19940061 Ver 1_Complete File_19940120

N. C. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

TRANSMITTAL SUIP DATE
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ACTION
? NOTE AND FILE ? PER OUR CONVERSATION
? NOTE AND RETURN TO ME ? PER YOUR REQUEST
? RETURN WITH MORE DETAILS ? FOR YOUR APPROVAL
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COMMENTS:

V
JAMES B. HUNT, JR.
GOVERNOR
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STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
P.O. BOX 25201, RALEIGH, N.C. 27611-5201
January 14, 1994
District Engineer
Army Corps of Engineers
P. O. Box 1890
Wilmington, North Carolina 28402
ATTENTION: Regulatory Branch
Dear Sir:
R. SAMUEL HUNT III
SECRETARY
Subject: Transylvania County, Bridge No. 53 over Toxaway
River, State Project No. 8.1000302, Federal Aid No.
BRF-15-1(7), T.I.P. No. B-1401.
Attached for your information is a copy of the project
planning report for the subject project. The project is
being processed by the Federal Highw0hese .stration as a
"Categorical Exclusion" in accordanch 23 CFR 771.115(b).
Therefore we do not anticipate requeg an individual
permit but propose to proceed under tion ide Permit in
accordance with 33 CFR 330 Appendix -23 issued November
22, 1991 by the Corps of Engineers. ovisions of
Section 330.4 and Appendix A (C) of regulations will be
followed in the construction of the ect.
We anticipate that comments from the North Carolina
Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) will be required prior
to authorization by the Corps of Engineers. By copy of this
letter and attachment, NCDOT hereby requests NCWRC review.
The NCDOT also requests that NCWRC forward their comments to
the Corps of Engineers.
We anticipate that 401 General Certification No. 2734
(Categorical Exclusion) will apply to this project, and are
providing one copy of the attached information to the North
Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural
Resources, Division of Environmental Management, for their
review.

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9

If you have any questions or need additional
information, please call Mr. Gordon Cashin at [phone].
Sincerely,
fd O`Qui ?n
Assistant. M nager
Planning and Environmental Branch
BJO/gec
Attachment
cc: Mr. David Baker, COE, Asheville
Mr. John Dorney, P.E., DEHNR, DEM
Ms. Stephanie Goudreau, NCWRC
Mr. Kelly Barger, P.E., Program Development Branch
Mr. Don Morton, P.E., State Highway Engineer-Design
Mr. A. L. Hankins, P.E., Hydraulics Unit
Mr. Tom Shearin, P.E., State Roadway Design Engineer
Mr. John L. Smith Jr., P.E., Structure Design
Mr. R. E. Edmonds, P.E., Division 14 Engineer
Mr. Davis Moore, Planning and Environmental Branch
US 64-NC 281
Bridge No. 53 over Toxaway River
Transylvania County
State Project 8.1000302
Federal-Aid Project BRF-15-1(7)
B-1401
CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION
December, 1993
Documentation Prepared in Planning and Environmental Branch By:
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P ject Planning Engineer ?• ,.
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Wayne Elliott ?•???o`??,??t ?- 0 ??.°r>`e

Bridge Project Planning Engineer ,
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Lubin V. Prevatt, P. E. ``%
Assistant Branch Manager

U_S 64-NC 281
Bridge No. 53 over Toxaway River
Transylvania County
State Project 8.1000302
Federal-Aid Project BRF-15-1(7)
B-1401

