19970616 Ver 2_Other Documents_20000501

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Site Inventory and Assessment
Sparta Bog
Sparta, North Carolina
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STATE PROJECT NO. 8.175a.,.,�
� T.I.P. NO. R-529
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF
TRANSPORTATION
RrH
May, 2000

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SPARTA BOG SITE �NVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTNESUMMARY ........................................................................................................i
IN'�RODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1
INVEN'�ORY METHODOLOGIES ........................................................................................1
1.1 Flora and Fauna ............................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Rare/Sensitive Flora ......................................................................:..................1
1.1.2 Plant Communities ...........................................................................................6
1.1.3 Fauna ...............................................................................................................6
1.2 Soils ..............................................................................................................................7
1.3 Hydrology and Hydraulics .............................................................................................7
1.3.1 Groundwater ....................................................................................................7
1.3.2 Surface Waters .................................................................................................7
1.3.2.1 Altered Natural Drainage Patterns, Enhanced Natural Channels ........7
, 1.3.2.2 Natural Stream Channels ....................................................................7
1.3.2.3 Water Quality .:...................................................................................8
1.3.3 Water Budget ...................................................................................................8
INVENTO.RY DOCUMENTATION ........................................................................................9
2.1 Flora and Fauna .............................................................................................................9
2.1.1 Rare/Sensitive Plant Inventory .........................................................................9
2.1.2 Plant Community Inventory ...........................................................................14
2.1.2.1 Active Management Zone ......:..........................................................14
2.1.2.2 Passive Management Zone ............................................................... 20
2.1.3 FaunalInventory ............................................................................................20
2.2 Soils ............................................................................................................................24
2.2.1 Soils Analysis ................................................................................................24
2.3 Hydrology and Hydraulics ............................................................................................26
2.3.1 Groundwater ..................................................................................................26
2.3.2 Surface Waters ...............................................................................................28
2.3.2.1 Altered Natural Drainage Patterns, Enhanced Natural Channels and
Constructed Ditches ......................................................................... 28
2.3.2.2 Natural Stream Channels ..................................................................29
2.3.2.3 Water Quality ...................................................................................32
2.3.3 Water Budget .................................................................................................33
2.4 Photographic Assessment ............................................................................................34
2.5 Conditions Documentation ..........................................................................................34
RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS ...........................................35
BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................................36

I,ist of Figures
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7a/7b
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11-27
Figure 28
Figure 29
Figure 30
Figure 31
Page
VicinityMap ....................................................................................................1
SiteBoundary ..................................................................................................2
WatershedBoundary ........................................................................................3
ManagementZones ..........................................................................................4
Groundwater Monitoring Well Locations ......................................................GS
ReachDesignations .......................................................................................G5
RarePlant Occurrences .................................................................................GS
PlantCommunities ........................................................................................GS
SoilsMap ......................................................................................................GS
SiteHydrology ..............................................................................................GS
Depth to Groundwater - Mav 1998 to September 1999 ..................................GS
SurfaceSaturation Regions ...........................................................................GS
HydrologicAlterations ..................................................................................GS
Stre�m Cross Section and Water Quality Monitoring Locations ....................GS
PhotographLocations ....................................................................................G5
GS = Graphics Supplement
List of Tables
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7a
Table 7b
Table 7c
Table 7d
Appendixes
Appendia A
Appendia B
Appendix C
Appendia D
Appendia E
Appendia F
Appendis G
AppendiY H
Page
Rare and Sensitive Plants ...............................................................................13
SoilCharacteristics ........................................................................................25
SoilAnalysis Results ......................................................................................25
Depth to Groundwater (10 day mm�ing average) ............................................27
Stream Geomorphic Data ...............................................................................30
StreamHabitat Assessment ............................................................................31
Water Quality Data - July 9th, 1999 Sampling ...............................................32
Water Quality Data - August 4th, 1999 Sampling ..........................................32
Water Quality Data - August 25th, 1999 Sampling .........................................33
Water Quality Data - September 24th, 1999 Sampling ...................................33
Flora Inventory
Fauna Inventory
Characteristic Species and Average Coverage for Ecological Communities
Well Data and Graphs
HEC-RAS Output
Stre�in Cross Section Data
Stream Habitat Field Evaluation Forms
Photographic Documentation

EXECUTIVE SUIVIMARY
Located in the Appalachian region of Alleghany County, Sparta Bog represents one of North Carolina's
more unique and .valued natural resources areas. [t is situated at the intersection of NC Route 18 and
Tayson Road, approximately 2 miles west of the town of Sparta. This location is well-known among
naturalists for it's assemblage of rare plants and animals, including the federal(y listed bog turtle. Although
commonly known as Sparta Bog, the land is largely comprised of a stream and floodplain system located in
a valley, among the Blue Ridge Mountains. Many of the unique floral communities of Sparta Bog are
located where groundwater seeps, at the toes of the surrounding slopes, become surface water and form
what are more accurately termed fens. In North Carolina, mountain fens are uncommon and many fens and
bogs have been destroyed or degraded, often through grazing, logging, mining, and draining for agriculture
or development. There are probably fewer than 500 sites and less than 2,500 ha (6,175 acres) remaining in
the Appalachian Highlands (Moorhead, et al.), only a percentage of which are found in North Carolina.
Sparta Bog is located within the New River drainage basin which occupies 1,237 km (769 mi) in the
mountain physiographic province of North Carolina in Watauga, Ashe and Alleghany counties (NCDENR-
DEM 1994). Specifically, Sparta Bog is in the Little River Sub basin (050703) and receives drainage from
a watershed of approximately 828 acres (335 hectares). The stream that bisects the Sparta Bog site is a
tributary to the Little River and is classified as "C Tr" waters (by default).
The 324-acre site purchased by NCDOT is comprised of agricultural fields, pasture, and forested areas. The
site contains an unnamed tributary that passes through the site. Six dominant communities as defined by
Schafale and Weakley (1990) were identified on-site; Basic Oak- Hickory Forest, Chestnut Oak Forest,
Piedmont/Mountain Bottomland Forest, Montane Oak Hickory Forest, Southern Appalachian Bog -
Northern Subtype, Swamp Forest Bog Complex - Southern Subtype and Open Field/Pasture. Within these
communities there exists a unique mosaic of rare species and plant associations. Some of the plant species
are native and the plant associations common to North Carolina, while other species and associations are
quite unique when viewed in relation to their normal geographic distribution. Many of these occurrences
have developed as a possible result of disturbances to the site.
Sparta Bog has undergone both acute and chronic alteration as a result of anthropogenic changes that have
affected the integrity of the system. The site has been impacted by a"chain reaction" of events that have
ultimately changed the ariginal character of the site. These events include acute impacts such as removal
of native vegetation, alteration of flow patterns, draining, and agricultural activities. Chronic impacts such
as increased aerobic decomposition of organic matter and soil deterioration have also affected the site.

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INTRODUCTION
An in-depth field survey of Sparta Bo� was conducted beginning in March 1998 and continuing through September
of 1998. This site assessment �vas conducted to: 1) identify significant site features, 2) determine watershed
characteristics, 3) record topographic features, 4) analyze soils, 5) assess stream characteristics and water quality, 6)
monitor ground water elevations, 7) conduct flora and fauna assessments, and 8) determine potential restoration
measures. This report summarizes the results of the investigation.
Sparta Bog is located at the intersection of North Carolina Route 18 and State Route 1173 (Tayson Road; formerly
Joines Road) in Sparta, North Carolina (Figure 1, Vicinity Map). The site encompasses approzimately 131 hectares
(324 acres) and is comprised of wetland, stream, bog, fen, and upland habitat areas, both wooded and open (Figure
2, Site Boundary). The USGS topographic map shows the site as a northwesUsoutheast oriented valley that is
� bisected by an unnamed stream (Figure 3, Watershed Boundary). The unnamed stream, a tributary of the Little
River, formed the valley. Flows from adjacent upland areas form three intermittent waterways upstream of the
project site. These waterways are the source of the unnamed stream.
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The hills forming the valley are relatively steep, dropping from more than 1,090 meters (3,600 feet) above sea level
to less than 908 meters (3,000 feet) at the valley bottom. The valley is broad and gently sloping at approximately
2% towards the stream channel, allowing the formation of the wetland and floodplain areas. The combination of
slopes, soils, and hydrologic features create the unique conditions necessary for the formation of the seep and fen
wetland habitats.
The 335 hectares (828 acres) watershed in which the project site is located is southwest of the town of Sparta and
drains into the Little River. The watershed is mostly forested with some agricultural fields, pastures, and residences.
NC Route 18 traverses the watershed, and Osbourne Road and a portion of Tayson Road are located in the
watershed as �vell. A sanitary landfill is located on Osbourne Road.
1.0 [NVENTORY METHODOLOGIES
Detailed inventories were conducted on the site to document the t��pe, extent and location of the biological and
physical resources. Each resource was subsequently surveyed and mapped for later evaluation with the intent of
providing an understanding of current conditions and revealing inconsistencies that would indicate areas in need of
restoration. The site was divided into two zones to most effectively use the resources available for the survey. The
zones were delineated based on 1) the probability of identifying unique habitats or features and 2) the anticipated
level of activiry that would occur during the restoration of the site. These zones are identified as the active
management zone (AMZ) and passive management zone (PMZ). The AMZ consists of the valley bottom and
encompasses nearly all of the wetland, fen and stream areas. The PMZ comprises the remaining portion of the site
and is primarily composed of the uplands surrounding the AMZ (Figure 4, Management Zones). Methodologies
employed to identify and map the resources are documented below.
1.1 Flora/Fauna
1.1.1 Rare/Sensitive Flora Specific emphasis was placed on the identification and location of rare and
protected plants on site. Initial background research was conducted to determine the ranges of species that were
suspected of occurring on site, based upon reports from the Natural Heritage Program, the collections at the
University of North Carolina (iJNC) and North Carolina State University (NCSU), and through the private database
of Patrick D. McMillan. Mr. McMillan has been documenting the rare plants of Sparta Bog for 15 years. The site
was visited 16 times durin� the �rowing season of 1998 in coordination with the flowering periods of the species
thought to be present on the site. The survey evaluated the historical locations of rare species and employed
systematic traverses of the property to visually check the entire AMZ. Rare pfants were identified, flagged, mapped,
and added to the GIS database. The size of each colony was either directly counted if a small to medium sized
population of <�00 plants or estimated if larger. Taxonomy follows Weakley (1997) and Kartez (1994).
Troublesome specimens were compared with material at UNC, NCSU or Mr. McMillan's private collection.

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Active Management Zones
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1.1.2 Plant Communities The vegetative communities in the AMZ and PMZ were documented through field
surveys during the 1998 growing season. The PMZ was evaluated onfy for general community types whereas the
AMZ was mapped to a higher level of detail to identify communities and to locate rare and/or sensitive plants.
Fieldwork was conducted in March, May, July and September through systematic transects and field delineation.
All identified rare and/or sensitive plants in the AMZ were flagged and recovered with field surveys. During each
site visit the AMZ was investigated, and individual plants, communities and associations were identified. For
several of the more unique and/or non-descriptive community types, intensive environmental sampling techniques
relying on the GOS methods were used (Peet et al. 1998). Species lists were generated to document recorded
species found on site and the composition of communities and associations. Community species lists were compiled
by combining the species lists for three representative examples of the same community in different sections of the
property. Natural communities were classified using the "Global Vegetation Classification System" of The Nature
Conservancy (Weakley et al. 1998) and were also cross-referenced with older systems of classification (i.e.,
Schafale and Weakley 1990) �vhere appropriate. The format of the community reports is as follows:
L Palustrine Perennial Graminoid Vegetation Ailiances. Roman numerals define groupings of Vegetation
Alliances. These are groups that are closely allied and contain many of the same dominant features, i.e. Palustrine
Perennial Graminoid Vegetation Alliances, meaning wetland �rasslands.
1. V.A.�.N.m.020. (The Nature Conservancy alliance numeral designation, see Weakley et aL 1998).
�Car�� eclrinata - Erioplrorum virginicum — Rliync/rospora capitellata - Solidago patula Saturated
� Herbaceous Alliance (ASW/I{P 6-95, ASW 12-97). The first set of numerals describes the alliance to
which the community belon�s, for example. This is the alliance name that is based upon dominant species
per strata or species that show an affinity or restriction to this alliance. The abbreviations in parenthesis
�, after this name are the initials of the persons who first formally described this community in Nature
�� Conservancy format.
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Synonymy. This category gives the equivalent name. for the alliance or vegetation if one exists. Since
many of the ve�etation communities described here are new to the Global Vegetation System, many have
no truly applicable synonymy.
Ca��r ecl�inata - Rltync/lospora alba - Eriocau[on decangulare - Solidago patula Herbaceous
Vegetation (PDM 8-98). The lettered communities are the final community classification scale
and refer to Vegetation Types or Ecological Communities. The community names follow the same
format as the alliance names and are also based upon dominant and restricted species.
Global Ranking: G1. This is a Nature Conservancy system of ranking the rarity of communities
It corresponds to the similar system used for ranking the global rarity of species and in general,
the lower the number the rarer the community type. A"?" indicates an unknown ranking.
Concept: This is an explanation of the vegetation includin; its composition, soil and hydrological characteristics,
and any other characters which serve to define the community. �
Rare Species/Management Recommendations: This category lists the predominant species of concern found
within the community and makes �eneral comments on the needs of the community for its continued existence.
