red
and enforced by the NCWRC and the NC Dept. of Agriculture,
respectively.
Records at the NC Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP) were
inspected but no recorded sightings of protected species have
been made for the study area or vicinity. Of tI1E federal
candidate species discussed in Section 4.2.3, the following
are designated as protected by the state of North Carolina.
23
-----------------------------------------------------
Table 4. State Protected Species in Swain Count,
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME STATUS HABITAT
Myotis subulatus leibii eastern small-foot bat SC No
Plecotus rafinesquii Rafinesque's big-ear bat SC No
Microtus chrotorrhinus
carolinensis southern rock vole SC No
Cryptobranchus allegani-
ensis he_lbender SC* No
Alasmidonta raveneliana Appalachian elktoe E No
Carex manhartii Manhart's sedge 2 No
Glyceria nubigena Smoky Mtn's manna grass T No
Gymnoderma lineare rock gnome lichen T No
Rugelia nudicaulis Rugel's ragwort T No
Shortia galacifolia Oconee-bells E-SC No
-------------------------------------------------------------
"E", "T" and "SC" denote Endangered (any native or once-
native species of plant or animal whose continued eHistence
as a viable component of the State's fauna or flora is in
jeapordy), Threatened (any native or once-native species of
plant or animal which is likely to become an Endangered
species in the foreseeable future) and Special Concern (any
species of plant or animal which require population
monitoring, but which may be collected and/or sold under
specific regulations). * denotes that no specimens ave been
found in Swain County in at least 20 years.
4.2.3 Federal Candidate Species
Federal candidate species are not protected by any laws,
including the ESA, but, any or all of these species could be
listed as Proposed,in the near future. Such listing would
obligate the NCDCT to insure that the species is not likely
to be impacted by the proposal. Data in the "Habitat" column
(Table 5) indicate whether suitable habitat for each species
is located in the project's study area.
24
a
-------------------------------------------------------------
Table 5. Federal Candidate Species Listed for Swain County
-------------------------------------------------------------
SCIENTIFIC NAME
Myotis subulatus leibii
Plecotus rafinesquii
Microtus chrotorrhinus
carolinensis
Cr_v_vtobranchus all e-
ganiensis
Percina squamata
Alasmidonta raveneliana
Microhexura montivaga
"Test_iCLIS cooperi
Sulonchus rear ialiciae
Phyciodes batesi
Speveria dian"?
Abies fraseri
Bazsania nudicauli.,
Cardamine clematitis
Carex imanhar t i i
Euphorbia puz-purea
Glyceria nubigena
Gymnoderma lineage
Jualans cinerea
kfnium carolinianum
jfcnotropsis odorata
Plagiochila s. var.
sullivantii
Rugelia nudicaulis
Saxifraga caroliniana
Shortia galacifol.ia
S.g. var. brevistyla
Silene ovata
Sphenolobcpsis peaz-soni
Vaccinium hirsutum
COMMON NAME STATUS iAETTAT
eastern small-foot bat ,,-,2 No
Rafinesque's big-ear bat C2 No
southern rock vole C2 '?O
hellbender C2* No
olive darter CL. Yes
Appalachian e'_kLOe C2 No
Spruce-fir moss spider C2 C.
os Nantanala cave sue, deg. C2 0
Manny Alice small-head C2 ?
army crescent butt r_ v ry 'acs
Dian fr?t_l_ar?j but?er_ly C2 Ye:
rases fir C2 No
a _liverwort PO
mountain bittercress C2* Yes
anhart's sedge C2 No
wolf's mil: spurge C2 Yes
Si:ioky Mtn' s manna grass C2 No
rock gno:e _ichen C2 N0
butternut C2 Yes
Carolina mnium r 2 ? C.
sweet pinesap C2 Yes
a liverwort C2* NO
Rugel's ragwort C2 No
Gray's saxifrage C2 Yes
Oconee-bells C2 No
short-styled Oconee wells C2 ?
mountain catch-fly C2 No
a liverwort C2* Nc
hair-%,,r blueberry C2 ?_'es
-------------------------------------------------------------
C2 denotes a taxon for which there is some evidence of
vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to
support listing as Endangered or Threatened at this time.
Listing is warranted but precluded by other pending proposals
of higher priority; * No county sightings in at least 20 yrs.
4.2.4 U.S. Forest Service P.E.T.S. Species
A right of entry authorization is necessary from the
USFS prior to construction. This requirement exists because
some right of way is owned by the USES. The USFS recently
informed the NCDOT that in order to secure a right of entry
to USFS lands, the NCDOT must first conduct archaeological
and natural resource investigations. The natural resource
investigations required include a general ecological survey
and a special investigation for P.E.T.S. species. P.
is a USFS acronym for Proposed, Endangered, Threatened, or
2 5
V,,
Sensitive Species, ?.E. .S. Species may be federally _iSE-ed
or state listed, protected or unprotected.
Over 100 species of plants and animals are listed as
P.E.T.S. species by the USFS for Swain County. A list of
these species is provided in the Appendix.
4.2.3 Summary of Anticipated Impacts
Impacts to the federally endangered noonday Snail can
not be ruled out at this time. Surveys will a`Te to be
conducted in May 1993. No surveys were conducted on behalf
of USFS P.F.T.S. species, nor was any attempt made to
evaluate habitat suitability for any of these species. r_
cooperative agreement is pending between the NCDOT and t ll-'9
USES, which will aut-hori?e USES biologists to ccnd1ct
P.E.T.S. _nVeStlgatiOnS for `?CDOT prO;ec?S '_T'_ areas O'?.ea by
-he USFS. ina_ization o_ -.his agreement, lhi ch will prov ae
for cost-si_aring between -otn agencies, -s expected i-n ±l-le
near future.
