20021259 Ver 1_Mitigation Bank Information_20010801

Deep Creek Wetland Mitigation Bank
Yadkin County, North Carolina
Environmental Assessment
Findings of No Significant Impact
August 2001
Prepared by:
Soil and Environmental Consultants, PA
11010 Raven Ridge Road
Raleigh, North Carolina 27614
Peter Jelenevsky
Phone: [phone]
And
American Wetlands
9625 Surveyors Court, Suite 330
Manassas, Virginia 20110
Lamar Beasley
Phone: [phone]
Other Cooperating Agencies:
North Carolina Department of Transportation
United States Army Corps of Engineers
S&EC Job Number 6170
Table of Contents
A. Proposed Project Description .................................................................1
B. Purpose & Need .................................................................................... .1
C. Alternative Analysis .............................................................................. .1
D. Existing Environmental Characteristics of Project Area .......................2
D1. Topography & Geology ................................................................2
D2. Soils ...............................................................................................3
D3. Land Use .......................................................................................3
D4. Wetlands ........................................................................................3
D5. Important Agricultural Lands ........................................................4
D6. Scenic, Recreational, and State Natural Areas ..............................4
D7. Areas of Archaeological or Historical Value ................................4
D8. Air Quality ....................................................................................5
D9. Noise Levels ..................................................................................5
D 10. Water Resources (Surface & Groundwater) ............................... ..5
D 11. Forest Resources ........................................................................ ..6
D12. Shellfish or Fish & Their Habitats ............................................. ..7
D 13. Wildlife & Natural Vegetation ................................................... ..7
D 14. Protected Species ....................................................................... 11
E. Predicted Environmental Effects of the Project .................................. 11
El. Topography .................................................................................. 11
E2. Soils ............................................................................................. 12
E3. Land Use ...........................................................:.......................... 12
E4. Wetlands ...................................................................................... 12
E5. Prime or Unique Agricultural Lands ........................................... 13
E6. Public Lands, Scenic & Recreational Areas ................................ 13
E7. Areas of Archaeological or Historical Value .............................. 13
E8. Air Quality ................................................................................... 13
E9. Noise Levels ................................................................................ 13
E 10. Water Resources .......................................................................... 13
E 11. Forest Resources .......................................................................... 14
E12. Shellfish or Fish and Their Habitats ............................................ 14
E13. Wildlife and Natural Vegetation ................................................. 14
E14. Introduction of Toxic Substances ................................................ 14
F. Mitigation Measures ............................................................................. 15
G. References ............................................................................................ 16
H. Exhibits ................................................................................................ 18
1. State and Federal Permits Required ....................................................... 19
J. Agency and Public Review ................................................................... 19
K. Findings of No Significant Impacts (FONSI) ....................................... 19
A. Proposed Project Description
The proposed Deep River Wetland Mitigation project site consists of approximately 70.5 acres
composed predominately of agricultural land, located south of Highway 421, approximately
2,000 feet west of the Yadkin River, Yadkin County, North Carolina. This project site is located
in the Yakin River Basin, USGS Hydrologic Unit Code 03040101. A location map of the site has
been depicted on a USGS topographic map located in Section H.
The proposed project will restore, and create a minimum of 42 acres of wetland area with the
potential of 48 acres. In order to successfully restore the site, existing inter-field drainage ditches
will be backfilled and graded to match the adjacent elevation. Several grade control structures
will also be constructed within the existing dredged and channelized perennial stream within the
site in order to raise the water table elevation. Approximately 12 acres of non-hydric soil located
on the site will also be graded to a point where ground water and hydrology indicators are within
12 inches of the soil surface.
Immediately following the proposed grading, the site will be planted with native tree, shrub, and
herb species. The proposed planting plan will emulate existing native wetland plant communities
within the region. If the grade work does not occur during the spring or fall seasons then the site
will be temporally seeded with typical grass/grain mixes appropriate for the region to ensure
stabilization of the site. The specified native wetland vegetation will be planted and seeded at a
later time during the appropriate planting seasons.
B. Purpose and Need
The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) is required, pursuant to State and
Federal environmental regulation, to obtain environmental permits (401 and 404 permits) for
construction of proposed highway construction projects. Where jurisdictional stream channels
and wetlands are unavoidably impacted, compensatory mitigation is required to offset these
cumulative impacts. Typically, compensation for the proposed impacts is required prior to the
initiation of any construction activities within jurisdictional areas (waters of the US). As a direct
result of this requirement, the NCDOT issued a Request For Proposals (RFP) in October 1999 for
the Yadkin River Basin located within the Piedmont Physiographic Region.
NCDOT has predicted, based on current National Wetland Inventory (NWI) Maps and the
Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) that proposed highway projects within the Yadkin
River Basin will impact approximately 99 acres of wetlands within the next five to ten years.
Riverine and non-riverine wetland impacts were estimated by NCDOT to be approximately 72
and 27 acres, respectively. NCDOT has determined based on past permit requirements as
determined by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) that the wetland mitigation ratio will
be 2:1, resulting in the requirement of at least 144 acres of riverine and 54 acres of non-riverine
wetland restoration. This required acreage total is based on restoration credit only and therefore
other types of wetland mitigation such as creation, enhancement, and preservation, which have
higher ratios, will result in larger acreage requirements in order to meet the permit conditions.