1.1.3 Fauna Fauna was inventoried through a combination of field sampling and literature review of
documented occurrences on the site. The North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences (NCMNS) conducted
surveys during the spring, summer and autumn of 1998. The stream was sampled by seine for fish species during
July, September and October 1998. Voucher specimens were made of all species collected during this effort and
these specimens were deposited at NCMNS. The Lepidoptera were sampled during May, June, July, August and
September of 1998. Some vouchers were made, but most records were made by sight without collection. The
specimens collected were deposited at NCMNS. Reptiles, amphibians and birds were surveyed during every month
of the growing season in 1998. No voucher specimens were taken. Small mammals and bats were sampled
September 18`h through 20`h, 1998. Approximately 420 snap traps and two 4-shelf, 35-foot long mist nets were set

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�� in the wetlands and lower �voody areas. A species list was developed for all species identified during this evaluation
and from databases with verifiable records for the site.
1.2 Soils
Evaluation of the soils follo�ved standard protocols as established by NRCS for mappin� and characterization of
� soils. The Soil Survey Map of Alleghany Counry, North Carolina (USDA Soil Conservation Service 1973) was
used as an initial guide for determining soil extents on site. Documentation and modification of the mapped soils
locations were conducted through field evaluation. Within the AMZ a total of four soil pits were excavated to a
depth of 20 inches and the profile documented. The limit and extent of the soil identified �in the pit was further
� refined through hand auger evaluation. Soil characterization for the purposes of mapping were restricted to the
series level. Detailed mapping of soil inclusions within the AMZ was not undertaken due to the high degree of
variability in the system. Determination of soil extents in the PMZ relied primarily on hand augur probes as
�1 necessary to verify existing mapped data. Refined mapping was developed as a result of these investigations.
Upon determination of the soil extents, soil samples were collected for detailed analysis. A total of four samples
�� were collected. Each sample was a composite of the top 20" of the profile and was analyzed for percent humic
� matter, cation exchange (CEC), percent base saturation, pH, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium,
manganese, zinc and sulfur.
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1.3 Hydrology and Hydraulics
1.3.1 Groundwater Twenry (three 20" and seventeen 40") WL-Series automated shallow water level
monitoring systems (Remote Data Systems, Inc.) were installed on the site on 23-24 May 1998 (Figure 5,
Monitorin� Well Locations). The wells were installed on the flood plain and near the toe of the adjacent slope. A
bore hole was excavated for each well to the required depth and the well point installed, back-filled with sand and
capped in accordance with standard NCDOT procedure. The elevation of the well was surveyed and each well was
set to record �vater levels daily. Data was retrieved periodically in conjunction with other site visits. The resulting
information was graphed and entered as attribute data to the well point in SPANS (Spatial Analysis System). The
raw data was statistically analyzed to determine the daily 10-day running average for depth to groundwater at each
well point. The lowest (least depth to groundwater) 10 day running average was established for each month and
applied as the amibute to the well point. Stream surface elevations were also included as static water elevations as
supplemental data points. Potential mapping functions were applied to determine the static water levels on a
monthly basis from May 1998 through September 1999.
1.3.2 Surface Waters The surface waters evaluated in this project were divided into two reaches for the purpose
�of analysis, due to the conditions of the site. Reach 1 is that area contributing to the reach upstream of the NC 18
� crossing and reach 2 is the area contributing to the reach downstream of the NC I 8 crossing. Surface waters include
the stream and contributing drainage features, wetland areas, and hillside seeps (Fi�ure 6, Reach Designations).
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1.3.2.1 Altered Natural Drainage Patterns and Enhanced Natural Channels Topographic mapping �
and field evaluations were conducted to determine the location and extent of altered draina�e features on the site.
Measurements as necessary to determine channel capacity or effect on discharge from the site were developed.
1.3.2.2 Natural Stream Channels
Stream Hydraulic/Hydrology C/taracteristics
Modeling was performed using the HEGRAS modeL Topographic information was obtained from
photogrammetry and supplemented with �round survey. Parameters for the model, such as Manning's `n' values
and culvert/roadway data, �vere obtained through site visits. Reach I was modeled using the Rural Regression
equations presented by the USGS. Discharse calcufations for reach 2 was performed using the C200 group of
charts as presented in the NC Department of Transportation Hydraulic Design Manual. The model was calibrated
using �auge data and was run for the 2, 5, 10, 25, �0, and 100-year events.

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Streain Geomorphic Classification
Physical evaluation of the stream system on site was conducted based on techniques described in Rosgen (1996). A
total of seven cross-sectional surveys were conducted along the mainstream channel (Figure 30, Stream Cross-
section and Water Quality Monitoring Locations). Measurements were taken for bankfull width, bankfull cross
sectional area, width of flood prone area, water surface slope, channel slope, sinuosity, valley slope, mean depth,
width depth ratio, maximum depth, entrenchment ratio, and channel materials. The channels were classified based
on the resulting data.
Stream Habitat
Stream channel physical characteristics and habitat value assessments were conducted at each cross-section location
along the stream channel. Methodologies used were based on techniques following the general habitat assessment
procedure in the EPA Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Rivers (EPA/440/4-89/OOI, May
1989). Habitat assessment field data sheets were completed at each of the stream survey locations. Parameters used
in the evaluation include: attachment sites, embeddedness, shelter for fish, channel alteration, sediment deposition,
stream velociry and depth combinations, channel flow status, bank vegetative protection parameters, bank condition
and riparian vegetation aone width. Habitat parameters were weighted to emphasize the most biologically
significant parameters. All parameters were evaluated for each station studied. To ensure consistency in the
evaluation procedure, descriptions of the physical parameters and relative criteria are included in the ratings forms.
Each parameter was scored at each cross section in the field. Scores for each parameter were averaged and a rank
was determined for each reach. Rankings were applied using the following criteria; 0 to 5- Poor, 6 to 10 -
Marginal, 11 to 15 - Suboptimal, 16 to 20 - Optimal.
1.3Z.3 Water Quality Water quality monitoring stations were established at four stream locations on
the project site (Figure 30, Stream Cross-section and Water Quality Monitoring Locations). Water quality was
monitored at regular two to four week intervals from June through September. The monitoring stations were
selected based on proximity to significant points of confluence, significant topographic influence and ease of
sampling. In-situ sampling of pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and temperature was conducted.
Samples were collected, sent to a water quality laboratory, and tested for acidity, alkalinity, metals (Fe, Mn, Ca,
Cu), TDS, hardness, nitrate and nitrite. Water quality testing was performed on June 9, July 10, August 4, August
25, and September 24. •
1.3.3 Water Budget Development of a water budget for a site of this nature would be highly subject to
interpretation due to the variability within the site and the unique characteristics that make up fen hydrology. Only
a general assessment can be made as to the status of the water budget on-site given the information gathered to date
and based on a general understanding of fen hydrology.

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� 2.0 INVENTORY DOCUMENTATION
2.1 Flora/Fauna
2.1.1 Rare/Sensitive Flora Inventory Twenty rare and/or sensitive species were identified, documented and
mapped as a result of this study. Of the twenty species identified as rare and/or sensitive, the North Carolina
Natural Heritage Program Database lists one of the vascular plant species as of Federal Concern and eight species as
of State Concern (Fi�ure 7a /7b, Rare and/or Sensitive Species). In addition, three species of State concern were
located on the property for which the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program had no previous record. The site
also was found to contain eight species that are included on the North Carolina Watch List. O�f these species, six are
listed as Watch List Category 7. This cate�ory is a designation given to rarely encountered plants whose status and
distribution in the State is poorly understood. These plants could be upgraded to formal status once more
information is assimilated. All the rare vascular plant species that were located on site are listed in Table 1 along
with their Federal and/or State status, their population size and associated habitat.
Detailed information about the rare species, excluding the watch list species is provided below.
� Aret/tusr� bulbosa L. - Bog Rose
Arethz�sa bulbosa is listed by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program as Endangered in North Carolina. The
species is known historically from six counties in North Carolina. This rare orchid has only been identified in the
�, last 20 years in Avery County (Pineola Bog), Transylvania County (Pink Beds), and Alleghany County (Sparta
Bog). A historical record from Henderson County is presumed extirpated and a record from Forsyth County is
� certainly extirpated, and there is doubt as to the validity of the Forsyth County record. The species ranges widely
across northeastern North America south to Indiana and in the Appalachians to South Carolina (one population,
Greenville County). This orchid is extremely rare south of Maine, Minnesota and Michigan.
Arethusa bz�lbosa was located in Sparta Bo� in 198�, and only a very small number of individuals have been seen
durin� any one year. Upon closer investigation during this study, two small groups and six flowering plants were
observed. The species is restricted to the best examples of Carex echinata - Rhynchospora alba - Eriocaulon
decangulare - Solidago patula herbaceous vegetation (Southern Appalachian Bog, northern sub-type). The plants
grow in the deepest Sphagnum and cranberry portions of the bog. Two specimens were found growing in the large
fen area adjacent to Tayson Road and four specimens were focated in the fen closest to the old homestead. The
population here is small and sparse, but all populations known in North Carolina are similarly lacking in numbers.
� Campanula aparinoides Pursh - Marsh Bellflower
This species is listed as Significantly Rare in North Carolina. It is limited to "bogs", �vet meadows, "bo� like
�ditches" and wetland "fen-like" areas generally occurring over mafic or calcareous rocks. In North Carolina it is
' known from small populations in twelve counties, all in the mountains. It has been confirmed extant in the past 20
years from Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Burke, Henderson, Jackson, and Yancey counties. The species is wide ranging
� in the nor,theast, ran�ing south to Geor�ia, Kentucky, Missouri and Nebraska.
A.E. Radford first collected this bellflower from Sparta Bog during the 1950's. It is not common at this site today,
and only three individuals, in three separate areas of the property, were located during this study. In 1997, P.
�, McMillan located many individuals present in the ditch on the east side of NC 18, near the Parnassia grandifolia
population. All the populations on site were found in more minerotrophic situations such as Rhynchospora
capitellata - Andropogon glomeratus -,Yyris torta - Polygala cruciata herbaceous vegetation and Glyceria laxa -
�Galium asprellum - Solidago patula- Osmunda cinnamomea herbaceous vegetation. Within this site, this species
' seems to occur along bo� transitions more frequently than it occurs in the bog itsel£ The species tends to have
nearly the same habitat and management requirements as Parnassia grandifolia.
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Carex bu.rhuumii Wahlenberg - Brown Bog Sedge, Buxbaum's Sedge
This rare sedge is listed as a Candidate species in North Carolina. It is known historically from six counties in
North Carolina (Alleghany, Ashe, Forsyth, Henderson, Watauga and Yancey Counties.). The plant has been
confirmed extant in the last 20 years from all these counties except Forsyth, where it is probably extirpated. It
ranges across northern North America from Newfoundland to Alaska and south to North Carolina, Arkansas,
Colorado and California. It is very rare within North Carolina being at the extreme periphery of its range.
A.E. Radford first collected the species at Sparta Bog during the 1950's. Two populations of this species were
located at the Sparta Bog during the course of this study. A large population of approximately 100 individuals
exists within the Carex echinata - Rhynchospora alba - Eriocazrlon decangarlare - Solidago patula herbaceous
vegetation bordering Tayson Road, and a smaller population of about 10 individuals exists in the same vegetation
type near the old homesite. Within the northern mountains of North Carolina, this species tends to occupy the
wettest portions of these fen areas near the bases of slopes or bordering small hillside rivulets.
C/ielone ct�thbertii Small - Cuthbert's Turtlehead
This turtlehead is characterized in North Carolina as Significantly Rare. It appears to be most abundant in the
northern mountains, specifically in Ashe and Alleghany counties. It inhabits a variety of moist environments,
including open mountain bogs, pasture bogs (hydrologically altered bogs), "bo� like" ditches, bog�y streamsides
and skunk cabbage bogs. It seems to reach its peak in abundance and flowering in intact open mountain bogs and
fens. It is a southern Appalachian endemic having been reported from Vir�inia, North Carolina, South Carolina and
Georgia (also reported but not verified for Tennessee). It has a distribution centered on the mountains of North
Carolina. [t is listed for thirteen counties in the state but has been observed in only eight counties in the past 20
years.
Large populations of this plant occur on the Sparta Bog site, �vith over 600 flowering stems in 23 colonies scattered
throughout the major portions of the wetland compler. The species tends to be most frequent within the Carex
echinata - Rhynchospora alba - Eriocaulon decangulare - Solidago patula herbaceous ve�etation but occurs in
lesser numbers in most other herbaceous-dominated wetland communities on site.
� Cl�dium mariscoides (Muhlenberg) Torrey - Twig Rush
This species is listed as Significantly Rare in North Carolina having been reported from 16 counties. The species is
most abundant in mountain bo�s and sandhill seepage slopes but may afso occur in brackish marsh situations. The
plant ranges commonly in the glaciated northern United States but occurs only disjunctly in the southeast where it
l has been reported from Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, panhandle Florida, Kentucky, Alabama
Mississippi and Texas (Weakley, 1997). South of its primary range the species becomes rare and sporadic.
�A.E. Radford first collected C/adium mariscoides at Sparta Bog in the 1950's and P.D. McMillan made sight
� records of it growing there up until 1993. Currently and during the course of this project, no specimens could be
located, and the species is presumed extirpated at this site. The plant formerly grew in very wet deep fen situations
in the largest area of Carex echinata - Rhynchospora alba - Eriocaulon decangulare - Solidago patula herbaceous
� vegetation just south of Tayson Road. No valid explanation for the species disappearance at this site is known but
there did seem to be a correlation between increased grazing pressure and reduced numbers at this site. There is a
very low possibiliry that this species still exists at minimum population levels that did not evidently flower during
� this study, however, vegetative characteristics were included in plant searches. Perhaps the species still exists in the
seedbank, but this probabiliry is equally low.