26
,(Mk
5.0 REFERENCES
American Ornithologists' Union. 1983. Check-list o. North
American Birds (6th ed.). Lawrence, Kansas, Allen
Press, Inc.
Environmental Laboratory. 1987. "Corps of Engineers
Wetlands Delineation Manual," Technical Report Y-87-1,
US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg, Miss.
Fish, F.F. 1968. A Catalog of the Inland Fishing Waters in
North Carolina. N.C.WRC., Raleigh
k. 19311. 'A
Lee, D.S., J.B. Funderburg, Jr. and `.i:. C arl m_
Distributional Survey of North Carolina Mammals.
Raleigh, North Carolina Museum of Natural History.
Martof, B.S., W.M. Palmer, J.R. Bailey and J.R. H-arriscn I=I.
1980. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Carolinas and
Vira? is Chapel Hil1, "he University of Ncrt h Carolina
press.
'enhenick, E.F. 1975. The Freshwater Fishes =f ?'i,^.rt
Carolina. llh ^arlotte, Press of the LT:iiversitl- cf 'north
Caro! ina at Charlotte.
NCDEHNR-DEM. 1988. 3enthic Macroir_vertebrate Am"-ient
Network (BMAN) Water Quality Revievi 1983-1986
11?CDEHNR-DEM. 1991. Biological Assessment of Water Quality
1
in ?orth Carolina 'Streams: Benwhi - Macrcin^vel-tebr-...s
Daa Base and Long Term Ganges In PYater Qua_;z:, _933-
.1
990.
CDEHiiR-DE :. _1991. "Classifications and Water Qua._ --
Standards Assigned to the ,Ala?ers of the Li?t_e Tennessee
River Basin". Raleigh, Department of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources.
11CWRC. 1990. "Endangered WJldl4fe of North Caro=
Raleigh, ??orth Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission.
Plant Conservation Program. 1991. "List of North Carolina's
Endangered, Threatened and Candidate Plant Species".
Raleigh, North Carolina Department of Agriculture.
Potter, E._., J.F. Parnell and R.P. Teuyyngs. 1980. Birds
of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, The University of North
Carolina Press.
Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles and G.R. Bell. 1968. Manual of
the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, The
University of North Carolina Press.
Schafale, M.F. and A.S. Weakley. 1990. Classifica - of
the Natural Communities of North Carolina-Third
Approximation. Raleigh, Department of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources.
Scientific Council on Freshwater and Terrestrial Mollusks.
1990. A Report on the Conservation Status of North
Carolina's Freshwater and Terrestrial molluscan Fauna.
Webster, W.D., J.F. Parnell and W.C. Biggs. 1985. Mammals
of the Carolinas, Virginia and Maryland. Chapel Hill,
The University of North Carolina Press.
x
n m SPECIES FOR SWAIN COUNTY
(ANIMALS)
SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME
Canis rufus
Felis concolor cougaur
Claucomys sabrinus
coloratus
Microtus chrotorrhinus
carolinensis
Myotis grisescens
M. sodalis
M. subulatus leibii
Neotoma floridana haamatoreia
Plecotus rarinesquii
P. townsendii virginianus
Sorex palustris punctulatus
Sylvilagus transitionalis
Acciniter aentilis
fendroica cerulea
Falco perigrinus anatum
Lanius ludovicianus migrans
Thryomanes be ;ecki_ altos
Clemmys munlenbergi
Pituophis melanoleucus
melanoleucus
Aneides aeneus
Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
Eurycea junaluska
Necturus maculosus
Acipenser fulvescens
Aplodinotus grunniens
Cottus carolinae
Cyprinella monacha
Etheostoma acuticeps
E. vulneratum
Hybopsis rubifrons
Lampetra appendix
Notropis chysocephalus
Noturus flavus
Percina burtoni
P. caprodes
P. macrocephala
P. sciera
P. squamata
Phenacobius teretulus
Polyodon spathula
Elimia iterrupta
Mesodon clarki nantahala
Alasmidonta raveneliana
A. varicosa
A. viridis
Fusconaia barnesiana
red wolf
eastern cougar
Carolina northern flying
squirrel
southern rock vole
gray bat
Indiana bat
eastern small-footed bat
STATUS
i? STATUS
FEDERAL STATE
E E
eastern woodrat
Rafinesque`s big-eared bat
Virginia big-eared bat
southern water shrew
New England cottcntail
northern goshawk
cerulean warbler
American peregrine falcon
loggerhead shrike
Appalachian bey. ick wren
1,. turtle
northern pine snake
green salamander
elibender
Junaluska salamander
mudpuppy
lake sturgeon
freshwater drum
banded sculpin_
spotfin chub
snarpnead darter
wounded darter
rosyface chub
American brook lamprey
stripped shiner
stonecat
blotched logpercb
logpercn
longhead darter
dusky darter
olive darter
Kanawha minnow
paddlefish
'.snotty elimia
noonday
Appalachian eiktoe mussel
brook floater
slipper she!! mussel
Tennessee pigtce
C2
E
C2
C2
C2
C
C2
C2
C2
C2
C`
C2
C2
C2
C2
C2
C2
C2
C2
C2
T
C2
E
SC
P.
