HomeMy WebLinkAbout20030404 Ver 1_Monitoring Report_20090428The Preserve at Jordan Lake
Water Quality Monitoring Program
2000-2008
DWQ Project Number 99-1233
Prepared by:
Smart & Associates, Inc
Cary, NC 27511
March 27, 2009
April 28, 2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ...................................................... Pagel
Methods ......................................................... Pagel
Surface Water Quality Data ........................................... Paget
Ground Water Quality Data .......................................... Page 5
Benthic Macroinvertebrate Data ....................................... Page 7
Summary ........................................................ Page 8
References ....................................................... Page 9
FIGURES ...................................................... Page II
TABLES ....................................................... Page 19
APPENDIX I. Figures showing the phases of the project.
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Introduction
The Section 401 Water Quality Certification issued on August 9, 2000 to Bluegreen Corporation
(Bluegreen) for the Harris Tract (now known as The Preserve at Jordan Lake and referred to here
as the Project) required Bluegreen to implement an environmental monitoring program for the
Project and to submit annual monitoring reports to the North Carolina Department of
Environment, Division of Water Quality (DWQ). The environmental monitoring program was
required to be implemented for at least five years after the construction of the golf course or the
last road construction at the Project, whichever is later. Construction of the golf course was
completed by the end of 2000 and the last road was constructed in 2001. Phasing of the project is
shown in Appendix I. This report has been prepared by Environmental Golf Concepts, Inc. and
Smart & Associates, Inc. to meet Bluegreen's annual reporting requirement for 2008 as well as to
summarize and evaluate historical data to support Bluegreen's request to terminate monitoring at
the Project.
Methods
Field and laboratory methods followed standard practices for surface water, ground water and
benthic macroinvertebrates (APHA 2001, 2006; EPA 2008: NCDENR 2006). Sample locations
are given in Figure 1. Drought conditions were evident in 2002, 2005 and 2007. During these
drought conditions stream flow was reduced or, at times, non-existent, and at times ground water
was unavailable for sampling.
Pesticides were selected for inclusion in the monitoring plan based on the following:
1. Three pesticides were selected to analyze.
2. These three were selected as surrogates for pesticides used at the golf course. One
was an insecticide, one was an herbicide and one was a fungicide.
3. They were selected as surrogates because they represented the range of pesticide
characteristics that are found in the other pesticides that may have been used at the golf
course. The table below summarizes the range of characteristics.
4. They were selected because they were used at the golf course during the monitoring
period.
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5. Three were chosen to keep costs down, while providing information on the movement of
pesticides into water.
Table of pesticide characteristics.
Pesticide Chlorpyrifos Mecoprop Propiconazole
Characteristic
Type insecticide herbicide fungicide
Solubility (mg/L) low 0.4 High 250,000 moderate 150
Mobility (Koc) non- 6070 mobile 31 slightly 1086
mobile mobile
Particle bound high low low
mobility (ID
Persistence (half-life, moderate 50 non- 8.2 Persistent 214
days) persistent
Toxicity (21-d NOEC high 4.6 Low 22,700 moderate 310
chronic invertebrate,
ug/L)
(ID From Goss, D & Wauchope RD (1990). Pp 471 - 493, In D.L. Weigmann Ed., Pesticides
in the next decade: the challenge ahead. The SCR/ARS/CES Pesticide Properties Database. II
using it with Soils data in a screening Procedure. Virginia Resources Research Centre,
Blacksburg, VA, USA pp471-493.
Surface Water Quality Data
Surface water monitoring data for SW-1, SW-2, SW-3, SW-4, and SW-5 is presented in Tables 1
through 5, and the data averages for each station by year are given in Table 6. SW-3 and SW-4
are located upstream of the golf course and serve as controls. Stations SW-1, SW-2 and SW-5
are influenced by the golf course or located within the golf course. Figures 2, 3 and 4 are box
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and whisker plots of data that compare the control stations (SW-3, SW-4) to the stations within
the golf course. The figures allow comparisons of data to the control stations and across stations.