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Glyceria laxa (Scribner) Scribner - Lax Mannagrass
Listed as SiQnificantly Rare in North Carolina, this species is historically known from five counties but has only
been seen within the last 20 years in Haywood and Transylvania counties. Alleghany County is the only northern
mountain county in which this species is reported. It was only rediscovered and formally reported from the county
in the spring of 1998, from Sparta Bog and Skunk Cabbage Bog. The species is an Appalachian endemic, ranging
from Prince Edward Island south to North Carolina. This species �enerally inhabits flood prone areas of bog
complex wetlands.
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This species was not known from Sparta Bog before its discovery durin� this study. The population at this site is
one of the lar�est, if not the largest in the state, numbering more than 10,000 stems. The areas occupied and
dominated by Glycerin lara are �enerally flooded more frequently than other areas of the fen complex and most
likely are never dry. The species forms the cornerstone of a new community type, the Glyceria laxu - Galium
asprellum - Solidago patula- Osmunda cinnamomea herbaceous vegetation.
Lilium arayii S. Watson - Gray's Lily
This lily is listed as a Federal Species of Concern and a State Threatened and Special Concern species. It is perhaps
one of the most important species occurring on the Sparta Bog site. The species ranges from,southwestern Virginia
to central western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. North Carolina has by far the largest populations of this
rare plant. It has been reported from nine counties in the state and has been confirmed extant in all nine of these
counties in the past 20 years. The largest population centers for the plant are found in the Roan Mountain area of
Avery and Mitchell Counties and the Long Hope Creek Valley of Ashe and Watauga Counties. Within AIIeJhany
County the species has been known from four locations, three within two miles of Sparta Bog and one in the Glade
Creek area.
This species occupies a number of different habitats within its ran;e. It was originally found and known from open
�rassy high elevation balds in the Roan Mountain area but �vas subsequently found to also inhabit open mountain
bogs, "pasture bogs", "bog-like" roadsides and marshy meadows. Most populations occur at higher elevations than
those at Sparta Bo�. The species inhabits all the herbaceous-dominated communities outlined in the community
classification report submitted within this paper but tends to be most abundant in the transition areas from Carex
echinata - Rhync%ospora alba - Eriocatrlon decangt�lare - Solidago patz�la herbaceous vegetation to slightly drier
situations.
The population at Sparta Bog is by far the largest in the county and one of the largest and most important in the
State with 470 individual plants encountered at the site during the course of this study, over 300 of these were
flowering individuals. The number of flowering individuals was dramatically higher this year than in any other
flowering season since the investigator's observations of this species at this site began in 1985. This dramatic
increase in flowering individuals seems to be directly attributable to the lack of grazing pressure and mowing on site
this flowering season. Browsing pressure from deer may also be a concern for this species. The species has
historically shown trends towards more flowering individuals in years that the property has lowered or no grazing.
The species is, however, dependent upon the open nature of its habitat, and this characteristic is directly amibutable
to ;razin� and mowing practices.
Parnassia grandifolia Augustin de Candolle - Large-leaved Grass-of-Parnassus
This plant is listed as a Candidate (potentialfy threatened) in North Carolina and is uncommon throughout most of
its range. Within North Carolina it has been reported from 1 1 counties, of which it has been confirmed extant in
nine within the past 20 years. The species ranges primarily in the southern Appalachians and Ozarks. The general
range is from Virginia, West Virginia and southern Missouri south to panhandle Florida, Arkansas and eastern
Texas. The species is remarkably disjunct to panhandle Florida and is also found on the coastal plain of North
Carolina along the Cape Fear River. It is found in a variety of inesic habitats ranging from fens and seepage areas to
wetland longleaf pine savannas. Throughout its range it is almost exclusively associated with calcareous or
ultramafic soils and rock outcrops. It is one of several species found at the site (Campanula aparinoides,
Physocarpus opulifolius, Salix humilis, Thalictrum macrosrylum) that favor such mafic or calcareous conditions.
Sparta Bog has moderately acidic soils with circumneutral seepage, although soils are not ultramafic. Furthermore,
the interestin� mix of extreme acid-loving species such as �accinium macrocarpon and calciphiles such as
Parnassia grandifolia is most unique.
The population at Sparta Bog is small, currently consisting of 29 individuals all found in a"bog-like" ditch along
NC 18, north of Tayson Road. The species formerly occurred near the base of the larger area west of NC 18 but has
not been seen there since 1993.
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� Rhynckospora alba (L.) Vahl - Northern White Beaksedge
This sedge is considered a Candidate species in North Carolina. The plant is known from 10 counties in North
Carolina, mostly in the northern Blue Ridge. This sedge is found in open, sphagnous seepage bogs within this
;� region. It ranges across northern North America south to North Carolina, Minnesota, Idaho and California but is
disjunct and quite rare in the southeastern United States. It also occurs in two widely disjunct locations outside this
� range, one in the Okefenokee Swamp (Charlton County, Georgia) and at the summit of El Yunque (1050 m.) in
Puerto Rico.
' Approrimately 1300 stems of Rhynchospora alba flowered at the Sparta Bog in the summer of 1998. These plants
� were all located in the small high quality area of Carex echinata - Rhynchospora alba - Eriocaulon decangulare -
Solidago patula herbaceous ve;etation near to the old Thompson home site. The species was located in years past
in the lar�e cranberry bog just south of Tayson Rd. R. alba was last seen in this larger bog in 1995. The
� disappearance of this species occurred during a period of increased �razing, and this may be correlated with its
demise at the lar�er bo� site. This sedge is very particular in its habitat choice, and any alteration of local
hydrolo;y or increase in �razing or �round disturbance could prove harmful to this species.
'� Stenrurdriuin robustum S. Watson - Giant Featherbells, Bog Featherbells
This species is listed as Sianificantly Rare in North Carolina. [t has been reported from three mountain counties,
namely Alleghany, Ashe and Avery. The species has been confirmed extant within all three of these counties within
the past 20 years. The species ranges within the Appalachians from Pennsylvania south to the northern mountains
�, of North Carolina. The species is almost always associated with open mountain bogs or former bogs throughout its
ran�e. The species tends to most frequently occupy areas that are adjacent to the deeper and wetter portions of these
� bogs and is rarely found within Sphagnum bogs themselves.
This plant is reported here for the first time from Sparta Bog. Former reports are mostly based upon earlier
collections by A.E. Radford from the eastem sections of the county. This species is most easily separated from the
closely related Stenanthiz�m gramineum on the basis of its robust size and much wider and glaucous leaves. The
population at the Sparta BoQ site is very farge and well developed and may contain more plants than any other
population in the state. At the Sparta Bog site, this species inhabits most of the open herbaceous-dominated
communities but is not common in dry locations. The species requires stable hydrology and open habitats.
Vacciirrum macrocarpon Aiton — Large Flowered Cranberry
The cranberry is listed by the state of North Carolina as a Candidate species for formal protection. This species has
� been reported from 12 counties in North Carolina mostly in the mountains and very rarely in the coastal plain. A
population in Cumberland County, NC, in the sandhills region of the state, is only questionably native. The species
has been reported as occurring in bogs, pocosins and interdunal swales. In North Carolina the species achieves its
� greatest abundance and development in mountain bogs. Its general range is from Newfoundland and Ontario south
to North Carolina and Tennessee.
� No plant is more associated with the classic northern mountain bog than the cranberry. This species is distinctly
dependent upon the Sphagntun dominated bog areas of Carex echinata - Rhynchospora alba - Eriocaulon
decangz�lare - Solidago panrla herbaceous vegetation. The population at Sparta Boa is relatively healthy and
reproducin�. The population at the site was likely much lar�er before alteration of several bog areas on the site
� where the species currently maintains very small relict populations. The species is highly vulnerable to even small
shifts in site hydrology and maintains a tight association with Sphagnum. Any activities on this site that would
jeopardize site hydrology and the persistence of Sphagnum will, in tum, jeopardize the continued existence of
. cranberry.
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__ . Rare and'Sensitive'Plants „ r,� _ _y� .,_,, ��
Genus Species Federal State Population Communities+ Vegetative Synonomy+
(Common Name) Status Status Size * Alliance++
Aretharsa bulbosa (Bog Rose) E 6 I I. 1 Southern Appalachian Bog
Campanula aparinoides SR 3 l, 2& 3 i. 1, 2, 3 Southern Appalachian Bog
(Bog Blue Bell)
Carex burbaa�mii C 210 1 I. 1 Southern Appalachian Bog
(Buxbaum's Sedge)
Chelone cuthbertii SR 900 I, 2, 4, 5, 11 I. 1, 2, 4, Southern Appalachian
(Turtle Head) II. 1 Bog, Open Field/Pasture
VI. '
Cladium mariscoides SR Unknown 1 I. 1 Southern Appalachian Bog
(None)
Glyceria laxa SR 12700 3, 6 I. 3 Southern Appalachian Bog
(Lax Manna Grass) III. 1
Lilium grayi Species of T-SC 470 I, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, I. 1, 2, 4 Southern Appalachian
Gray's Lily) Concern 9, 10, I 1 II. 5 Bog, Open Field/Pasture
III. 1
V 1,2, 3
VI
Parnassia grandrfolia C-PT 29 2 I. 2 Southern Appalachian Bog
(Long Leafed Grass of Parnassus)
Rhynchospora alba C 1300 1 I. 1 Southern Appalachian Bog
(V✓hite Beak Sedge)
Stenanthit�m robzrsttrm SR 1349 l, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, I. 1, 2, 4 Southern Appalachian
(Large Bog Featherbell) 10, 11 II. 5 Bog, Open Field/Pasture
III. 1
V. 1, 3
VI
Vaccinium macrocarpon C 4900 I I. 1 Southern Appalachian Bog
(Cranberry)
Car�,r echinata ssp. Echinata W7 3100 1, 2 I. 1, 2 Southem Appalachian Bog
(Star Sedge)
Elymus riparitrs W7 225 4, 5, 6 I. 4 Southern Appalachian Bog
(River Wild Rye) II. 1
III. 1
Eriophorzrm virgrnicum Wl 922 1, 2 I. 1, 2 Southern Appalachian Bog
(Cotton Grass)
Galium asprellum W7 1000's 2, 3, 4, 5 L 2, 3, 4 Southern Appalachian Bog
(Bed Straw) II. 5
Panax quinyzrefolitrs WS- 1 NA NA Sparta Bo�
(Ginseng) SC
Pycnanthemzrm virginianum W7 1000's 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, I. 2, 3, 4 Southern Appalachian
(Vir�inia Mountain Mint) 11 II. 1 Bog, Open Field/Pasture
V. 1, 3
VI.
Solidago parberz�la var. puberula W7 42 2 I. 2 Southern Appalachian Bog
(Golden Rod)
Veronicastrarm virginicum W7 27 5 II. 1 Southern Appalachian Bog
(Culver's Root)
Thalictrzrm macrosrylum W7 Unknown l, 2, 8, 10, I 1 I. 1, 2 Southern Appalachian
(Meadow Rue) V. 1, 3 Bog, Open Field/Pasture
VI.
* As snown on rigure a, i�ian� �ommunmes w i= �care ou� reianvery secure
*- Estimated 1998 Population in Sparta E3o� WS = Rare due to severe decline/exploitation
++ As described in Section 2. L2 W7 = Rare and poorly known.
State Status: E_ �ndaneered; T= Threatened; SC = Special Concern: SR = Signiticantly Rare;
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2.1.2 Plant Community Inventory
2.1.2.1 Active Management Zone Eleven plant communities were identified and mapped in the
Active Management Zone durin� the investigation of the site (Figure 8, Plant Communities). Each community type
has been documented and described in order of hydrologic period from most saturated to least and by dominant life
form (i.e. Woodland, Shrubland or Grassland). The numeration of the communities corresponds to the mapping
provided in Figure 8. Additionally, a complete species list for the entire property was compiled from all species
encountered and private databases of qualified researchers from the past 15 years of observation. This species list is
found in Appendix A. .
I. Palustrine Perennial Graminoid Vegetation Alliances.
1. V.A.S.N.m.020. Car�r ec/rinata - Eriop/:orum virginicum - Rl:yncllospora capitellata - Solidago patula
Saturated Herbaceous Alliance (ASW/KP 6-95, mod. ASW 12-97). [Community 1.]
Synonymy = included within Southern Appalachian Bog, Northern Subtype (Schafale &
Weakley 1990).
A. Car�� eclrinata - Rhy�rc/rospor� albu - Eriocaulon decangulare - Solidago patula
Herbaceous Vegetation (PDM 8-98).
Global Ranking: G1 - currently only one site known worldwide.