SC
S C
SC
Ji
SC
SR
SR
S"
L
T
0 n
SC
SC
SC
PSC
PT
DT
T
DT
PSC
PT
PT
PT
PE
D^
P T
PE
PE
E
1
E
Al

Lasmigona holstonia
L. subviridus
pegias rabul a
Strophitus undulates
Villosa vanuxemensis
Nesticus cooperi
Phyciodes batesi
,peyeria diana
S. idalia
Tennesee hee_sp itter C2 -
green floater - E
little-wing pearly masse' E E
squawfoot - T
mountain creepshell - T
lost Nantahala cave spider C2 SR
tawny crescent butterfly C2 SR
Diana fritillary butterfly C2 S-21
regal fritillary butterfly C2 SIR
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: E. T, SC, SR, S!, PE, PT, PSC denote Endangered, Threatened,
PS
Special Concern, Significantly Rare, Critically imperilled in NC,
Proposed (Endangered, Threatened, Special Concern), respectively.
This list provided by US^S on/about 5/20/92.
A2
v
7 r/?TTXTn
P. E.T.S. SPECIE FOR SWA I N; 1.0V.. Y
PLr`."TTS
SCIE=NTIFIC SAME
Abies fraseri
Anastroph v11um saxicola
Arabis patens
Bazzania nudicaulis
Botrychium matsicari4folium
Brachydontium trichodes
Buc,I,.-leya uistichophlla
Cardamine clematitis
Carer cr_statella
?. ?eptGnervia
projecta
trisperma
Cis riper yllum piliferu:
L_centra exym.Za
ichodontium pellucidum,
1t.prlcrbia purpurea
Gl_viceria nubiaena
Gvmnoderma lineare
Hygrchy?prum C10Steri
Ilex co_7_l ina
Jualans cZnerea
Leptodontium e;celsum
:r. flexZ"014U1"7
Liatris squarrulosa
Lilium philadelphicum
Liparis lcaselii
Lonicera canadensis
Mill.um affusum
"?OnCtrCpSiv odorata
N,ardia scalar-is ss"), scalaris
Orthvdontium Dellucens
Panax trifcllus
Pheaopteris connectilis
Plagiochila austini-I
P. corniculata
P. sharpii
P. sullivant ii var. s.
Plagiomnium carolinianum
Platanthera peramoena
Poa palustris
Prenanthes roanensis
Rubus Idaius ssp. strigosus
Scopelophila ligulata
Shortia galacifolia
Silene ovata
Sphenolobopsis pearsonii
Stachys clingmanii
Stellaria corei
Streptopcs amplexifeliuG
COMMON NAME STATUS
FEDERAL ST E
Fraser fir C2 W
a liverwort - C
spreadyng rCCriCr e s s - C
_Verwort C2 C
a _
daisey-' eaf mcon,•rort - SR
pea'.: ,:oss - C
Diratebush C2 _
mountain bittercress C2 C
Small Crested sedge - SR
a i•7Cod sedge -
necklace sedge - C

___ee-seeded se?dce
t'
-
SR
a TCSS - ??
b'eea'nn nears
_y - R
a moss - SR
glade spurge C3 C
smoky mtn manna grass C2
rock gnome lichen (1
71
C=osier s Brock ? ._.,.r ... - SR
_cng-s tae L.. ?_ ? .. . m

e-: nu
Dui
;x:
?27randf ath^er
?a_e-margined 1. - tiE
Earl's blazing star - SR
wood lil,' - C
fen orchid - C
American-f1,7 ^onevsuckle - SR
millet-grass
-
sweet = ?.esa: ?? C
a liverwort - C
translucent 0. -
dwarf ginseng
nort kern beef, fern - C

a _iverwcrt t,
a liverwort - C
a liverwort CZ C
a liverwort C2 C
Carolina mnium C2
purple fringeless orchid - C
swamp bluegrass - SR
Roan rattlesnake root - SR
red raspberry - SR
copper moss - SR
Oconee bells C2 E-SC
mountain catchfly C2 C
a liverwort C2 C
C'_ingman's hedge-nettle - C
Core's starwort - SR
white Mandarin - C
A3
;Tnanara h?spldula sy^andra 3C C
Thaspium pinnatifi.dum mountain thaspium - SR
Trillium flexipes bent white trillium - C
T. simile sweet white trillium - SR
Vaccinium hirsutum hairy blueberry - C
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Ncte: E, SC, SR, S1, PE, PT, PSC, C, 3C, W denote Endangered,
Threatened, Special Concern, Significantly Rare, Critically
Imperilled in NC, Proposed (Endangered, Threatened, Special
Concern), candidate, Candidate-3C and Watch List, respectively.
This list provided by USrSS on/about 7/22/92.
T• :1
n W
r R

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
JAMES B. HUNT, JR.
GowmoR
DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
P.O. BOX 25201, RALEIGH, N.C. 27611-5201
July 30, 1993
MEMORANDUM TO:
ATTENTION:
FROM:
Schenck Cline, Unit Head
Project Planning Unit
R. SAMUEL HUNT III
SECRETARY
Joe Foutz, P.E., Project Planning Engineer
Janet L. Shipley, Environmental Biologist
Environmental Unit
SUBJECT: Noonday Snail Survey Results for US 19/NC 28
to SR 1121 on NC 28, Swain County; TIP No.
A-9DA; State Project No. 8.3019122; Federal
Aid No. APD-12-1(22).
REFERENCE: Protected Species Survey Results, dated May
27, 1993; from John M. Alderman (Biologist,
NCWRC); survey conducted by Christopher
McGrath, Biologist, NCWRC).
