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20070818 Ver 1_Application_20070511
Office Use Only: Form Version March OS ~ ~ ;1 ~' i USACE Action ID No. DWQ No. (If any particular item is not applicable to this project, please enter "Not Applicable" or "N/A".) I. Processing Check all of the approval(s) requested for this project: ^ Section 404 Permit ^ Riparian or Watershed Buffer Rules ^ Section 10 Permit ^ Isolated Wetland Permit from DWQ ^ 401 Water Quality Certification ^ Express 401 Water Quality Certification 2. Nationwide, Regional or General Permit Number(s) Requested NWP 27 3. If this notification is solely a courtesy copy because written approval for the 401 Certification is not required, check here: ^ 4. If payment into the North Carolina Ecosystem Enhancement Program (NCEEP) is proposed for mitigation of impacts, attach the acceptance letter from NCEEP, complete section VIII, and check here: ^ 5. If your project is located in any of North Carolina's twenty coastal counties (listed on page 4), and the project is within a North Carolina Division of Coastal Management Area of Environmental Concern (see the top of page 2 for further details}-clue-~k~er~: ; ^ ~ ° ~"."; ;: _. IL Applicant Information ' ~ '~~ ~ -' ~ 1. Owner/Applicant Information - . Name:U S P Blue Ride, LLC Ku.1r-u.c~.. ~. 1.•~'ee..~-.k 'ry~~„~~ ~ ~ °~ `~~'l~+1C~i Mailing Address:7777 Leesburg Pike, Suite402N Falls Church, VA 22043-2403 Telephone Number: (703) 893-3984 Fax Number: (703) 893-2327 E-mail Address: 2. Agent/Consultant Information (A signed and dated copy of the Agent Authorization letter must be attached if the Agent has signatory authority for the owner/applicant.) Name: Trout Headwaters. Inc. Company Affiliation: Agent Mailing Address: P.O. Box 222 __ Livingston, MT 59047 Telephone Number: (406) 222-3554 Fax Number: (406) 222-6693 E-mail Address: mikena,troutheadwaters.com Page 5 of I S III. Project Information Attach a vicinity map clearly showing the location of the property with respect to local landmarks such as towns, rivers, and roads. Also provide a detailed site plan showing property boundaries and development plans in relation to surrounding properties. Both the vicinity map and site plan must include a scale and north arrow. The specific footprints of all buildings, impervious surfaces, or other facilities must be included. If possible, the maps and plans should include the appropriate USGS Topographic Quad Map and NRCS Soil Survey with the property boundaries outlined. Plan drawings, or other maps may be included at the applicant's discretion, so long as the property is clearly defined. For administrative and distribution purposes, the USACE requires information to be submitted on sheets no larger than 11 by 17-inch format; however, DWQ may accept paperwork of any size. DWQ prefers full-size construction drawings rather than a sequential sheet version of the full-size plans. If full-size plans are reduced to a small scale such that the final version is illegible, the applicant will be informed that the project has been placed on hold until decipherable maps are provided. 1. Name of project: Cielo Falls AcLuatic Enhancement 2. T.LP. Project Number or State Project Number (NCDOT Only): 3. Property Identification Number (Tax PIN): 2991-58-1378 4. Location County: Wilkes Nearest Town: Boone Subdivision name (include phase/lot number): Directions to site (include road numbers/names, landmarks, etc.): Driving Directions to Cielo Falls South Entrance: • Start out going S on BLOWING ROCK ROAD/ US-321 .7 mi • Turn RIGHT onto E K[NG STREET/ US-421/ NC- 194 15.9 mi • Turn LEFT onto Fall Creek Road/Summit Road 6.9 mi • Continue past end of pavement on Summit Road app. 0.~ mi • Property entrance is located on LEFT at bend in road Page 6 of 15 Figure 1: Road Map to Project Site 5. Site coordinates (For linear projects, such as a road or utility line, attach a sheet that separately lists the coordinates for each crossing of a distinct waterbody.) Decimal Degrees (6 digits minimum): 37.247219 °N 82.731681 °W 6. Property size (acres): 896.8 ac 7. Name of nearest receiving body of water: W. Kerr Scott_ Reservoir -HUC 03040101 Index No. 12-(1), Class C; Tr (NC-DWO BIMS) 8. River Basin: Yadkin-Pee Dee (Note -this must be one of North Carolina's seventeen designated major river basins. The River Basin map is available at http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/admin/maps/.) 