A. Typical variant - mown
B. Mown, Ungrazed to Lightly Graded. Community lA
C. Grazed & Frequently Mown-Lacking �accinium macrocarpon. Community 1B.
D. Grazed variandmodified heavy hydrological disturbance. Community 1C.
Concept: This community is a graminoid dominated non-alluvial wetland vegetation with a significant cover of
Sphagnum spp., which is closely allied to other vegetation types in this alliance. The vegetation may be segregated
from Care,r atlantica - Rhynchospora alba - Parnassia asarifolia / Sphagnum warnstorfri Herbaceous Vegetation by
the lack of circumneutral seepaje and the absence of many of the typically associated species such as Parnassia
grandifolia, Carex trisperma, SaYifraga pensylvanica, A�lenyanthes trifoiata and Utricularia minor. The sites are
also not as shrubby as the typical members of the latter community, (although this may be representative of land use
practices). Also, this community is separated from Carex atlantrca - Solidago patula - Lilium grayi / Sphagnum
bartlettianum Herbaceous Vegetation by the dominance of species not characteristic of this community such as
Rhynchospora alba and Rhynchospora gracilenta. Additionalfy, this community may be separated from all other
previously described communities within this alliance on the basis of numerous species which are more frequent in
the coastal plain fire-maintained wetlands such as Eleocharis tt�berculosa, Eriocaa�lon decanga�lare, Rhynchospora
gracilenta, and Utricularia subzrlata, (for a more complete list see Appendix C). Sparta Bog is unique in that there
are combinations of species that are more typically found in mafic or calcareous conditions along with those
associated with acidic conditions, such as Thalictrtrm macrosryhrm and Campanula aparinoides. The groundwater
on site is more circumneutral than the stream, but soil pH is moderately acidic.
This vegetation is typically found on mid to lower slopes where it is in association with copious lateral seepage of
groundwater. It is non-alluvial in nature but is found in association and close proximity to seepage fed streams,
rivulets and small permanent streams. This community is dependent to a certain extent on mechanical removal of
invasive shrubby hardwoods and has been subject to periodic mowing in the past. Some areas of this community
have also been subject to grazing by cattle for many years. The community is characterized by a dominance of
several species, notably Rhynchospora alba, Vaccinizrm macrocarpon, Carex echinata, Rhynchospora gracilenta,
Rubus hispidtrs, Solidago pata�la var. patula, Osmt�nda regalis var. spectabilis, Osmunda cinnamomea, Eriophorum
virginictrm, Juncus biflorus and Juncus subcaudatus. Other characteristic species include many regionally rare ones
such as Arethusa bulbosa, Carex burbaumii, Chelone cuthbertii, Eriocaulon decangulare, Pogonia ophioglossoides,
Calopogon tuberosus, Utrrcu/aria subulata, Parnassia asarifolia, Kalmia carolina and Rhododendron viscosum.
The soils at the site are composed of muchy mineral soils with a hiQh percentage of mica and relatively high organic
matter, althou�h the organic matter is less than would be erpected from the "bo� like" ve�etation present. This soil
layer is consistent to a depth of 70-120 + cm. at which depth it is underlain by coarse quartz gravel and mineral
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soils. Due to this high percentage of mineral soil and groundwater seepage, the site is defined as a poor fen, not a
bog. Characteristic species and their average covers are'listed in Appendix C. The groundwater seepage is neutral
and may influence conditions such that unusual vegetation is present.
2. Rhync/rospora capitellata - Aiirlropogon glomeratus - Xyris torta Saturated Herbaceous Alliance (PDM 8-
98). These are semi-natural communities kept in a successional state by frequent mowing/disturbance and differ
from (1.) by a lower abundance or lack of Sphagnt�m and absence of typical oligotrophic "bo� or poor fen" species.
These communities are much more minerotrophic in their soil chemistry and profile. They can be viewed as a type
of Southern Appalachian "fen."
� Synonymy = No Synonymy, included within the concept of Southern Appalachian Bog, Northern
Subtype (Schafale & Weakley 1990).
� A. R/rync/iospora capitellatn/R. gracilenta - Andropogon glomeratus -,�yris torta - Polygala
cruciata Herbaceous Vegetation (PDM 8-98) �Community 2.]
Global Ranking: Gl?, so far this community is only known from this one example.
Concept: This community is a �raminoid dominated non-alluvial wetland vegetation, which is closely associated
� with Carex eclzinata - Eriophorum virginicum - Rhynchospora capitellata - Solidago patula Saturated Herbaceous
Alliances, aenerally occurrinQ upslope from such communities. This community is a"poor fen" community with
little to no cover of Sphagnum species, althouQh they may be present. The sites are generally dominated by
�raminoid veQetation consistin� of Rhynchospora capitellata, Rhynchospora gracilenta, Carex echinata ssp.
� echinata, Jtrnc:�s marginatus, Juncus bi,lort�s, Andropogon g/omeratus var. glomeratus, Scleria mz�hlenbergii,
Scirpus expanszrs, Calamagrostis coarctata, Eleocharis tenuis, ,Yyris torta, Agrostis stolonifera and Holcus lanatus.
Polygala crtrcra�a and Liatris spicata var. spicata also tend to be very abundant within these sites as compared to
� other communities at the study area. The sites are dependent upon groundwater seepage for their hydrology and are
not nearly as permanently saturated as Carex echinata - Eriophorz�m virginicum - Rhynchospora capitellata -
Solidago patt�la Saturated Herbaceous Alfiances, and often may dry at the surface during drought. This community
� is dependent upon periodic mowing to maintain its diversity and prevent the invasion of �voody species. It has
probably sustained a more frequent mowing regime than the more saturated associations due to the fact that it is
neither flooded nor so�gy and wet during periods when hay is likely to be harvested. The area, like the previous
alliance supports a large number of rare species such as Lilium grayi, Stenanthium robustum, Chelone cuthbertii,
� Carex echinata spp. echinata, Thalictrum macrosrylzrm and Solidago puberula var. puberula. Additionally, this
community also supports numerous species which are more frequent in North Carolina �vithin coastal plain fire-
maintained �vetlands sucli as Eleocharis tzrberculosa, Rhynchospora gracilenta, Rhynchospora globularis var.
� recognita, Panicum virgatum, and Polvgala cruciata.
The soils at the site are composed of mucky mineral soils with a fair to smafl percentage of organic matter. This soil
layer is consistent to a depth of 10-70 + cm. at which depth it is underlain by either coarse quartz gravel and mineral
� soils or mised boulder bedrock. Characteristic species and their average covers are listed in Appendix C.
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� 3. Glyceria l�cru - Gnlium asprellum - Solidago pntulu var. patcrla Herbaceous Alliance (PDM 8-98).
� Synonymy No synonymy, no treatment in Schafale & Weakley 1990, perhaps included within broad
concept of Southern Appalachian Mountain Bog, Northern Subtype.
A. Clyceria l�ra - Galium usprellum - Solidago patula var. patula - Osmunda cinnamomea
Herbaceous vegetation (PDM 8-98). �Community 3.]
Globai Ranking: G1, currently known only from this one site.
Concept: This community is a temporarily flooded and permanently saturated, alluvial herbaceous alliance found
� in association with open montane wetlands and bog communities and adjoining small stream drainages. It is a
graminoid-dominated wetland often occurring within broad-leaved herbaceous "marsh-lands". The typical phase of
this community is characterized by havin' a clear dominance of a single species of mannagrass (Glyceria lcLra) that
generally has a cover of over 25% and is usually over 75%. The community depends on frequent flooding of small
� stream corridors to maintain its saturated and temporarily flooded hydrology. The alliance is typically found in the
most frequently flooded and saturated areas of the "marshlands" adjoining streams. Any alterations of stream flow
or route woufd undoubtedfy adversely affect this ertremefy rare community type. Soils within this community are
� mostly of alluvial ori;in, although dense Sphagnum �rowths may be present near its upper margins. Characteristic
species and their average cover classes are listed in Appendix C.
� 4. V.A.S.N.k.020. Ca��r stricta Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance (ASW/KP 6-95).
Synonymy = No Synonymy, probably included within Southern Appalachian Bog, Northern Subtype
(Schafale & Weakley 1990) in part only.
A. Cnre_r st�icta - Car�r nrtumesceirs - Aronia arbutifolia Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Vegetation
� (PDM 8-98) �Community 4.�
Global Ranking: G3/�? - A common component of many open mountain wetlands.
� Concept. This community is a seasonally flooded and often saturated herbaceous veQetation type. It is also
primarily a narrow transitional community at the Sparta Bog site. The vegetation often occurs at the transition from
slightly more elevated stream margins to saturated herbaceous alliances such as Carex echinata - Eriophorum
� virginicz�m - Rhynchospora capitellata - Solidago patula Saturated Herbaceous Alliance, Glyceria lczra - galium
asprellum - Solidago patula Herbaceous Alliance, and vernonia novaeboracensis - Solidago altissima/S. rugosa -
Galium asprellum Herbaceous Alliance. Hydrologically these areas are probably subjected to less frequent flooding
and/or permanent saturation than are the above communities. The community is characterized by the imposing
� dominance of a sin;le species, Carex stricta. Other species that tend to be frequent within this community are listed
in Appendix C. This dominance tends to preclude the diverse assemblages found in many of the other wetland
� communities at this study area. The sites may, however,,be important fora�ing and restin� areas for many species
of fauna, including the Federally threatened (due to simifarity of appearance) bog turtle.
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II. Palustrine Broad-leaved Herbaceous Alliances
1. Veriro�iia novaeboracensis - Solidago rrllissima/S. rttgosa - Galium aspre!!um Frequently Flooded/saturated
Herbaceous Alliance (PDM 8-98).
Synonymy = No Synonymy, probably inciuded within Southern Appalachian Bog, Northern Subtype
(Schafale & Weakley 1990) in part only.
A. verno�ria novneboracensis - Solidago altissima/S. rugosa — Galium asprellum - Vitis
«estivalis Herbaceous Vegetation (PDM 8-98). �Community Sa/b.�
Global Ranking: G3/4? - A component of several open mountain bogs.
Concept. This vegetation consists of a frequently flooded and saturated herbaceous community dominated by
broad-leaved herbaceous species, but often with several species of palustrine shrubs present. The alliance is found
along frequently flooded small stream channels and is a very common and widespread community type at the study
site. The areas are ;enerally found at the bases of slopes adjoinin� saturated seepa�e communities such as: Carex
echinata - Er•iophorz�m virginictrm - Rhynchospora capitellata - Solidago patula Saturated Herbaceous Alliances, or
adjoining drier slopes that contain non-palustrine vegetation types or hardwoods. This vegetation is found in close
association with the Carex echinata - Eriophorz�rn virginiczrm - Rhynchospora capitellata - Solidago patula
Saturated Herbaceous Alliances and the Glyceria lara - Galii�m asprellum - Solidago patula var. patula Herbaceous
Alliance, that is found in even more flood-prone areas or areas that are prone to hold water for longer periods of
time. The most frequent dominants within this community are [�ernonia novaeboracensis, Solidago altissima,
Solidago rugosa, and Aster punicezrs. Other species that also occupy high cover include Alnus serrulata, �itis
aestivalis, Carex gyandra. Polvgonz�rn sagittatum, and Galium asprellum. Stenanthium robustum achieves one of
its larger population densities �vithin this habitat. Soils within this habitat are �enerally alluvially deposited, often
mucky mineral soils that occur at depths from 20 cm to �reater than 120 cm. This community often occurs as a
mosaic with slightly lower areas where standing water is present and Acorus calamus, Orontium aquaticum and
Sagittaria latrfolia var. pzrbescens may be found. Due to the small extent of such nearly permanently flooded areas,
they are included within a broad conception of this community type, although they may actually represent a true
marsh communiry of very limited scale. Other species that are characteristic and frequent within this community
are listed along with their avera�e covers in Appendix C.
[II. Palustrine Shrubland Alliances
1. ALuis serrula�n - Pl:ysocnrpus opulifolius - Sal�r sericerr - vitis nestiv�lis Alluvial Shrubland Alliance.
Synonymy =? No Synonymy perhaps included in Swamp Forest - Bog Complex (Southern Subtype).
A. Alnus serrulata - Pl:ysocarpus opulifolius - Salix sericea — Vitis aestivalis Alluvial
Shrubland Vegetation (A placeholder for more descriptive classification which will depend
on further sampling). (Community 6.J
Concept. This riparian shrubland alliance occurs along the small to mid-sized drainages at the Sparta Bog
mitigation site. This alliance has a characteristic set of canopy dominants which frequently include Alnus serrulata,
Acer rubrum, Physocarpz�s optrlifolius, and Salix sericea. Vitis aestivalis is also a common community dominant,
climbing towards the tops of the woody inhabitants. The sites are slightly better drained than adjoining herbaceous
alliances, due to a slight topographical rise at the stream bank. These communities are extremely narrow and
usually only extend to within 20 feet of the stream. The species found within this alliance are an amalgamation of
those from more mesic forested areas and adjoinin� wetlands. The herbaceous layer tends to be dominated by
Xanthorhi_a tinctoria and various forbs. Appendix C lists the characteristic species and their average cover.
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� IV. Palustrine Woodland Alliances
� 1. Acer rubrum - Alnus serrulatu - Viburnum cassi�roirles - Toxicodendron ver�rG� Woodland Alliance (PDM 8-
98). [Community 7.)
Synonymy = Perhaps included in Swamp Forest - Bog Complex (Southern Subtype).
Global Ranking - G?
� Concept. This community resembles in composition a mature member of the previously discussed community. It
occupies seepage areas alon; small streams and rivulets on the upper slopes and is most likely an expression of the
herbaceous wetland communities found on this site without a means for retarding the growth of hardwoods. The
� only significant member of this community is Toxicodendron vernix, which is rather rare at this site but occurs
commonly within this alliance. This species is restricted to "bogs" within the northern mountains of North Carolina
and is regionally rare within this area, though common on the coastal plain.
V. Tall Sod Temperate Grassland Alliances
�1. V.A.S.N.a.020. Andropogon gerardii -(SorgJrastrum iuitans) Herbaceous Alliance (DJA 94). This is the
_ first report of this alliance from North Carolina. This alliance is extremely wide ranging mostly in the
Midwestern United States, reported east to Tennessee and Virginia.