Referenced report states that there was no evidence of
the presence of the noonday snail (Mesodon clarki nantahala),
nor habitats which resemble those where it does exist. There
is a very low probability that the noonday snail occupies the
area or surrounding areas of the proposed project. Based on
this information, no impacts to the noonday snail are
anticipated from project construction.
cc: V. Charles Bruton, Ph.D
M. Randall Turner, Environmental Supervisor

Archaeological
Improvements to NC 28
of US 19 near Almond to
over Fontana Lake, Swain
Survey Report
from the intersection
just west of the bridge
County, North Carolina
TIP A-9DA
by
Deborah Joy
Archaeologist
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL BRANCH
RALEIGH
May 1992
A
Archaeological Survey Report
Improvements to NC 28 from the intersection
of US 19 near Almond to just west of the bridge
over Fontana Lake, Swain County, North Carolina
TIP A-9DA
MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
The North Carolina Department of Transportation is
planning to improve NC 28 from the intersection of US 19 near
Almond to just west of the bridge over Fontana Lake in Swain
County, TIP A-9DA. The project consists of widening to five
lanes and constructing an additional two-lane bridge over
Fontana Lake.
U.S. Forest Service lands are involved in the
acquisition of additional right-of-way. To fulfill
procedures for compliance with Executive Order 11593, a
cultural resources survey was conducted to determine if any
significant archaeological resources would be affected by the
road improvements.
Survey work consisted of pedestrian inspection of the
ground surface and selective shovel testing in areas
considered to have potential for archaeological materials.
This resulted in finding no evidence of archaeological
material.
10 A
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MANAGEMENT SUMMARY ............................
1
INTRODUCTION .......................................... 1
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT •........••........" .. 3
PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH ...........••• " . . . . .. 4
..............
CULTURE HISTORY ...........••• ....' ... . 5
SURVEY METHODOLOGY ....................................
SURVEY RESULTS ..........•• ........' " 7
RECOMMENDATIONS ..........••......" ....REFERENCES ..........••• .......... .......
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1. Project location map 6
FIGURE 2. Area of inspection ............
ii

Archaeological Survey Report
Improvements to NC 28 from the intersection
of US 19 near Almond to just west of the bridge
over Fontana Lake, Swain County, North Carolina
TIP A-9DA
INTRODUCTION
The North Carolina Department of Transportation has
plans to improve NC 28 in Swain County (TIP A-9DA). NC 28 is
a paved two-lane road with planned improvements for the
widening and paving to five lanes and constructing an
additional two-lane bridge on a previous bridge location
north of the existing bridge. The proposed right-of-way for
acquisition varies from 300 to 400 feet.
Plans begin construction at the intersection of US 19
and continue north-northwest for a distance of 1.5 miles.
The proposed improvement requires acquisition of 3384 feet of
right-of-way in the Nantahala National Forest, Cheoah Ranger
District and the remainder adjoins privately owned property.
To fulfill U.S. Forest Service procedures for compliance
with Executive Order 11593, an archaeological assessment of
the project was conducted on April 29, 1992 by North Carolina
Department of Transportation (NCDOT) staff archaeologist
Deborah Joy. This work was performed to locate
archaeological sites and to make recommendations in order to
ensure that important and significant cultural resources are
not adversely impacted during the road improvement project.
Pedestrian survey and sursurface testing resulted in
finding no evidence of archaeological materials. Therefore,
no further investigation is necessary.
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Swain County is located in the northwestern corner of
North Carolina and borders Tennessee and the Great Smoky
Mountains National Park. It lies in the Blue Ridge
physiographic province of the Appalachian Mountains. The
topography is steep high ridges separated by narrow fertile
valleys. This area has moderate climate and heavy rainfall.
Swain County is drained by the Little Tennessee, Nantahala,
Oconaluftee and Tuckasegee Rivers. All drainage flows
westward and empties into the Tennessee River. Fontana Lake
was formed in 1945 by damming the waters of the Little
Tennessee, Nantahala and Tuckasegee Rivers. The project area
lies to the north of Siles Branch, a tributary of the
Nantahala River, and crosses Fontana Lake near the project
end (Figure 1).
s
The project area is geologically associated with the
Blue Ridge Belt with deposits of clastic metasedimentary and
metavolcanic rocks (Daniels et al. 1984; North Carolina
Geological Survey 1991). Soils in the project area are
Talladega silt loam with slopes of 30 to 60 percent (Perkins
and Gettys 1951:45; Stuckey and Conrad 1958). Forest cover
is predominantly beech, birch, maple and hemlock.
PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Early work in the Appalachain Summit (Kroeber 1963) of North Carolina began with mound explorations (Heye
he 1919;
Thomas 1894). Summaries of the archaeology o
Appalachian Summit are by Dickens (1976), Keel (1976) and
Purrington (1983). Dickens and Keel review the history of
archaeological studies in the region from the early mound
explorations of the 1880s and 90s to their own research
undertaken at the University of North Carolina Cherokee
Archaeological Project in the 1960s and 1970s. Purrington
reviews this work and includes more recent archaeological
studies in the northern Appalachian Summit. He also reports
on the many smaller surveys that have been done as part of
environmental impact assessments of federally funded projects
in the region.
The UNC Cherokee Archaeological Project recorded over
one thousand archaeological sites along drainages and in the
uplands of the Appalachian Summit of North Carolina.
Excavation of some major sites resulted in defining the
archaeological cultures present in the region (Dickens 1976,
1978; Keel 1976).
More recent work in Swain County includes excavations at
the Slipoff Branch site (Purrington 1981) and the Ela site
(Wetmore 1990), as well as several surveys (Baker 1982;
Hollingsworth 1978; Miller 1976; Rogers 1985a; Ward 1976).