9. Describe the existing conditions on the site and general land use in the vicinity of the project at the time of this application:_ A baseline assessment was conducted by Trout Headwaters Inc. on the North Prom of Lewis Fork Creek the Little Fork of the North Prong of Lewis Creek (Little Fork) and two (2) unnamed tributaries of the North Prong of Lewis Fork Creek. The analysis determined that the project site ranges from poor hydrologic condition in areas proposed for restoration to excellent conditions in other reaches throughout the property. Indicators assessed include: riparian zone health pool form instream fish cover and invertebrate habitat among others The historical land activity on this property includes hardwood logging and an associated road network for timber extraction These land activities caused an excess of erosion and sediment delivery to water resources Sedimentation and erosion control measures are being~racticed to mitigate additional sediment inputs to water resources. Currently the Phase I stream corridor lacks an adequate riparian buffer and includes sediment congested reaches and reduced aquatic and macroinvertabrate habitat The current condition along Phase II is low lar e woody debris (LWD) recruitment due to historical logging activities and sediment-laden pools The stream substrates are lar~elX comprised of bedrock boulders and cobble 10. Describe the overall project in detail, including the type of equipment to be used: Phase I will include the construction and enhancement of 9 small off-channel wetlands (0 337 ac total along a headwater tributary. Phase I construction (dip only excavation) will be conducted bX anall-terrain, walking excavator (e g Kaiser Spvder or equivalent) to minimize ne ative effects on vegetation. Material will be transported with a tracked dump-truck to upland sites where it will be stabilized with native seed and erosion control fabrics Vegetation will be protected or transplanted to suitable sites to minimize land clearing All exposed banks of wetlands will be treated with erosion control fabrics pre-vegetated wetland blankets permanent seeding or containerized plants Phase II will entail the installation of in-stream LWD habitat and rearran ing boulders to improve hydraulic function (Fishenncih 1999) Phase II construction will be conducted by_an all-terrain, walking excavator (e >? Kaiser Spvder or equivalent) to minimize disturbances to Page 7 of I5 stream bed and banks The specialized equipment will proceed from upstream to downstream and remain entirely in the stream channel to minimize stream bank disturbance All materials used will be acquired from on-site sources and anchored with rock materials Cables and metal stakes will NOT be used in order to reduce contaminants and risks during flood events (D'Aoust, 2000). All LWD will be harvested on-site from beyond the zone of potential future natural LWD recruitment. 1 1. Explain the purpose of the proposed work: The purpose of Phase Ioff-channel wetlands is to improve water quality within a water supply watershed b~ trapping sediment from upland sources and prevent contributions to downstream reaches thus reducin non-point source sediment pollution 2) im roving and diversif~g aquatic habitat and 3) creating_groundwater recharge and storage. (Saldi-Caromile 2004 The purpose of Phase II LWD installation and boulder rearrangement is to improve and diversify aquatic habitat by 1) encouraging natural scour of sediment laden pools 2) maintaining pool habitat, and 3~providing hydraulic refuge for fish species All work will be completed during baseflow periods in accordance with the North Carolina moratorium for instream work to minimize impacts to the stream and other aquatic organisms Disturbed areas will either be replanted with relocated vegetation or seeded and covered with erosion control blankets (ECB). Erosion control BMPs such as streamside installation of silt fencing and/or weed-free straw bales will be used wherever construction activities are occurring or have occurred (Walker 1996 IV. Prior Project History If jurisdictional determinations and/or permits have been requested and/or obtained for this project (including all prior phases of the same subdivision) in the past, please explain. Include the USACE Action ID Number, DWQ Project Number, application date, and date permits and certifications were issued or withdrawn. Provide photocopies of previously issued permits, certifications or other useful information. Describe previously approved wetland, stream and buffer impacts, along with associated mitigation (where applicable). If this is a NCDOT project, list and describe permits issued for prior segments of the same T.LP. project, along with construction schedules. No previous permits have been requested. V. Future Project Plans Are any future permit requests anticipated for this project? If so, describe the anticipated work, and provide justification for the exclusion of this work from the