' Synonymy - iVo Synonymy
A. A�idropogon gerardii - Sorglrastrum �rutans - Sa1�C lrumilis - Stenantlrium robustum
� Nerbaceous Vegetation (PDM 8-98). [Community 8.] A semi-natural ve�etation, a rare "prairie-
like" old field variant that forms in mesic to sub-mesic areas that are kept open by mowing and the
formation of a nearly impermeable sod.
� Global Ranking - G?
� Concept. This vegetation type is a semi-natural `bld field" community that occupies mesic to sub-mesic areas that
are kept open by periodic mowing and the formation of a nearly impenetrable sod of native tall-grass prairie species.
These sites may differ from the Holcus lanatus —.=lgrostis stolonifera — Schi_-achyrium scoparium alliance in that
� they have not been as intensively grazed by cattle. Information gathered from local residents suggests this alliance
has probably existed on site for much lon�er than �0 years. The sites are found on mostly mid-slopes and do show
- evidence of seepage influence in their mesic species components. Dominant species which are characteristic of this
vegetation include Sorghastrt�m nutans, Andropogon gerardii, Schi:achyrium scoparium, Holctrs lanatus,
Anthoxan�hum odoratarm, and Carex intarmescens. This community exists on fine loamy soils that are fairly
consistent to a depth of over 70 cm. from which point they take on a denser texture and more bedrock intrusion.
Characteristic species and their average cover are listed in Appendix C.
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2. V.A.S.N.a.050. Phleum pratense Herbaceous Alliance (KP/ASW 12-94). These communities are only semi-
natural associations that �enerally serve as pastureland or hayfields. These communities contain a higher cover of
exotics tllan any other community in the project area.
Synonymy - 1Vo Synonymy
A. Phleum prate�rse - Holcus lanatus - Festuca elatio� -Carex vulpinoidea Herbaceous
Vegetation (PDM 8-98). [Community 9.�
Global Ranking - GS
Concept. This vegetation is one of numerous alien species as well as numerous common pasture species. The sites
are typically dominated by Phletrm pratense, Holctrs lanattrs, Festa�ca elatior and Anthozylem vernal. Many of the
native species contained in Community l0A/B are also found within this community but in much lower
concentrations. Soils and hydrology are basically very similar to Community l0A/B, but the soils have had more
recent ground disturbance and more frequent mowin� practices. A list of characteristic species and their cover
values are given in Appendix C.
3. Holcus la�tatus - Agrostis stolo�rifera - Sc/rizac/ryrium scopnriuin - Lilium grayi Herbaceous Vegetation
(PDM 8-98). �Community l0A/B.�
Global Ranking - G2? Oniy a few sites with this unusual mix of native and exotic species that
contains so many southern Appalachian endemics.
Concept. This vegetation is a semi-natural montane grassland community with many native species which also
includes many �vell-established alien species, often forming in long established well-mown mesic hayfields. The
community is notable in that several rare native species have colonized these areas, including Lilium grayi and
Stenanthium robt�stum. The occurrence of these species in this vegetation is no doubt linked to the association with
palustrine "bog-like" communities at this site. Characteristic dominant species in this community type include:
Agrostis stolonifera, Holctrs lanatus, Schi=achyrit�m scopariz�m, Coreopsis pzrbescens, Rt�dbeckia hirta and
Dichanthelitrnr commzrtatum. Soils are variable but �enerally consist of a rich dark loam of varying depth. The site
hydrology is mesic, and the community distribution is dependent upon the stabilized hydrological stratification of
the site in its current state. The site differs mainly from the "more natural" Andropogon gerardii - Sorghastrum
nutans - Salix ht�milis - Stenanthium roba�stum Herbaceous Ve�etation in that it has sustained a more active mowing
and grazina schedule and has, in certain areas, historically had more ground disturbance. A list of characteristic
species recorded for this site and their corresponding cover values is given in Appendix C.
VI. Non-palustrine Broad-leaved Herbaceous Alliances
A. Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum - Rubus Irispidus Herbaceous Alliance (PDM 8-98).
A. Pterirlium aquilinum var. latiusculum - Rubus /iispidus - Stenantliium robustum
Herbaceous Vegetation (PDM 8-98). (Community 11.]
Global Ranking - G2?
Concept. This community is a non-palustrine broad-leaved herbaceous alliance that is generally encountered on
mesic sites bordering palustrine communities such as the Carex echinata — Eriophorzrm virgrnicum — Rhynchospora
capitellata — Solidago patula saturated herbaceous alliance and the Rhynchospora capitellata/R. gracilenta —
Andropogon glomerata —,�vris torta saturated herbaceous alliance. The community may occupy areas that are
upslope of these communities or on slight topographic rises within such communities. The dominant herbaceous
species within this community is Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculzrm, which often displays cover values of over
75%. The e�treme abundance of this one species may be a contributing factor to the lower than average diversity
within this community. The abundance of this one species may be an artifact of past management regimes and land
use practices (i.e., grazing). Other frequently encountered species include Rubz�s hispidus, Carex stricta,
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Stenanthium robustum, Dichanthelium dichotomum var. dichotomum, Xanthorhiza tinctoria, Vernonia
novaeboracensis, Aronia arbutifolia, Vitis aestivalis, Carex debilis, Solidago rugosa, Calamagrostis coarctata and
Oxypolis rigidior. The soils at the sites consist of moderately deep weathered mineral soils that are mesic at all
times though seldom saturated and never flooded. The water table does lie within close proximity to the soil surface
and thus gives rise to the mesic vegetation associations within this community. Characteristic species of this
community and their associated average cover are listed in Appendix C.
2.1.2.2 Passive Management Zone Three dominant plant communities were identified in the Passive
Management Zone. These include Montane Oak-Hickory Forest, Basic Oak Hickory Forest and Piedmont
Mountain Bottomland Hardwood Forest.
Montane Oak Hickory Forest — This community is found on the southwest facing slopes of the site. The
overstory is 40 to 60 years old and is characterized by Quercus montana, Quercus coccinea, Carya glabra and
Nyssa sylvatica. The understory/shrub layer is dominated by Rhododendron mc�,rimum and Kalmia latifolia.
Basic Oak Hickory Forest — This community is found on the north and northeast facing slopes of the site. The
overstory is 40 to 60 years old and is characterized by Liriodendron tulipifera and Quercus rubra. The
understory/shrub layer is sparse but contains populations of Lindera benzion as the dominant species. Of note are
small populations of Panax spp. that occur sporadically within the community.
Piedmont Mountain Bottomland Hardwood Forest — This community is found at the base of the northeast facing
slope on the floodplain of the un-named tributary that bisects the site west of NC 18. The overstory is 10 to 45
years old and is characterized by Liriodendron tulipifera and Acer rubrum. The understory/shrub layer is
dominated by Alnus serrulata and Physocarpus opulifolius
Faunal Inventory Sparta Bog is also home to several species of rare and protected fauna. From the surveys
conducted, fourteen species of either federal or state concern were located at Sparta Bog Mitigation Site.
Additionally, two other species of concern for which suitable habitat exists at the site, and that have been (ocated
within Alleghany County but have not been reported from Sparta Bog, are also included in these findings. Due to
the mobile tendencies of vertebrates, two species are included that have been seen within two miles of the site in
recent years but have not been seen on the site during this investigation.
Accipiter cooperii - Cooper's Hawk
The Cooper's Hawk is listed as a species of Special Concern in North Carolina. It is uncommon throughout the
state during the winter months where it inhabits large areas of relatively undisturbed and somewhat isolated
deciduous forests. During the breeding season it is a rare inhabitant that achieves its greatest abundance in the
western sections of the State. It is still a rather occasional sight in Alleghany County but rangewide has suffered a
major decline due in part to former pesticide use and land clearing. The species makes a nest of sticks with a lining
of bark, usually in a high tree fork (Potter et al. 1980). It feeds on rodents, insects and birds. Numerous sightings of
adults and two juveniles suggest that this species frequents the Sparta Bog Mitigation Site and potentially may breed
somewhere on site, although no nests were located during the course of this study.
Accipiter striatus - Sharp-shinned Hawk
Sharp-shinned Hawks are fairly common throughout the state during the non-breeding season but are rare as a
breeding species. This hawk is listed as a Special Concern species by the State of North Carolina. The species may
be seen in any wooded situation in the winter but often breeds in purely coniferous stands. The nest is built of sticks
in a tall fork of a coniferous tree and breeding takes place as early as April. The species feeds mostly on small
birds. A single individual of undetermined sex was spotted crossing the bog site in September 1998. The species
probably does not breed on site, although the site may serve as important foraging grounds for the species during
the non-breeding season.
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Aegoliirs acadicus - Saw-whet Owl
This rarely seen owl was heard cal[in� on an early April evening in 1985. This bird was never seen but the call is
extremely distinctive and quite diagnostic. This species is most likely not a regular member of the site's fauna, and
the single callin� bird was most likely a migrant who had not yet returned to the higher elevation breeding areas.
The Saw-whet Owl is a species of Canadian zone spruce-fir forests mostly at elevations above 4500 feet in the
North Carolina Mountains where it is considered a very rare breeding species. It is listed by North Carolina as a
Special Concern Species. Very little is known of the species' winter range as it is one of the hardest owl species to
observe in the non-breeding season when it is silent and very secretive (Potter et al. 1980).
� Corvus corr�Y - Common Raven
The common raven is far from common in North Carolina. It is listed as a Significantly Rare species by the State of
North Carolina where it is limited to the higher elevation mountainous regions of the western third of the State. The
, species formerly ranged throu�hout the State and the east coast but has been reduced to a small relictual population
in the Appalachian re�ion, where it is an uncommon breeding species. This species is relatively intolerant of human
activity and prefers to con�reaate and breed on isolated cliff areas. Potter et al. 1980 reports the species as confined
to high elevations [> 1,060 meters (3500 feet)], but the species has been frequently seen at much lower elevations in
� the northwestern section of North Carolina. The species ran;es widely while foraging and is frequently
encountered in many parts of Alle�hany County. Numerous si�htings of this bird in recent years and two sightings
during the current study at the Sparta Bog Mitigation Site reveal that this species uses the area for foragin� activity.
� Little to no suitable breeding sites are to be found on the property, and the species is thought to only be a visitor to
the general area.
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Regulus sntrapa - Golden-crowned Kinglet
This species is rare only as a breeding population in the mountains of North Carolina, where it reaches its current
southern limit (Macon County). As a breeding bird it is listed as a Special Concern species in North Carolina. It
breeds in mature conifer stands such as hemlock, spruce and �vhite pine. The nest is "ball-shaped" and constructed
of various mosses hung high up in a conifer. This species has been noted during the summer breeding season in the
more easterly sections of AlleQhany County. At the Sparta Bo� Mitigation Site, this species has only been noted as
a winter resident. Suitable breeding habitat does not exist for this species on the site. In the winter months it may
often be seen foraging with mixed flocks of Carolina Chickadee, Tufted Titmouse and White-breasted Nuthatch.
Splryrapicus varius - Yellow-bellied Sapsucker
� This woodpecker breeds very sparingly in North Carolina �vhere it is listed as Si�nificantly Rare. The species is
reported to prefer to nest in open deciduous forests near clearings often in fire-scarred areas. Breeding is
accomplished mainly in the late spring and early summer months. In North Carolina the species nests mostly above
� 1,060 meters (3,�00 feet) in elevation in the mountains of North Carolina (Potter et al. 1980). The species is a
rather frequent winter visitor although this woodpecker is extremely secretive and hard to approach. The species
feeds mainly on insects that are attracted to the running sap that is produced by the rows of small holes that
sapsuckers dig in living trees. In July 1998, an adult male sapsucker was seen foraging in the acidic woodlands
� north of Tayson Road. In August 1998, a juvenile of undetermined gender was also seen foraging in this area. The
presence of a mixed age �roup of this bird would seem to suggest breeding at or near the site although a nesting
cavity was not located during this study.
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Et/:eostonra kanawlrae - Kanawha Darter
This species is listed as a Special Concern species by the State of North Carolina. The species is relatively abundant
in Alleghany County, but has a restricted distribution. This darter is found in the upper New River drainage in
southwestern Virginia and northwestern North Carolina. Within this range the darter may be encountered living in
small to moderate sized streams and small rivers among shallow to moderately deep riffles with pebble to small
boulder sized rock. A single male of this species was collected at the extreme downstream end of the property in
the unnamed tributary of the Little River that bisects this property. The fish was caught in a swift current in shallow
water by seine. The species is not abundant on the property and is far oumumbered by Fan-tailed Darters
(Etheostoma flabellare).
P/renacobirrs teretulus - Kanawha Minnow
This minno�v is known only from the Upper New River Drainage and is considered a Federal Species of Concern, as
well as a Special Concern Species in North Carolina. It has been reported from Alleghany, Ashe and Watauga
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counties. The species is locally abundant in certain areas of Aile�hany County where it may be found most
frequently in medium-sized streams and small rivers. Juveniles are sometimes found in more quiet tributary waters.
The species has not been found at the Sparta Bo� but has been reported from adjoining areas in the Little River
drainage. Habitat does exist for the species on site, and it may yet be found with more intensive sampling
techniques.
Condylura cristata - Star-nosed Mole
This mole species is listed as a Special Concern Species in North Carolina because of the rarity of certain coastal
populations. Due to similarity of appearance all star-nosed moles are considered as Special Concern. Within the
North Carolina Mountains this species is infrequent but not rare in wetland areas. The species is an inhabitant of
mountain bogs, wet meadows and streamsides, often where there is a dense growth of Sphagnum. This species has
been documented from the Sparta Bog and a large specimen was captured along the banks of the stream on 19
September 1998.