Mitigation ratios and credits are determined and approved by the USACE.
C. Alternative Analysis
Typically, feasible wetland restoration sites are extremely difficult to locate, especially sites in
the upper Piedmont that could potentially yield large, contiguous wetland acreage. Primary
limiting factors include but are not limited to current land ownership, adjacent property owners,
deed restrictions, property liens, current and past land uses, and potential construction cost versus
potential wetland restoration yield. By far the largest limiting factor is probably the requirement
by the State and Federal agencies that the mitigation sites be located within the same hydrologic
unit (USGS Hydrologic Unit Code) as the wetland impacts are incurred.
Following the examination of eleven potential wetland mitigation sites submitted by four
individual environmental consulting firms, NCDOT awarded full delivery contracts to firms
whose sites met the requirements as determined by the Proposal Review Committee (PRC). Six
of the eleven sites, including this specific site, submitted to NCDOT were selected based on the
evaluation completed by the PRC. The determining factors used to judge each site included: 1)
amount, type, and function of the mitigation proposed, 2) likelihood of success and financial
guarantees, 3) ability to acquire the property, 3) suitability of mitigation compared to impacts, 4)
construction and planting plan, 5) monitoring proposal and site disposition plans.
The alternative of no action is always a possibility, which in this case the land would continue to
be utilized for agricultural production. This action would not benefit the water quality, improve
wildlife habitat, or restore the historic hydrologic conditions to the site. Runoff containing
fertilizers and pesticides/herbicides from the site will continue to promote poor water quality and
perpetuate the erosion and subsequently turbidity rate in the receiving waters (Deep Creek and the
Yadkin River).
It has been determined that this is the preferred site location for several justifiable reasons. The
reasons include the existing physical and biological conditions of the site, economic cost benefit
per acre, site location, and accessibility. This site is located in one of the priority hydrologic units
of the Yadkin River, as determined by the NCDOT and the North Carolina Wetland Restoration
Program (WRP). The projected yield will be approximately 42-48 acres of wetland restoration
and creation. The cost per acre of restoration and subsequently monitoring will be reduced
versus, utilizing several smaller interspersed sites. Wildlife will benefit from a contiguous tract
of wetland and riparian forest, which in this specific case will be connected to two large drainage
systems consisting of Deep Creek and the Yadkin River. As a result of the proposed work, the
restored wetland and associated riparian corridors will be utilized by numerous wildlife species as
a source of habitat, and as migration routes. Utilizing this site for restoration will maximize
functionality, habitat diversity, interconnect existing habitat area, improve water (ground and
surface) quality, quantity, and offset future wetland impacts within the watershed prior to there
occurrence.
D. Existing Environmental Characteristics of Project Area
Dl. Topography and Geology
The project site is located in the western portion of the upper piedmont physiographic region.
The terrain in the vicinity is consistently rolling, with long well rounded ridges. Floodplain areas
in the immediate vicinity adjacent to perennial streams/rivers are nearly level with slopes
typically <1%. The site is located in a broad floodplain terrace of Deep River that is transected
by two perennial streams. The elevation varies across the site from a high of approximately 720
feet above sea level to a low of approximately 700 feet above sea level. These elevations are
based on map interpretation gathered from the Farmington, North Carolina 7.5-minute USGS
topographic quadrangle (1966, revised 1994) and 1-foot topographic land survey map produced
by Hollar & Associates, PA for wetland mitigation planning purposes. The 1-foot topographic
map is located in Section H.
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The geology of the site is characterized as the Inner Piedmont Belt. The Inner Piedmont Belt is
the most intensely deformed and metamorphosed segment of the Piedmont and consists primarily
of gneiss and schist that have been intruded by younger granitic rocks overlain by unconsolidated
material or regolith (USGS 1991). The regolith consists of saprolite, colluvium, alluvium, and
soil.
D2. Soils
The general soil-mapping unit on site consists of the Lloyd-Iredell Association. The soils within
this mapping unit are deep to moderately deep, moderately well drained, fine-textured soils over
granodiorite, on gently rolling ridges (USDA 1962).
Predominate soil series mapped within the project site include Wehadkee loams (Typic
Fluvaquent) and Chewacla silt loam (Fluvaquentic Dystrochrept). Approximately, 30.4 acres of
the property has been mapped as Wehadkee with the majority of the remaining 40 acres mapped
as Chewacla. Other soil series mapped on site include Altivista fine sandy loam, 0-2% slopes
(Aquic Hapludults), State fine sandy loam (Typic Hapludults), and Wickham fine sandy loam, 2-
7% slopes (Typic Hapludults). The latter soils series encompass less than 5% if the total site area
and occurs along the property boundary (See Section H).
The Wehadkee series is considered to be a hydric soil and this mapping unit consists of very
deep, poorly drained soils on floodplains along streams that drain from the mountains and the
piedmont. The Chewacla series is considered to be a class B hydric soil. Class B hydric soils
may contain hydric soil inclusions or wet spots. The Chewacla series is very deep, somewhat
poorly drained soils on nearly level floodplains formed in recent alluvium washed from soils
formed primarily from schist, gneiss, and phyllite residuum. The remaining soil series are non-
hydric soil units.