If the distributions at each station overlap one can conclude that the stations are not different.
Data analyses focused on comparing the control sample stations to the sample stations located
within the golf course.
We eliminated one data point as an outlier, which was the TDS sample from SW-3 in September
of 2008. We eliminated this data point because 1) the concentration in September was 25 times
greater than the next highest TDS concentration for any station; and 2) on that sample date
elevated concentrations were not observed for other parameters. One would have also expected
an increase in specific conductance along with the TDS if the TDS were actually elevated in the
sample.
Water quality in the streams at the Project was compared to other streams in the ecoregion in
which the Project is located. This was done to assess if the Project streams were typical of this
region. The stream sample stations were typical of the piedmont region of North Carolina. The
stream data for The Preserve were similar to the stream data for Ecoregion IX, Sub Ecoregion 45
(EPA 2000; Table 7). The ranges for TKN, nitrate + nitrite nitrogen, and total phosphorus from
the Project streams lie within the range of concentrations for streams in Sub Ecoregion 45.
Turbidity and Chlorophyll a were similar for all stations except for four and three sample events,
respectively, that exceeded the upper range for Sub Ecoregion 45. The control sample station,
SW-4, had the greatest turbidity reading.
Surface water quality at all sampling locations complied with state water quality standards except
for the following parameters: fecal coliform, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, pH and chlorophyll a..
All of the golf course sampling locations have had multiple exceedances of the state fecal coliform
standard of 200 colonies per milliliter over the historical monitoring period. However, similar
exceedances have been observed at the control sampling location (Figure 4). The fecal coliform
levels are thus more likely to have resulted from natural causes than treated effluent, which is
treated to below 14 colonies per milliliter.
With the exception of minor exceedances of the state water quality standard of 50 NTUs at SW-1
in January 2007, January 2005 and September 2004 and at SW-2 in March 2008, there have been
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no turbidity exceedances since July 2004. Moreover, turbidity levels were generally below the
state turbidity standard, even during construction. With the exception of the four exceedances
noted above, the turbidity values for surface water at the Project were well within the range of
other streams in Sub Ecoregion 45.
Dissolved Oxygen concentrations at SW-l, SW-5, and SW-4 (control station) have been greater
than the state minimum standard of 5 mg/L since 2000. SW-2 and SW-3 (control station) have
had measurements below 5 mg/L three and five times, respectively. The measurements below
5 mg/L have been minor (i.e., greater than 4 mg/L) with the exception of SW-2 in September
2004 (3.6 mg/L) and SW-3 in July 2004 (3.8 mg/L) and June 2006 (2.6 mg/L). All stations,
including the controls, had concentrations less than 0.8 mg/L in March 2004, which likely
indicates a sampling error or extremely low water levels.
pH has consistently been within the range of 6 to 9 at all stations except for one measurement in
Jan 2005 at SW-2 (pH = 5.8)and at SW-3 (pH = 5.5). SW-3 is a control station. Because both a
control station and a `golf course' station exhibited values at the same time, one may conclude
that factors other than the golf course were responsible for these pH values.
Concentrations of chlorophyll a were relatively low and the golf course stations (annual means
from 1.2 to 43.6 ug/L) were very similar to the control stations (annual means from 0.78 to
35.6 ug/L). On three sample events, chlorophyll a exceeded the state water quality standard of
40 ug/L. Stations that exhibited exceedances were SW-2 in March (77.5 ug/L) and September
2008 (63.6 ug/L) and SW-3 in September 2008 (63.6 ug/L). SW-3 is a control station. Because
both a control station and a `golf course' station exhibited similar increases at the same time one
may conclude that factors other than the golf course were responsible for the increases. In
examining the data set, we did not find any obvious reasons for the increase in chlorophyll. A
common reason for an increase in chlorophyll is nutrients, primarily phosphorus, but there were
no observed increases. With the exception of the three exceedances noted above, the Chlorophyll
a concentrations for surface water at the Project were well within the range of other streams in
Sub Ecoregion 45.