current application. Further aquatic restoration of the assessed water resources may be considered in the future All work will be designed to ultimately increase the health and function of the local water resources as well as the Yadkin-Pee Dee watershed as a whole. VI. Proposed Impacts to Waters of the United States/Waters of the State Page 8 of 15 It is the applicant's (or agent's) responsibility to determine, delineate and map all impacts to wetlands, open water, and stream channels associated with the project. Each impact must be listed separately in the tables below (e.g., culvert installation should be listed separately from riprap dissipater pads). Be sure to indicate if an impact is temporary. All proposed impacts, permanent and temporary, must be listed, and must be labeled and clearly identifiable on an accompanying site plan. All wetlands and waters, and all streams (intermittent and perennial) should be shown on a delineation map, whether or not impacts are proposed to these systems. Wetland and stream evaluation and delineation forms should be included as appropriate. Photographs may be included at the applicant's discretion. If this proposed impact is strictly for wetland or stream mitigation, list and describe the impact in Section VIII below. If additional space is needed for listing or description, please attach a separate sheet. 1. Provide a written description of the proposed impacts: The majority of site impacts will have temporary disturbances associated with short-term equ~ment access. Phase I wetland creation and enhancement will employ water from both Unnamed Tributary 1 and overland flow. Bank disturbance on Unnamed Tributary 1 will be present only at take-off and return points and will span less than 5 ft each. Phase I marginal wetland creation will impact Unnamed Tributary 1 by excavating below the mean high-water mark• however all fill will be transported to upland areas well beyond the 25-foot stream management zone and will not be placed in the channel or riparian zone. Unnamed Tributary 1 does not have a 100-year floodplain desi nation per the Federal Emergenc M~ana_gement Agency -Flood Insurance Rate Maps, Community-Panel Numbers: 370256-0075B and -O150B. Phase II rock and wood material reconfiguration will impact the streambed of the North Prom of the Lewis Fork Creek temporarily with the placement of material and short-term equipment access. 2. Individually list wetland impacts. Types of impacts include, but are not limited to mechanized clearing, grading, fill, excavation, flooding, ditching/drainage, etc. For dams, separately list impacts due to both structure and flooding. Wetland Impact Site Number (indicate on ma) Type of Impact Type of Wetland (e.g., forested, marsh, herbaceous, bog, etc.) Located within 100-year Floodplain (yes/no) Distance to Nearest Stream (linear feet) Area of Impact (acres) Total Wetland Impact (acres) Page 9 of 15 3. List the total acreage (estimated) of all existing wetlands on the property: 0 acres 4. Individually list all intermittent and perennial stream impacts. Be sure to identify temporary impacts. Stream impacts include, but are not limited to placement of fill or culverts, dam construction, flooding, relocation, stabilization activities (e.g., cement walls, rip-rap, crib walls, gabions, etc.), excavation, ditching/straightening, etc. If stream relocation is proposed, plans and profiles showing the linear footprint for both the original and relocated streams must be lnclUded_ Tn calculate acreage mnltinly 1PncTth X cz~irlth thP» ~ivi~o 1-~~, il2 Gin Stream Average Stream Im act p Perenn ial or Width Before Impact Area of Number Stream Name Type of Impact [ntermi Impact Length Impact (indicate ttent? (linear feet) (acres) on map) Dip Only Excavation below 1 Unnamed Tributary 1 mean high-water mark, Int 3 ft 300 0.0201 Upland placement of cut 2 Unnamed Tributary 1 Reconfiguration of Bank for Int 3 ft 30 0 0017 water supply take-off . 3 Unnamed Tributar 1 y Reconfiguration of Bank for Int 3 ft 30 0 0017 water supply return . Temporary Impact, 4 North Prong Lewis Fork Reconfiguration Native Per 20 ft 80 0.0367 Rock and Wood Material Total Stream Impact (by length and acreage) 440 0.0602 5. Individually list all open water impacts (including lakes, ponds, estuaries, sounds, Atlantic Ocean and any other water of the U.S.). Open water impacts include, but are not limited to fiil_ eXCavatinn_ rireclging flnnrling rlrainaaP hiillrhaarlc Pty Open Water Impact Site Number (indicate on map) Name of Waterbody (if applicable) ., Type of Impact Type of Waterbody (lake, pond, estuary, sound, bay, ocean, etc.) Area of Impact (acres) Total Open Water Impact (acres) 6. List the cumulative impact to all Waters of the IT_S_ resulting from the nrn;ect• Stream Impact (acres): 0.0602 Wetland Impact (acres): Open Water Impact (acres): Total Impact to Waters of the U.S. (acres) Total Stream Impact (linear feet): 440 Page 10 of 15 7. Isolated Waters Do any isolated waters exist on the property? ^ Yes ^D No Describe all impacts to isolated waters, and include the type of water (wetland or stream) and the size of the proposed impact (acres or linear feet). Please note that this section only applies to waters that have specifically been determined to be isolated by the USACE. 