D3. Land Use
The site has been utilized primarily for the production of row crops (corn), with small portions
(<5%) of the site remaining forested. No building or structures exist on site with the exception of
random fences and a couple culvert pipes that provide site access. The majority of the
surrounding land use is also agricultural with forested areas interspersed throughout. Residential
home sites are also located within the vicinity of the project site and these home sites are
primarily located on the drainage divides adjacent to State maintained roads.
D4. Wetlands
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA) requires the regulation of discharges into "waters of
the United States." Within North Carolina, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is
responsible for the implementation, permitting, and enforcement of provisions of the CWA,
although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is the principle administration agency. The
COE regulatory program is defined within 33 CFR 320-330.
Water bodies such as rivers, lakes and streams are subject to jurisdictional consideration under
the Section 404 regulations. Wetlands have been described as:
Those areas that are inundated or saturated by groundwater at a frequency and duration
sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of
vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally
include swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas. [33 CRF 328.3(b) (1986)].
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Wetlands were delineated based on the three-parameter approach as described in the Corps of
Engineers Wetland Delineation Manual published in 1987. The three parameters that are
indicative of a jurisdictional wetland include the presence of a hydric soil, hydrophytic
vegetation, and wetland hydrology.
Currently, no jurisdictional wetland areas are located within the property site. Approximately
30.4 acres of the site is comprised of the Wehadkee soil series. Based on the altered soil
hydrology, these agricultural lands are classified as Prior Converted Wetlands. Typically, as in
this case, the converted wetland areas, denoted by the hydric soil areas, are cleared of all forest
vegetation and drained. The site is currently interlaced with numerous drainage ditches,
subsurface drainage tiles, and the streams on site have been dredged and channelized. The
alteration to the natural system has subsequently lowered the mean water table elevation and
promotes efficient runoff of stormwater, reducing the hydro-period. The modification of the site
hydrology results in the creation of extremely productive agricultural land due to the inherent
fertility and organic content of the converted wetland soil.
Wetlands located adjacent to the project site are palustrine in nature and are permanently
saturated to intermittently flooded (Cowardin 1979). These wetland areas have been classified as
a Piedmont/Mountain Bottomland Forest as described in The Classification of the Natural
Communities of North Carolina: Third Approximation (Schafale and Weakley 1990). The
primary functions of the wetlands located adjacent to the project site includes flood attenuation,
removal of pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus, wildlife habitat and migration corridor.
D5. Important Agricultural Lands
Important Farmlands within North Carolina are organized into three individual categories
including Prime Farmland, Unique Farmland, and Farmland of Statewide Importance. Criteria
established to determine these classifications was published 31 January 1978 in the Federal
Register and amended on 17 June 1994. The North Carolina Natural Resources Conservation
Service (MRCS) State Soils Staff developed the criteria for farmland of statewide importance in
1988.
The specific definitions for all three categories are located within Section H.
The primary soil series mapped within the site include the Chewacla and Wehadkee loams.
Chewacla is somewhat poorly drained soil that forms in alluvium along floodplains. Wehadkee
series consist of poorly drained soils formed in alluvium along small and intermediate streams.
Chewacla and Wehadkee soil series comprise of approximately 35 and 30 acres of the site,
respectively.
Only drained areas containing the Chewacla soil series with 0-1 percent slopes that occasionally
flood have been determined to be prime farmland. The Wehadkee series has not been determined
to have State or local importance (NRCS 1992).
D6. Scenic, Recreational, and State Natural Areas
There are no scenic, recreational, or state natural areas within the project site or within the
immediate vicinity.
D7. Areas of Archaeological or Historical Value
Cultural Resources are protected by law under the Indian Antiquities Articles of the North
Carolina Administrative Code and Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966.
Section 106 protects properties that possess significance but have not yet been listed or formally
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determined eligible for listing in the National Register. The State Historic Preservation Office in
Raleigh, North Carolina should be contacted if archeological artifacts are uncovered during the
construction.
There are no recorded areas of archaeological or historical significance within or immediately
adjacent to the property. Section H contains a copy of the written response that was received
from the State Historic Preservation Office related to the proposed mitigation activities.
D8. Air Quality
Currently, Yadkin County meets attainable level standards for air quality. As in the majority of
the State, motorized vehicles and equipment are the leading sources of air emissions. The Air
Quality Index Values for the Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point, NC area were typically
Good to Moderate with 1 day recorded as Unhealthful (DENR 2000).
D9. Noise Levels
This region of the county is predominately rural and the majority of the noise producing activities
are directly related to localized farming and logging operations, therefore the noise generated on
site is primarily the result of the operation of heavy tillage equipment and automobiles. Highway
421 is located approximately 600 feet due north and vehicular noise is fairly persistent. Other
potential but often temporary sources of noise includes equipment associated with road
maintenance work performed by the NCDOT or their associated sub-contractors.
D10. Water Resources (Surface and Groundwater)
The site is located in the Yadkin River Basin, USGS Hydrologic Unit Code 03040101 (Seaber et.
al. 1987) and the N.C. Division of Water Quality (DWQ) Cataloging Number 03-07-02 (DENR
1997). The stream index number for Deep Creek is 12-84 and it has a best use classification of
WS-IV. WS-IV classified waters are protected as water supplies which are generally in
moderately to highly developed watersheds; point source discharges of treated wastewater are
permitted pursuant to Rules .0104 and .0211, local programs to control non point source and
stormwater discharge of pollution are required, suitable for all class C uses (DENR 1997).