Bridge No. 53 is included in the Federal-Aid Bridge Replacement
Program. The location is shown in Figure 1. No substantial environmental
impacts are anticipated. The project has been classified as a Federal
"categorical exclusion."
I. SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS
Bridge No. 53 should be replaced immediately south of its present
location, as shown by Recommended Alternate 3 in Figure 2.
The recommended replacement structure is a bridge about 90 feet long
and 44 feet wide. The recommended bridge width will accommodate a 28-foot
travelway with a minimum of 8 feet of lateral clearance on each side. The
28-foot travelway includes an additional width of four feet for curve
widening to provide adequate tracking width for vehicles. The design
speed is about 25 MPH.
Approximately 725 feet of approach roadway reconstruction is
necessary to replace the bridge at its proposed location and reduce the
sharp curvature of the roadway on the east approach. The approach roadway
will consist of a 24-foot travelway with 8-foot shoulders. The grade of
the roadway will be approximately the same -s the existing grade.
Traffic will be maintained on-site during construction by
constructing the replacement bridge in phases.
The estimated cost, based on current prices, is $ 937,000.
.
The estimated total cost of the project, as shown in the
1994-2000 Transportation Improvement Program is $1,200,000.
II. SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMMITMENTS
All standard procedures and measures will be implemented to avoid and
minimize environmental impacts.
During preliminary design, special consideration was given to the
preservation of the rock outcropping and associated Toxaway Falls area.
Retaining walls are proposed on the downstream (south) side of the roadway
to minimize visual impacts to this scenic natural resource. Any panels
which are placed in conjunction with the retaining walls on the downstream
side should be compatible with the character of the natural surroundings.
Efforts will be made during further design and construction to enhance,
and not degrade, the rock outcropping and Toxaway Falls area.
2
Access to the business on the northwest quadrant of the project will
be maintained during the construction period.
Consideration will be given during preliminary design for the
provision of parking for sightseers to Toxaway Falls. A possible location
for parking is the existing right of way of the roadbed along the
northeast quadrant of the project. Right of way along the northeast
quadrant should be retained for use as a future site for enhancement.
Special precautions will be taken with regard to blasting activities
associated with rock excavation due to the proximity of the dam at Lake
Toxaway, located approximately 400 feet north (upstream) of the existing
bridge. Explosives will be well-designed to minimize vibrations which
could result in dam failure.
Efforts will be made to design the erosion control and sedimentation
plans to ensure compliance with the NCDOT Sedimentation Delegation
Agreements. Sedimentation inspections will be performed regularly to
ensure that the construction is progressing in strict compliance with the
Sedimentation Pollution Control Act of North Carolina.
No other special or unique environmental commitments are proposed as
a part of this bridge replacement project.
III. EXISTING CONDITIONS
US 64-NC 281 is classified as a rural minor arterial in the Statewide
Functional Classification System and is part of the Federal-Aid System
(STP).
Development in the project area is predominantly rural with some
scattered commercial and residential development. Overhead utility lines
in the project vicinity are located approximately 325 feet north
(upstream) of the existing bridge on Toxaway Dam. It is anticipated these
utilities will not be affected by the proposed project.
In the vicinity of the bridge, US 64-NC 281 has a pavement width of
20 feet with 2-foot grassed shoulders (see Figure 2).
In this area, US 64-NC 281 traverses through very steep, mountainous
terrain. Both the horizontal and vertical alignments are poor along this
portion of roadway. The approach roadway from the east consists of a w
sharp curve having a radius of about 190 feet (equating to a 55-degree
curve). The roadway slopes down toward Bridge No. 53 on both approaches.
The speed limit is statutory 55 MPH. However, advisory signs are
posted along this stretch of US 64-NC 281 due to the winding roadway,
sharp curves, and narrow bridge.
The current traffic volume of 3800 VPD is expected to increase to
approximately 7500 VPD by the year 2015. The projected volume includes 2%
truck-tractor semi-trailer (TTST) and 4 % dual-tired vehicles (DDT).
The existing bridge (see Figure 3), constructed in 1923, consists of
a reinforced concrete floor on reinforced concrete deck girders with full
height reinforced concrete abutments and interior bent. The structure is
74 feet in length and has a clear roadway width of 21 feet. The bridge
currently carries legal loads and is not posted.
Bridge No. 53 has a sufficiency rating of 37.1 compared to a rating
of 100 for a new structure.
One accident was reported in the vicinity of the Bridge No. 53 during
the period from April, 1990, to March, 1993.
There are a total of six school bus crossings daily over this bridge.
IV. ALTERNATIVES
Several methods of replacing Bridge No. 53 were studied initially.
However, following an assessment of possible replacement scenarios and
giving significant consideration to protecting and maintaining the
aesthetics of the site, three feasible and prudent alternates were chosen
for further development and environmental evaluation.
The alternates assume traffic is to be maintained on-site during the
construction period due to high traffic volumes and lack of a suitable
detour route. The approach roadway typical section for each of the
alternates studied consists of a 24-foot travelway with 8-foot shoulders.
The alternatives studied, shown in Figure 2, are described as
follows:
Alternate 1 - Replace the bridge immediately south (downstream) of its
present location with a bridge approximately 40 feet long
and 44 feet wide. The centerline of the bridge would be
shifted about 20 feet south (downstream) of its present
location. About 470 feet of approach roadway reconstruction
would be necessary to replace the bridge at its proposed
location and reduce the sharp curvature of the roadway on
the east approach. A design speed of about 25 MPH would be
provided. Traffic would be maintained during construction
by providing a temporary on-site detour immediately
upstream of the existing bridge.
Alternate 2 - Replace the bridge about 60 feet north of its present
location. A design speed of 25 MPH would be provided. The
replacement structure would be a multi-plate pipe arch (13'
span x 6'-9" rise) on concrete footings. A retaining wall
would be required along the north side of the project to
avoid taking of the business on the northwest quadrant and
provide slope protection on the upstream (north) side.
Traffic would be maintained on the existing bridge during
the construction period.
4
Alternate 3 (Recommended) - Replace the bridge south of its present
location with a bridge 90 feet long and 44 feet wide. The
centerline of the replacement structure will be
approximately 40 feet south -(downstream) of its present
location. About 725 feet of approach roadway work will be
required. A retaining wall on the (south) downstream side
of the approach roadway will be provided to minimize fill
and associated impacts to the falls area. A design speed
of approximately 25 MPH will be provided. Traffic will be
maintained on-site during the construction period by phase
constructing the new bridge.
The "do-nothing" alternative would eventually necessitate closure of
the bridge. This is not prudent due to the traffic service provided by
US 64-NC 281.
"Rehabilitation" of the old bridge is not feasible due to its age and
deteriorated condition.
V. ESTIMATED COST
The estimated cost of the alternates studied is as follows:
Recommended
Alternate 1 Alternate 2.` Alternate 3
Structure $ 230,000 $ 27,000 $ 230,000
Roadway Approaches 233,000 243,000 256,000
Structure Removal 15,000 15,000 15,000
Retaining Walls 117,000 378,000 238,000
Temporary Detour 137,000 N/A N/A
Engineering & 109,000 99,000 111,000
Contingencies
Right of Way & 67,000 147,000 87,000
Utilities
Total $ 908,000 $ 909,000 $ 937,000
VI. DISCUSSION OF RECOMMENDED IMPROVEMENTS
Bridge No. 53 should be replaced immediately south of its present
location, as shown by Recommended Alternate 3 in Figure 2. Improvements
to the approach roadway alignment will necessitate a shift of bridge's
centerline approximately 40 feet south (downstream) of its present
location.
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5
The recommended replacement structure is a bridge about 90.feet long
and 44 feet wide. The recommended bridge width will accommodate a 28-foot
travelway with a minimum of 8 feet of lateral clearance on each side. The
28-foot travelway includes an additional width of four feet for curve
widening to provide adequate tracking width for vehicles.
Approximately 725 feet of approach roadway reconstruction is
necessary to replace the bridge at its proposed location and reduce the
sharp curvature of the roadway on the east approach. The approach roadway
will consist of a 24-foot travelway with 8-foot shoulders. The grade of
the roadway will be approximately the same as the existing grade.
Traffic will be maintained on-site during construction by phase
constructing the replacement bridge, as shown in Figure 5. Initially,
thirty-three feet of new deck will be constructed immediately south of the
existing structure. The 33-foot width will allow for a travelway of 20
feet, 6 feet of widening for the sharp degree of curvature, 2 feet of
lateral clearance on each side, and 3 feet for placement of the temporary
barrier on one side. In the second phase, traffic will be shifted to the
new 33-foot section of bridge while the old bridge is removed. The new
deck will be extended northward about 11 feet to complete bridge
construction. Traffic will then be shifted to its permanent
configuration.
The recommended alternate will provide an improvement over the
existing roadway alignment. The alignment of the-roadway on the east
approach will be improved from a curve having a radius of about 90 feet to
a curve with a radius of about 190 feet. A design speed of about 25 MPH
will be provided. This design speed is in character with the adjoining
section of roadway; however, an exception will be required during design
since the design speed will be less than the statutory speed limit of
55 MPH.
Retaining walls on the south (downstream) side of the approach
roadway will be provided to reduce the amount of fill material required
for the new roadway. These retaining walls have been incorporated into
the project design to minimize impact to the rock outcropping and Toxaway
Falls area. Any panels which are placed in conjunction with the retaining
walls on the downstream side should be compatible with the character of
the natural surroundings. Efforts should be made during further design
and construction to enhance, and not degrade, the rock outcropping and
Toxaway Falls area.
Access to the business on the northwest quadrant of the project will
be maintained during the construction period. Currently, the business has
two points of access off US 64-NC 281. Preliminary design indicates the
driveway closest to the existing bridge will need to be closed during
construction in order to phase construct the new bridge. Following
construction, this access should be restored.
6
The NCDOT Hydraulics Unit_ recommends the minimum replacement
structure should consist of a structural plate arch (10-foot span and
7-foot rise). However, due to the unique environmental setting at the
project site, a bridge structure was considered and recommended in lieu of
the structural- plate arch. The bridge will result in a structure which
will convey more light beneath the bridge and allow the water to flow from
the structure and spread out similar to the existing flow conditions.
Both a 40-foot bridge with vertical abutments and a 90-foot bridge
with spill through abutments were considered along the recommended roadway
alignment. While these two bridge structures cost nearly the same due to
the tradeoffs in length, substructure requirements, and positioning above
the falls area, the 90-foot bridge is preferable due to the larger
structure opening and more aesthetically pleasing appearance of a longer
structure as opposed to a retaining wall.
Consideration will be given during design for the provision of
parking for sightseers to Toxaway Falls, per request of the division
engineer, area locating engineer, and the public. A possible location for
parking is the right of way of the existing roadbed along the northeast
quadrant of the project. It is recommended that this existing right of
way be retained by the N. C. Department of Transportation as a possible
future site for enhancement. This area could be utilized to provide
additional parking for sightseers. Enhancement monies could be used,
either in conjunction with this bridge replacement project or at a later
date, to provide for such parking facilities.
Special precautions will be taken with regard to blasting activities
associated with rock excavation due to the proximity of the dam at Lake
Toxaway, located approximately 400 feet north (upstream) of the existing
bridge. Explosives will be well-designed to minimize vibrations which
could result in dam failure.
Alternate 3 is preferred since it results in the least permanent
disruption to the natural environment. While Recommended Alternate 3
costs $ 29,000 more than the least expensive alternate, the benefits
gained from implementation of Alternate 3 exceed this minimal incremental
cost. Benefits of this alternate include preservation of the aesthetic
qualities of Toxaway Falls and minimization of disruption to the natural
vegetated areas in proximity to bridge.
Recommended Alternate 3 is favorable to Alternate 1.since it provides
a replacement structure, a bridge, which most nearly resembles the
existing structure. Both Alternate 1 and Recommended Alternate 3 would
result in less impact to the business located on the northwest quadrant of
the project since these alternates minimize permanent impacts to the
parking facilities and driveway accesses. Alternate 1 would result in
more sedimentation and erosion control problems than Recommended Alternate
3 due to the temporary detour upstream proposed in conjunction with
Alternate 1.
Alternate 3 is preferred over Alternate 2 since Alternate 2, which is
north of the existing bridge and closer to the Toxaway Dam, may be more
risky due to the use of explosives at the toe of the dam and the
7
possibility of dam failure resulting from hydraulic complications in the
emergency spillway at the toe of the dam. Both the Geotechnical Unit and
Hydraulics Unit have expressed the preference of selecting an alternate
which will not jeopardize Toxaway Dam at the associated emergency
spillway. In addition, Alternate 3 is preferred over Alternate 2 since it
results in less impact to the natural area north of the existing bridge
and provides a longer bridge. Alternate 3 will result in less erosion
control problems since less fill will be required with this alternate. In
addition, Alternate 3 will preserve more of the natural vegetated area on
the northeast quadrant of the project since Alternate 3 does not require a
temporary on-site detour upstream of the existing structure.
The NCDOT division engineer concurs with the recommended alternate.
VII. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
The project is expected to have an overall positive impact.
Replacement of an inadequate bridge will result in safer traffic
operations.
The project is considered to be a Federal "categorical exclusion" due
to its limited scope and insignificant environmental consequences.
The bridge replacement will not
the quality of human life or natural
NCDOT standards and specifications.
have a significant adverse effect on
environment with the use of current
No businesses or homes are to be relocated. Therefore, no adverse
impact on families or communities is anticipated.
No significant adverse effect on public facilities or services is
expected. The project is not expected to adversely affect social,
economic, or religious opportunities in the area.
This portion of US 64-NC 281 is a Designated Scenic Byway and is more
specifically designated as The Waterfall Byway. This stretch of
US 64-NC 281 passes near several impressive waterfalls which are
considered major attractions in western North Carolina. Toxaway Falls,
located immediately downstream of Bridge No. 53, cascades 123 feet over a
massive granite gneiss outcropping. Toxaway Falls drops a total of 245
feet in elevation within 1/5 of a mile (see Figure 2). This granite
outcropping was created in 1916 when the upstream dam for Lake Toxaway was
swept away in a flood. Many visitors traveling on this portion of
US 64-NC 281 stop at this location to view the waterfall and rock
outcropping. The proposed project, as recommended, will not alter the
vista at Toxaway Falls since the replacement structure's new location will
be very close to the existing bridge. Selection of an alternate
significantly south (downstream) of the existing bridge would adversely
affect the quality of this scenic attraction.
8
The project is located in a rural setting south of the town of
Toxaway Falls in Transylvania County in the Mountain Physiographic
Province. The study area is located in the Toxaway River gorge.
Topography in the area is strongly sloping. Elevation at the existing
bridge is approximately 2970 feet above mean sea level (msl).
The Toxaway River gorge and other Blue Ridge Escarpment Gorges have