Neotoma florida�aa - Alleghany Woodrat
A Special Concern species in North Carolina, this uncommon rat is infrequent mostly in rocky woodlands and
woodland borders in the mountains of North Carolina. The species was observed at a bird feeder by Patrick D.
McMillan, approximately 1.7� miles north of the Sparta Bog Site in January of 1985. The proximity of this sighting
to the Sparta Bog justifies its listing as a very possible inhabitant of the site. Suitable habitat exists only along the
upper slopes where small rock outcrops may be found.
Myotis septe�rtrioiralis - Eastern "Keen's" Myotis
� Patrick D. McMillan and John Kelley captured a single specimen of this distinctive species in a mist net on 19
September 1�998. The species is a Special Concern species in North Carolina. There are very few documented
locations for this species in the State of North Carolina and this is the first record for the northern mountains. All
� previous mountain records are from the southwestern parts of the state. The species is wide ranging across eastern
Canada and the northeastern United States and extends its range southward along the Appalachians to Georgia. The
species may hibernate alone or in small �roups in mines, caves or other recesses. This bat roosts during the day
under the bark of dead trees, in abandoned homes or under shutters. The species may form maternal colonies of up
� to at least 30 bats (Whitaker 1980). The eastern and western "Keen's" Myotis were only recently recognized as two
separate species. This eastern Myotis is most easily distinguished by its extremely long and thin tragus.
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Ursus amerrcanus - Black Bear
This species, considered Sianificantly Rare in North Carolina, is included on the list for Sparta Bog based upon a
1995 observation of a wanderin� adult approximately three miles northwest of the site and another individual seen
approximately two miles south of the site in 1996. Due to their extremely large range and wandering tendencies,
the Sparta Bog has probably served as a foraging �round for this species in recent years.
Clemmys mu/rlenbergii - Bog Turtle
The bog turtle was listed as a federally threatened species due to similarity of appearance (in North Carolina) in
November 1997. The species is known from 20 counties in North Carolina and from 120 occurrence records and/or
sites (Herman 1997). Herman (1997) also estimates that only 24 of the known sites are probably viable over the
long term and estimates the total popufation in North Carolina to be around 3,000, with approximately 200 acres of
core habitat remaining. The first documented capture of a bog turtle from the Sparta Bog Site was in 1991 by
Dennis Herman. The site has long been a well-known collecting site to black market pet trade dealers from the
Midwestern US (D. Herman, pers. com.). The population at Sparta Bog seems to be much smaller then would be
predicted from the amount of available habitat. To date, 1 1 turtles have been seen live at the site. Dennis Herman,
Patrick D. McMillan and Joe Mickey have marked eight of these turtles in a long-term recapture study. Three other
turtles have been captured by Patrick D. McMillan, but not marked. Only one nest-site has been found on the
property and only one juvenile has ever been captured. A major concern at this site is the number of road
mortalities that occur. The dissection of the turtle's habitat by NC 18 is a great threat to the continued existence of
the turtles at this site. Dennis Herman found a road kill male here in 1995. Patrick McMillan found a road kill male
on July 27, 1998 and Jeff Beanne and Patrick McMillan found a road kill of undetermined sex on August 14, 1998.
It is thought that the population at the site is larger than �vould be accounted for by captures due to dense vegetation
confounding search efforts. Figure 20 shows the location of all bog turtle captures and nest sites at the Sparta Bog
Mitigation Site.
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Speyeria diana — Diana
The Diana is considered a Federal Species of Concern and Significantly Rare in North Carolina. Patrick D.
McMillan and William Reynolds observed an adult male and two adult females at the site in June of 1998. The
species ranges mostly near bodies of water in woodlands, open woodlands and woodland borders. W. Reynolds has
also collected the species in bogs in nearby Wilkes County. The species has only one flight per year usually from
June through September, and, like many Fritillaries, its host plants are Viola spp.
Speyeria idalia - Regal Fritillary
This species is listed as a Federal Species of Concem and State-listed as Significantly Rare but has not been seen in
over 20 years Alleghany County. Suitable habitat does exist here, and its occurrence on the site cannot be excluded.
The species frequents moist to wet meadows, bogs and moist woodlands. Host species are Viola spp.
� Eupliydras pJlaeton - Baitimore
The Baltimore is listed as a Si�nificantly Rare species in North Carolina and has been reported within the last 20
years from the Sparta Bog. The species was not relocated during this survey. The species frequents moist wooded
� areas and woodland borders. Host plants include Fraxinus spp. and Plantago spp..
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� 2.2 Soils
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The Soil Survey Map of Alleghany County, Nortli Carolina (USDA Soil Conservation Service 1973) indicates that
as many as seven soil types occur within the project site. Field investigation indicated minor discrepancies between
the published map and the field-verified data. Soils of the active management zone include the Nikwasi (Cumulic
Humaquept), Tate (Typic Hapludult), Chester (Typic Hapludult), and Watauga (Typic Hapludult) series (Figure 9).
Soils on the floodplain were mapped by the NRCS as "alluvial land" in 1973. This classification is no longer in use,
therefore these soils were remapped according to their present soil series classification: Nikwasi series. The
Nikwasi series occupies the floodplain environment and is formed in recent alluvium washed from upslope areas.
Nikwasi soil series (Ad and Cx symbology on the NRCS map) is located along the valley floor and comprises the
stream channel and its associated floodplain. Also located along the valley floor are the bog and fen complexes,
which represent the most si�nificant features of the site.
The Nik�vasi series soils typically consist of a loamy surface horizon 24 to 40 inches thick over a stratum of sand
and gravel of the former streambed. The water table in the area remains at or near the surface throughout the year,
indicating that the series consists of hydric soils. In the floodplain, small pockets of sli�htly more well-drained
hydric soils are found but are mapped as Nikwasi due to lack of other known series in this family.
Well-drained upland soils, such as the Tate Series, surround the floodplain. The Tate Series occupies the benches,
alluvial fans, and toe slopes sunounding the floodplain. These are formed in alluvium and colluvium derived from
felsic to mafic crystalline rocks, including mica gneiss and granite. The Chester Series is found on the steep side
slopes and broad upland divides. These soils are formed in residuum from micaceous schist. The Watauga Series is
found on the �ently sloping sides and side ridges. These are formed in residuum affected by soil creep in the upper
part and are weathered from metamorphic rocks high in mica content. The control section (10-40 inch depth)
contains greater than 40% mica content, by weight. Soil attributes are listed in Table 2, Soil Characteristics.
2.2.1 Soil Analysis Soils in the Active ManaQement Zone include Alluvial Land [Nikwasi (Cumulic
Humaquept)], Tate (Typic Hapludult), and Chester (TypiC Hapludult) series. Minor discrepancies were found
between the published soils map and the field de(ineated boundaries. The most significant change was in the
Alluvial Land classification. This classification is no longer in use, therefore these soils were re-mapped according
to their present soil series classification: Nikwasi series.
The Nikwasi series is found adjacent to the stream channels, within natural drainages, and as a hydric inclusion to
the Tate series. This is a very poorly drained soil that formed in recent alluvium. It has a surface profile composed
of varying depths of alluvium and colluvium dependent on proximity to streams, drainages and/or slopes. This soil
has a stratum of sand, gravel, and/or cobble at a depth ranging from 24 to 40 inches below the surface.
The Nikwasi soiis are bordered by the Tate and Chester series dependin; on adjacent slopes and exposure. These
soils are found at the toe of slopes surrounding the floodplain and form both in alluvium and colluvium, dependent
upon their proximity to up-slope eroding forces or drainages. Topography, aspect, and parent material influence
soil type on the uplands and side slopes within the watershed. As a result, uneven soil boundaries occur at the
margins of these map units.
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s :� ,�:` � � �k "� .��;����,.. ��.... Soil�Gharacteri§tic's �_. `,�� w,s�<i� �*���,��r, �3� ��'�:�
. . .. . ., .�.., ,. � ,.. . .. . .,.�,�� - . ; _ �. � , m ��,�. . .. .
Soil Symbol Taxonomic Slope Landscape Position Depth to Drainage Hydric
Series Classification Seasonal High Class
Water Table
Nikwasi (Ad/Cx) Cumulic Humaquept 0- 2% Floodplains At or near surface Very poorly Yes
drained
Chandler (CdG) Typic Distrochrepts 4� - 6> % Side slopes bordering drainageways > L8 meters Somewhat No
excessively
drained
Chester (CeC) "I'ypic Hapludult 6- l0 °/a Broader ridges & upper side slopes I.2 - 1,8 meters Well drained No
(CeE) Typic Hapludult l0 - 25 % Brolder rid�es & upper side slopes L2 - L8 meters Well drained No
Fannin (FnE2) Typic Hapludult 10 - 2� % Between ridges & side slopes 1 Z- L8 meters Well drained No
(FnF) Typic Hapludult 2� - 4� % Side slopes bordering draina�eways 1.2 - 1.8 meters Well drained No
Porters (PoF) Umbric Dystrochrepts 2� - 45 % Side slopes borderine drainaeeways 1.2 - 1.8 meters Well drained No
(PsF) Umbric Dystrochrepts 2� - 4� % Side slopes bordering drainageways L2 - L8 meters Well drained No
Tate (TaB) Typic Hapludult 2- 6% Upland draws & footslopes L2 - 1.8 meters Well drained No
(TaC) Typic Hapludult 6- 10 % Upland draws & footslopes 1.2 - 1.8 meters Well drained No
(TaD) Typic Hapludult 10 - 1�% Upland draws & footslopes 1.2 - 1.8 meters Well drained No
Watauoa (�VaC) Typic Hapludult 6- 10 % Narrow ridaetops & upper side 1.2 - 1.8 meters Well drained No
slopes
(�VaE) "1'ypic Hapludult 10 - 2� % Narrow ridgetops & upper side 1.2 - 1.8 meters Well drained No
slopes
(NaF) Typic Hapludult 25 -�li °/a Narrow rid�etops & upper side 1.2 - L8 meters Well drained No
slopes
(�VsF) Typic Hapludult 15 -=45 °/a Narrow ridaetops & upper side L2 - L8 meters Well drained No
slopes
Soil nutrient levels from the samples vary to a larQe degree, but this is not atypical for soils in general (Table 3).
The most significant finding from this testin� was that the or�anic matter content was low in comparison to other
fens, 3.5 to 5.6 %. Previously, 7% was the lowest reading found in Appalachian Fens (Moorhead, unpublished
data), and the pH was also higher than anticipated for fen soils. Variances in pH, CEC, and Base Saturation may be
due to differences in hydrologic input, as well as community types. Samples collected from the Sparta site indicate
that the site currently lacks the or�anic matter content normally associated with most alluvial fen systems. The soil
collected from the site is more similar to seep fens found in the region. These types generally have higher pH and
lower CEC, as well as nutrient levels, compared to alluvial fens (K. Moorhead, pers. comm.). Soil analysis of
Sparta Bog supports this observation. The micaceous parent material of the surroundin� soils may have a large
influence on the CEC, pH, and percent base saturation in the bog.
d ^�"V .2Y. S a% � �'�1 521. �, : � } k '. �'..
' e� �� y� _ e�°a� s o- ,, TBbI@ 3 � %w r �,���' � �'�. �e�.s � ���
���� � �` �� � �"�°�`Soil A�al s s;Results � � �, �� � "
:� �,�,.,F�a M.,�;�� �;��< �y,,� �.> � �;�, �.�� ���������
Variable Location 1� Location 2 � Location 3 Location 4
% Humic Matter 1.74 1.25 1.87 1.19
CEC (meq/100cm') 3.1 2.0 3.4 3.5
°/a Base Saturation 42 40 44 31
pH 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.2
Calcium (mg/L) 521 481 561 401
Magnesium (mg/L) 170 158 182 109
Sodium (mg/L) 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3
Phosphorous (me/L) 0 2.16 0 1.08
Potassium (m�/L) 2.54 1.56 3.32 3.32
Manganese (mg/L) 5.1 .38 .64 .29
Zinc (mg/L) .09 .06 , .12 .1 1
Copper (mg/L) .18 .08 .09 .14
Sulfur (m�/L) 2.6 1.04 1.9 1.04
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� 2.3 Hydrology and Hydraulics
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Sparta Bog receives hydrologic influences from both surface water and groundwater inputs (Fi;ure 10, Site
Hydrology). The primary hydrologic source supporting the site is groundwater seepage which occurs at the base of
the valley slopes. Additional hydrology is supplied by surface runoff from the surrounding hillsides. Flooding from
the stream channel occurs at infrequent intervals and is not thought to add significantly to the hydrology of the
system. Soil saturation is the result of lateral movement of groundwater and is highly variable across the site.
Currently, internal fen hydrology characteristics, have been influenced by channelization, ditching and modification
of biomass accumulation through �razing and harvest. .
2.3.1 Groundwater pocumentation of groundwater influences on the AMZ were established through the
development of monthly maximum (least depth to water) static water surface elevation data (Table 4). The spatial
projection of this data, utifizing potential mapping functions, provided characterization of the site's groundwater
extents, offered insight into its influence on vegetative communities, and highlighted the effect of site alterations on
depth to groundwater (Figures 1 I to 27 and Appendix D).
� Generally, groundwater flow on the site mimics site topo�raphy, flowing towards the stream channel and in a
southeast direction across the site. Shallow �roundwater generally occurs within four feet of the surface, as
indicated by well readin�s and the presence of hydric soils in the AMZ. The depth to groundwater in the installed
� wells varied depending on site position, proximiry to seeps and other site alterations. Saturation of the soils occurs
through the lateral movement of groundwater in a subterranean layer of cobble and �ravel, underlain by a confining
layer of clay. The level of saturation in the system varies depending on the depth from the surface to this layer, the
� or;anic content of the soil and groundwater inputs from the adjacent slopes. The saturation in the system, therefore,
is highly variable across the site.