Deep Creek is considered to be a warm water-upper Piedmont fish habitat. It is located in a
relatively flat - commonly <1 % alluvial valley and the channel substrate is predominately coarse
sand and gravel. The water is often turbid in Deep Creek and its upstream feeder tributaries (N.
Deep and S. Deep Creeks) because of the severe bank erosion and farm land runoff. The overall
water quality and aquatic habitat of North and South Deep Creeks is considered to be impaired
due to nutrient enrichment and sedimentation (DENR 1997).
The site contains two un-named perennial tributaries that converge in the northern portion of the
property, eventually flowing into Deep Creek immediately adjacent to the site. Deep Creek then
subsequently connects to the Yadkin River approximately 3,000 feet downstream from the
confluence of the un-named tributaries located on the site and Deep Creek. The two tributaries
on site have apparently been re-aligned, channelized, and dredged to promote the drainage of the
hydric soils present and reduce flood stage during storm events. As a direct result of the
manipulation of the streams, they exhibit few natural characteristics. Primary channel
characteristics that have been eliminated or minimized includes a riffle/pool sequence, meanders,
in-stream aquatic habitat (woody debris) and stream bank vegetation. Periodic farm maintenance
has prevented naturalization of the majority of the stream riparian area. These streams have a
drainage area of approximately 0.9 and 1.4 square miles, respectively.
The upper Piedmont of North Carolina is underlain by crystalline-rock aquifers. These aquifers
are lined by dense, almost impermeable bedrock that yields water from fractures and secondary
porosity. Recharge predominately occurs along the interstream areas through porous regolith and
fractures in the bedrock. The majority of groundwater moves laterally and enters depressions in
the landscape such as stream channels. According to USGS gathered data, well yields in
crystalline-rock aquifers are very low, approximately 18 gallons per minute. Solum thickness has
a direct correlation to groundwater storage, generally, the thicker the overlying regolith the
greater the volume of water storage potential and subsequent well recharge/discharge capacity.
Typically, groundwater recharge is greater in valleys and depressional areas due to the thicker
regolith, and proximity to fracture zones in the bedrock. Groundwater quality is generally
suitable for drinking and other uses, but iron, manganese, and sulfate can occur at undesirable
levels (USGS).
Most observable changes in groundwater quality are related to land use and waste disposal
patterns. Underground storage tanks, waste lagoons and disposal landfills are commonly
responsible for point source contamination. However, more dispersed contamination by non-
point sources is increasing and is manifested by petroleum, pesticide and biological
contamination (National Water Summary 1986). No land uses commonly associated with
groundwater contamination were encountered during the field inspections of this site.
D11. Forest Resources
Distribution and composition of the plant communities on and immediately adjacent to the site
reflects the landscape variations in topography, soils, hydrology, and past or present land use
practices. Natural disturbances such as floods, fire, hurricanes, insects, disease and drought often
result in uneven-aged forest or a patchy mosaic within even-aged plant communities.
The plant communities observed within the property were limited and only encompassed
approximately 5% of the entire area due to the intensive farming practices. Plant communities
within the immediate vicinity were also limited and often not contiguous to one another. Three
distinct individual plant communities fundamentally based on the community descriptions
published within the Classification of the Natural Communities of North Carolina (Schafale and
Weakley, 1990) were observed. The plant communities include the following: 1)
Piedmont/Mountain Bottomland Forest, 2) Piedmont/Low Mountain Alluvial Forest, 3) Mixed
Pine/Hardwood Forest, 4) Agricultural Land.
The Piedmont/Mountain Bottomland Forest plant community occurs immediately adjacent and to
the east of the site; parallel to the southern-most stream channel. Dominate canopy species
observed included green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), red maple (Acer rubrum), sweet gum
(Liquidambar styraciflua), willow oak (Quercus phellos), American elm (Ulmus americana),
river birch (Betula nigra), and hackberry (Celtis laevigata). The subcanopy and herb layer
contains red maple, green ash, paw paw (Asinima triloba), rusty blackhaw (Viburnum rufidulum),
blackberry (Rubus spp.), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus
quinquefolia), trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), sedges (Carex spp.), lizard's tail (Saururus
cernuus), and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica).
Piedmont/Low Mountain Levee Forest occurs adjacent to Deep Creek located north of the
northern property line. Dominant canopy trees include American sycamore (Platanus
occidentalis), box elder (Acer negundo), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), willow oak
(Quercus phellos), river birch (Betula nigra), and tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera). The
subcanopy and herb layer include green ash, box elder, ironwood (Carpinus carolinana) poison
ivy, and Japanese honeysuckle.
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Mixed pine/hardwood plant community occurs along the farm field edges on well-drained soils.
Dominate plant species observed included shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), black cherry (Prunus
serotina), flowering dogwood (Corpus florida), sweet gum, hackberry, and blackberry.
Agricultural Land consists of any land areas that are currently being utilized as pasture or for the
production of grains, row crops.
D12. Shellfish or Fish and Their Habitats
This property is not located in the vicinity of an estuarine; subsequently no shellfish beds are
present. Fish habitats are isolated to Deep Creek and the Yadkin River. Fish species present
within these water bodies are typical of the piedmont region and include species such as sunfish,
catfish, and largemouth bass. This area is not utilized by anadromous species for spawning due to
downstream impoundments (i.e. Highrock Lake) and water control structures. There are no
aquatic species listed as Federally Threatened or Endangered within the vicinity of the project
site.