long been of interest to botanists because of their unusual flora. The
Toxaway River gorge is described as pristine in natural quality and is
noted for its waterfalls and steep topography. The Toxaway watershed
supports a variety of habitats and harbors non-game and game species.
During a visit by a NCDOT staff biologist to the project site, the
following fauna were observed in the study area: opossum (Didelphis
vir iniana), chipmunk (Tamias striatus), and American crow (Corvus
rach_yr ynchos).
Four plant communities were identified in the study area: Disturbed
Scrub/Shrub, Mixed Hardwood/Pine, Riverbank Shrub Thicket, and Rock
Outcrop communities. The disturbed Scrub/Shrub community is located in
all four quadrants of the project. The study area supports roadsides
maintained by mowing. The largest section that supports the Disturbed
Scrub/Shrub is located adjacent to the existing roadway in the southeast
quadrant. The southwest quadrant also supports a small tract of the
Disturbed/Scrub/Shrub community. In both these areas, a canopy is
lacking, exposing the area to full sunlight. Woody species such as tulip
poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) have been cut recently, leaving a shrubby
appearance. Raspberry (Rubus odoratus), blackberry (Rubus sp.) and privet
(Ligustrum sinense) are common and prolific. Winged sumac (Rhus
copallina) was also observed in the study area in the southwest quadrant.
A variety of herbaceous species were ob-erved during the field
investigations, including fescue (Festuca sp.), nightshade (Solanum
carolinense), goldenrod (Solidago sp.), Joe-pye weed (Eupatorium
fistulosum) and foxtail grass (Setaria sp.). Japanese honeysuckle
(Lonicera japonica), clematis (Clematis sp.) and catbrier (Smilax sp.)
vines are quite common and grow profusely. Grape vine (Vitis
rotundifolia) was observed in the southwest quadrant.
The eastern fence lizard (Sceloprus undulatus) is likely to be found
in the open Disturbed Scrub/Shrub community basking in the sunlight. The
turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), a common scavenger, is likely to be seen
looking for carrion in the subject project area. The hispid cotton rat
(Sigmodon hispidus) is also common in shrub dominated areas.
The Mixed Hardwood community is located in all four quadrants
adjacent to the river and Rock Outcrop community in areas that support
adequate soil for tree growth. The canopy is well developed and dense,
evidenced by filtered light reaching the forest floor. The canopy is
predominated by several oaks, including chestnut oak ( uercus rinus),
white oak ( uercus alba), scarlet oak ( uercus coccinea) and southern red
oak ( uercus falcata). In addition, tulip poplar and red maple (Acer
rubrum) are found as canopy species. White pine (Pinus strobus) tends to
dominant drier ridges. Aerial photography shows white pine dominance
9
primarily west of Toxaway River., Sourwood (Oxydendron arboreum), dogwood
(Cornus florida), witch hazel .(Hamamelis virginica) and striped maple
(Acer pensylvanicum) are the primary understory components that are
scattered within this community. The shrub layer contains several common
evergreen species, such as mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), rosebay
(Rhododendron maximum), leucothoe (Leucothoe axillaris) and blackberry.
Herbaceous species, including New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis),
heartleaf (Hexastylis sp.), running cedar (Lycopodium f abel iforme),
sericea (Lespedeza cuneata), mountain mint (Pycnanthemum sp.) and
Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), are found in moderate to
heavy density on the forest floor. Hairy cap moss (Polytrichum sp.) was
also observed.
The Mixed Hardwood/Pine Community supports a high faunal diversity.
Amphibians, such as the mountain dusky salamander (Desmognathus
ochrophaeus), two-lined salamander (Eurycea bislineata) and the slimy
salamander (Plethodon glutinosus), all occur in association with woodlands
and are typically found under rocks and logs. The short tailed shrew
(Blarina brevicauda) lives in terrestrial environments and makes tunnels
under the leaf litter. The American toad (Bufo americanus) occurs in a
large variety of habitats but is likely to be found in the Mixed
Hardwood/Pine community of the subject project. Gray treefrogs (Hyla
chrysoscelis and H. versicolor) can be found in such wooded areas,
foraging for insects on trees and shrubs.
Reptiles, such as the coal skink (Eumeces anthracinus), live on rocky
slopes near water. They are found under rocks, logs or leaf litter.
Five-lined skinks (Eumeces fasciatus) are also found on wooded tracts but
on top of sunlit logs and rocks. The worm snake (Carphophis amoenus),
ringneck snake (Diadophis punctatus), scarlet kingsnake (Lampropeltis
triangulum) and redbelly snake (Storeria orcipitomaculata) all typically
occur in open deciduous forests under rocks, logs and other sources of
cover.
Several birds of prey, including sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiter
striatus), Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii) and red-shouldered hawk
(Buteo lineatus) may utilize this community as they search for food. Owls
are primarily nocturnal birds of prey. Species such as the great horned
owl (Bubo virginianus), barred owl (Strix virginiana) and the eastern
screech owl (Otus asio) may range into the study area. The whip-poor-will
(Caprimulgus vociferous) and common nighthawk (Chordeiles minor) have wide
mouths that enable these birds to capture insects in mid-air. Chimney
swifts (Chaetura pelagica) also capture insects in flight. The northern
flicker (Colaptes auratus), red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes
erythrocephalus), downy and hairy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens and P.
villosus) are tree climbers that are likely to occur. An American crow
was sighted in the study area. This bird is an opportunistic scavenger.
Numerous mammals are likely to be found in this community. The
eastern chipmunk was spotted during field investigations. This small
mammal inhabits crevices and burrows below ground. The gray squirrel
(Sciurus carolinensis) and southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) are
common in hardwood coniferous forests. These squirrels consume a variety
10
of plant material including seeds, nuts and plant buds. Additional
rodents likely to occur in this community are the white-footed mouse
(Peromyscus leucopus), eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana) and woodland
vole (Microtus pinetorum). These organisms are found at ground level in
logs, stumps or on rocks. They consume primarily plant material, such as
nuts, seeds, roots and shoots. Two omnivores, the least weasel (Mustela
nivalis) and striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), are common in upland
forested tracts and may be found consuming primarily small animals and
insects. The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) occurs in broken
forests and feeds on plant material.
The Riverbank Shrub Thicket is a small community located on the
Toxaway River banks. The largest concentration of this community occurs
upstream of the existing bridge. Small trees and shrubs, such as tag
alder (Alnus serrulata), black willow (Salix nigra), privet and
elderberry, dominate this community. Woolgrass (Scir us cyperinus), rush
(Juncus sp.), tearthumb (Polygonum sagittatum) and yellow root
(Xanthorhiza simplicissima) were scattered on the banks and on small
(water surrounded) islands" among larger trees/shrubs. Nodding ladies
tresses (Spiranthes cernua) was infrequently encountered in areas that
receive full sun. Swamp rose (Rosa palustris), an upright shrub with
curved thorns, was common at moderate levels.
Faunal components that may inhabit this community are associated with
water. Amphibians such as the marbled salamander (Ambystoma opacum) and
seal salamander (Desmognathus monticola) may be found under rocks, logs,
or sandy areas at stream edges. They consume small insects and
earthworms. The blackbelly salamander (Desmognathus quadramaculatus)
inhabits rock ledges near waterfalls, seepages and springs. The red
salamander (Pseudotriton ruber) inhabits crevices and other areas with
accumulated plant debris. Pickerel frogs 1-ve in wooded or grassy areas
near a water source. The eastern garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis), a
common reptile, lives under surface cover in moist environments such as
the Riverbank Shrub Thicket.
Several mammals are likely to occur in this community. The opossum,
a scavenger, is one organism that prefers to be near water. The pygmy
shrew (Sorex hoyi), a small mammal, inhabits ridges and slopes around
rocks and fallen logs. The raccoon (Procyon lotor) prefers streamside
forests but may be observed in upland habitats.
Much of the avian fauna listed within the Mixed Hardwood/Pine
community are likely to occur in this community also. In addition, the
rufous-sided towhee (Pi ilo erythrophthalmus) tends to inhabit dense
undergrowth, streamside margins, forest edges and open woodlands in the
study area.
Adjacent to the river is an exposed rock outcrop area that supports
very little vegetation. It receives variable water flow from the Lake
Toxaway Dam. The area is exposed to full sunlight. The dam is upstream
of the existing bridge and is visible from the roadway. The coal skink
may likely venture into this community provided that suitable cover is
nearby.
_ 11
Much of the fauna previously mentioned in the Mixed Hardwood/Pine
community is also likely to venture into the rock outcrop community from
time to time.
The North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission indicates Toxaway
River does not support trout for two reasons: lack of a minimum release of
water from Lake Toxaway and thermal pollution from Lake Toxaway. Fish
species reported in the Toxaway River downstream of the project include
central stoneroller (Campostoma anomalum), Tennessee shiner (Notropis
leuciodus), blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus), redbreast sunfish
(Lepomis auritus), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), turquiose
darter (Etheostoma inscriptum) and mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi).
In addition, the blackbelly salamander inhabits mountain streams and
rock ledges near waterfalls similar to the study area and may be found in
the vicinity of the subject project.
Construction of Recommended Alternate 3 will permanently affect
approximately 1.3 acres of the plant communities described above. No
wetlands will be impacted. Alternate 1 would result in 1.3 acres of
permanent impacts and 0.9 acre of temporary impacts associated with the
temporary on-site detour. Alternate 2 would result in a permanent impact
of about 1.6 acres.
Impacts to the plant communities may decrease utilization of these
areas for foraging, cover and food. Additionally,-construction may also
cause an increase in traffic and noise. These impacts may lead to changes
in species diversity and community dynamics.
Some impacts from erosion and sedimentation may occur from
construction of the proposed project. Greater impacts are anticipated
from construction in areas with strong slopes verses areas that support
gentle slopes.
Soils in the project area include Ashe stony sandy loam, Chester
stony loam, and Rock outcrop, all of which are classified as non-hydric.
The project is located in the Savannah River Basin. Toxaway River
varies in width from 50 to 75 feet at the existing bridge. Below the
bridge, the river splits into several channels that drop over 100 feet in
elevation. Above the existing bridge, the substrate ranges from boulders
and bedrock to gravel and cobble. Below the bridge, the substrate bottom
is solid rock with very little sediment. Water depth ranges from 3 to 4
feet in pools above the bridge to less than 1 inch in the falls area below
the bridge. Toxaway River originates upstream of Lake Toxaway in the Blue
Ridge Mountains, flows through the gorge and drains into Lake Jocassee.
Best usage classification of Toxaway River is Class C. Best usage
recommendations for Class C waters include aquatic propagation and
survival, fishing, wildlife, secondary recreation and agriculture.
No High Quality Waters, Outstanding Resource Waters nor waters
classified as WS-I and WS-II are located in the study area or within 1
mile downstream.
12
Transylvania County is located within a "Trout" county as designated
by the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. The Toxaway River,
however, is not classified as a Designated Public Mountain Trout Water in
the study area.
Point-source dischargers are registered through the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). One NPDES discharger to
Toxaway River is located approximately 1 mile downstream of the study
area.
Project construction may result in a number of impacts to water
resources, such as: increased sedimentation and siltation from
construction and/or erosion; alteration of water levels and flows due to
interruptions and/or additions to surface and ground water flow from
construction; and increased concentration of toxic compounds from
construction, runoff and toxic spills. Non-point sediment sources should
be identified and every effort should be made to control sediment runoff.
Efforts will be made to design the erosion control and sedimentation plans
to ensure compliance with the NCDOT Sedimentation Delegation Agreements.
Sedimentation inspections will be performed regularly to ensure that the
construction is progressing in strict compliance with the Sedimentation
Pollution Control Act of North Carolina.
Surface water impacts are anticipated from proposed construction of
the proposed project. No jurisdictional wetlands will be impacted by the
proposed project. A Nationwide Permit 33 CFR 330.5(a)(23) is likely to be
applicable for proposed construction. The project is located in a
designated "trout" county where nationwide authorization is conditioned on
the review/approval of the project by the North Carolina Wildlife
Resources Commission.
A Section 401 General Water Quality Certification is required for any
activity which may result in a discharge and for which a federal permit is
required.
Five federally protected species were listed by the U. S. Fish &
Wildlife Service in Transylvania County as of March 4, 1993. These
species are: Carolina northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus
coloratus , Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus), Spreading avens Geum
radiatum , Mountain sweet pitcher plant (Sarracenia rubra var. 'onesii ,
and Swamp pink Helonias bullata . The study area does not support
suitable habitat for any of the above species. No impacts to these
species will occur from proposed construction.
The project is located within the Western Mountain Air Quality
Control Region. The ambient air quality for Transylvania County has been
determined to be in compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality
Standards. Since this project is located in an area where the State
Implementation Plan (SIP) does not contain any transportation control
measures, the conformity procedures of Title 23, Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR), Part 771 do not apply to this project.
13
It is noted the impact on air quality will be insignificant. If
vegetation is disposed of by burning, all burning shall be done in
accordance with applicable local laws and regulations of the North
Carolina SIP for air quality in compliance with 15 NCAC 2D.0520. This
evaluation completes the assessment requirements of Title 23, Code of
Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 771, and no additional reports are
required.
The project will not significantly increase traffic volumes.
Therefore, its impact on noise levels will be insignificant. Noise levels
could increase during construction but will be temporary.
This project is subject to compliance with Section 106 of the
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. The area of
potential effect (APE) of this project has been delineated and reviewed by
a staff architectural historian. Bridge No. 53 is the only structure
within the APE which is over 50 years old. The bridge is one of 489
extant pre-1940 reinforced concrete deck girder (simple) types maintained
by the North Carolina Department of Transportation. As such, the bridge
is not eligible for the National Register. The State Historic
Preservation Officer concurs with these findings (see Attachment 1).
Coordination with the State Historic Preservation Officer indicates
that there is a low probability for archaeological resources in the
project vicinity. The State Historic Preservation Officer will be given
further opportunity to review the archaeological aspects of the project to
determine whether an intensive survey should be undertaken. If necessary,
the survey will be accomplished prior to construction.
Transylvania County is a participant in the National Flood Insurance
Program, but this crossing is not designated as a special flood hazard
area. The approximate limits of the 100-year floodplain are shown in
Figure 4. The flow of the Toxaway River at the project location is
controlled by the discharge from Lake Toxaway, which is located
immediately upstream from Bridge No. 53; therefore, Lake Toxaway also
controls discharges resulting from various frequency storms.
Coordination with the U. S. Soil Conservation Service indicates that
no prime farmland will be affected by this project. Therefore, no further
compliance with the Farmland Protection Policy Act is required for this
project.
On the basis of the above discussion, it is concluded that no serious
adverse environmental effects will result from implementation of the
project.
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FIGURE 4
PHASING OF NEW BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
(LOOKING EAST)