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Groundwater transitions to surface water flow at its intersection with streams, ditches and slope breaks. Where local
soil and vegetation conditions permit, discharged water becomes perched and develops localized areas of saturation,
usually characterized by bog communities (Figure 28 - Surface Saturation Regions). This observation is supported
by several wells located in bog areas with recorded ground water levels that were below jurisdictional status and in
obligate plant communities �vith high degree of surface saturation. Based on the available information, it is unclear
whether the source of this �vater is driven by surface or groundwater sources. In either case, it is highly probab(e
that the effectiveness of the organic materials in these areas have significant influence on maintaining saturation in
the absence of a consistent hydrolo�ic source.
2.3.2 Surface Waters Surface waters on the site are defined as those features which convey/discharge overland
flow or groundwater from the site. They can be further subdivided into those features that have been created or
altered as a result of anthropogenic processes and those maintainin� their natural condition and features.
2.3.2.1 Altered Natural Drainage Patterns, Enhanced Natural Channels and Constructed Ditches
Surface and �roundwater dischar�es from the site have been modified through the alteration of natural drainage
patterns, the enhancement of natural channels and the construction of ditches. A total of ten prominent man
made/altered drainage features were identified on-site. They include altered natural drainage patterns at three
points, three enhanced natural channels and four constructed ditches. These features are described as follows and
are depicted in Figure 29, Hydrologic Alterations.
Altered Natural D�ainage Patterns
The construction of NC 18 terminated hydrologic connections from seeps at three points along the roadway. This
water has been redirected alonQ the roadway and now enters the system near the NC 18 intersection with Tayson
Road. The volume of groundwater redirected, as a result, has not been quantified. Stormwater discharge diverted
by this construction is approximately 27 cfs for a rivo year storm.
E�rhanced Nntural Ckanrrels
Channel 1-This channel (2'x 1') has been excavated to intercept discharge from seeps originating at the base of the
slope on the western side of the site. It has the capacity to discharge at a rate of 23 cfs and has a base flow discharge
of less than 1 cfs.
Channel 2- This channel (3'x 2') has been enhanced to provide drainage for the upslope area. It has the capacity to
dischar�e at a rate of 33 cfs and has a base flow dischar;e of approximately 1 cfs.
Channel 3- This channel ((0'x 4') was heavily altered in an attempt to increase drainage from the site. It has the
capacity to discharge at a rate of 150 cfs (two year event) and has a base flow discharge of 32 cfs.
Constructed Ditches
Ditch 1- This drainage ditch. (0.5'x 0.5') was constructed to drain the seep area adjacent to NC 18. It has the
capacity to discharge at a rate of 28.5 cfs and has no observable base flow.
Ditch 2- This roadside ditch (2'x 2') was excavated to allow drainage from the seeps on the east side of NC 18 and
the roadway to drain into the stream. [t has the capacity to discharge at a rate of 24 cfs and has an observable base
flow discharge of less than 1 cfs.
Ditch 3- This ditch (2'x 1') was constructed to provide drainage of a hillside seep through the bog to the stream. It
has the capacity to dischar�e at a rate of 37 cfs and has a base flow dischar;e of less than 1 cfs.
Ditch 4- This ditch (2'x 1') was constructed to provide drainage of seeps at the toe of slope into the stream. It has
the capacity to dischar�e at a rate of 21.5 cfs and has no observable base flow discharge.
28

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2.3.2.2 Natural Streams Channels The natural stream channel bisecting the site is a second order
tributary, collecting drainage from an undeveloped watershed of 828 acres. It was broken into two reaches for the
purpose of evaluation (Figure 6, Reach Designations):
Reach 1(2,725 Ifl is located upstream of NC 18 and remains mostly in an unaltered natural state. It is
hi�hly sinuous, with natural levees along its banks, serving a floodplain dominated by shrubs and grasses.
The floodplain elevation in this reach is mostly below the levee elevation creating sumps on either side of
the stream.
Reach 2(2,375 1 fl is located downstream of NC 18. It has been strai�htened and is missing the natural
levees found upstream and downstream (off site), but exhibits spoil piles, heavily ve�etated with trees and
shrubs on either side of the channel. This spoil is fikely associated with the alteration of this reach. The
floodplain slopes toward the stream providing positive drainage into the enhanced channel.
Stream Hydraulic/Hydrology Cltaracteristics
A hydraulic assessment was conducted on the enhanced and natural portions of the unnamed tributary that flows
through Sparta Bog. The drainage area (DA) was broken into two parts, with the first part contributing to reach 1,
and the second part being the area contributing to reach 2. The drainage to reach 1 was of sufficient size (DA = 283
hectares700 acres/1.09 mi') to perform discharge calculations using the Rural Regression equations presented by the
USGS. Calculated discharges for the 2, �, 10, 25, 50 and 100 year storm events were 150, 260, 350, d90, 600, and
750 cfs respectively. The drainage to reach 2 was 1�0 acres, thus discharge calculations were performed usin� the
C200 group of charts as presented by the NC Department of Transportation in its Hydraulic Design Manual.
Calculated discharges for the 2, �, 10, 25, 50 and 100 year storm events were 170, 300, 410, 570, 700, and 900 cfs
respectively.
Hydrologic modeling was performed using HEGRAS. Cross sections were developed from photogrammetry and
supplemented with ground survey as necessary for accuracy. Reach 1 was assigned river stations 2375 to 5100, and
reach 2 was assi�ned river stations 1 through 2375. Other model parameters such as Manning's `n' values and
culvert/roadway data, were obtained through site visits. The model was run for the 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100-yr
storm events (Appendix E).
This analysis, in conjunction with field evaluations, identified bankfull dischar�es for the stream beriveen 70 and
, 110 cfs, depending on location, which corresponds to a 1.2 to 1.6 year event. Access to the floodplain in reach 1
begins at 120 cfs, approximately a 1.5 to 2 year event, and floodplain access in reach 2 begins at 210 cfs,
• approx�mately a 2 to � year event. Flooding charactenstics differ benveen reach 1 and reach 2, with the ma�ority of
' flows in reach 1 being carried mainly in the low portions of the floodplain away from the main channel, and the
flow in the reach 2 centralized in the stream channel. These floodplain characteristics can be attributed mainly to
valley shape. The NC 18 culvert has some backwater effect on the system, but only overtops in the 50 and 100 year
events.
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Stream Geomo�plric Classification
The �eomorphic development of the Sparta Bog site varies within the site. The formation of the sunounding tenain
in conjunction with faults coincide to form the valleys that are bisected by the tributary on this site. Two distinct
valley rypes are found on the site.
Reach 1 is located in a Type VI valley. It is characterized by steep slopes on the southern side and moderate slopes
' on the northern side of the site. A fault line is thought to exist at the location of NC 18 which controls the stream
profile and the lateral confinement by the southern slopes. The valley slope is 2.4%, and the floodplain is colluvial
in nature.
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Reach 2 is located in a Type II valley. It is characterized by moderate side slopes on both sides of the channel. A
fault line is thought to exist at the lower end, where the stream e�cits the site. The valley slope is 1.7%, and the
floodplain is narrow colluvial in nature �vith residual soils from the surroundin� parent material.
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The interaction of the stream with the floodplain in these valley types creates two stream types on site. Reach 2
underwent some degree of human alteration approrimately 50 years ago, thus natural features are difficult to
discern. Flo�vever, given the valley type and lateral constraints of the system (i.e. floodplain width and profile
constraints), some level of classification can be deduced. Geomorphic data were collected at seven cross section
locations (Figure 30 Stream Cross Section Locations, & Appendix F- Stream Cross Section Data), three of which
are located in reach I and four in reach 2. Data collected at these points was averaged for presentation as follows:
Reach 1 was classified as an "E�3" channel, which is uncharacteristic for valley type VI. Classification parameters
, for reach 2 most closely resemble that of an "E" channel; however sinuosity is significantly less than its original
condition due to human disturbance. It is questionable whether sinuosity ever existed in the normal ran�e for an
"E" type channel, as it is not supported by the valley characteristics.
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Stream Habitat
Data were collected at seven cross section locations on the stream to evaluate habitat features in accordance with
EPA Rapid Bioassessment Protocols (Appendix G). A total of ten parameters were evaluated at each section
location, and the resulting data were summarized for presentation. Specific rankings by section and parameter
follow the evaluation of the data (Table 6).
1. Attachment sites for macroinvertebrates scored suboptimal for reach 1. Riffles are as wide as the stream but
riffle length is less than t�vo times the �vidth. Cobble is less abundant and boulders and gravel are common.
The scoring of this parameter was influenced by the low gradient of the stream and the presence of significant
fine materials that appears to be a result of sediment loadin� in the stream from upstream sources.
2. Embeddedness scored marginal for the stream as fine sediment surrounds and fills 50-75% of the living space
around and in between the gravel, cobbfe and boulders. This is one of the few parameters that scored so low. It
appears that the stream is carryin� a significant quantity of sediment.
3. Shelter for fish scored suboptimal for reach 1. Snags, submerged logs, undercut banks, or other stable habitat
were found in over 30-50% of the system.
4. Channel alteration scored suboptimal for the stream although there was a clear distinction between reach 1
which scored optimal and reach 2 which scored marginal. Reach 1 exhibits a natural and undisturbed meander
pattern, although some strai�htening or dred�ing may have occurred in the past. Reach 2 has been straightened
and dred�ed. This alteration occurred as early as the 1940's.
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5. Sediment deposition scored marginaL There is evidence of moderate deposition of new gravel and coarse
sand, with 30-50% of the channel bottom being affected. Sediment deposition is clearly evident at stream
obstructions, at bends, and in pools.
6. Stream velocity and depth combinations scored marginal for reach 2. Only two of the four velocity/depth
combinations (slow/shallow; slow/deep; fasddeep; fast/shallow) are present. The stream is relatively uniform
in its flow pattern, flowing fast and shallow.
7. Channel flow status scored optimal for reach 2, with the water reaching the base of both lower banks with a
' minimal amount of channel substrate exposed. �
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8. Bank vegetative protection parameters scored optimal in reach 2, indicating that more than 90% of the
stream bank surfaces are covered by natural vegetation. Larger shrubs and trees dominated reach 2, while
shrubs and forbs or grasses dominated reach l. Disturbance to the vegetation was not evident along the very
ed�e of the stream channel, except where cattle crossing or adjacent pasture was evident. Most of the
ve�etation along the stream channef appears to have been undisturbed for some time.
9. Bank condition scored optimal in reach 2 only, with the banks exhibiting stability with no evidence of erosion
or bank failure and little potential for future problems. Some localized erosion has occurred in isolated areas,
but overall bank stability was high. The vegetation significantly contributed to this stability.
10. Riparian vegetation zone width scored sub optimal for reach 1. Throu�hout the study area, the undisturbed
riparian area is narrow, usually less than 40 feet wide. The vegetation right along the bank zone is intact but
adjacent land uses which include pasture and hay production limit the e�ctent of the buffer.
Table 6. � � ,� --�
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Stream Habitat Assessment
Reach 1 Reach 2
Habitat Parameter/Station ST i ST 6 ST 7.avg. Rank ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST d Avg. Rank
1. :�ttachment 16 16 8 13.3 Suboptimal 16 14 l8 l9 16.8 Optimal
Z. Embeddedness 7 � 9 7 Marginal 7 I1 8 ll 9.3 Mareinal
3. Shelter for Fish 8 19 16 14.3 Suboptimal 18 13 17 15 1�.8 Mazginal
d. Channel �Iteration 16 18 16 16.6 Op[imal 8 8 8 13 9.3 Marginal
5. Sediment Deposition 6 8 6 6.6 Marginal 3 8 11 l0 8A Mazginal
6. Stream velocity and depth combinations 6 li l�l I 1 Suboptimal 8 l0 10 10 9.� Mareinal
7. Ch�nnel Flow Status 13 l� l3 13.6 Suboptimal l8 19 20 19 19.0 Optimal
8. Bank Vegetative Protection (Left Bank) 10 18 l3 13.6 Suboptimal l9 18 19 1� 17.8 Optimal
8. Bank Vegetative Protection (Right Bank) l4 l3 13 I� Suboptimal 18 19 18 l8 18.3 Optimal
9. Condition of Sank (Left Bank) 10 I� l3 (2.6 Suboptimal 1� 17 18 l6 lb.� Optimal
9. Condition of Bank (Right Bank) l8 l4 l3 1� Suboptimal 14 l8 l8 l8 17.0 Optimal
l0. Riparian Vegetative Zone Width (Left 10 20 9 13 Suboptimal 18 8 9 3 9.� Marginal
Bank)
lU. Riparian Vegetative Zone Nidth (Right 10 20 l0 13.3 Suboptimal l0 8 9 14 l03 Mazginal
Bank)
Overall.average ll.0 15.3 11J 12.6 Suboptimal 13.2 13.1 14.0 139 13.55 Suboptimal*
*- Overall score is heavily influenced by bank condition , which is artiticially enhanced. The interpolated score is more consistent
with marginal conditions.
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2.3.2.3 Water Quality Surface waters were sampled for basic water quality parameters at four
sampling stations (Figure 30, Stream Cross-section and Water Quality Monitoring Locations). Stations were
positioned to document changes in water chemistry due to site alteration, unique characteristics inherent to the site,
and sources of offsite pollution that may influence stream biota. The resulting data found no significantly high
readings or variabiliry either concurrently or over the analysis period (Table 7a - 7d)).
