20021259 Ver 1_Monitoring Report Year 1_20031231

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Year-One Monitoring Report - 2003
for
Deep Creek Wetland & Stream Mitigation Bank
Yadkin County, North Carolina

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S&EC Project No. 6170
Prepared by
Soil & Environmental Consultants, PA
for
American Wetlands & Natural Resources Exchange Corporation
December 31, 2003
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
This monitoring report has been prepared by Soil & Environmental Consultants, PA
(S&EC) in order to present and evaluate site monitoring data for the period April 14th,
2003 through December 31St, 2003 for the Deep Creek Wetlands & Stream Mitigation
Bank in Yadkin County, North Carolina. This report includes the following:
Project History
Project Description/Intent
Mitigation Components
Site Construction
Hydrologic Monitoring
Vegetation Monitoring
Stream Monitoring --
Credit Ledger
Appendix A - Site Photos
Appendix B - Site Data
Appendix C - Baseline Data
1.2 Project History
A Request for Proposal (RFP) was submitted to American Wetlands by North Carolina
Department of Transportation (NCDOT) on October 1, 1999 for a Full Delivery Project
for Wetland Mitigation in the Piedmont Region of the Yadkin River Basin, Cataloging
Unit # 03040101.
On February 16th, 2000 American Wetlands and S&EC made a presentation to NCDOT
describing the Deep Creek Site as a potential mitigation site in response to the RFP. In
late February, 2001 the Deep Creek site was selected as one of the mitigation sites for the
Yadkin River Project. On September 4th, 2001 a presentation was made to the Mitigation
Banking Review Team (MBRT) describing the concept for the mitigation effort at Deep
Creek.
The Mitigation Banking Instrument (MBI) was finalized and submitted to the MBRT in
June of 2002. Revisions were made per MBRT comments and the final MBI was
resubmitted on September 3rd, 2002. The MBI was approved February 18, 2003. Based
on past experience on similar projects, North State Environmental, Inc. was selected as
the grading contractor to perform the project work. Construction began on January 21 st,
2003. During April 3-4, 2003 the site was planted to bottomland hardwood seedlings by
Carolina Silvics of Edenton, North Carolina, a forestry consulting firm.
1.3 Project Description/Intent
The Deep Creek Wetland Mitigation Bank is a Private-Commercial Bank, which will be
operated as a Debit Bank and will offer wetland impact credits, solely for wetland
impacts by the North Carolina Department of Transportation in the upper Yadkin River
basin (Cataloging Unit # 03040101). A perpetual easement on the site has now been
conveyed to Piedmont Land Conservancy. The wetland mitigation effort involves
approximately 46.41 acres of restored and created wetlands, and 5,733 linear feet of
stream restoration within a larger tract of approximately 70.745 acres.
The intent of the mitigation effort is to develop a Palustrine Forested Wetland
(Cowardin), further classified as Bottomland Hardwood Forest Wetland (NCDEHNR
1996 Field Guide Report No. 96-01). This is being done by restoring wetland hydrology
to the hydric soil, developing wetland hydrology in the near-hydric areas, and planting
Bottomland Hardwood Forest Wetland species.
Restoration of wetland hydrology to the hydric soil (restoration) area of the site was
accomplished by reversing the effect of the existing drainage system and restoring the
stream channels through the site, thereby returning near-original wetland hydrology to the
restoration portion of the site. Wetland hydrologic conditions was created on site, within
select areas by lowering the land surface and raising the elevation of the seasonal water
table. Existing ditches were filled to grade and the dimension, pattern, and profile of the
channelized streams were altered to restore natural stream morphology to the channels.
1.4 Mitigation Components
The following table lists the actual acreage and potential credits, which were developed
as a result of implementation of the mitigation plan.
Restoration (1:1) 30.40 acres 30.40 credits
Creation (3:1) 16.01 acres 5.34 credits
Stream Restoration 5,733 linear feet
Total 46.41 acres 35.74 credits
2.0 CONSTRUCTION
2.1 Site Construction
Construction took place during the period January 21St, 2003 to April 14th, 2003.
Construction was performed by North State Environmental, Inc., of Winston-Salem, NC.
Upon completion of grading operations, the site was seeded and mulched. On April 3`d
and 4th, 2003, the site was planted by Carolina Silvics of Edenton, NC. At that time
seedlings were installed on an 8 foot by 8 foot spacing (approx.). Bottomland hardwood
tree species planted including approximately 28,900 seedlings were installed. Planted
species included Green Ash (3,000), Water Oak (3,000), Willow Oak (3,700), Cherry
Bark Oak (2,000), Sycamore (4,000), Tulip Poplar (4,000), River Birch (4,000), Black
Gum (2,000), and Box Elder (3,200).