Similar results were seen in the nutrient data. Figures 3 and 4 show the similarity across sample
stations for the mean and median, and in the overlap of the distribution of the data between the
25`" and 75"' percentiles. Mean and median concentrations were generally low, with an occasional
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spike in concentration. Because of the occasional spike, nutrient data exhibited greater variation
in ranges than the basic water chemistry variables; and this is not unusual in streams. Nitrate-
nitrite nitrogen, for example, exhibited one-time spikes of 1.68 mg/L and 0.59 mg/L at stations
SW-2 and SW-3 (control station), respectively (Tables 2 and 3). Total Phosphorus exhibited the
greatest spike in concentration (0.94 mg/L) at one of the control stations, SW-4. And, ammonia
nitrogen at station SW-1 exhibited a spike in concentration to 0.26 mg/L (Figure 3).
Spikes in concentrations of Total P as well as other water quality variables (pH, turbidity,
conductance, and TDS) occurred at the control stations and at the stations within the golf course.
The fact that both the control stations and the stations within the golf course exhibited spikes in
concentration indicates that factors other than the golf course were causing these spikes in
concentration.
Pesticides were evaluated by monitoring for chlorpyrifos, propiconazole and mecoprop.
Pesticides were always below the analytical detection level at SW-2, SW-3, SW-4, and SW-5.
The detection level for chlorpyrifos was 0.2 ug/L, propiconazole 2.0 ug/L and mecoprop was
2.5 ug/L. These detection levels are also well below the threshold response concentration, which
are typically the chronic toxicity values as given in the NOECs (no observed effects
concentration) for each pesticide. The ratio of the NOEC to the detection level was 23, 34 and
9,080 for chlorpyrifos, propiconazole and mecoprop, respectively. The ratio of 34 for
propiconazole, for example, means that the NOEC concentration was 34 times greater than the
detection limit. Thus, the methdology used in assessing pesticides was very conservative in that it
would detect concentrations 34 times below the threshold response concentration.
Mecoprop was detected at SW-1 in September 2004 as 0.3 ug/L. The NOEC for mecoprop is
22,700 ug/L (Daphnia magna) (Footprint Database 2009). This single detection is 75,666 times
below the threshold level for any expected affects.
Ground Water Quality Data
Historical groundwater monitoring data for GW-1 through GW-9 are presented in Tables 8
through 16, respectively. Ground water sample stations GW-5, GW-6, GW-7, and GW-8 are
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located upgradient from the golf course, and serve as control stations, and GW-1, GW-2, GW-3,
GW-4 and GW-9 are influenced by or within the golf course. Table 17 is a listing of the mean
concentrations for each station by year. Figures 5 and 6 are box and whisker plots of data that
compare the control stations (GW-5,6,7,8) to the stations within the golf course (GW-1,2,3,4,9).
The figures allow comparisons of data to control stations as well as across stations. If the
distributions at each station overlap one can conclude that the stations are not different. Data
analyses focused on comparing the upstream sample stations to the sample stations located within
the golf course.
Groundwater quality parameters met state groundwater standards over the historical monitoring
period except for two parameters, total dissolved solids (TDS) and pH. There were two minor,
isolated exceedances of TDS at MW-3 (560 mg/L in October 2001) and GW-8 (513 mg/L in
January 2007). In the case of MW-3, TDS levels were below 108 mg/L in every other sampling
event after the initial sampling event. GW-8 is an upgradient well that serves as one of the control
wells, and it had the greatest average TDS concentration of any well; 387 mg/L).
pH has consistently been below the recommended range of 6.5 to 8.5 in GW-2, GW-3, GW-5,
and GW-9. pH is occasionally low in GW-6, GW-7, and GW-8. pH appears to be stable over
time for each well; those that had low pH readings in the beginning continue to have low readings,
those with pH readings in the 6.5 to 8.5 range continue to have readings within this range.