D13. Wildlife and Natural Vegetation
The site exhibits a sporadically located, heterogeneous mix of plant community types. These
plant communities generated through natural succession and where most likely manipulated by
past and existing land uses. Examples of manipulation include but are not limited to land clearing
for agricultural purposes, drainage activities, fire suppression, sustained timber activities, and
road and dam construction. The site and the immediate vicinity contains several dirt roads,
ditches, wetlands areas, stream channels, forested riparian areas, and residential dwellings
surrounded by a heavily altered vegetative landscape. This interspersion of habitat types has a
direct correlation to the wildlife population dynamics and the species diversity. Wildlife habitat
located in the vicinity included upland mixed pine/hardwood forest, forested wetland and riparian
areas, and stream channels.
Wildlife or evidence of wildlife (tracks, vocal) observed within the project area included gray
squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), raccoon (Procyon lotor), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus
virgininana), black vulture (Coragyps atratus), pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus),
Carolina chickadee (Parus carolinensis), northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), mourning
dove (Zenaida macroura), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), and indigo bunting
(Passerina cyanea). A list of expected wildlife within this region of the state is located below.
Reptiles Associated with the Region
Black racer
Broadhead skink
Brown snake
Copperhead
Corn snake
Eastern box turtle
Eastern garter snake
Eastern hognose snake
Eastern kingsnake
Eastern mud turtle
Eastern musk turtle
Green anole
Ground skink
Coluber Constrictor
Eumeces laticeps
Storeria dekayi
AgkWrondon contorix
Elaphe quttata
Terrapene carolina
Thamnophis sirtalis
Heterodon platyrinos
Lampropeltis getulus
Kinosternon subrubrum
Sternotherus odoratus
Anolis carolinensis
Scincella lateralis
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Mole kingsnake
Northern fence swift
Northern water snake
Rat snake
Red-bellied snake
Ringneck snake
Rough green snake
Scarlet kingsnake
Scarlet snake
Smooth earth snake
Snapping turtle
Southeastern crowned snake
Southeastern five-line skink
Timber rattlesnake
Worm snake
Lampropeltis rhombomaculata
Sceloporu undulatus
Nerodia sipedon
Elaphe obsoleta
Storeria occipitomaculata
Diadophis punctatus
Opheodrys aestivus
Lampropeltis elapsoides
Cemophora coccinea
Virginia valeriae
Chelydra serpentina
Tantilla coronata
Eumeces inexpectatus
Crotalus horridus
Carophophis amoenus
Amphibians Associated with the Region
American toad
Bullfrog
Eastern Newt
Four-toed salamander
Fowler's toad
Green frog
Marbled salamander
Northern dusky salamander
Northern cricket frog
Pickerel frog
Red salamander
Red-backed salamander
Slimy salamander
Southern leopard frog
Spotted salamander
Spring peeper
Spring salamander
Three-lined salamander
Upland chorus frog
Bufo americanus
Rana catesbeiana
Notophthalmus viridescens
Hemidactylium scutatum
Bufo woodhousei
Rana clamitans
Ambystoma opacum
Desmognathus fuscus
Acris crepitans
Rana palustris
Pseudotrition ruber
Plethodon glutinosus
Plethodon cinereus
Rana sphenocephala
Ambystoma maculatum
Hyla crucifer
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus
Eurycea guttolineata
Pseudacris triseriata
Avifauna Associated with the Region
Acadian flycatcher
American crow
American goldfinch
American kestrel
American redstart
American woodcock
Barn owl
Barn swallow
Barred owl
Belted kingfisher
Black and white warbler
Empidonaz virescens
Corvus brachyrhynchos
Spinus tristes
Falco sparverius
Setophaga ruticilla
Philohela minor
Tyto alba
Hirundo rustica
Stryx varia
Megaceryle alcyon
Mniotilta varia
Black-crowned night heron Nycticoraz nycticorax
Black Vulture Coragyps atratus
Blue jay Cyanocitta cristata
Blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea
Brown creeper Certhia familiaris
Brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum
Brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater
Brown-headed nuthatch Sitta pusilla
Canada goose Branta canadensis
Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis
Carolina chickadee Parus carolinensis
Carolina wren Tyryothorus lucovicianus
Cedar waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum
Chimney swift Chaetura pelagica
Chipped sparrow Spizella passerina
Common bobwhite Colinus virginianus
Common flicker Colaptes auratus
Common grackle Quiscalus quiscula
Common nighthawk Chordeiles minor
Common yellow-throat Geothlypis trichas
Dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis
Downy woodpecker Dendrocopos pubescebs
Eastern bluebird Sialia sialis
Eastern kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus
Eastern phoebe Sayornis phoebe
Eastern wood pewee Contopus virens
Field sparrow Spizella pusilla
Fish crow Corvus ossifragus
Fox sparrow Passerella iliaca
Golden-crowned kinglet Regulus satrapa
Gray catbird Dumetella carolinensis
Great crested flycatcher Myrachus crinitus
Great horned owl Bubo virginianus
Green heron Butorides virescens
Hairy woodpecker Dendrocopus villosus
Hermit thrush Hyclocichla guttata
Hooded warbler Wilsonia citrina
House wren Troglodytes aedon
Indigo bunting Passerina cyanea
Kentucky warbler Oporornis formosus
Killdeer Charadrius vociferus
Loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus
Louisiana waterthrush Seiurus motacilla
Mallard Anas platrhynchos