II~ Ei';-II
EXISTING TEMP. BARRIER
BRIDGE
PHASE 1. Construct 33-foot wide bridge immediately south
(downstream) of existing bridge using a 6-foot
offset between existing structure and initial new
bridge construction. Maintain traffic on existing
bridge during this phase.
q
TEMP. BARRIER
PRASE 2. Shift traffic to 33-foot wide segment. Remove old
bridge. Extend the structure 1.1 feel northward
(upstream) to complete the 44-fool wide bridge
typial section.
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PHASE 3. Shift traffic to final lane configuration. FIGURE 5
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North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Betty Ray McCain, Secretary
July 2, 1993
Nicholas L. Graf
Division Administrator
Federal Highway Administration
Department of Transportation
310 New Bern Avenue
Raleigh, N.C. 27601-1442
Re: Replacement of Bridge No. 53 on US 64 over
Toxaway River, Transylvania County, TIP B-1401,
F.A. BRF-15-1(7), ER 93-9012
Dear Mr. Graf:
Division of Archives and History
William S. Price, Jr., Director

i
x .
Thank you for your letter of June 9, 1993, concerning the above project.
We have reviewed the information provided to us regarding historic properties
located in the area of potential effect. We concur with the-North Carolina
Department of Transportation's determination that Bridge No. 53--the only
structure over fifty years of age in the area of potential effect--is not eligible for
listing in the National Register of Historic Places since the bridge is a poor example
of its type.
There are no known archaeological sites within the :roposed project area. Based
on our present knowledge of the area, it is unlikely that any archaeological
resources which may be eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic
Places will be affected by the project construction.
The above comments are made pursuant to Section 106 of the National Historic
Preservation Act of 1966 and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation's
Regulations for Compliance with Section 106, codified at 36 CFR Part 800.
Thank you for your cooperation and consideration. If you have questions
concerning the above comment, please contact Renee Gledhill-Earley,
environmental review coordinator, at 919/733-4763.
Sincerely,
i; David Brook
Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer
DB:slw
cc: L,-J. Ward
B. Church
109 East Jones Street - Raleigh, North Carolina 27601-2807 ATTACHMENT 1