8. Pond Creation If construction of a pond is proposed, associated wetland and stream impacts should be included above in the wetland and stream impact sections. Also, the proposed pond should be described here and illustrated on any maps included with this application. Pond to be created in (check all that apply): ^D uplands ^D stream ^ wetlands Describe the method of construction (e.g., dam/embankment, excavation, installation of draw-down valve or spillway, etc.): Wetland construction in Phase I will include three (3) general designs (please see Plansheet 1). Wetlands with supply channels will be constructed above the mean high-water mark on the outside of downstream channel bends in order to minimize main channel aggradation. Wetlands supplied b~piped take-off structures will be installed above the mean high-water mark adjacent to faster moving riffle zones in order to provide reliable water supply and qualit~Marginal wetlands will serve as a wetland buffer zone and will be desi neg_d to provide off-channel habitat during, flood events. The return channel for all wetlands will be installed at the local bed level to facilitate backwater and side channel habitat function. Dip-only excavation and bioen ing Bering will be the only means for construction All spoil will be hauled and placed in designated inland areas Please refer to Phase I detail map for wetland locations. Proposed use or purpose of pond (e.g., livestock watering, irrigation, aesthetic, trout pond, local stormwater requirement, etc.): Water storage, sediment control, filtration, off-channel, and side-channel aquatic habitat Current land use in the vicinity of the pond: undeveloped Size of watershed draining to pond: See table below Expected pond surface area: See table hPlnw Total Expected Surface Phase Existing Waterbody Watershed Size (ac) Area ac Phase I Unnamed Tributary 1 52.6 0.337 VII. Impact Justification (Avoidance and Minimization) Specifically describe measures taken to avoid the proposed impacts. It may be useful to provide information related to site constraints such as topography, building ordinances, accessibility, and financial viability of the project. The applicant may attach drawings of alternative, lower-impact site layouts, and explain why these design options were not feasible. Also discuss how impacts were minimized once the desired site plan was developed. If applicable, discuss construction techniques to be followed during construction to reduce impacts. Construction specifications will Page 11 of 15 include a tight and temporary disturbance envelope. Only areas necessary will be disturbed, clearedi or graded. Areas of limitation will be defined prior to construction. Vehicles and construction equipment will be excluded from these areas to preserve natural vegetation. All graded or disturbed areas, including slopes, shall be protected during clearing and construction in accordance with approved erosion and sediment control BMPs until those areas are permanentlX stabilized. All in-stream construction will be conducted upstream to downstream in order to determine and minimize downstream impacts. All construction specifications strive to ensure an overall positive improvement of aquatic habitat and wetland and stream function. VIII. Mitigation DWQ - In accordance with 15A NCAC 2H .0500, mitigation may be required by the NC Division of Water Quality for projects involving greater than or equal to one acre of impacts to freshwater wetlands or greater than or equal to 150 linear feet of total impacts to perennial streams. USACE - In accordance with the Final Notice of Issuance and Modification of Nationwide Permits, published in the Federal Register on January 15, 2002, mitigation will be required when necessary to ensure that adverse effects to the aquatic environment are minimal. Factors including size and type of proposed impact and function and relative value of the impacted aquatic resource will be considered in determining acceptability of appropriate and practicable mitigation as proposed. Examples of mitigation that may be appropriate and practicable include, but are not limited