Surveys conducted in the Nantahala National Forest include
work through the North Carolina Department of Transportation
and the Federal Highway Administration (Padgett 1985, 1986,
1989; Rogers 1983, 1985b) and the U.S. Forest Service (Baker
1981; Purrington 1976; Snedeker 1986). other areas of work
are the Great Smoky Mountains (Bass 1977; Ehrenhard 1980;
McPherson 1936) and the Cherokee Indian Reservation (Baker
1979, 1980; Dorwin 1975; Ward 1979).
2
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e !`.I aev..,3po
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FIGURE 1. Project location map, NCDOT Swain County
road map.
3
Previous archaeological research within the project
boundaries includes survey work for a borrow pit (31Swl59) on
the west side of NC 28 (Snedeker 1986), improvements to
Almond Boat Road/SR 1303 (Padgett 1989) and a section of the
proposed US 19 corridor connecting Chattanooga with Asheville
(Garrow 1981). Two surveys in the project vicinity recorded
a site (31Sw215) approximately 200 feet north of the NC 28/US
19 intersection (Padgett 1987) and mentioned a "site in an
adjacent garden plot" associated with the transfer of Tract
N-707 (Barber 1981).
CULTURE HISTORY
The earliest documented occupation of the Appalachian
Summit of North Carolina isreferred to as the Paleo-Indian
Period (10,000 - 7500 BC) that occurred at the end of the
last glacial advance. Cultural materials recovered from
Paleo-Indian sites suggest that early inhabitants hunted
Pleistocene fauna and foraged in nomadic bands. The presence
of Clovis or fluted projectile points have been recorded in
many upland locations. Hardaway and Dalton projectile
points, generally associated with Late Paleo-Indian to Early
Archaic area found occasionally (Perkinson 1971, 1973).
The warming environmental change that occurred between
the Pleistocene and the Holocene resulted in cultural
adaptation referred to as the Archaic Period (7500 - 700 BC).
This transition is marked by diagnostic cultural materials
used to exploit the resources of temperate forests. The
Archaic Period has three divisions defined primarily by
changes in stemmed projectile point styles. The Archaic
lifestyle is generally characterized by a dependence on
fishing, hunting and gathering with increased sedentism.
In the North Carolina Appalachian Summit, Archaic sites are
typically found in the upland hills, floodplains and on the
banks of small streams (Bass 1977).
The development of pottery and the bow and arrow are
distinctive elements of the Woodland Period (700 BC - AD
1000). These cultures are further marked by population
growth, permanent settlements and a subsistence on hunting
and gathering mixed with agriculture. Sites are found on
fertile bottomland as well as on upland locations.
The Mississippian Period (AD 1000 - 1540) is noted for
complex societies organized in chiefdoms, platform mounds
associated with a public plaza, religious ceremonialism, an
economy based on maize and other cultigens and houses
constructed of wattle-and-daub.
This is followed by the Qualla Phase (AD 1450 - 1838)
that represents the Cherokee culture and ends with the Indian
Removal of 1838. One of the temporary stockades, Fort
4
Lindsay, built for the removal of the Cherokee was located at
the confluence of the Little Tennessee and the Nantahala
River (Mooney 1982:221). This location is north of the
project area and probably submerged under Fontana Lake.
Early historical accounts of the Cherokee by Bartram in 1791
(Van Doren 1928) describe cabins that reflect European
influence and cultivated crops of corn and beans. Historical
and archaeological research (Riggs 1988:94) has identified
the location of the Panther Reservation that was located 1.7
km southwest of the intersection of US 19 and NC 28, the
project beginning. This 640-acre claim borders Little
Tennessee River and was held from 1819 to 1824. Also
identified were two Swain County reservations overlooking the
Tuckaseegee River.
By the mid-1830s the Swain County, at that time part of
Jackson and Macon Counties, lands was surveyed. This
coincided with the signing of the New Echota Treaty in 1835
that obtained all Cherokee territory east of the Mississippi.
Swain County was formed in 1871 (Corbitt 1950). By this
time,. the migration of European settlers had increased
dramatically. The early settlements of Swain County were
farmsteads working crops of rye, oats, wheat and tobacco. By
the late nineteenth century industries focused on the natural
resources of the area and exploited the forests and mineral
deposits of the area.
SURVEY METHODOLOGY
The project area was inspected on April 29, 1992 by
North Carolina Department of Transportation staff
archaeologist Deborah Joy. At this time the following
disturbances were noted: evidence of alteration to the
natural contour of the land along NC 28 especially in the
area of the road approach for the previous bridge and a
borrow pit was located at the northeast quadrant of the
intersection of NC 28 and SR 1301.
Areas with potential for prehistoric and historic site
locations were covered by pedestrian survey and selective
shovel testing in areas of low ground visibility (Figure 2).
Areas with very low probability for archaeological site
locations, such as lands disturbed by modern development,
steep slopes, wetlands and narrow stream floodplains were
excluded.
Shovel tests were approximately 50 x 50 cm and were
excavated to bedrock level. All fill for shovel tests was
dry screened through 1/4 inch mesh hardware cloth.
5
i .
211
pub v, _
project ? location ;
c If
?? ti ?.? ?% _ ? % ? ? 754• \ p ??i:/ ? ,? / ? '?/` ,'? ??
\ :` Grv \ U31 v 8Nt ESR 7? ?' I ??_
t 'V \( Cl _BMlRP4l6??
SIlE
aver
'es
NJ, Z!
M FSR 82 <? -
117.2.2 Euchelta-Ch °r o gQtn -`_
j l'
927
J V lL? "r _ // ?edtTef
?r
?• / -
O Ili l.. / .:- // .?/` ?-/' , -
1 SCALE 1:24 000
1 2 0 1 MILE
1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET
1 .5 0 1 KILOMETER
11 FIGURE 2. Area of inspection, 1961 USGS Wesser
topographic quadrangle, 7.5 minute series.