2.2 As-Built Plans and Certification Letter
During the weeks of April 14th and April 21st, 2003, S&EC visited the project site to
observe site conditions and collect limited engineering survey data relative to completed
grading and structural components of the project. While on site, monitoring gauges were
installed, photographic site records were collected, and general design intent was
confirmed through collection of survey data.
3.0 MONITORING
This section includes information concerning; 1) hydrologic monitoring, 2) vegetative
monitoring, 3) general habitat assessment and species survey, 4) physical stream
monitoring, and 5) stream benthic macroinvertebrate monitoring. These data provided in
order to establish a ase me again w c tore mom oring data may be compared.
3.1 Hydrologic Monitoring
The number and location of groundwater monitoring devices were discussed and agreed
to with a US Army Corps of Engineers (COE) representative and the MBRT Leader, Jean
Manuele. Twelve (12) groundwater monitoring gauges were installed on site on
September 20, 2001. Three similar gauges were also installed on the adjacent reference
sites. A rain gauge was also installed on the site to collect rainfall data throughout the
year. That data is also included in Appendix B. There appears to be high correlation
between rainfall and depth to saturation throughout the period of data collection.
A few of the devices did not initially configure properly and this was reported to the
gauge company. A newer, presumably more dependable, version of the devices was
developed by the gauge company and the company indicated that they would replace all
of the devices. The devices were delivered by the supplier on October 16th, 2002, and
were installed by S&EC on October 20th, 2002. Fragmented data from the older version
devices were extracted by the supplier and submitted to S&EC.
Several of the newer gauges exhibited similar data collection problems. Ultimately
S&EC decided to replace all of the gauges with another brand. All original gauges were
replaced with Infinity gauges on August 8t`, 2003. The sporadic performance of the
initial two sets of gauges resulted in limited and fragmented data for the period
September 20, 2001 through August 8t', 2004. To date, the replacement gauges have
performed satisfactorily.
All devices are in their original positions except for four gauges which have been
replaced in the creation area and new stream alignment. These were relocated upon
completion of construction grading. They were reinstalled at the new final grade
elevations. The current locations of all twelve monitoring wells are identified on the As-
built Plans.
Based on the hydrologic success criteria described in the Mitigation Banking Instrument
(MBI), post restoration site conditions require the groundwater surface to be within
twelve (12) inches of the surface for a period of 18 days within the growing season.
According to local sources, the growing season is generally the period between March
15'?' and October 15th. Groundwater at or within twelve inches of the surface is
considered to meet restoration hydrology.
With the use of an in-house spreadsheet groundwater data from each of our site and
reference groundwater monitoring gauges were evaluated. The Monitoring Systems Map
in Appendix B shows the location of our site and reference gauges. The spreadsheet
independently evaluates each annual set of gauge data to develop the following
information for each gauge:
1. Monthly Mean Depth to Groundwater (inches)
2. Monthly Median Depth to Groundwater (inches)
3. Number of Days per Month Groundwater Hydrology is Met
4. Number of Days per Year Groundwater Hydrology is Met
5. Number of Consecutive Days per Month Groundwater Hydrology is Met
6. Number of Consecutive Days per Year Groundwater Hydrology is Met
7. Number of Consecutive Days in Growing Season Groundwater Hydrology
is Met
Of the twelve (12) ground monitoring gauges at the Deep Creek site, the analyses shows
that seven (7) clearly met the hydrologic monitoring requirement. These gauges were
D4, D5, D6, D7, D9, D11, and D12 which met hydrology success criteria with 61, 74, 69,
63, 57, 60, and 69 consecutive days within the growing season respectively. The
remaining five (5) gauges (D1, D2, D3, D8, and D10) did not specifically meet
hydrologic success criteria with 10, 12, 9, 10, and 12 consecutive days within the
growing season respectively. However, in each of these cases groundwater levels for a
significant period of the growing season were not recorded as previously described.
Specifically of the 215 days in the growing season, 137, 146, 124, 149, and 142 days of
readings were not recorded for gauges D1, D2, D3, D8, and D10 respectively. Based on
available site data, further analysis was conducted in order to provide insight into
hydrologic conditions where no specific gauge data is available.