to: reducing the size of the project; establishing and maintaining wetland and/or upland vegetated buffers to protect open waters such as streams; and replacing losses of aquatic resource functions and values by creating, restoring, enhancing, or preserving similar functions and values, preferable in the same watershed. If mitigation is required for this project, a copy of the mitigation plan must be attached in order for USACE or DWQ to consider the application complete for processing. Any application lacking a required mitigation plan or NCEEP concurrence shall be placed on hold as incomplete. An applicant may also choose to review the current guidelines for stream restoration in DWQ's Draft Technical Guide for Stream Work in North Carolina, available at http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/ncwetlands/strmgide.html. 1. Provide a brief description of the proposed mitigation plan. The description should provide as much information as possible, including, but not limited to: site location (attach directions and/or map, if offsite), affected stream and river basin, type and amount (acreage/linear feet) of mitigation proposed (restoration, enhancement, creation, or preservation), a plan view, preservation mechanism (e.g., deed restrictions, conservation easement, etc.), and a description of the current site conditions and proposed method of construction. Please attach a separate sheet if more space is needed. Mitigation is not required. Work proposed will result in a net increase of wetland area and improved wetland and stream function. Page 12 of I S 2. Mitigation may also be made by payment into the North Carolina Ecosystem Enhancement Program (NCEEP). Please note it is the applicant's responsibility to contact the NCEEP at (919) 715-0476 to determine availability, and written approval from the NCEEP indicating that they are will to accept payment for the mitigation must be attached to this form. For additional information regarding the application process for the NCEEP, check the NCEEP website at http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/wrp/index.htm. If use of the NCEEP is proposed, please check the appropriate box on page five and provide the following information: Amount of stream mitigation requested (linear feet): Amount of buffer mitigation requested (square feet): Amount of Riparian wetland mitigation requested (acres): Amount ofNon-riparian wetland mitigation requested (acres): Amount of Coastal wetland mitigation requested (acres): IX. Environmental Documentation (required by DWQ) 1. Does the project involve an expenditure of public (federal/state/local) funds or the use of public (federal/state) land? Yes ^ No ~ 2. If yes, does the project require preparation of an environmental document pursuant to the requirements of the National or North Carolina Environmental Policy Act (NEPA/SEPA)? Note: If you are not sure whether aNEPA/SEPA document is required, call the SEPA coordinator at (919) 733-5083 to review current thresholds for environmental documentation. Yes ^ No ^ 3. If yes, has the document review been finalized by the State Clearinghouse? If so, please attach a copy of the NEPA or SEPA final approval letter. Yes ^ No ^ X. Proposed Impacts on Riparian and Watershed Buffers (required by DWQ) It is the applicant's (or agent's) responsibility to determine, delineate and map all impacts to required state and local buffers associated with the project. The applicant must also provide justification for these impacts in Section VII above. All proposed impacts must be listed herein, and must be clearly identifiable on the accompanying site plan. All buffers must be shown on a map, whether or not impacts are proposed to the buffers. Correspondence from the DWQ Regional Office may be included as appropriate. Photographs may also be included at the applicant's discretion. 1. Will the project impact protected riparian buffers identified within 15A NCAC 2B .0233 (Meuse), 15A NCAC 2B .0259 (Tar-Pamlico), 15A NCAC 02B .0243 (Catawba) 15A NCAC 2B .0250 (Randleman Rules and Water Supply Buffer Requirements), or other (please identify )? Yes ^ No ~ 2. If "yes", identify the square feet and acreage of impact to each zone of the riparian buffers. If buffer mitigation is required calculate the required amount of mitigation by applying the buffer multipliers. Page 13 of 15 3. Zone* Impact (square feet) Multiplier Required Mitigation 1 3 (2 for Catawba) 2 1.5 Total ° ~onc i extenas out su teet perpendicular from the top of the near bank of channel; Zone 2 extends an additional 20 feet from the edge of Zone 1. 