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STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION --
JAMES B. HUNT. JR DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS R. SAMUEL HUNT III
GOVERNOR P.O. BOX 25201. RALEIGH. N.C. 27611-5201 SECRETARY
January 14, 1994
District Engineer
Army Corps of Engineers
P. 0. Box 1890
Wilmington, North Carolina 28402
ATTENTION: Regulatory Branch
n r nr,
L [[??
Dear Sir:
Subject: Transylvania County, Bridge No. 53 over Toxaway
River, State Project No. 8.1000302, Federal Aid No.
BRF-15-1(7), T.I.P. No. B-1401.
Attached for your information is a copy of the project
planning report for the subject project. The project is
being processed by the Federal Highway Administration as a
"Categorical Exclusion" in accordance with 23 CFR 771.115(b).
Therefore we do not anticipate requesting an individual
permit but propose to proceed under a Nationwide Permit in
accordance with 33 CFR 330 Appendix A (B-23) issued November
22, 1991 by the Corps of Engineers. The provisions of
Section 330.4 and Appendix A (C) of these regulations will be
followed in the construction of the project.
We anticipate that comments from the North Carolina
Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) will be required prior
to authorization by the Corps of Engineers. By copy of this
letter and attachment, NCDOT hereby requests NCWRC review.
The NCDOT also requests that NCWRC forward their comments to
the Corps of Engineers.
We anticipate that 401 General Certification No. 2734
(Categorical Exclusion) will apply to this project, and are
providing one copy of the attached information to the North
Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural
Resources, Division of Environmental Management, for their
review.
9
r

If you have any questions or need additional
information, please call Mr. Gordon Cashin at [phone].
Sincerely,
fd O`Quirin
Assistant M nager
Planning and Environmental Branch
BJO/gec
Attachment
cc: Mr. David Baker, COE,. Asheville
Mr. John Dorney, P.E., DEHNR, DEM
Ms. Stephanie Goudreau, NCWRC
Mr. Kelly Barger, P.E., Program Development Branch
Mr. Don Morton, P.E., State Highway Engineer-Design
Mr. A. L. Hankins, P.E., Hydraulics Unit
Mr. Tom Shearin, P.E., State Roadway Design Engineer
Mr. John L. Smith Jr., P.E., Structure Design
Mr. R. E. Edmonds, P.E., Division 14 Engineer
Mr. Davis Moore, Planning and Environmental Branch
US 64-NC 281
Bridge No. 53 over Toxaway River
Transylvania County
State Project 8.1000302
Federal-Aid Project BRF-15-1(7)
B-1401
i
CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION
December, 1993
Documentation Prepared in Planning and Environmental Branch By:
`?`11teti it tpi tttlt?
y?`• ('t ChnetO/
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C)l Jt I
_
Ju a A. unkins, E. °o ?<;ty
P ject Planning Engineer •. •:,

l ` aatt??„?+?'
eeeeee?ocoe„,?
yo? e.

Wayne Elliott °
Bridge Project Planning Engineer

C976

Lubin V. Prevatt, P. E.
Assistant Branch Manager

U_S 64-NC 281
Bridge No. 53 over Toxaway River
Transylvania County
State Project 8.1000302
Federal-Aid Project BRF-15-1(7)
B-1401
Bridge No. 53 is included in the Federal-Aid Bridge Replacement
Program. The location is shown in Figure 1. No substantial environmental
impacts are anticipated. The project has been classified as a Federal
"categorical exclusion."
I. SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS
Bridge No. 53 should be replaced immediately south of its present
location, as shown by Recommended Alternate 3 in Figure 2.
The recommended replacement structure is a bridge about 90 feet long
and 44 feet wide. The recommended bridge width will accommodate a 28-foot
travelway with a minimum of 8 feet of lateral clearance on each side. The
28-foot travelway includes an additional width of four feet for curve
widening to provide adequate tracking width for vehicles. The design
speed is about 25 MPH.
Approximately 725 feet of approach roadway reconstruction is
necessary to replace the bridge at its proposed location and reduce the
sharp curvature of the roadway on the east approach. The approach roadway
will consist of a 24-foot travelway with 8-foot shoulders. The grade of
the roadway will be approximately the same -,s the existing grade.
Traffic will be maintained on-site during construction by
constructing the replacement bridge in phases.
The estimated cost, based on current prices, is $ 937,000.
The estimated total cost of the project, as shown in the
1994-2000 Transportation Improvement Program is $1,200,000.
II. SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMMITMENTS
All standard procedures and measures will be implemented to avoid and
minimize environmental impacts.
During preliminary design, special consideration was given to the
preservation of the rock outcropping and associated Toxaway Falls area.
Retaining walls are proposed on the downstream (south) side of the roadway
to minimize visual impacts to this scenic natural resource. Any panels
which are placed in conjunction with the retaining walls on the downstream
side should be compatible with the character of the natural surroundings.
Efforts will be made during further design and construction to enhance,
and not degrade, the rock outcropping and Toxaway Falls area.
2
Access to the business on the northwest quadrant of the project will
be maintained during the construction period.
Consideration will be given during preliminary design for the
provision of parking for sightseers to Toxaway Falls. A possible location
for parking is the existing right of way of the roadbed along the
northeast quadrant of the project. Right of way along the northeast
quadrant should be retained for use as a future site for enhancement.
Special precautions will be taken with regard to blasting activities
associated with rock excavation due to the proximity of the dam at Lake
Toxaway, located approximately 400 feet north (upstream) of the existing
bridge. Explosives will be well-designed to minimize vibrations which
could result in dam failure.
Efforts will be made to design the erosion control and sedimentation
plans to ensure compliance with the NCDOT Sedimentation Delegation
Agreements. Sedimentation inspections will be performed regularly to
ensure that the construction is progressing in strict compliance with the
Sedimentation Pollution Control Act of North Carolina.
No other special or unique environmental commitments are proposed as
a part of this bridge replacement project.
III. EXISTING CONDITIONS
US 64-NC 281 is classified as a rural minor arterial in the Statewide
Functional Classification System and is part of the Federal-Aid System
(STP).
Development in the project area is predominantly rural with some
scattered commercial and residential development. Overhead utility lines
in the project vicinity are located approximately 325 feet north
(upstream) of the existing bridge on Toxaway Dam. It is anticipated these
utilities will not be affected by the proposed project.
Y
In the vicinity of the bridge, US 64-NC 281 has a pavement width of
20 feet with 2-foot grassed shoulders (see Figure 2).
In this area, US 64-NC 281 traverses through very steep, mountainous
terrain. Both the horizontal and vertical alignments are poor along this
portion of roadway. The approach roadway from the east consists of a
sharp curve having a radius of about 190 feet (equating to a 55-degree
curve). The roadway slopes down toward Bridge No. 53 on both approaches.
The speed limit is statutory 55 MPH. However, advisory signs are
posted along this stretch of US 64-NC 281 due to the winding roadway,
sharp curves, and narrow bridge.
The current traffic volume of 3800 VPD is expected to increase to
approximately 7500 VPD by the year 2015. The projected volume includes 2%
truck-tractor semi-trailer (TTST) and 4 % dual-tired vehicles (DDT).
3
The existing bridge (see Figure 3), constructed in 1923, consists of
a reinforced concrete floor on reinforced concrete deck girders with full
height reinforced concrete abutments and interior bent. The structure is
74 feet in length and has a clear roadway width of 21 feet. The bridge
currently carries legal loads and is not posted.
Bridge No. 53 has a sufficiency rating of 37.1 compared to a rating
of 100 for a new structure.
One accident was reported in the vicinity of the Bridge No. 53 during
the period from April, 1990, to March, 1993.
There are a total of six school bus crossings daily over this bridge.
IV. ALTERNATIVES
Several methods of replacing Bridge No. 53 were studied initially.
However, following an assessment of possible replacement scenarios and
giving significant consideration to protecting and maintaining the
aesthetics of the site, three feasible and prudent alternates were chosen
for further development and environmental evaluation.
The alternates assume traffic is to be maintained on-site during the
construction period due to high traffic volumes and lack of a suitable
detour route. The approach roadway typical section for each of the
alternates studied consists of a 24-foot travelway with 8-foot shoulders.
The alternatives studied, shown in Figure 2, are described as
follows:
Alternate 1 - Replace the bridge immediately south (downstream) of its
present location with a bridge approximately 40 feet long
and 44 feet wide. The centerline of the bridge would be
shifted about 20 feet south (downstream) of its present
location. About 470 feet of approach roadway reconstruction
would be necessary to replace the bridge at its proposed
location and reduce the sharp curvature of the roadway on
the east approach. A design speed of about 25 MPH would be
provided. Traffic would be maintained during construction
by providing a temporary on-site detour immediately
upstream of the existing bridge.
Alternate 2 - Replace the bridge about 60 feet north of its present
location. A design speed of 25 MPH would be provided. The
replacement structure would be a multi-plate pipe arch (13'
span x 6'-9" rise) on concrete footings. A retaining wall
would be required along the north side of the project to
avoid taking of the business on the northwest quadrant and
provide slope protection on the upstream (north) side.
Traffic would be maintained on the existing bridge during
the construction period.
4