Mourning dove Zenaida macroura
Myrtle warbler Dendroica coronata
Northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottos
Northern waterthrush Seirurus motacilla
Ovenbird Seiurus aurociapillus
Parula warbler Parula americana
Pied-billed grebe Podiluymbus podiceps
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Pileated woodpecker
Pine siskin
Pine warbler
Prothonotary warbler
Purple finch
Purple martin
Red-bellied woodpecker
Red-eyed vireo
Red-shouldered hawk
Red-tailed hawk
Red-headed woodpecker
Robin
Rough-winged swallow
Ruby-crowned kinglet
Ruby-throated hummingbird
Rufus-sided towhee
Rusty blackbird
Scarlet tanager
Screech owl
Sharp-shinned hawk
Song sparrow
Spotted sandpiper
Summer tanager
Swamp sparrow
Tree sparrow
Tuffed titmouse
Turkey vulture
White-breasted nuthatch
White-crowned sparrow
White-eyed vireo
Wild turkey
Willow Flycatcher
Winter wren
Whip-poor-will
Wood duck
Wood thrush
Worm-eating warbler
Yellow warbler
Yellow-bellied sapsucker
Yellow-billed cuckoo
Yellow-breasted chat
Yellow-throated warbler
Yellow-throated vireo
Dryocopus pileatus
Spinus pinus
Dendroica pinus
Protonotaria citrea
Carpodacus purpureus
Progne subis
Centurus carolinus
Vireo olivaceus
Buteo lineatus
Buteo jamaicensis
Melanerpes erythrocephalus
Turdus migratorius
Stelgidopteryx ruficolis
Regulus calendula
Archilochus colubris
Pipilo erthrophthalmus
Euphagus carolinus
Piranga olivacea
Otus asio
Accipiter striatus
Melospiza melodia
Actits maculdria
Piranga rubra
Melospiza georgiana
Spizella arborea
Parus bicolor
Cathartes aura
Sitta carolinenis
Zonotrichia albicolis
Vireo griseus
Meleagris gallopavo
Dmpidonax traillii
Troglodytes troglodytes
Caprimulgus vociferus
Aix sponsa
Hyclocichla mustelina
Helmitheros vermivorus
Dednroica petechia
Sphrypicus varius
Coccyzus americanus
Icteria vixens
Dendroica dominica
Vireo flavifrons
Mammals Associated with the Region
Beaver
Big brown bat
Eastern chipmunk
Eastern cottontail
Eastern gray squirrel
Castor canadensis
Eptesicusfuscus
Tamais striatus
Sylvilagus floridanus
Sciurus carolinenis
10
Eastern mole Scalopus aguaticus
Eastern pipistrel Pipistrellus subflavus
Evening bat Nycticeius humeralis
Golden mouse Permoyscus nutalli
Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus
Hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus
Long-tailed weasel Mustella frenata
Meadow jumping mouse Zapus hudsonius
Mink Mustella vison
Muskrat Ondatra zibethica
Opossum Dielphis marsupialis
Raccoon Procyon lotor
Red bat Lasurius borealis
Red fox Vulpes fulva
Short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda
Silver-haired bat Lesionycteris noctivigans
Southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans
White-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus
White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginicus
Woodland vole Microtus pinetorium
D14. Protected Species
Species with Federal classifications of Endangered or Threatened are protected under the
Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). The U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service (FWS) list no Federally protected species within Yadkin County. During the
site assessments no protected species were observed within or adjacent to the project site.
E. Predicted Environmental Effects of Projects
El. Topography
Existing topography on site will be altered to maximize potential wetland restoration and creation
acreage. Areas determined to contain hydric soils within the upper 12 inches of solum will be
graded to create minor depressions and hummocks and the existing drainage ditches that have
been dug to promote lateral water flow through these converted wetland areas will be backfilled
to match the adjacent elevation. Specific areas of the project site that contain better drained soils
(Chewacla soils), will be graded to a point were the seasonally high water table will be within 12
inches of the surface promoting wetland hydrology and hydrophytic plant life.
The changes in the existing topography will be minor and the purpose of the grading work is to
repair historic topographic alteration that have severally modified, degraded, and eliminated the
original key functions of the prior converted wetland site. The proposed topographic adjustments
to the site will restore the present day cropland to its historic wetland condition by increasing the
hydro-period, raising the average groundwater table elevation, and potentially hydrating adjacent
non-hydric soil areas. It is our professional opinion that the proposed alterations to the existing
topography will have minimal and temporary negative effects, maximizes wetland diversity, and
assures wetland restoration success, therefore; the purposed alterations should be considered
insignificant.
E2. Soils
The proposed grading work on the site will result in soil disturbance (Chewacla soil unit) and the
alteration of the soil solum in specific areas. Approximately 12 acres of non-hydric soils will be
11
graded, resulting in the removal of a portion of the upper soil horizon. The resulting soil volume
will be utilized to backfill lateral drainage ditches and the creation of an alternative road access to
the property and adjacent parcels. The alternative road will be located outside of the wetland
restoration area and excess soil will not be discharged into wetlands or streams. All excess soil
will be deposited in upland areas and seeded to prevent erosion. Randomly selected hydric soil
areas will be scarified as need to maximize micro-topography, thereby enhancing habitat
diversity.