Of the five gauges which did not meet hydrologic success criteria, two (gauges D 1 and
D 10) reflect periods within the growing season both immediately before and after the
"data gap" during which hydrology was met. For gauge D1 a total of 12 days were
recorded where hydrology was met before the "gap" while a total of 10 days were
recorded immediately after the "data gap." Similarly for gauge D10 a total of 4 days and
12 days of hydrologic success were recorded immediately before and after the "data gap"
respectively. For gauges D2, D3, and D8, while success was not recorded immediately
before the `data gap," periods of 11, 6, and 10 days were recorded immediately after the
gap for these gauges respectively.
In addition to recorded groundwater data, site observations during construction (period
January 21, 2003 to April 14, 2003) indicated extended periods of saturation to included
standing surface water on at least three occasions where flooding of Deep Creek caused
severe inundation of much of the project site. Flooding was severe enough on many days
that construction operations were ceased due to the inability of heavy equipment to traffic
the site. Flooding was particularly severe near the northern end of the site in the vicinity
of gauges D1, D2, and D3, and along the newly restored stream channel near gauges D4,
D5, D8, D10, and D12. At times, water surfaces on site were high enough to actually
float the groundwater gauges from their casings.
Upon review of the recorded on site rainfall data it was found that a total of 53.19 inches
of rainfall fell on the site in 2003. Of this depth, 45.22 inches fell within the growing
season. This depth accounts for approximately 85 percent of the annual recorded rainfall.
Based on the recorded response of groundwater monitoring to rainfall on other areas on
site during the months of August, September, and early October, the opinion is that had
data for all gauges been available during the growing season all site gauges would have
reflected periods of hydrologic success well in excess of the necessary 18 day period.
3.2 Vegetation Monitoring
Success criteria for vegetation is based on the average number of live stems per acre
across the site as described in the Success Criteria portion of the Mitigation Plan. As
described in the Mitigation Plan, a mean density of 260 stems per acre is required at the
end of the five-year monitoring period. Additionally, it was desired that no single planted
species comprise greater than twenty percent (20%) of the surviving stems at the end of
the monitoring period.
Twelve (12) sample plots are located across the site adjacent to the groundwater
monitoring devices. For simplification of records the sample plots are numbered the
same as the monitoring gauges. Each plot is a square, 10 meters (32.8 feet) on each side
(100 square meters, or approximately 1075 square feet). The locations of sample
vegetation plots are identified on the As-built Plans.
A table indicating the total number of live?stems in each sample plot as of October 13th,
2003 is included below:
The average stems per sample plot is 14.9 stems. The sample plot median is 14 stems. A
review of the sample plots (averaging 14.9 stems per plot) reveals a current (2003 - year
one) site survival density of approximately 603 stems per acre.
Species diversity is described in the following table:
Plot Number
Species D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 T %
American
Sycamore 9 3 2 2 14 5 2 6 5 12 - - 60 33
River Birch 2 1 - 3 6 1 1 - 2 2 5 - 23 12
Green Ash 2 _ 5 2 2 4 - 2 1 - - - 18 10
Box-elder 2 _ 4 _ - 4 - 2 - - - - 12 7
Oak,
Che bark - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1
Oak, Water - - - 1 - 2 - - - - - - 3 2
Oak, Willow _ 1 3 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 8 4
Black Gum - - 1 1 1 - 1 - - - - - 4 2
Yellow Poplar _ _ _ _ 7 _ - 7 4
Black Willow 4 _ _ _ _ 3 _ _ - 7 4
Winged Elm - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 <1
Sweet Gum 1 - - 2 * 5 2 3 6 1 * 1 21 12
Red Maple - - - - 1 - - - 1 - 8 - 10 5
Silky Dogwood - _ - 1 <1
Loblolly Pine _ 2 - 2 1
Totals 20 5 15 11 24 24 7 13 16 23 17 4 179
* - numerous volunteers
There are fifteen (15) different woody species represented within the twelve (12) sample
plots. Other than American Sycamore, no single species comprises more than 20% of
the total stand. Even discounting the number of Sycamore that exceed the 20%, the
average number of stems per acre on site is 483.
Stem count will most likely vary in future years. There can be both an increase in total
stem count as well as species diversity. There may some decrease in the number of stems
due to mortality, but there is likelihood that there will be an increase. The increase could
come about because at the time the stem counts were made some of the trees were small
and still competing with other vegetation, thus making it difficult to determine if all
stems were counted early in the monitoring period.
In summary, the vegetative component of the mitigation effort meets total stem and
diversity criteria in year one and success criteria as specified in the MBI can be
expected throughout the five-year monitoring period.
3.3 Stream Physical Monitoring
Soil & Environmental Consultants, PA (S&EC) completed the Year-One monitoring of
the Deep Creek Wetlands & Stream Mitigation Bank, on November 10 and 11, 2003.