For nitrogen and phosphorus, mean and median concentrations were generally low, with an
occasional spike in concentration. Because of the occasional spike, nutrient data often exhibited
relatively large ranges. Total Phosphorus, for example, exhibited spikes in concentration at the
control sample station GW-6 (5 mg/L), and at the golf course sample stations GW-2 (3.97 mg/L),
GW-4 (2.31 mg/L), and GW-9 (3.90 mg/L). Nitrate + nitrite nitrogen also exhibited spikes in
concentration at the control sample stations GW-5 and GW-6 (4.54 and 1.95 mg/L, respectively)
and at golf course sample station GW-9 (2.70 mg/L). Spikes in concentrations of total
phosphorus and nitrate+nitrite-N occurred at the control stations and at the stations within the
golf course. The fact that both the control stations and the stations within the golf course
exhibited spikes in concentration indicates that factors other than the golf course were likely
causing these spikes in concentration.
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Pesticides were evaluated by monitoring for chlorpyrifos, propiconazole and mecoprop.
Pesticides were always below the analytical detection level. The detection level for chlorpyrifos
was 0.2 ug/L, propiconazole 2.0 ug/L and mecoprop was 2.5 ug/L. These detection levels are
also well below the threshold response concentration, which are typically the chronic toxicity
values as given in the NOECs (no observed effects concentration) for each pesticide. The ratio of
the NOEC to the detection level was 23, 34 and 9,080 for chlorpyrifos, propiconazole and
mecoprop, respectively. The ratio of 34 for propiconazole, for example, means that the NOEC
concentration was 34 times greater than the detection limit. Thus, the methdology used in
assessing pesticides was very conservative in that it would detect concentrations 34 times below
the threshold response concentration.
Benthic Macroinvertebrate Data
A summary of the historical benthic macroinvertebrate data is presented in Table 18.
There were two control stations for the benthic data, MB-4 and a station identified as `Control.'
MB-4 has been sampled since 2000 and is located upstream of the golf course but within the
Preserve development. Station `Control' was added as a control in January 2006 and is located
above the golf course and above the Preserve development. These two sample stations are
different in size, habitat and drainage area. The drainage area of the `Control' station is a forested
area, the stream is about a meter wide and has a rocky substrate. The drainage area for MB-4
currently receives some runoff from two residential areas. During 2006 and 2007 there were inputs
of sediment from the residential development (Lenat 2008). The eroded areas associated with the
residential developments were stabilized in January 2008 (Lenat 2008).
Compared to MB-I, MB-2, and MB-5, and the other control site, MB-4, the `Control' station had
greater total taxa numbers, EPT taxa richness and abundance. Based on the Biotic Index the
`Control' station was consistently rated as excellent whereas MB- I and MB-5 were rated as Fair
or Good-Fair, MB-2 as poor; and MB-4 as poor to excellent. The difference between these
stations likely represents a difference in stream size, habitat and drainage area as discussed in the
preceding paragraph.
In general, the control station MB-4 and golf course stations MB-1 and MB-5 are similar in Total
Taxa, EPT Taxa Richness, EPT Abundance, Biotic Index (BI), and BI Rating and show no
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significant change over the monitoring period. Further, the golf course stations actually averaged
more taxa and had greater EPT Abundance than the MB-4 control station (see Table 18). For
example Total Taxa at MB-1 averaged 23.1 and at MB-5 averaged 24.6, which is greater than the
average Total Taxa of 19 at the control station MB-4. EPT Abundance averaged 31.4 and 34.2 at
MB-1 and MB-5, respectively and only 22 at MB-1. EPT taxa richness was about the same across
these three stations.
Station MB-2 consistently has had poorer stream quality in all categories since sampling began
than the two control stations and other golf course stations, which likely indicates habitat
differences associated with this small stream. Station MB-2 has been rated as `poor' and this
rating has not changed since sampling began (Table 18).
While the BI and BI rating at the control stations indicates a better stream quality at the control
station, the fact that (i) none of golf course stations (MB-1, MB-2, or MB-5) indicate any
degradation in water quality over time, and (ii) the EPT Abundance and Total Taxa at golf course
stations MB-I and MB-5 are actually greater than the control indicates that the golf course is not
having an adverse affect on surface water quality at the Project.