The proposed work will restore the original soil characteristics that existed prior to the conversion
of the historic wetland soil for agricultural purposes. The existing soil impacts due to tillage
equipment and the application of chemicals will cease following the completion of the restoration
activities. The restoration of the site by planting and seeding permanent vegetation will also
provide a source of organic material that will improve existing soil conditions. These proposed
soil alterations would have a minimal short-term negative affect on the soils located on site. The
benefits that arise from the proposed alteration will far outweigh any temporary impacts and
therefore should be considered insignificant.
E3. Land Use
The land use will be modified by reverting the site back to a naturally forested, self-maintaining
condition as a highly functional, diverse, wetland ecosystem. Farming activities will cease
operation and the property will be protected from future development or agricultural utilization
by a conservation easement and/or deed restriction.
The proposed land use will provide several ecological benefits following the completion of the
restoration efforts. Several currently perpetuated impacts associated with present day agricultural
practices will be terminated following the stabilization of the site. Long term positive affects of
the proposed land use as a wetland restoration site includes the reduction and biological treatment
of surface water runoff during storm events, elimination of soil erosion attributed to plowed,
denuded soil, creation of high quality wildlife habitat, elimination of agricultural related
fertilizers, chemicals, and pesticides, reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and the promotion
of ecological diversity within and surrounding the site.
The proposed land use change and associated construction work is an insignificant impact
because the land will be returned to it presumed naturally occurring historical condition. The
ecological benefits and the biological diversity will improve as the site matures and the restored
wetland habitat will be protected for perpetuity.
E4. Wetlands
No wetland areas exist within the property and therefore there are no proposed impacts to
wetlands as a result of the proposed work. This project will restore approximately 30.4 acres and
create approximately 12 to 18 acres of wetlands, totaling 42 to 48 acres of contiguous wetland
area.
The restoration of a wetland ecosystem on site will result in numerous environmental benefits.
Wetlands provide crucial reproductive and migratory habitat for fish, birds, reptiles, and
amphibians. Approximately % of all federally protected species life cycles depend on wetland
habitat. Some of the direct benefits of wetlands includes the following: 1) biological treatment
of runoff resulting in the removal of excess nutrients, sediment and pollutants that would
otherwise damage water quality downstream, 2) the reduction of erosion by reducing runoff
velocities and stabilizing soil via hydrophytic vegetation, 3) the storage of atmospheric carbon
and the production of oxygen, and 4) recreational opportunities.
12
Currently, the farmed areas proposed for wetland restoration are not providing any of these
environmental benefits previously mentioned, therefore the proposed alterations to the site will
result in long-term ecological benefits to the region. There are no jurisdictional wetlands located
within the construction area, so no wetland impacts will occur during the construction phase.
E5. Prime or Unique Agricultural Lands
Although approximately 35 acres of the project site has been determined to be prime farmland,
the alteration of the current land use should not negatively effect the production of agricultural
products in the County. No detrimental impacts are expected to occur to adjacent farmland as a
result of the proposed project.
It is our professional opinion that the proposed conversion of the farmland is insignificant.
E6. Public Lands, Scenic and Recreational Areas
N/A.
E7. Areas of Archaeological or Historical Value
N/A
E8. Air Quality
No direct negative impacts to air quality are expected to result from this project following the
construction phase. During the construction phase of the wetland mitigation site, machinery
utilized will produce emissions resulting from the combustion of petroleum products.
Construction specifications for the project will require mechanical equipment to meet current
emissions standards established by the State of North Carolina. Any burning will be conducted
under controlled conditions with the appropriate permits from the local authorities if applicable.
This temporary increase in air emissions should be considered insignificant; especially since
long-term air emissions will be reduced and practically eliminated on the site attributed directly to
the termination of farming activities within the property. Also, wetland vegetation planted on site
will reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide and produce oxygen, resulting in a long-term
improvement in air quality within the region.
E9. Noise Levels
Noise levels are expected to increase during the construction phase of the project. Increased
noise levels will be as a result of commonly used mechanical equipment that will be utilized to
grade the site to proper soil depths. Immediately following completion of the project, noise levels
will return to normal levels, and noise will essentially be eliminated from the site.
This temporary increase in noise levels should be considered insignificant because of it will be
temporary nature.
E10. Water Resources
Water quality is likely to be temporarily reduced as the result of the grading activities proposed.
Construction will likely temporarily increase on site erosion and sedimentation of creeks
immediately downstream of the corridor. Increased sedimentation has the potential to lower
dissolved oxygen levels that can be detrimental to aquatic organisms. Utilizing currently
accepted and required sediment and erosion prevention techniques; potential adverse affects
during the construction will be minimized and isolated. The construction site will employ the
necessary and required sediment and erosion control measures as dictated by the North Carolina
13
Division of Land Resources. Immediately following the completion of the project, erosion and
runoff rates are expected to be below pre-construction levels.
Immediately following the construction, the surface water and groundwater quality and quantity
should increase substantially. This will be the direct result of the blockage and backfilling of the
lateral ditches, which currently directs contaminated stormwater flows immediately off of the site
and directly into Deep Creek. Contaminates, which may be contained within the stormwater,
include chemical fertilizers, sediment, and pesticides. The reduction in the runoff rate of
stormwater and subsequent biological treatment of stormwater will result in improved water
quality, an increase of on site water quantity, and an improvement in the recharge rate of the
groundwater.