Based on visual observation of the entire restored stream channel (Reach 1 and 2) and in-
channel structures, followed by the comparative analysis of the year 1 and as-built survey
data sets, the restored channels are stable and exhibit very little departure (vertical or
horizontal) from the as-built conditions. All of the cross-vanes and root wads are
functioning properly and there has been no evidence of erosion, head-cutting, or structure
piping along the entire length of channel for the except of one boulder cross-vane and
two outer meander bends located at the lower end of Reach 2. These areas have been
repaired and are currently stable as of the date of this report. Per the Mitigation Plan,
success criteria has been met in that the stream bedform features and cross-sections have
remained stable (i.e. the stream has retained its enhanced Rosgen stream-type
classification) through the date of this report. Therefore, Year-One monitoring of the
stream channel confirms a successful, stable channel.
To review, the project construction initiated on January 27a`, 2003 and was completed on
April 10 , 2003. During the construction phase of the stream restoration, approximately
14 bankfull events or higher were observed or evidence of a flood event was observed
(wrack lines, flood debris). The majority of the flood events occurred mid to late winter
2003. Since construction implementation has been completed the stream has experienced
approximately 4 additional bankfull or greater events.
Data collected during the Year 1 monitoring activities included the survey of over 50
percent of the total restored length of longitudinal channel profile equating to
approximately 3,000 linear feet of the total 5,733 restored feet, 16 permanently
established channel cross-sections (8 nested pairs), and permanently established
photographic points. Overall channel conditions (bed and bank) and in-channel
structures, which included boulder cross-vanes and root wads, were inspected during the
channel survey to insure proper function and stability. Extreme detail was employed to
replicate previously collected data compiled during the as-built survey.
Year 1 geomorphic data collected were plotted in color along with the as-built for
comparison purposes. For comparison purposes, some minor horizontal (length)
adjustments of the year 1 longitudinal profile were required because the stream has
modestly increased in length as the thalweg has adjusted and equalized overtime.
Methodology
The as-built was completed utilizing a total station, rod, prism, and 300-foot tape. S&EC
is currently utilizing total station technology, which identifies and records the northing,
easting, and relative elevation of each survey point. The survey of the longitudinal
profile of each channel segment was initiated at a boulder cross vane and was terminated
at a downstream boulder cross-vane. Cross-vanes were utilized because of ease of
locating them and their expected permanent nature (vertical and horizontal). The
longitudinal profile included the permanently established cross-sections. The majority of
the permanent cross-sections were included within the longitudinal profile with the
exception of one nested pair denoted as NP-1. The longitudinal profile encompassed the
thalweg (deepest part of the channel at any one point) only inclusive of all of the
observed transitional areas including riffles, runs, pools, glides and boulder cross--vanes.
Cross-vanes were utilized as a point of reference (permanent bench mark) when the two
surveys were compared and horizontal (length) adjustments to the year 1 profile were
made based on the relative locations if each cross-vane for comparative purposes.
Cross-section pins established during the as-built were located using the as-built plan
sheet and a metal detector. Once the pins were located a 100-foot tape was stretch
between them for orientation purposes and to insure an accurate reproduction of the
original cross-sectional profile.
Channel Morphology & Channel Stability
Based on visual observation of the entire restored stream channel (Reach 1 and 2) and in-
channel structures, followed by the comparative analysis of the year 1 and as-built survey
data sets, the restored channels are apparently relatively stable and exhibited very little
departure (vertical or horizontal) from the as-built conditions. All of the cross-vanes and
root wads were functioning properly and there was no evidence of erosion, headcutting,
or structure piping along the entire length of channel fort e except o one oulder cross-
vane and4 aro outer meander bends located at the lower end. T Reach 2 s m ivied,
these have been repaired and remain stable as of the date of this report (following at least
-----------------
one bank-full event.
As expected, the channel is becoming narrower because suspended sediment is actively
being deposited within the bankfull channel and in some cases obscuring the arms of
several of the boulder cross-vanes. This is the direct result of increased roughness
associated with the propagation of vegetation within the bankfull channel. If the trend
continues the channel should narrow and the width/depth ratio will decrease potentiall)
reducing the cross-sectional area.
Bank Vegetation
The bankfull channel planting area initiates at the base flow elevation and continues to
the top of bank. This zone was originally seeded with a temporary and permanent seed
mix consisting of millet, and switch grass (Panicum virgatum), lined with erosion control
matting (coir matting-CF7), and live staked. These precautions were completed to
prevent erosion following construction and to promote the establishment of permanent
cover within the denuded construction zone.