6
SURVEY RESULTS
Pedestrian survey
right-of-way failed to
Shovel tests revealed
overlaying bedrock.
RECOMMENDATIONS
and shovel testing within the proposed
discover any archaeological deposits.
10-15 cm of reddish brown soil
The archaeological inspection of NC 28 resulted in
finding no evidence of archaeological Nde osits.con Therefore,
the proposed plans to widen and pave
onbridge
two-lane bridge on a previous
archaeologicalhsitesethat are
determined to have no
on or have been determined to be eligible for nomination to
the National Re ister of Historic Places. No further
archaeological work is recommended.
7

REFERENCES
Baker, C.
1979 Michael
An Intensive Archaeological Reconnaissance on
the Qualla Reservation, Cherokee, North
Carolina. On file, North Carolina Department
d
of Cultural Resources, Division of Archives an
Raleigh.
l
ogy,
History, Office of State Archaeo
at Goose Creek Treatment
1980 Archaeological Survey
On file, North Carolina
Plant Alternate.
.
Department of Cultural Resources, Division of
Archives and History, Office of State
Archaeology, Raleigh.
Archaeological Investigation of Areas included
1982 in the Cherokee 201 Facility Plan. On file,
North Carolina Department of Cultural
Resources, Division of Archives and History,
Office of State Archaeology, Raleigh.
Barber, Michael
1981 Proposed Exchange Area on Nantahala River,
Tract N707, Swain County. On file, North US
Forest Service, Southern Region, Asheville.
Bass, Quentin R. II
1977 Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence Patterns
in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park,
Swain, Jackson and Haywood Counties. On file,
North Carolina Department of Cultural
Resources, Division of Archives and History,
Office of State Archaeology, Raleigh.
Corbitt, David L.
1950 Formation of the North Carolina Counties.
Department of Archives and History. Raleigh.
Daniels, R.B., H.J. Kleiss, S.W. Buol, H.J. Byrd and
J.A. Phillips
1984 Soil Systems in North Carolina. North Carolina
A ricultural Research Service Bulletin 467.
North Carolina State University, Raleigh.
Dickens, Roy
1976 Cherokee Prehistory. University of Tennessee
Press, Knoxville.
1978 Mississippian Settlement-Patterns in the
Appalachian Summit Area: The Pisgah an Qualla
Phases. In Mississippian Settlement Patterns
edited by Bruce D. Smith. Academic Press.
8
Y .
Dorwin, John T. Report: Warrior
1975 Archaeological Survey Rep
Woodcrafts building, Cherokee, Swain County,
North Carolina. On file, North Carolina
Department of Cultural Resources, Division of
Archives and History, Office of State
Archaeology, Raleigh.
Ehrenhard, John E.
1980 Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Survey of
Deep Creek and Tunnel Area, North Carolina.
On file, North Carolina Department of Cultural
Resources, Division of Archives and History,
Office of State Archaeology, Raleigh.
Garrow, Patrick H.
1981 Archaeological Survey and Evaluation ofto
Proposed US 19 from St. Andrews Bypass
NC 28, Cherokee, Graham and Swain Counties,
North Carolina (State Project Nos. A-8 and
A-9). On file, North Carolina Department of
Cultural Resources, Division of Archives andHistory, Office of State Archaeology, Raleigh.
Heye, G.G. ood County, North
1919 Certain Mounds in Hayw
Carolina. Contributions from the Museum of the
American Indian, Heye Foundation 5(3).
Hollingsworth, Ken
Connelly
1978 Cultural Resources Reconnaissance, Co North
Creek Complex, Swain County. on file, Carolina Department of Cultural Resources,
Division of Archives and History, Office of
State Archaeology, Raleigh.
Keel, Bennie C. A Study of the
1976 Cherokee Archaeology:
it. University of Tennessee.
Appalachian Summ
Kroeber, Alfred L.
1963 Cultural and natural areas of native North
America. Universit of California Publications
in American Archaeology and Ethnology 38.
University of California Press, Berkeley.
McPherson, George A.
1936 Record of Initial Investigations for
Archaeological Sites in Certain Sections of
the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Swain
and Haywood Counties. On file, North Carolina
Department of Cultural Resources, Division of
Archives and History, Office of State
Archaeology, Raleigh.
9
1 .
Miller, Peter S.
1976 Cultural Resources Reconnaissance: Swain County
community services building, on file, North
Carolina Department of Cultural Resources,
Division of Archives and History, Office of
State Archaeology, Raleigh.
Mooney, James
1982 Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of
the Cherokees. Elder Booksellers Publishers,
Nashville.
North Carolina Department of Transportation
1991 Swain County road map.
North Carolina Geological Service (NCGS)
1991 Generalized Geologic Map of North Carolina.
1958 Geologic Map of North Carolina.
Padgett, Thomas J.
1985 Archaeological Study, Bridge 20 over the
Tuckasegee River on US 19, Swain County,
TIP B-1400. On file, North Carolina Department
of Cultural Resources, Division of Archives and
History, Office of State Archaeology, Raleigh.
1986 Supplemental Archaeological Study, Bridge 20
over Tuckasegee River on US 19, Swain County,
TIP B-1400. On file, North Carolina Department
of Cultural Resources, Division of Archives and
History, Office of State Archaeology, Raleigh.
1987 Archaeological Study, US 19 from Little
Tennessee River to NC 28, Swain County,
TIP A-6. On file, North Carolina Department of
Cultural Resources, Division of Archives and
History, Office of State Archaeology, Raleigh.