Alternate 3 (Recommended) - Replace the bridge south of its present
location with a bridge 90 feet long and 44 feet wide. The
centerline of the replacement structure will be
approximately 40 feet south (downstream) of its present
location. About 725 feet of approach roadway work will be
required. A retaining wall on the (south) downstream side
of the approach roadway will be provided to minimize fill
and associated impacts to the falls area. A design speed
of approximately 25 MPH will be provided. Traffic will be
maintained on-site during the construction period by phase
constructing the new bridge.
The "do-nothing" alternative would eventually necessitate closure of
the bridge. This is not prudent due to the traffic service provided by
US 64-NC 281.
"Rehabilitation" of the old bridge is not feasible due to its age and
deteriorated condition.
V. ESTIMATED COST
The estimated cost of the alternates studied is as follows:
Recommended
Alternate 1 Alternate 2 - Alternate 3
Structure $ 230,000 $ 27,000 $ 230,000
Roadway Approaches 233,000 243,000 256,000
Structure Removal 15,000 15,000 15,000
Retaining Walls 117,000 378,000 238,000
Temporary Detour 137,000 N/A N/A
Engineering & 109,000 99,000 111,000
Contingencies
Right of Way & 67,000 147,000 879000
Utilities
Total $ 908,000 $ 909,000 $ 937,000
VI. DISCUSSION OF RECOMMENDED IMPROVEMENTS
Bridge No. 53 should be replaced immediately south of its present
location, as shown by Recommended Alternate 3 in Figure 2. Improvements
to the approach roadway alignment will necessitate a shift of bridge's
centerline approximately 40 feet south (downstream) of its present
location.