Tree and shrub species installed along the stream bank included black willow (Salix
nigra), service willow (Salix sericea), elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), and silky
dogwood (Cornus amomum).
In addition to the species planted or applied as seed an influx of volunteers, as a result of
the numerous bankfull and flood events, have colonized the bankfull channel area. The
species observed included rushes (Juncus spp.), sedges (carex spp.), spike rushes
(Eleocharis spp.), and black willow.
Percent vegetative cover within the channel was estimated to be 80 to 100 percent. The
only bare spots observed were isolated to the bank slump damaged areas identified
previously.
Future Monitoring
The stream channel monitoring schedule, as outlined in the approved mitigation plan, is
to be completed every other year for 5 consecutive years starting one year after the
completion of construction. This report constitutes the report for year-one of the
monitoring period. Additional stream monitoring will be conducted again in the 3rd and
5th year. Benthic Monitoringwill initiate after year two and will continue annually until
ear for 3 consecutive years. i ?c L 3 y y b ,. _ A h y
3.3 Monitoring Success - Year One (2003)
Based on vegetation data collected within the sample plots, existing groundwater
gauge and rainfall data, the physical stream survey data, and enhanced diversity,
the site has met the intent of the success criteria as set forth in the mitigation
banking instrument for the calendar year 2003.
In summary, there is currently a high correlation between rainfall and the elevation of
groundwater on the site. Existing groundwater gauge data and rainfall indicates that
wetland hydrology has been successfully restored to the site. Hydrophytic vegetation has
been successfully established on the site, resulting in a diverse wetland ecosystem that
has begun to support a greater diversity of species that normally inhabit these systems.
The restored stream channel is stable and has maintained the design dimensions
throughout several bank-full events. In total, the site has been restored to a functional
wetland and stream ecosystem that will continue to develop into a mature bottomland
forest wetland.
Upon completion of construction, and during the first monitoring season, the site was
visited several times by S&EC scientists. Throughout the Spring of 2003 and the
following Summer and Fall seasons, significant changes were observed in the
composition of species that inhabit and frequent the site. This site, like other fields in the
area, had been in agricultural production for many years and was dominated by a
monoculture of various row crops or winter cover crop. Species diversity within the
fields was limited due to the open nature of the site (limited cover). Previously, site
visitation and travel through the area was limited to the ditch channels and peripheral
areas where native vegetation had occurred.
Once wetland hydrology returned, subtle variations in hydrology resulted in a variety of
wetland habitats from near-permanently inundated to saturated areas. This resulted in
diverse vegetative communities that range from emergent marsh zones adjacent to open
water to early-successional woody wetland communities. As native cover and surface
water has developed on the site, species diversity has increased dramatically through
visitation by migratory species and permanent species that use the site as forage and
nesting. The upland portions of the site also have begun to re-vegetate with early-
successional native species which further diversifies the site ecologically.
Flocks of Wood Duck has been observed in great numbers in the seasonally inundated
portions of the site. Additionally, Great Blue Heron, Little Green Heron, Kingfishers,
Kill-Deer, and various migratory songbirds have visited the site in significant numbers.
Additionally, there has been a increase in the occurrence of site visitation by deer and
other mammals since the completion of restoration activities. Many species of native
herbaceous wetland and old-field upland plants have colonized the site from adjacent
sources as well as from seed sources within the topsoil.
The diversity of the restored stream channel adds to the function of the site. The
previously existing channel had little channel diversity. The restored channel has a wide
variety of riffles, pools, point bars (where Raccoon and Heron feed), and in-stream rock
and root structures that add cover and help to aerate the stream. There has been a
significant increase in occurrence of fish species and other aquatic life within the restored
reach.
Now that wetland hydrology has been successfully returned to the site, dramatic changes
have occurred in the quantity and diversity of both plant and animal species on the site.
We expect this trend to continue throughout the monitoring period and beyond so that
natural ecological function associated with native bottomland hardwood wetlands and the
adjacent uplands will continue to develop over time.
3.4 Credit Ledger
The Credit/Debit Ledger that follows indicates the number of credits that were granted
for Deep Creek Wetlands Mitigation Bank. The ledger also indicates the number of
credits that have been released to mitigate for wetland and stream impacts, subject to
permit approval by the US Army Corps of Engineers. Fifteen percent (15%) of both
wetlands and stream have been released. The releases were based on the approval of the
Banking Easement and the recording of a perpetual conservation easement, of which
have been accomplished.
By meeting the success criteria as documented in the First Year Monitoring Report, an
additional ten percent (10%) should be released.