, The data indicates a strong �roundwater influence (dischar�e) in the system as noted by a relatively consistent
temperature that remained below 19.3 degrees Celsius and above 11.8 degrees Celsius at all stations during the
entire sampling period, despite summer highs above 32 degrees Celsius. Groundwater is most prevalent at station 4,
' which.showed increased levels of alkalinity, hardness, TDS, calcium, iron, and manganese in comparison to stations
1-3. The data did not reveal any anomalies in water chemistry that would indicate site alterations, unique
characteristics or pollution. No findings beyond normal characteristics of groundwater were noted.
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..�. .„, ,,.,_,. �Water.,Qya(�ty Data �`July 9th, ,1999,$a,mpling��,,•� .,s.,� ���� ,,�����
Parameter Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4
Time of Day 15:00 15:00 15:00 15:00
Rainfall past 24-48 hrs. (in) 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
PH 6.32 6.82 6.88 693
Dissolved Oxygen mQ/L 8 8 3 8
Temperature (C) 18.� 18.6 19 18.3
Aciditv as Ca CO3 mg/L <10 <10 <10 <10
Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l <10 <10 <l0 17
Hardness as CaCO3, m�/L 8 I I 6 21
Nitrite mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Nitrate mg/L 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.1
TDS mQ%L �9 5� 52 94
Calcium, Total mg/L 2 2.1 2.2 4.2
Copper, Total m�/L <0.00� <0.005 <0.005 <0.005
Iron, Total mg/L 1.07 1.03 1.07 2.95
Manganese, Total m�/L 0.032 0.031 0.031 0.149
� ��,"''�` ' �r ��s '� c``:�i���3 Table7bP a� 3�4� � ����.�'���� �v � a � `���,�`�
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,;� �' �� � � ��,,,v, �i ��,Water�Qua6,ty Data Aygust 4th,1999 Samplmg ���.,,� g�.�..,� �
Parameter Station 1 Station Z Station 3 Station 4
Time of Day 13:00 13:00 14.:30 15:00
Rainfall past 24-�48 hrs. (in) 0 0 0 0
PH 6.71 6.92 6.�3 6.61
Dissolved Oxygen m�/L 8 9 9 9
Temperature (C) 159 16.8 16.4 16.4
Acidity as Ca CO3 mg/L <10 <10 <10 <l0
Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/I <10 <10 <10 17
Hardness as CaCO3 mg/L 12 10 8 18
Nitrite mg/L <0.1 <0. I <0.1 <0.1
Nitrate mg/L 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.1
TDS mg/L 49 46 53 68
Calcium, Total m�/L 1.9 2 1.9 3.7
Copper, Total mg/L <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005
Iron, Total mg/L 0.54 0.59 0.59 1.87
Man�anese, Total mg/L 0.023 0.028 0.23 0.138
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,��, ��,,,-: Water' ua6 Data'��Au ust25th,1999Samplipg��' � ����;, ���
'� _Q__ .t3`_ g.
Parameter Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4
Time of Day 15:30 17:10 18:45 19:00
Rainfall past 24-48 hrs. (in) 0 0 0 0
pH 7.25 6.93 6.89 6.73
Dissolved Oxygen m�/L 8 8 8 8
Temperature (C) 18.8 19.3 19.1 18.1
Acidity as Ca CO3 mg/L <] 0 <10 <10 <10
Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l <10 <10 <10 20
Hardness as CaCO.i mg/L 7 9 9 22
Nitrite mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
Nitrate mg/L 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.1
TDS mg/L 60 64 61 85
Calcium, Total mg/L 1.8 2.0 2.1 4.0
Copper, Total mg/L <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005
Iron, Total mg/L 0.66 0.651 0.84 2.84
Manganese, Total mg/L 0.022 0.029 0.031 0.133
�� � s � � � n �a�:�,��=-�-�� �,� '��Ta61e 7d� y �� � . ,����� � � _
4 „,,,,b �`;,,�,� ;��?Yater Qual�,ty Data,,, September�2`4th,�1999,�Sampl�ng ;, ` ,,�a ; „� „�°����
Parameter Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4
Time of Day 15:06 17: f 0 18:43 19:00
Rainfall past 24-48 hrs. (in) 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
pH 7.25 6.88 6.89 6.73
Dissolved Oxygen m�/L 7 8 7 7
Temperature (C) 18.8 19.3 19.1 18.1
Acidity as Ca CO3 mg/L <10 <10 <10 *
Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/I <l0 <10 <10 *
Hardness as CaCO3 mg/L 10 l0 10 *
Nitrate mg/L <0.1 <O.l <0.1 *
Nitrate ma/L 0.2 0.2 0.2 *
TDS m�/L 47 4> j3 *
Calcium, Total mQ/L 2 2 2.1 *
Copper, Total mg/L 0.005 <0.005 0.007 *
[ron, Total mg/L 0.32 0.44 0.33 *
Manganese, Total mg/L 0.02 0.026 0.017 *
- insufticient tlow to obtain representative sample
2.3.3 Water Budget A qualitative review of colfected hydrologic, hydraulic, soils and vegetative data for the
, site indicates that Sparta Bog has undergone direct and indirect modifications which have affected its water balance.
However, due to the complexity of the system, a quantitative determination of the extent of deficit on the site cannot
be determined without more detailed studies.
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The system receives ground�vater inputs, surface water inputs from offsite and onsite where �roundwater discharges
as seeps, as �vell as runoff and direct precipitation. Outflow from the system is primarily through stream discharge
and evapotranspiration. The dominant source of hydrology for specific portions of the site varies depending on its
proximity to site input and outflow features. Some portions of the site are supported directly by groundwater levels,
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while others receive their primary hydrologic input from surface discharge of groundwater onto impermeable soil
lenses. Water storage by ve�etation (i.e. sphagnum) preserves saturation in some areas despite depressed
groundwater levels or intermittent discharges onto the surface. A basic understanding of bog hydrology identifies
that vegetation plays a key role in maintaining hydrology in the system. The presence of vegetation can alter
discharge characteristics by limiting offsite discharges.
Several variable factors affect the matrix of hydrologic conditions across the site. These factors include topographic
variation, point specific �roundwater and surface water inputs, varying degrees of or�anic matter in the soil,
variable rates of �roundwater/surface water flow and vegetation. Thus, the site experiences varying degrees of"
water surplus and deficit dependin� on precise location. '
Groundwater discharge areas consistently occur at four locations and are surrounded by recharge areas. In addition,
three areas exist where perched water occurs above the base levels of groundwater. These areas are intermittently
supplied by precipitation and �roundwater seepage from elevations above the perched level and maintain saturation
through vegetative adsorption (FiQure 28, Surface Saturation Regions). Review of the depth to water table data
(Figures 11 - 27) indicates areas of groundwater discharge adjacent to recharge zones. Some of these discharge
areas are adjacent to obvious channel alterations while others show no specific relationship to observable site
afterations. These areas allude to the status of the water budget on the site but provide no quantitative confirmation
as to the degree of deficit. It is, therefore, necessary to evaluate the anticipated order of impact to deduce the net
effect on the water bud�et.
Prior removal of vegetation from the site likely reduced the adsorptive medium in the form of organic material from
both the surface and soil, increasing evapotranspiration. The result of this action has created localized deficits that
, are hydrologically subsidized by adjacent areas, decreasing groundwater levels. In addition, redirection of surface
flows on the site and increasing the rate of discharge from the site through channel alteration further reduced
available soil moisture via a net decrease in groundwater levels surrounding the alterations. Portions of the site
' which maintained perched water from higher elevations and those near groundwater discharge areas maintained
historic levels of saturation.
The current myriad of surplus and deficit areas onsite reflects this pattern of dischar�e, recharge and storage, the net
degree of which cannot be determined. The hydrologic budget of Sparta Bog has been affected in numerous ways:
modification of groundwater flow, redirection of overland flows and redistribution of surface flows. These
modifications have to some degree equalized across the site to blur the determination of specific problems.
However, the hydrologic budget of Sparta Bog seems to be in deficit primarily due to enhancement of drainage
through the site, the loss of or�anic matter in the soil for stora�e, the modification of natural drairiage patterns and
channelization of the stream onsite.
2.4 Photographic Documentation
The AMZ was photographed for reference. Photograph locations were established throughout this zone (Figure 31,
Photograph Locations). All photographs were taken on July 10, 1998 (Appendix H).
2.5 Conditions Assessment
The existing conditions at Sparta Bog indicate that both acute and chronic impacts have occurred onsite due to
anthropogenic changes that have affected the integrity of the system. This determination is based on a review of
existing site conditions in comparison to estimated pre-disturbance conditions. Documented historic information on
this bo; prior to human disturbance is not available. As a result, some interpolation of baseline conditions from
other fens, basic understandin� of fen/bog systems and undocumented historic references were employed to make
reasonable projections about pre-disturbance conditions.
Wetfands on the site consist primarily of mountain fens fed from seeps originating at the toe of slopes and adjacent
hillsides. They occur, in varying levels of disturbance, on both sides of the stream that bisects the site. The fens
have been impacted by a"chain reaction" of events that have ultimately changed the original character of the site.
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These events incfude removal of native vegetation, alteration of flow patterns, draining, and agricultural activities.
Their extent and jurisdictional status varies based on the effectiveness of hydrologic modification. Though hydric
soils and hydrophytic vegetation remain prominent over much of the site, a significant portion of the original
wetlands onsite have lost the hydrology, based on groundwater monitoring data.
The origination of the degradation of the site began with the alteration of hydrologic sources: however, the damage
to the fens extends beyond this modification. Site drainage was modified in the early stages of the site alteration.
These alterations included the redirection of flows due to the construction of NC 18 and ditching and draining in
various portions of the site. Despite these restrictions on hydrologic input, the site most likely retained enough
storage capacity in the soils to buffer the effect of these changes. However, the regular remoVal of ve�etation from
the site, which allowed for the assimilation of existin� organic material without replacement, began to decrease the
soil's ability to buffer the hydrologic change. This has continued over a period of 50 years until the level of
organics in the soil is below that normally found in fen systems. At present, without the buffering capacity brought
about by soil organics, the depth to the water table has dropped to its current average of 1.5 to 2.5 feet. Without
saturation to maintain anaerobic conditions, aerobic decomposition accelerated the removal of organics from the
soil. A combination of the original hydrolo�ic modifications, changes in soil composition, and regular removal of
detritus from the fens has led to the site's current condition.
Many of the site's unique characteristics, i.e. rare species, can be directly amibuted to the management practices
' that have occurred in the past. The modification of the hydrologic regime, removal of competing woody species
and re�ular grazin� have developed the current integrated system. Successful restoration of the site without damage
to the intrinsic communities will require development of specific objectives.
, 3.0 RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
, The analyses of the Sparta Bog system indicate that it has under�one significant alteration over the course of the last
century. These alterations have affected the character of the site in both positive and negative fashions. Restoration
of the site to its pre-disturbance conditions would require the abandonment of unique features that currently reside
' on the site. It is therefore recommended, based on the data collected, that restoration be implemented in an
orchestrated plan that will enhance and restore the functions of the fen and stream systems without degrading the
uniqueness of the site.
Recommended �oals and objectives for the restoration of the site include:
• Restoration of natural drainage patterns.
• Restoration of native plant communities.
• Restoration/expansion of fen/bo� communities.
• Restoration/enhancemenUdevelopment of on-site habitat for rare species.
35

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Almon, J. 1998. Plant Communities of Some Southern Appalachian Bog-Forest Complexes. M.S. thesis North
Carolina State University, Department of Forestry, Raleigh, NC.
Amoroso, J.L. 1997. Natural Heritage Program list of the rare plant species of North Carolina. North Carolina
Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation. Raleigh, North Carolina. 88pp.
Bridle, K. Personal Communications. Walnut Cove, North Carolina.
Herman, D. 1997. Status of the bog turtle (Clemmys rna�hlenbergii) in North Carolina. Technical Report to the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Herman, D. Personal Communications, Curator, Living Collections, NC State Museum of Natural Science, Raleigh,
North Carolina.
Kartez, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United states, Canada, and Greenland.
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McMillan, P. Personal Communications, Curator, Living Coflections, NC State Museum of Natural Science,
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Moorhead, K.K. Personal Communications. Asheville, North Carolina.
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Potter, E.F., J.F. Parnell and R.P. Teulings. 1980. Birds of the Carolinas. 408 pp. University of North Carolina
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Rosgen, D. 1996. Applied River Morpholo�v. Prepres: Colorline, Lakewood, CO.
Schafale, M.P. and A.S. Weakley, 1990. Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina. Third
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Resources, Raleigh, North Carolina.
Tryon, Bern W. Personal Communication. Knoxville Zoo. 1998.
Suiter, D.W. and Cashin, G. Natural Resources Evaluation of the Sparta Bog Mitigation Site, Alleghany County,
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Environmental Unit 1997.
U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service. 1973. Soil Survey of Alleghany County, North Carolina. USDA,
Washington, DC.
U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service. 1991. Hydric Soils of the United States. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1491.
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Weakley, A.S. 1997. Flora of the Carolinas and Virginia. (working draft of May 1997). Published by the author.
Weakley, A.S. 1998. The Nature Conservancy National Vegetation Classification, Southeastern region. Published
by the author.
Whittaker, J.O., Jr. 1980. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals. 745 pp. Alfred A.
Knopf, Ne�v York, NY.
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