K

5
The recommended replacement structure is a bridge about 90.feet long
and 44 feet wide. The recommended bridge width will accommodate a 28-foot
travelway with a minimum of 8 feet of lateral clearance on each side. The
28-foot travelway includes an additional width of four feet for curve
widening to provide adequate tracking width for vehicles.
Approximately 725 feet of approach roadway reconstruction is
necessary to replace the bridge at its proposed location and reduce the
sharp curvature of the roadway on the east approach. The approach roadway
will consist of a 24-foot travelway with 8-foot shoulders. The grade of
the roadway will be approximately the same as the existing grade.
Traffic will be maintained on-site during construction by phase
constructing the replacement bridge, as shown in Figure 5. Initially,
thirty-three feet of new deck will be constructed immediately south of the
existing structure. The 33-foot width will allow for a travelway of 20
feet, 6 feet of widening for the sharp degree of curvature, 2 feet of
lateral clearance on each side, and 3 feet for placement of the temporary
barrier on one side. In the second phase, traffic will be shifted to the
new 33-foot section of bridge while the old bridge is removed. The new
deck will be extended northward about 11 feet to complete bridge
construction. Traffic will then be shifted to its permanent
configuration.
The recommended alternate will provide an improvement over the
existing roadway alignment. The alignment of the-roadway on the east
approach will be improved from a curve having a radius of about 90 feet to
a curve with a radius of about 190 feet. A design speed of about 25 MPH
will be provided. This design speed is in character with the adjoining
section of roadway; however, an exception will be required during design
since the design speed will be less than the statutory speed limit of
55 MPH.
Retaining walls on the south (downstream) side of the approach
roadway will be provided to reduce the amount of fill material required
_ for the new roadway. These retaining walls have been incorporated into
the project design to minimize impact to the rock outcropping and Toxaway
Falls area. Any panels which are placed in conjunction with the retaining
walls on the downstream side should be compatible with the character of
the natural surroundings. Efforts should be made during further design
and construction to enhance, and not degrade, the rock outcropping and
Toxaway Falls area.
Access to the business on the northwest quadrant of the project will
be maintained during the construction period. Currently, the business has
two points of access off US 64-NC 281. Preliminary design indicates the
driveway closest to the existing bridge will need to be closed during
construction in order to phase construct the new bridge. Following
construction, this access should be restored.
6
The NCDOT Hydraulics Unit recommends the minimum replacement
structure should consist of a structural plate arch (10-foot span and
7-foot rise). However, due to the unique environmental setting at the
project site, a bridge structure was considered and recommended in lieu of
the structural- plate arch. The bridge will result in a structure which
will convey more light beneath the bridge and allow the water to flow from
the structure and spread out similar to the existing flow conditions.
Both a 40-foot bridge with vertical abutments and a 90-foot bridge "
with spill through abutments were considered along the recommended roadway
alignment. While these two bridge structures cost nearly the same due to
the tradeoffs in length, substructure requirements, and positioning above
the falls area, the 90-foot bridge is preferable due to the larger
structure opening and more aesthetically pleasing appearance of a longer
structure as opposed to a retaining wall.
Consideration will be given during design for the provision of
parking for sightseers to Toxaway Falls, per request of the division
engineer, area locating engineer, and the public. A possible location for
parking is the right of way of the existing roadbed along the northeast
quadrant of the project. It is recommended that this existing right of
way be retained by the N. C. Department of Transportation as a possible
future site for enhancement. This area could be utilized to provide
additional parking for sightseers. Enhancement monies could be used,
either in conjunction with this bridge replacement project or at a later
date, to provide for such parking facilities.
Special precautions will be taken with regard to blasting activities
associated with rock excavation due to the proximity of the dam at Lake
Toxaway, located approximately 400 feet north (upstream) of the existing
bridge. Explosives will be well-designed to minimize vibrations which
could result in dam failure.
Alternate 3 is preferred since it results in the least permanent
disruption to the natural environment. While Recommended Alternate 3
costs $ 29,000 more than the least expensive alternate, the benefits
gained from implementation of Alternate 3 exceed this minimal incremental
cost. Benefits of this alternate include preservation of the aesthetic
qualities of Toxaway Falls and minimization of disruption to the natural
vegetated areas in proximity to bridge.
Recommended Alternate 3 is favorable to Alternate 1 since it provides
a replacement structure, a bridge, which most nearly resembles the
existing structure. Both Alternate 1 and Recommended Alternate 3 would
result in less impact to the business located on the northwest quadrant of
the project since these alternates minimize permanent impacts to the
parking facilities and driveway accesses. Alternate 1 would result in
more sedimentation and erosion control problems than Recommended Alternate
3 due to the temporary detour upstream proposed in conjunction with
Alternate 1.
Alternate 3 is preferred over Alternate 2 since Alternate 2, which is
north of the existing bridge and closer to the Toxaway Dam, may be more
risky due to the use of explosives at the toe of the dam and the
7
possibility of dam failure resulting from hydraulic complications in the
emergency spillway at the toe of the dam. Both the Geotechnical Unit and
Hydraulics Unit have expressed the preference of selecting an alternate
which will not jeopardize Toxaway Dam at the associated emergency
spillway. In addition, Alternate 3 is preferred over Alternate 2 since it
results in less impact to the natural area north of the existing bridge
and provides a longer bridge. Alternate 3 will result in less erosion
control problems since less fill will be required with this alternate. In
addition, Alternate 3 will preserve more of the natural vegetated area on
the northeast quadrant of the project since Alternate 3 does not require a
temporary on-site detour upstream of the existing structure.
The NCDOT division engineer concurs with the recommended alternate.
VII. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
The project is expected to have an overall positive impact.
Replacement of an inadequate bridge will result in safer traffic
operations.
The project is considered to be a Federal "categorical exclusion" due
to its limited scope and insignificant environmental consequences.
The bridge replacement will not have a significant adverse effect on
the quality of human life or natural environment with the use of current
NCDOT standards and specifications.
No businesses or homes are to be relocated. Therefore, no adverse
impact on families or communities is anticipated.
No significant adverse effect on public. facilities or services is
expected. The project is not expected to adversely affect social,
economic, or religious opportunities in the area.
This portion of US 64-NC 281 is a Designated Scenic Byway and is more
specifically designated as "The Waterfall Byway." This stretch of
US 64-NC 281 passes near several impressive waterfalls which are
considered major attractions in western North Carolina. Toxaway Falls,
located immediately downstream of Bridge No. 53, cascades 123 feet over a
massive granite gneiss outcropping. Toxaway Falls drops a total of 245
feet in elevation within 1/5 of a mile (see Figure 2). This granite
outcropping was created in 1916 when the upstream dam for Lake Toxaway was
swept away in a flood. Many visitors traveling on this portion of
US 64-NC 281 stop at this location to view the waterfall and rock
outcropping. The proposed project, as recommended, will not alter the
vista at Toxaway Falls since the replacement structure's new location will
be very close to the existing bridge. Selection of an alternate
significantly south (downstream) of the existing bridge would adversely
affect the quality of this scenic attraction.
8
The project is located in a rural setting south of the town of
Toxaway Falls in Transylvania County in the Mountain Physiographic
Province. The study area is located in the Toxaway River gorge.
Topography in the area is strongly sloping. Elevation at the existing
bridge is approximately 2970 feet above mean sea level (msl).
The Toxaway River gorge and other Blue Ridge Escarpment Gorges have
long been of interest to botanists because of their unusual flora. The
Toxaway River gorge is described as pristine in natural quality and is
noted for its waterfalls and steep topography. The Toxaway watershed
supports a variety of habitats and harbors non-game and game species.
During a visit by a NCDOT staff biologist to the project site, the
following fauna were observed in the study area: opossum (Didelphis
vir iniana), chipmunk (Tamias striatus), and American crow (Corvus
brach_yr ynchos).
Four plant communities were identified in the study area: Disturbed
Scrub/Shrub, Mixed Hardwood/Pine, Riverbank Shrub Thicket, and Rock
Outcrop communities. The disturbed Scrub/Shrub community is located in
all four quadrants of the project. The study area supports roadsides
maintained by mowing. The largest section that supports the Disturbed
Scrub/Shrub is located adjacent to the existing roadway in the southeast
quadrant. The southwest quadrant also supports a small tract of the
Disturbed/Scrub/Shrub community. In both these areas, a canopy is
lacking, exposing the area to full sunlight. Woody species such as tulip
poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) have been cut recently, leaving a shrubby
appearance. Raspberry (Rubus odoratus), blackberry (Rubus sp.) and privet
(Ligustrum sinense) are common and prolific. Winged sumac (Rhus
copallina) was also observed in the study area in the southwest quadrant.
A variety of herbaceous species were ob?Qrved during the field
investigations, including fescue (Festuca sp.), nightshade (Solanum
carolinense), goldenrod (Solidago sp.), Joe-pye weed (Eupatorium
fistulosum) and foxtail grass (Setaria sp.). Japanese honeysuckle
(Lonicera japonica), clematis (Clematis sp.) and catbrier (Smilax sp.)
vines are quite common and grow profusely. Grape vine (Vitis
rotundifolia) was observed in the southwest quadrant.
The eastern fence lizard (Sceloprus undulatus) is likely to be found
in the open Disturbed. Scrub/Shrub community basking in the sunlight. The
turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), a common scavenger, is likely to be seen
looking for carrion ine subject project area. The hispid cotton rat
(Sigmodon hispidus) is also common in shrub dominated areas.
The Mixed Hardwood community is located in all four quadrants
adjacent to the river and Rock Outcrop community in areas that support
adequate soil for tree growth. The canopy is well developed and dense,
evidenced by filtered light reaching the forest floor. The canopy is
predominated by several oaks, including chestnut oak ( uercus rinus),
white oak ( uercus alba), scarlet oak ( uercus coccinea) and southern red
oak ( uercus falcata). In addition, tulip poplar and red maple (Acer
rubrum) are found as canopy species. White pine (Pinus strobus) tends to
dominant drier ridges. Aerial photography shows white pine dominance
9
primarily west of Toxaway River._ Sourwood (Oxydendron arboreum), dogwood
(Cornus florida), witch hazel (Hamamelis virginica) and striped maple
(Acer pensylvanicum) are the primary understory components that are
scattered within this community. The shrub layer contains several common
evergreen species, such as mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), rosebay
(Rhododendron maximum), leucothoe (Leucothoe axillaris) and blackberry.
Herbaceous species, including New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis),
heartleaf (Hexastylis sp.), running cedar (Lycopodium flabel iforme),
sericea (Lespedeza cuneata), mountain mint (Pycnanthemum sp.) and
Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), are found in moderate to
heavy density on the forest floor. Hairy cap moss (Polytrichum sp.) was
also observed.
The Mixed Hardwood/Pine Community supports a high faunal diversity.
Amphibians, such as the mountain dusky salamander (Desmognathus
ochrophaeus), two-lined salamander (Eurycea bislineata) and the slimy
salamander (Plethodon glutinosus), all occur in association with woodlands
and are typically found under rocks and logs. The short tailed shrew
(Blarina brevicauda) lives in terrestrial environments and makes tunnels
under the leaf litter. The American toad (Bufo americanus) occurs in a
large variety of habitats but is likely to be found in the Mixed
Hardwood/Pine community of the subject project. Gray treefrogs (Hyla
chrysoscelis and H. versicolor) can be found in such wooded areas,
foraging for insects on trees and shrubs.
Reptiles, such as the coal skink (Eumeces anthracinus), live on rocky
slopes near water. They are found under rocks, logs or leaf litter.
Five-lined skinks (Eumeces fasciatus) are also found on wooded tracts but
on top of sunlit logs and rocks. The worm snake (Carphophis amoenus),
ringneck snake (Diadophis punctatus), scarlet kingsnake (Lampropeltis
triangulum) and redbelly snake (Storeria orCipitomaculata) all typically
occur in open deciduous forests under rocks, logs and other sources of
cover.
Several birds of prey, including sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiter
striatus), Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii) and red-shouldered hawk
(Buteo lineatus) may utilize this community as they search for food. Owls
are primarily nocturnal birds of prey. Species such as the great horned
owl (Bubo vir inianus), barred owl (Strix virginiana) and the eastern
screech owl Otus asio) may range into the study area. The whip-poor-will
(Caprimulgus vociferous) and common nighthawk (Chordeiles minor) have wide
mouths that enable these birds to capture insects in mid-air. Chimney
swifts (Chaetura pelagica) also capture insects in flight. The northern
flicker (Co p es auratus), red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes
erythrocephalus), downy and hairy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens and P.
villosus) are tree climbers that are likely to occur. An American crow
was sighted in the study area. This bird is an opportunistic scavenger.
Numerous mammals are likely to be found in this community. The
eastern chipmunk was spotted during field investigations. This small
mammal inhabits crevices and burrows below ground. The gray squirrel
(Sciurus carolinensis) and southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) are
common in hardwood coniferous forests. These squirrels consume a variety
10 y
of plant material including seeds, nuts and plant buds. Additional
rodents likely to occur in this community are the white-footed mouse
(Peromyscus leucopus), eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana) and woodland
vole (Microtus pinetorum). These organisms are found at ground level in
logs, stumps or on rocks. They consume primarily plant material, such as
nuts, seeds, roots and shoots. Two omnivores, the least weasel (Mustela
nivalis) and striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), are common in upland
forested tracts and may be found consuming primarily small animals and
insects. The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) occurs in broken
forests and feeds on plant material.
The Riverbank Shrub Thicket is a small community located on the
Toxaway River banks. The largest concentration of this community occurs
upstream of the existing bridge. Small trees and shrubs, such as tag
alder (Alnus serrulata), black willow (Salix nigra), privet and
elderberry, dominate this community. Woolgrass (Scir us cyperinus), rush
(Juncus sp.), tearthumb (Polygonum sagittatum) and yellow root
(Xanthorhiza simplicissima) were scattered on the banks and on small
(water surrounded) islands" among larger trees/shrubs. Nodding ladies
tresses (Spiranthes cernua) was infrequently encountered in areas that
receive full sun. Swamp rose (Rosa palustris), an upright shrub with
curved thorns, was common at moderate levels.
Faunal components that may inhabit this community are associated with
water. Amphibians such as the marbled salamander (Ambystoma opacum) and
seal salamander (Desmognathus monticola) may be found under rocks, logs,
or sandy areas at stream edges. They consume small insects and
earthworms. The blackbelly salamander (Desmognathus quad ramacuIatus)
inhabits rock ledges near waterfalls, seepages and springs. The red
salamander (Pseudotriton ruber) inhabits crevices and other areas with
accumulated plant debris. Pickerel frogs ?-ve in wooded or grassy areas
near a water source. The eastern garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis), a
common reptile, lives under surface cover in moist environments such as
the Riverbank Shrub Thicket.
Several mammals are likely to occur in this community. The opossum,
a scavenger, is one organism that prefers to be near water. The pygmy
shrew (Sorex hoyi), a small mammal, inhabits ridges and slopes around
rocks and fallen logs. The raccoon (Procyon lotor) prefers streamside
forests but may be observed in upland habitats.
Much of the avian fauna listed within the Mixed Hardwood/Pine
community are likely to occur in this community also. In addition, the
rufous-sided towhee (Pi ilo erythrophthalmus) tends to inhabit dense
undergrowth, streamside margins, forest edges and open woodlands in the
study area.
Adjacent to the river is an exposed rock outcrop area that supports
very little vegetation. It receives variable water flow from the Lake
Toxaway Dam. The area is exposed to full sunlight. The dam is upstream
of the existing bridge and is visible from the roadway. The coal skink
may likely venture into this community provided that suitable cover is
nearby.
L
11