LEDGER
DEEP CREEK WETLANDS MITIGATION BANK
CREDIT TYPE
WETLANDS STREAM
Restoration Creation Total Total Feet
TOTAL APPROVED CREDITS FOR PROJECT 30.40 5.34 35.74 5,733.00
APPROVED CREDITS
Date Issued Released Credits Percent
10/9/2003 Easement Recorded 15.0 4.56 0.80 5.36 859.95
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total 15.0 4.56 0.80 5.36 859.95
Appendix A
Wetland Plot Photos
•
Site Photos AppendixA
A photograph of each of the ten (10) sample plots is included below. Each view is from
the southeast corner of the plot toward the northwest corner where the groundwater
monitoring gauge is located. The photos were taken at the end of the 2003 growing
season.
•
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Stream Photos
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Site Data
Wetlands Hydrology
Stream Morphology
•
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Appendix B

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28-Oct-03
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30-Apr-03
7-May-03
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28-May-03
4-Jun-03
11-Jun-03
18-Jun-03
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W GJ N N Cn O Cn O Cr O Cn O Cn O
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1-Jul-03
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DEEP CREEK
Dimensional Summary Sheet - Year 1 verus As-built
Discription Monitoring
Year X-sectional
Areas . ft X-sectional
Width ft Maximum
Depth ft Average
Depth ft
Riffle 1 As-built 19.27 12.98 2.72 1.48
Year 1 18.18 13.19 2.81 1.38
Pool1 As-built 25.52 14.64 3.16 1.74
Year 1 23.06 14.52 3.42 1.59
Riffle 2 As-built 23.55 15.86 2.86 1.49
Year 1 19.66 15.49 2.65 1.27
Pool2 As-built 30.24 16.27 3.76 1.86
Year 1 29.08 16.75 3.76 1.74
U Riffle 3 As-built 12.39 12.57 1.78 0.99
Q Year 1 11.93 12.9 1.88 0.92
W Pool3 As-built 23.55 15.86 2.86 1.49
Year 1 19.66 15.49 2.65 1.27
Riffle 4 As-built 16.4 13.62 2.1 1.2
Year 1 16.8 15.02 2.24 1.12
Pool4 As-built 32.19 17.44 3.6 1.85
Year 1 30.82 17.17 3.52 1.8
Riffle 5 As-built 19.98 13.64 2.52 1.47
Year 1 20.28 14.48 3.1 1.4
Pool5 As-built 29.48 16.18 3.3 1.82
Year 1 32.92 18.65 3.48 1.77
Riffle 6 . As-built 22.06 15.44 2.7 1.43
Year 1 22.56 17.88 2.94 1.26
N Pool6 As-built 45.83 17.59 4.44 2.6
Year 1 43.51 17.71 4.22 2.46
Riffle 7 As-built 26.81 17.17 2.78 1.56
U Year 1 21.92 15.77 2.64 1.39
Q Pool7 As-built 41.14 17.69 4.36 2.33
W Year 1 44.21 18.03 4.52 2.45
?y Riffle 8 As-built 32.94 19.55 3.56 1.68
L.L Year 1 33.3 19.55 3.7 1.7
Pool8 As-built 50.17 22.36 3.58 2.24
Year 1 61.68 23.44 4.57 2.63
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Appendix C
Baseline Habitat Data
In August of 2002, S&EC conducted an inventory of the flora and fauna located within
and adjacent to the Deep Creek Mitigation Site. It is important to note that these findings
represent only a single point in time. Specifically, because we sampled vegetation late in
the season, it is likely that early flowering spring ephemerals were overlooked during our
survey. The same can be said for the bird species described in this report. During the
spring and fall many bird species are migrating to reach their wintering or breeding
grounds. Therefore, some of the birds recorded in our survey would not be present at a
later date in the season.
The plant communities observed within the property were limited and only encompassed
approximately 5% of the entire area due to the intense farming practices. The area is no
longer in agricultural production and presently contains a number of early successional
species as noted below. The riparian corridors within the site were limited to
approximately 10-20 feet on either side of the drainage features. Plant communities
within the immediate vicinity were also limited and often not contiguous to one another.
Four distinct individual plant communities fundamentally based on the community
descriptions published within the Classification of the Natural Communities of North
Carolina .(Schafale and Weakley, 1990) were observed. The plant communities include
the following: 1) Piedmont/Bottomland Forest, 2) Low Mountain Alluvial Forest, 3)
Pine/Harwood Forest, and 4) Agricultural Land.