Summary
Water quality was monitored from 2000 to 2008 at the Project from locations both within and
upstream of the golf course. Surface water quality has remained consistent at streams within the
Project and exceedances of state surface water quality standards for turbidity and fecal coliform
are representative of pre-development conditions and natural causes, respectively, and not the
result of activities at the Project. Concentrations of chlorophyll a were, on average, relatively low
and the golf course stations were very similar to the control stations. On three sample events,
chlorophyll a exceeded the state water quality standard of 40 ug/L. Because both a control station
and a `golf course' station exhibited similar increases one may conclude that factors other than the
golf course were responsible for the increases. Nutrient levels in the Project streams show no
increasing trend over the monitoring period and are within the range of concentrations for streams
in Sub Ecoregion 45. All stations, including the control stations, exhibited an occasional spike in
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nutrient levels over the monitoring period, indicating that factors other than the golf course were
causing these spikes in concentrations.
Groundwater quality has remained consistent at the Project over the historical monitoring period.
The isolated spikes in TDS above the state groundwater standard are either anomalous or
representative of background conditions. pH is consistently low in several wells, including one of
the upgradient wells, and is representative of background conditions. No pesticides have been
detected in groundwater at the Project and there is no evidence that activities at the Project have
had an adverse affect on groundwater quality.
The Biotic Index, calculated from the benthic macroinvertebrate data, rated the `Control' station as
excellent; the MB-4 control station as poor to excellent; stations MB-1 and MB-5 were rated as
Fair or Good-Fair; and MB-2 as poor. These ratings were consistent over time. While the BI and
BI rating at the control station indicates a better stream quality at the control station, the fact that
(i) none of golf course stations (MB-1, MB-2, or MB-5) indicate any degradation in water quality
over time, and (ii) the EPT Abundance and Total Taxa at golf course stations MB-1 and MB-5 are
actually greater than the MB-4 control station indicates that the golf course is not having an
adverse affect on surface water quality at the Project.
Because of the similarities between the control stations and golf course stations for surface water,
ground water, and benthic macroinvertebrate data, and because the stream water quality has
remained consistent over time, one can conclude that the golf course is not having an adverse
affect on the stream.
References
American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment
Federation. 2066. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 215`, ed.
Washington.
Lenat, D. 2008. Benthic macroinvertebrate samples - the Preserve January 2008. 8 pages.
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NCDENR. 2006. Standard Operating Procedures for Benthic Macroinvertebrates. Biological
Assessment Unit. July 2006. 42 pages.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. Ambient Water Quality Criteria
Recommendations. Information Supporting the Development of State and Tribal Nutrient
Criteria. Rivers and Streams in Nutrient Ecoregion IX. Office of Water, Washington. EPA 822-8-
00-019.
Footprint Database. 2009. www.eu-footprint.org/ppdb.html.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water
and Wastes. Online manual.
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FIGURES
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Figure 1. Sample locations for The Preserve at Jordan Lake
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Table 7. Comparison of water quality variables in streams at The Preserve Golf Course
to streams in Ecoregion IX, sub-ecoregion 45.
Ecoregion IX, Sub-Ecoregion 45 Streams at The Preserve Golf
Variable Course
Range of observed sample size Range of observed sample
concentrations concentrations size
(mg/L)
Total Kjeldahl 0.025-3.1 338 0.2-2.36 62
Nitrogen (TKN)
(mg/L)
N02 + NO3-N (mg/L) 0.003-8.8 327 0.04-1.68 89
Total Phosphorus 0- 1.4 436 0.02-0.94 89
(mg/L)
Chlorophyll a (ug/L) 1 -36.73 33 0.2-77.5 85
Turbidity (NTU) 1.13-108 391 2.7 - 825 85
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THE PRESERVE
AT JORDAN LAKE
Exhibit
Phase 2
May 7, 2009
Start 2001
Substantially Complete 2002
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