Much of the fauna previously mentioned in the Mixed Hardwood/Pine
community is also likely to venture into the rock outcrop community from
time to time.
The North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission indicates Toxaway
River does not support trout for two reasons: lack of a minimum release of
water from Lake Toxaway and thermal pollution from Lake Toxaway. Fish
species reported in the Toxaway River downstream of the project include
central stoneroller (Campostoma anomalum), Tennessee shiner (Notropis
leuciodus), blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus), redbreast sunfish
(Le omis auritus), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), turquiose
darter (Etheostoma inscriptum) and mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi).
In addition, the blackbelly salamander inhabits mountain streams and
rock ledges near waterfalls similar to the study area and may be found in
the vicinity of the subject project.
Construction of Recommended Alternate 3 will permanently affect
approximately 1.3 acres of the plant communities described above. No
wetlands will be impacted. Alternate 1 would result in 1.3 acres of
permanent impacts and 0.9 acre of temporary impacts associated with the
temporary on-site detour. Alternate 2 would result in a permanent impact
of about 1.6 acres.
Impacts to the plant communities may decrease utilization of these
areas for foraging, cover and food. Additionally,-construction may also
cause an increase in traffic and noise. These impacts may lead to changes
in species diversity and community dynamics.
Some impacts from erosion and sedimentation may occur from
construction of the proposed project. Greater impacts are anticipated
from construction in areas with strong slopes verses areas that support
gentle slopes.
Soils in the project area include Ashe stony sandy loam, Chester
stony loam, and Rock outcrop, all of which are classified as non-hydric.
The project is located in the Savannah River Basin. Toxaway River
varies in width from 50 to 75 feet at the existing bridge. Below the
bridge, the river splits into several channels that drop over 100 feet in
elevation. Above the existing bridge, the substrate ranges from boulders
and bedrock to gravel and cobble. Below the bridge, the substrate bottom
is solid rock with very little sediment. Water depth ranges from 3 to 4
feet in pools above the bridge to less than 1 inch in the falls area below
the bridge. Toxaway River originates upstream of Lake Toxaway in the Blue
Ridge Mountains, flows through the gorge and drains into Lake Jocassee.
Best usage classification of Toxaway River is Class C. Best usage
recommendations for Class C waters include aquatic propagation and.
survival, fishing, wildlife, secondary recreation and agriculture.
No High Quality Waters, Outstanding Resource Waters nor waters
classified as WS-I and WS-II are located in the study area or within 1
mile downstream.
12
Transylvania County is located within a "Trout" county as designated
by the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. The Toxaway River,
however, is not classified as a Designated Public Mountain Trout Water in
the study area.
Point-source dischargers are registered through the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). One NPDES discharger to
Toxaway River is located approximately 1 mile downstream of the study
area.
Project construction may result in a number of impacts to water
resources, such as: increased sedimentation and siltation from
construction and/or erosion; alteration of water levels and flows due to
interruptions and/or additions to surface and ground water flow from
construction; and increased concentration of toxic compounds from
construction, runoff and toxic spills. Non-point sediment sources should
be identified and every effort should be made to control sediment runoff.
Efforts will be made to design the erosion control and sedimentation plans
to ensure compliance with the NCDOT Sedimentation Delegation Agreements.
Sedimentation inspections will be performed regularly to ensure that the
construction is progressing in strict compliance with the Sedimentation
Pollution Control Act of North Carolina.
Surface water impacts are anticipated from proposed construction of
the proposed project. No jurisdictional wetlands will be impacted by the
proposed project. A Nationwide Permit 33 CFR 330.5(a)(23) is likely to be
applicable for proposed construction. The project is located in a
designated "trout" county where nationwide authorization is conditioned on
the review/approval of the project by the North Carolina Wildlife
Resources Commission.
A Section 401 General Water Quality Certification is required for any
activity which may result in a discharge and for which a federal permit is
required.
Five federally protected species were listed by the U. S. Fish &
Wildlife Service in' Transylvania County as of March 4, 1993. These
species are: Carolina northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus
coloratus , Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus), Spreading avens Geum
radiatum , Mountain sweet pitcher plant (Sarracenia rubra var. 'onesii ,
and Swamp pink Helonias bullata . The study area does not support
suitable habitat for any of the above species. No impacts to these
species will occur from proposed construction.
The project is located within the Western Mountain Air Quality
Control Region. The ambient air quality for Transylvania County has been
determined to be in compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality
Standards. Since this project is located in an area where the State
Implementation Plan (SIP) does not contain any transportation control
measures, the conformity procedures of Title 23, Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR), Part 771 do not apply to this project..
13
It is noted the impact on air quality will be insignificant. If
vegetation is disposed of by burning, all burning shall be done in
accordance with applicable local laws and regulations of the North
Carolina SIP for air quality in compliance with 15 NCAC 2D.0520. This
evaluation completes the assessment requirements of Title 23, Code of
Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 771, and no additional reports are
required.
The project will not significantly increase traffic volumes.
Therefore, its impact on noise levels will be insignificant. Noise levels
could increase during construction but will be temporary.
This project is subject to compliance with Section 106 of the
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. The area of
potential effect (APE) of this project has been delineated and reviewed by
a staff architectural historian. Bridge No. 53 is the only structure
within the APE which is over 50 years old. The bridge is one of 489
extant pre-1940 reinforced concrete deck girder (simple) types maintained
by the North Carolina Department of Transportation. As such, the bridge
is not eligible for the National Register. The State Historic
Preservation Officer concurs with these findings (see Attachment 1).
Coordination with the State Historic Preservation Officer indicates
that there is a low probability for archaeological resources in the
project vicinity. The State Historic Preservation Officer will be given
further opportunity to review the archaeological aspects of the project to
determine whether an intensive survey should be undertaken. If necessary,
the survey will be accomplished prior to construction.
Transylvania County is a participant in the National Flood Insurance
Program, but this crossing is not designated as a special flood hazard
area. The approximate limits of the 100-year floodplain are shown in
Figure 4. The flow of the Toxaway River at the project location is
controlled by the discharge from Lake Toxaway, which is located
immediately upstream from Bridge No. 53; therefore, Lake Toxaway also
controls discharges resulting from various frequency storms.
Coordination with the U. S. Soil Conservation Service indicates that
no prime farmland will be affected by this project. Therefore, no further
compliance with the Farmland Protection Policy Act is required for this
project.
On the basis of the above discussion, it is concluded that no serious
adverse environmental effects will result from implementation of the
project.
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PEASI\G OF NEW BRIDGE CONSTRICTION
(LOOKING EAST)

F
EXISTING TAMP. BARRIER
BRIDGE
PHASE 1. Construct 33-foot wide bridge immediately south
(downstream) of existing bridge using a 6-foot
offset between existing structure and initial new
bridge construction. Maintain traffic on existing
bridge during this phase.
q
20' 24'
8' I 12' 16' I 8'
3' 1 9'
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TEMP. BARRIER j
' PHASE' 2. Shift traffic to 33-foot wide segment. Remove old
bridge. Extend the structure 1.1 feet northward
(upstream) to complete the 44-fool wide bridge
typial section.
r
PHASE 3. Shift traffic to final lane configuration.. FIGURE 5

North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Betty Ray McCain, Secretary
July 2, 1993
Nicholas L. Graf
Division Administrator
Federal Highway Administration
Department of Transportation
310 New Bern Avenue
Raleigh, N.C. 27601-1442
Re: Replacement of Bridge No. 53 on US 64 over
Toxaway River, Transylvania County, TIP B-1401,
F.A. BRF-15-1(7), ER 93-9012
Dear Mr. Graf:
Division of Archives and History
William S. Price, Jr., Director

w.? ?;.. t,'F j? ?•a it r',
Thank you for your letter of June 9, 1993, concerning the above project.
We have reviewed the information provided to us regarding historic properties
located in the area of potential effect. We concur with the-North Carolina
Department of Transportation's determination that Bridge No. 53--the only
structure over fifty years of age in the area of potential effect--is not eligible for
listing in the National Register of Historic Places since the bridge is a poor example
of its type.
There are no known archaeological sites within the :roposed project area. Based
on our present knowledge of the area, it is unlikely that any archaeological
resources which may be eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic
Places will be affected by the project construction.
The above comments are made pursuant to Section 106 of the National Historic
Preservation Act of 1966 and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation's
Regulations for Compliance with Section 106, codified at 36 CFR Part 800.
Thank you for your cooperation and consideration. If you have questions
concerning the above comment, please contact Renee Gledhill-Earley,
environmental review coordinator, at 919/733-4763.
Sincerely,
I I
r' David Brook
Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer
DB:slw
cc: L., J. Ward
B. Church
109 East Jones Street - Raleigh, North Carolina 27601-2807 ATTACHMENT 1