1989 Improvement to Secondary Road 1301, Almond Boat
Road. Memorandum on file, United States Forest
Service, Southern Region, Asheville.
Perkins, S.O. and William Gettys
1951 Soil Survey of Swain County, North Carolina.
United States Department of Agriculture,
Soil Conservation Service (USDA SCS)
Perkinson, Phil
1971 North Carolina Fluted Projectile Points, Survey
Report Number One. Southern Indian Studies 23.
1973 North.Carolina Fluted Projectile Points, Survey
Report Number Two. Southern Indian Studies 25.
10
-1 -
Purrington,
1976 Burton L.
An Archaeological Reconnaissance of the N-645
Tract, Nantahala National Forest, near the head
of Connelly Creek, Swain County, North
Carolina. On file, North Carolina Department
of Cultural Resources, Division of Archives and
History, Office of State Archaeology, Raleigh.
1981 Archaeological Investigations at the Slipoff
site
e Cam
lt
p
ur
Branch Site, A Morrow Mountain Cu
in Swain County, North Carolina. North
l Council Publication 15.
i
1983 ca
Carolina Archaeolog
Ancient Mountaineers: An Overview of the
'
s
Prehistoric Archaeology of North Carolina
f
Western Mountain Region. In The Prehistory o
this and
M
a
North Carolina edited by Mark A.
North Carolina Division of
Jeffrey Crow.
Archives and History, Raleigh.
Riggs, Bret
1988 t H.
An Historical and Archaeological Reconnaissance
of Citizen Cherokee Reservations in Macon,
Swain and Jackson Counties, North Carolina.
Department of Anthropology, University of
Tennessee.
Rogers, Anne Frazer
1983 Description of Six Tests made along the
Proposed Relocation Route of Big Creek Road in
Swain County. On file, North Carolina
Division of
Department of Cultural Resources,
Archives and History, Office of State
Archaeology, Raleigh.
Results of Archaeological Tests Conducted
1985a adjacent to Big Cove Road, Swain County,
North Carolina. On file, North Carolina
f
Department of Cultural Resources, Division o
Archives and History, Office of State
Archaeology, Raleigh.
An Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Water
1985b and Sewer Lines near Deep Creek, Swain County,
North Carolina. On file, North Carolina
Department of Cultural Resources, Division of
Archives and History, Office of State
Archaeology, Raleigh.
Snedeker,
1986 Rodney
Cultural Resources Survey for the Proposed
Almond Point Borrow Area, Wayah Ranger
District, Nantahala Nation Forest, Swain
County, North Carolina. Interim Report.
On file, North Carolina Department of Cultural
Resources, Division of Archives and History,
Office of State Archaeology, Raleigh.
11
0 -1 V. `
Stuckey, Jasper L. and Stephen G. Conrad
1958 Explanatory Text for Geologic Map of North
Carolina, Bulletin 71, North Carolina
Department of Conservation and Development,
Raleigh.
Thomas, Cyrus
1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of Bureau of
Ethnology. Smithsonian Institution Press.
Ward, Trawick
1976
Archaeological survey and evaluation of the
d
t
an
Highlands water systems improvement projec
f the
the swimming pool complex component o
Swain County recreation park master plan in
Bryson City. On file, North Carolina
Division of
Department of Cultural Resources,
Archives and History, Office of State
Archaeology, Raleigh.
A Report on Recent "Salvage" Archaeology at
1979 Nununyi, Sw3, Swain County. On file, North
Carolina Department of Cultural Resources,
Office of
Division of Archives and History,
State Archaeology, Raleigh.
United States Geological Survey (USGS)
er Quadrangle 7.5 minute series
W
1961 ess
(topographic).
Van Doren, Ma
1928 rk (editor)
Travels of William Bartram. Dover
Publications, New York.
Wetmore, Ruth Y.
1990 The Ela Site (31Sw5): Archaeological Data
Recovery of Connestee and Qualla Phase
the East Elementary School Site,
Occupations at
Swain County, North Carolina. On file, North
Carolina Department of Cultural Resources,
f
Division of Archives and History, Office o
State Archaeology, Raleigh.
12
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STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF TMNSPORTATION
JAMES B. HUNT, JR. DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS R. SAMUEL HUNT III
GOVERNOR P.O. BOX 25201, RALEIGH. N.C. 27611-5201 SECRETARY
.September 17, 1993
Mr. Roy M. Davis I SEP 22 1993
Regional Supervisor
Department of Environment, Health' ATE nk e; Y
and Natural Resources ( -- ( 19 o, 1+
Interchange Building
59 Woodfin Place
Asheville, N. C. 28801 WpWERTL?ANDSGROUP
Dear Mr. Davis:
Division Engineer V. A. Edwards of the North Carolina Department
of Transportation has received the 112ti,.e- of Violation which was
issued by the Division of Environmental Management on
September 7, 1993 concerning the high acidity levels in Long_
Bra in Swain County. That notice mentions the widening of US
19-74 which exposed sulfide bearing rock along that stream as the
cause of three reported fish kills in Fontana Lake since December
1991.
Both Mr. Edwards and I wish to assure you that we are very
concerned about any environmental damage our construction may
have done to the water quality in Long Branch. We fully intend
to pursue the matter aggressively to a successful resolution of
the problem. We wish to offer the following account of the
events leading up to this notice of violation, and inform you of
our plans to resolve the matter.
When the first fish kill was reported, the Division assumed that
siltation was the cause. We increased our efforts to control
erosion immediately and thought the problem was solved. After
the second fish kill in this area, the Division realized that the
problem might be related to acidity in the stream.