No significant degradation of surface waters is anticipated during the construction phase of this
project and subsequent erosion rates and sedimentation should be below pre-construction levels
following the completion of the project. Erosion rates and subsequently sedimentation will be
reduced and potentially eliminated following the stabilization of the site compared to the existing
site conditions, which consist of open, often denuded farmland. Long-term benefits that will be
directly attributed to the completion of the wetland restoration include improved water quality
through the removal of excess nutrients and sediment, flood attenuation, and surface and
groundwater recharge.
Ell. Forest Resources
Forest located on-site and immediately adjacent to the property will not be impacted by the
proposed site plan, therefore; no environmental consequences will occur to the resource. As part
of the restoration plan approximately 42 to 48 acres of current farmland will be planted with a
permanent native plant community composed of species typically observed in bottomland
hardwood plant communities located in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. The target for
wetland restorations sites is approximately 320 stems/acre and the planting plan will consist of a
least six individual species of hardwood trees, with no more than 20 % of any one individual
species.
No impacts are proposed to existing forest resources on site.
E12. Shellfish or Fish and Their Habitats
N/A
E13. Wildlife and Natural Vegetation
Minimal portions of the existing natural vegetation will be destroyed or modified during
construction. Temporarily displaced wildlife can migrate to plentiful adjacent habitats. In the
immediate future, following the installation of the planting plan, the present-day farmed land will
become a diversified and productive forested habitat. Approximately, 42 to 48 acres of wetland
area will be vegetated providing habitat for a variety of plant and animal species. The restored
areas will provide wildlife with a source of food, nesting sites, migration opportunities, protection
from predators, and a breeding site.
Based on the expected future ecological benefits, no significant impacts are expected as a result
of the proposed temporary restoration activities.
E14. Introduction of Toxic Substances
When utilizing mechanical construction equipment there is always the potential for accidental
spills of fuels such as gasoline or diesel. All re-fueling will occur in designated upland areas, as
14
far as feasible from surface waters. Spills that may occur will be contained immediately by
certified personnel and disposed of appropriately.
F. Mitigative Measures
This site will not require wetland or stream mitigation as a result of the proposed restoration
project. This site will be utilized to offset future wetland impacts resulting from NCDOT road
improvement projects within the Yadkin River Basin hydrologic cataloging unit. This site will be
restored and functioning and credits will be released in accordance with the3 schedule issued by
the USACE prior to the completion of any proposed wetland impacts. There will be no net loss
of wetland area within this sub-basin directly attributed by NCDOT construction activities.
15
G. References
Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of Wetlands and
Deepwater Habitats of the United States. FWS/OBS-79/31. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
Department of Environmental, Health, and Natural Resources. June 1997. Draft Basinwide
Assessment Report Support Document: Yadkin River Basin. Division of Water Quality.
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Classification and Water Quality Standards
Assigned to the Waters of the Yadkin River Basin. Division of Water Quality.
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. August 2000. 1997 Ambient Air Quality
Report. Division of Air Quality.
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Basinwide Wetlands and Riparian
Restoration Plan For the Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basin. Division of Water Quality-N.C.
Wetlands Restoration Program.
Department of the Army (DOA). 1987. Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual.
Technical Report Y-87-1. Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers,
Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. EPA Aerometric Information Retrieval System
(AIRS). Pollutant Standard Index Standard: Greensboro-Winston Salem- Highpoint,
N.C. Web page: http:Hdaq.state.nc.us/Offices/MonitoringJws00.htm1
Martof, Bernard S., W.M. Palmer, J.R. Bailey, and J.R. Harrison. 1980. Amphibians and
Reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia. The University of North Carolina Press.
Peterson, Roy Tory. 1980. A Field Guide to the Birds of Eastern and Central North America.
Houghton Mifflin Company.
Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles, and C.R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas.
The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC.
Schafale, Michael P., and A.S. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the Natural Communities of
North Carolina. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program. NCDEHNR.
Seaber et. al. 1987. Hydrologic Unit Map. U.S. Geological Survey.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2001. List of Threaten and Endangered Species. Web page:
hLp://web.nclusfws.or /e? s/cntylist/yakin.htmL
U.S. Geological Service. 1966, revised 1994. Farmington, N.C. 7.5-minute series topographic
map.
U.S. Geological Service. 2001. Ground Water Atlas of the United States. Web page:
http://cgpp.water.usgs.gov/gwa/cb I /L-text4.html.
U.S. Geological Service. 1985. Geologic Map of N.C.
16
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1962. Soil Survey: Yadkin County, N.C. Soil Conservation
Survey.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1992. Important Farmlands. Soil Conservation Service.
Webster, William D., J.F.Parnell, and W.C Biggs. 1985. Mammals of the Carolinas, Virginia,
and Mar ly and. The University of North Carolina Press.
17
H. Exhibits
1) Yadkin County Road Map
2) USGS Map
3) Soil Survey
4) Aerial Photograph
5) Hydric Soils Map
6) Concept Site Plan
7) Important Farmlands Technical Guide
8) SHPO Review Letter
9) Yadkin County Protected Species List
18
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