The Piedmont Bottomland Forest plant community occurs immediately adjacent and to
the east of the site; parallel to the southern-most stream channel, whereas the Low
Mountain Alluvial Forest occurs adjacent to Deep Creek located north of the northern
property line. The two forest types contain similar vegetation but differ in landscape
position. The levee forest is located along an active levee and is more frequently
disturbed by flooding and sediment deposition. The levee forest grades into bottomland
forest as one moves away from the channel. However, because the boundary between
these two forest types is often difficult to establish, especially in Piedmont and the Blue
Ridge, we have lumped plant species from each of the forest types into a single category.
Dominate canopy species observed included green ash (Froxinus pennsylvanica), red
maple (Acer rubrum), sweet gum (Liquidambar styracijlua), willow oak (Quercus
phellos), American elm (Ulmus americana), river birch (Betula nigra), sycamore
(Platanus occidentalis), and hackberry (Celtis laevigata). The subcanopy and herb layer
contains red maple, green ash, paw-paw (Asimina triloba), blackhaw (Viburnum
prunfolium), American holly (Ilex opaca), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), box elder (Acer
negundo), poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), woodoats (Uniola latifolia), Christmas
fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), sedges (Carex
spp.), and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica).
Although the pine/hardwood stands were not sampled during our evaluation, stands were
observed along the farm field edges on well-drained soils. Dominate plant species
observed included shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), black cherry (Prunus serotina),
flowering dogwood (Cornus Florida), sweet gum, hackberry, and blackberry.
The remaining portions of the property consist of agricultural land that has been fallow
for the past 2-3 years. A number of drainage features are located within the agricultural
field and provide cover for a host of bird species as well as small rodents. The plant
community in the agricultural areas is comprised of mainly early successional annual
plants such as dog fennel (Eupatorium capillifolium), Johnson grass (Sorghum
halepense), Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli), morning glory Qpomea purpurea),
Goldenrod (Solidago spp.), nettle (Solarium spp.), sickle pod (Cassia obtusifolia), Indian
Hemp (Apocynum cannibinum), and fireweed (Erichtites hieraccifolia). In addition to the
herbaceous layer we also noted the presence of a number of saplings such as box elder
(Acer negundo), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua),
ash (Fraxinus spp.), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and river birch (Betula nigra).
Bird species observed along the forested edges included Indigo bunting, Common yellow
throat, Field sparrow, common bob-white, goldfinch, tufted titmouse, red-winged
blackbird, red-bellied woodpecker, downy woodpecker, and eastern towhee. A complete
list of birds identified within or adjacent to the site is included below.
The site exhibits a sporadically located, heterogeneous mix of plant community types.
These plant communities generated through natural succession and were most likely
manipulated by past and existing land uses. Examples of manipulation include but are
not limited to land clearing for agricultural purposes, drainage activities, fire suppression,
sustained timber activities, and road and dam construction. The site and the immediate
vicinity contains several dirt roads, ditches, wetlands areas, stream channels, forested
riparian areas, and is surrounded by a heavily altered vegetative landscape. This
interspersion of habitat types has a direct correlation to the wildlife population dynamics
and the species diversity. Wildlife habitat located in the vicinity included small portions
of riparian forest and the adjacent bottomland hardwood forest.
Wildlife or evidence of wildlife (tracks, vocal) observed within the project area included
raccoon (Procyon lotor), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virgininana), and eastern
cottontail. A number of butterflies and other insects were observed within the
agricultural areas such as the cabbage butterfly, checkerspot butterfly, orb weaver
(Argiope spp.), Frittilary butterfly, monarch butterfly, black swallowtail, buckeye
butterfly, grasshopper, Tiger swallowtail butterfly, skipper butterfly, viceroy butterfly,
cloudless sulfur butterfly, and a silver-spotted skipper. A comprehensive list of
vegetation and bird species observed on-site is listed below.
Conclusions
In closing, we should note that although species diversity appears high within the site, a
majority of the plant species encountered are considered early successional species (i.e.
annual weeds). Specifically, the fallow fields were comprised of mainly annual
herbaceous plants and lacked mature woody vegetation that could produce a hard mast
(e.g. oaks, hickory). The most diverse areas (plant and bird species) tended to be near the
fringe of the drainage features, and along the forest edges adjacent to the agricultural
fields. This is consistent with the concept of the ecotone or edge effect. The ecotone
between two habitat types often contains a higher species diversity because it is utilized
by species from both habitats. However, the forested areas comprise only about 5% of the
total area. As part of the restoration plan approximately 42 acres of current farmland will
be planted with a permanent native plant community composed of species typically
observed in bottomland hardwood plant communities located in the Piedmont region of
North Carolina. Approximately, 42 acres of wetland area will be vegetated providing
habitat for a variety of plant and animal species. The restored areas will provide wildlife
with a source of food, nesting sites, migration opportunities, protection from predators,
and a breeding site. Currently, the farmed areas proposed for wetland restoration are not
providing any of these environmental benefits previously mentioned, therefore the
proposed alterations to the site will result in long-term ecological benefits to the region.