4. If buffer mitigation is required, please discuss what type of mitigation is proposed (i.e., Donation of Property, Riparian Buffer Restoration /Enhancement, or Payment into the Riparian Buffer Restoration Fund). Please attach all appropriate information as identified within 15A NCAC 2B .0242 or .0244, or .0260. XI. Stormwater (required by DWQ) Describe impervious acreage (existing and proposed) versus total acreage on the site. Discuss Stormwater controls proposed in order to protect surface waters and wetlands downstream from the property. If percent impervious surface exceeds 20%, please provide calculations demonstrating total proposed impervious level. Work proposed will improve stormwater filtration and improve water quality in downstream reaches XII. Sewage Disposal (required by DWQ) Clearly detail the ultimate treatment methods and disposition (non-discharge or discharge) of wastewater generated from the proposed project, or available capacity of the subject facility. No wastewater will be generated from the~ro op sed project XIII. Violations (required by DWQ) Is this site in violation of DWQ Wetland Rules (15A NCAC 2H .0500) or any Buffer Rules? Yes ^ No ^D Is this an after-the-fact permit application? Yes ^ No ~ XIV. Cumulative Impacts (required by DWQ) Will this project (based on past and reasonably anticipated future impacts) result in additional development, which could impact nearby downstream water quality? Yes ^ No ^D Page 14 of 15 If yes, please submit a qualitative or quantitative cumulative impact analysis in accordance with the most recent North Carolina Division of Water Quality policy posted on our website at http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/ncwetlands. If no, please provide a short narrative description: XV. Other Circumstances (Optional): It is the applicant's responsibility to submit the application sufficiently in advance of desired construction dates to allow processing time for these permits. However, an applicant may choose to list constraints associated with construction or sequencing that may impose limits on work schedules (e.g., draw-down schedules for lakes, dates associated with Endangered and Threatened Species, accessibility problems, or other issues outside of the applicant's control). ~/~ T Applicant/Agent's Signature (Agent's signature is valid only if an a Date letter from the applicant is provided.) Page 15 of 15 development WRITTEN CONSENT OF AUTHORIZATION USP Development LLC 7777 Leesburg Pike, Suite 402N Falls Church, VA 22043 Phone: 703.893.2340 Fax: 703.893.2327 This written consent of authorization is made as of the 25th day of April, 2007, by USP Development LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, the sole member and Manager of USP Blue Ridge LLC, a Delaware limited liability company. The undersigned officer of USP Development LLC does hereby consent in writing to authorize Mark A. Yates, Vice President of USP Development LLC, to execute sign and certify all permit applications, reports or other permit related documents on behalf of USP Blue Ridge LLC. USP DEVELOPMENT LLC By. ~ , Name: Richard R. Wojcik Title: President s Cielo Falls Aquatic Enhancement rw. ~! T s Supplemental Materials April 26, 2007 i Trout Headwaters, Inc The River Restoration Company Copyright ©2005 All Rights Reserved. Trout Headwaters, Inc. • References: Saldi-Caromile, K., K. Bates, P. Skidmore, J. Barenti, D.Pineo. 2004. Stream Habitat Restoration Guidelines: Final Draft, chapter 5. Co-published by the Washington Departments of Fish and Wildlife and Ecology and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Olympia, Washington. D'Aoust, S.G., and Millar, R.G. 2000. Stability of Ballasted Woody Debris Habitat Structures. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, pp.810- 817 Fishennich, C., Morrow, J. Jr. 1999. Streambank enhancement with Large Woody Debris. EMRRP Technical Notes Collection (ERDC TN-EMRRP-SR-13), U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS. www.wes.army.mil/el/emrrp ~ Walker, J., Jennings, G., Arnold, J. 1996. Erosion Control in North Carolina. Published by North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, AG 473-20. Q S~ L U ^O LL //~ v, c~ ~~-~ N..0.91„9£ 3 1 M 1 N o (s 1/ L 9£ N„0£x1,9£ T!~ C l ~~ ,~,. ~~ N ''~ C7 ~~ (Q ~ p v U_ =i ao ~'%; `. ~ ;`` p / ~ ~\// .~ ~-~l / - - ~ f,,,, 1-' ~ \ r ;~ 'VA ~\ --~"' /\ - 1 ~ - -\ ` ) , J: ' ~ ~~`_,~ ~ ~ ~ . 1, L~9£E?U5 - ) fi~ r~ mf , I ~, , '. r ll ~ / - ~ ~ <- ) .\\ i ~: ..~ ! ",_ ~F- ~ \ ~ ~l `J ~ - ~ ~ .yam U ~ \iCl~~ Ir n 8 ) ~\ -~j' \ ,.' i r It , ~-~~' t~ .~' ~~~`_t ~ _- I - ~~ !J \_--ir. \\I. ~. ~ ~ \ '~ ~ .~ r ~ ,.in S ~ '~ <~ a r ,~~ _ ~ f ~ r r "~\- 1 i 1 \t ~ ` ~ /~ ,~ \\ rl.. ^_~ a ~ `• 1 - ,~~`~ ~ ~. 1 '\)~{r~--dv .. `. 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