Dr. Don Byerly of the University of Tennessee was employed to
study and report on any possible effect the construction of US
19-74 along Long Branch, part of which was in sulfide bearing
rock, might have had on water quality there. He was also asked
to make recommendations for mitigation measures if the
construction of the road were found to contribute to the problem.
Dr.. Byerly is a noted researcher on the effects of the exposure
of sulfide bearing rock to water quality.

Mr. Roy M. Davis -2- S
Dr. Byerly spent several months monitoring the PH
stream and testing the rock that had been disturbe
road construction. Meanwhile Division 14 had agri
spread over the surface of the slopes on the strea
project and put limestone in the ditches and chann
effort to raise the PH level of the stream. This
measure seemed to lessen the problem of acidity fo
a few months; however, the limestone became coated
substance which apparently, educed its capacity to
level.
In April 1993, Dr. Byerl d his report along
recommendations for--mitiioineasures. Copies
to various units within the Department of Transpo
their review and comments..,-
Recently, the latest fish kill was reported to Dil
Kerry Becker. A meeting was arranged with her on
discuss the problem. We informed her what the De
Transportation had done as temporary measures andl
are to correct the problem on a permanent basis.
suggestions for interim measures to help the situ
permanent measures are installed. Immediately aft
a copy of Dr. Byerly's report was sent to her.
Since that meeting, Division 14 has assigned one
supervisors from its Roadside Environmental Mana
monitor the PH in the stream and place limestone
to keep the PH at acceptable levels until the pe
are working effectively. IRTEC, the consulting
Byerly suggested we use to design the mitigation
Long Branch, has been contacted and has agreed t
work. Details are being worked out at this time
them with the necessary elevations and topograph
they will need to do that design work.
As soon as the design is
the work of constructing
monitor the construction
consultation during the
Administration officials
approval for use of FHWA
measures.
er 17, 1993
evels of the
during the
ultural lime
banks of the
is in an
emporary
a while. In
with some
raise the PH
ith
re distributed
ation for
ision 14 by
the site to
artment of
what our plans
She had several
tion until the
er that meeting
of its
dement crew to
in it as needed
manent measures
irm that Dr.
measures for
do the design
for providing
c information
completed, we plan to l t a contract for
the mitigation measures IRTEC.will
and will be available for advice and
establishment period. Federal Highway
have been contacted and have given their
funds to help pay for the mitigation
It is clear from Dr. Byerly's report and from o
observations of PH levels along Long Branch tha
springs that feed the stream are very acidic wh
from the ground or cut slope. The construction
not cause that acidity. The acid producing roc
lated in our road embankments with limestone fi
do not appear to be causing any of the problem.
however, that fresh exposure of the acid produc
cut slopes to rainwater may be adding to the pr
r own
the seeps and
n they emerge
of the road did
that we encapsu-
ters beneath them
We acknowledge,
ng rock in the
blem.
.'.
Mr. Roy M. Davis -3- September 17, 1993
The main problem caused by our construction, in our opinion, is
that the necessity of rerouting Long Branch along much of the
project length removed most of the strip wetland areas along the
stream. These wetlands probably had been removing a substantial
portion of the acidity from the stream before the construction
activity began. When the streams were rerouted, they were lined
with limestone rip rap to prevent erosion to comply with the
sedimentation control law until vegetation was reestablished.
This limestone, however, became coated after several months and
apparently could not react with the acid in the water to raise
the PH level.
We feel that implementing Dr. Byerly's recommendations of placing
anoxic drains just below the seeps and springs, and creating new
wetlands along the length of Long Branch will solve the problem
permanently. We also feel that we have learned from this
experience that we must address any similar problems on future
projects during the design stage.
A re-evaluation of Final Environmental Impact Statement is
presently being drafted for the project which is to be
constructed in 1995 just west of this one . We are going to
include provisions in that draft to determine if any streams.or
bodies of water along or downstream of the project might be
impacted by removal of wetlands or by exposure of sulfide bearing
rock on the project. If any impact is expected, we will include
provisions in the contract to establish any wetlands or other
measures needed to mitigate the impact.
I sincerely hope that the information we have provided you about
our plans to mitigate this problem is found to be acceptable. I
also would appreciate any advice or suggestions you might wish to
add during the planning and implementation of our mitigation
efforts. Both Mr. Edwards and I would like to assure you that we
are committed to providing our citizens the best road system
possible with the least possible negative impact to the environ-
ment.
Your ver truly,
D. W. Bailey
Chief Engineer - Operations
DWB:dl
cc: Preston Howard, Director, Environmental Management, DEHNR
David Foster, Director, Hwy. Environmental Evaluation, DEHNR
v9teve Tedder, Water Quality Section Chief, DEHNR
B. G. Jenkins, Jr., P.E., State Highway Engineer - Construction
V. A. Edwards, P.E., Division Engineer
Bill Moore, State Engineering Geologist
r4"h?a n.n?r
State of North Carolina
Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources
Division of Environmental Management
P.O. Box 29535
Raleigh, North Carolina 27626-0535
WATER QUALITY SECTION
FAX # [phone]
TELECOPY TO:
r,
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FAX NUMBER:
FROM:. ef kC l r, GVV"
PHONE:?..? 1_
NUMBEI OF PAGES, INCLUDING THE COVER SHEET: S
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f OCT 04 '93 10:38AM 7

* DATE START REMOTE TERMINAL MODE TIME RESULTS TOTAL DEPT. FILE W
TIME IDENTIFICATION PAGES CODE NO.

* OCT 04 10:36AM ASHEVILLE RO G3E ST 81'56" OK 05