In addition, to providing foraging habitat, the re-growth of this site will contribute to
landscape diversity (i.e. increased edge effect). Given the limited foraging substrate
currently available, one would anticipate the diversity of the site to increase as the
wetlands and riparian areas are restored to a more natural state. Additional field studies
will be conducted in the fall of 2003 in order to determine whether species diversity is
correlated with an increase in the amount of available edge habitat.
Avifauna observed within and adjacent to the Site
Approx. #,
seen/vocal
American goldfinch Carduelis tristis 2+, seen
American robin Turdus migratorius 4, seen
Barn swallow Hirundo rustica 3, seen
Blue grosbeak Guiraca coerulea
coerulea
Blue jay Cyanocitta cristata 2, seen
Blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea 6, seen
Carolina chickadee Parus carohnensis 3+, seen
Carolina wren Tyryothorus lucovicianus 2, seen
Common bobwhite Colinus virginianus
Common crow Corvus brachyrhynchos 1, vocal
Common yellowthroat Dendroica dominica 2, seen/vocal
Downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens 4, seen/vocal
Eastern bluebird Sialia sialis 4-6, seen
Eastern towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus 2, vocal
Field Sparrow Spizella pusilla 4, seen
Indigo bunting Passerina cyanea 3-4, seen
Mockingbird mimus polyglottos 1, vocal
Mourning dove Zenaida macroura 1, vocal
4, seen
4, seen
Northern cardinal
Red-bellied woodpecker
Red-winged blackbird
Ruby-throated
hummingbird
Tufted titmouse
Yellow-billed cuckoo
Cardinalis cardinalis
Centurus carolinus
Agelaius phoeniceus
Archilochus colubris
Parus bicolor
Coccyzus americanus
1, seen
3, seen/vocal
Flock - 700, seen
2+, seen
2, seen
1, vocal
Vegetation observed within the Agricultural Field
*Black cherry Prunus serotina
*Box elder Acer negundo
*Green ash Fraxinus pennysylvanica
*Persimmon Diospyrus virgimana
*River birch Betula nigra
*Sweetgum Liquidambar straciflua
*Sycamore Platanus occidentalis
*Tulip poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Allegheny monkeyflower Mimulus ringens
Barnyard grass Echinochloa crusgalli
Beggar ticks Bidens polylepis
Bindweed Convolvulus arvensis
Carolina horse nettle Solanum carolinianum
Cocklebur Xanthium strumarium var.
glabratum
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Common morning glory Ipomea purpurea
Curly dock Rumex crispus
Daisy fleabane Erigeron candensis
Dog fennel Eupatorium capillifolium
Fireweed Erechtites hieracifolia
Goldenrod Solidago spp.
Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Japanese bristlegrass Setaria faberi
Johnson grass Sorghum halepense
Lambsquarters Chenopodium album
Passion flower Passiflora incarnata
Path rush Juncus tenuis
Pokeweed Phytolacca americana
Sedge Cyperus spp.
Shrubby lespedeza Lespedeza bicolor
Sickle pod Cassia obtusifolia
Signalgrass Brachiaria platyphylla
Smartweed Polygonum penysylvanicum
Smooth sumac Rhus glabra
Spiny amaranth
Trumpet creeper
Wild garlic
Wingstem
Woodsorrel
(* saplings)
Amaranthus spinosus
Campsis radicans
Album canadense
Verbesina occidentalis
Oxalis spp.
Bottomland Harwood/Levee Forest
American elm Ulmus americana
American holly flex opaca
Ash Fraxinus spp.
Beech Fagus grandifolia
Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis
Blackgum Nyssa sylvatica
Blackhaw Viburnum prunifolium
Box elder Acer negundo
Christmas fern Polystichum acrostichoides
Dogwood Cornus Florida
Dogwood Cornus florida
Fox grape Vitis vulpina
Grape fern Botrychium virginianum
Great bladder sedge Carex intumescens
Hackberry Celtis laevigata
Honey locust Gleditsia tricanthos
Honeysuckle Lonicera, japonica
Indian woodoats Uniola latifolia
Japanese grass Eulalia viminea