FA-1015_19070_CA_MRP_20140107

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel: [phone] Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax: [phone] Durham, North Carolina 27703 www.amec.com

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 SITE HISTORY AND CHARACTERIZATION ...................................................................... 1

2.0 SUPPLEMENTARY RECOVERY WELL INSTALLATION .................................................. 2

3.0 AGGRESSIVE FLUID VAPOR RECOVERY ........................................................................ 2

4.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................... 3

FIGURES

Figure 1 Site Location Map
Figure 2 Site Layout
Figure 3 Groundwater Potentiometric Surface
Figure 4 Free Product Thickness

TABLES

Table B-7 Monitoring and Remediation Well Construction Information
Table B-8A Free Product Recovery Information
Table B-8B Cumulative Volume of Free Product Recovered from Site
Table B-9 Current and Historical Groundwater Elevations, and Free Product Thickness

APPENDICES

Appendix A Recovery Well Construction Permit
Appendix B Recovery Well Construction Records
Appendix C KCI, Inc. Monitoring Well and Recovery Well Survey
Appendix D Site Health and Safety Plan
Appendix E Aggressive Free Vapor Recovery Vacuum Logs
Appendix F AMEC Standard Operating Procedures
Appendix G Investigation-Derived Waste Disposal Documentation

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1.0 SITE HISTORY AND CHARACTERIZATION

Site Description and Background

The Food Lion Distribution Center #4 (site) is located at 2940 Arrowhead Road in Dunn, Harnett
County, North Carolina (Figure 1). The site is owned by Delhaize America, a parent company to
Food Lion, Inc. (Food Lion). The site is currently utilized as a product distribution center for
Food Lion. As such, Food Lion provides a fueling station to allow distribution trucks to refuel.
Historically, the site stored diesel fuel in two 25,000-gallon (gal) underground storage tanks
(USTs) for truck refueling. The site currently consists of the distribution center/warehouse, the
truck maintenance facility, refueling station and parking lots.

The site is classified as intermediate risk. A receptor survey conducted in 2000 confirmed there
were five water-supply wells within 1,500 feet of the site, located hydraulically upgradient of the
source area, and municipal water is available to these properties. The site is located in a rural
area consisting of properties used for both residential and commercial purposes.

Several site characterization and assessment activities have been performed at the site to
identify the extent of soil and groundwater impacts attributed to the two 25,000-gal USTs
formerly located on the subject property. Based on these investigations, soil and groundwater
was determined to be impacted by the two diesel USTs and associated product piping. Free
product was observed at the site during assessment activities in March 1997 and subsequently,
four recovery wells were installed in May 1998. Four aggressive fluid vapor recovery (AFVR)
events were performed in the summer of 1998 to remove free product from the recovery wells.
Ultimately, the two 25,000-gal USTs were removed in September 1998 and replaced with
aboveground storage tanks (ASTs). Following the UST removal activities, a Limited Site
Assessment (February 1999) and Corrective Action Plan (CAP) (June 2000) were prepared.
The proposed remedial alternative presented free product removal followed by monitored
natural attenuation (MNA) for the impacted groundwater beneath the site. Following submittal of
the CAP, a pneumatic pump free product recovery system was installed. Records regarding the
length of time the system operated, or how much product was removed, have not been located
by the facility, but Mr. Mark Davis, the facility representative, believes it was shut down in 2007.

On July 8, 2010, the North Carolina Division of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR),
Division of Waste Management (DWM), UST Section issued a Notice of Regulatory
Requirement (NORR) requesting that a Free Product Evaluation and Free Product Recovery
Report be submitted. In August 2010, the free product was re-evaluated and the recovery well
system was restarted. The recovery well system became inoperable and the free product
recovery utilizing the recovery well system ceased.

In August 2012, Food Lion retained AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. (AMEC) to
conduct additional free product assessment at the site, submit a Free Product Recovery System
Specification Report to NCDENR, DWM, UST Section, and to implement an approved Free
Product Recovery Plan in response to the NORR received on May 31, 2011. To assess the free
product at the site, AMEC subcontracted Regional Probing Services of Wake Forest, North
Carolina to provide GeoProbe™ services, in tandem with Laser Induced Fluorescence/
Ultraviolet Optical Screening Tool (LIF/UVOST) technology. The LIF/UVOST technology was
Recovery Well Installation and Free Product Recovery Report
Food Lion Distribution Center #4
Dunn, North Carolina
January 7, 2013

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operated by Columbia Technologies, LLC of Baltimore, Maryland. Field activities were
conducted in December 2012, and the Free Product Recovery System Specification Report was
submitted on April 5, 2013. The report detailed the successful delineation of free product on the
site using LIF/UVOST, and recommended the installation of five supplementary recovery wells
and multiple additional AFVR events to remove the remaining free product.

Costs of recovery well installation and a well survey were authorized in Task Authorization
1970-5, dated June 12, 2013, and two AFVR events were approved in Task Authorization 1970-
6, dated August 22, 2013. The recovery wells were installed on July 9, 2013, and the first AFVR
event was conducted September 9, 10, and 11, 2013. Details of recovery well installation and
the first AFVR event are presented herein.

2.0 SUPPLEMENTARY RECOVERY WELL INSTALLATION

AMEC personnel supervised the installation of the five 4-inch diameter supplementary recovery
wells (RW-5, RW-6, RW-7, RW-8, and RW-9) on July 9, 2013. Hollow-stem auger drilling and
well construction was performed by SAEDACCO of Fort Mills, South Carolina. All five recovery
wells were located within the area determined to contain free product in either the unsaturated
or saturated zone, according to the results of the December 2012 LIF/UVOST free product
delineation. All recovery and monitoring well locations are presented on Figure 2. Well depths
and screened intervals were determined by onsite AMEC personnel at the time of installation,
and were chosen according to historical groundwater elevations, groundwater elevations
observed during drilling, and groundwater elevations in surrounding wells. The Recovery Well
Construction Permit is provided in Appendix A and well construction logs are provided in
Appendix B. The locations and elevations of all monitoring and recovery wells were surveyed by
KCI, Inc. on July 26, 2013. Survey results are presented in Table B-7 and Appendix C. The site
Health and Safety Plan is provided in Appendix D.

3.0 AGGRESSIVE FLUID VAPOR RECOVERY

The first AFVR event was performed over a three-day period, from September 9 to 11, 2013. All
nine recovery wells (RW-1 through RW-9) were included, three wells per day. The AFVR event
was supervised by AMEC personnel and performed by FCC Environmental of Concord, North
Carolina. The AFVR was conducted by connecting three recovery wells per day to a manifold,
which was then connected to the vacuum truck. The wells were subjected to vacuum for six
hours and FCC Environmental personnel recorded the vacuum at each well head on an hourly
basis. The vacuum logs are provided in Appendix E.

Prior to the AFVR event, all monitoring and recovery wells were gauged for depth to water and
free product thickness. According to the groundwater elevations, groundwater flow across the
site is to the west-southwest. A groundwater potentiometric surface map is provided in Figure 3.

Recovery Well Installation and Free Product Recovery Report
Food Lion Distribution Center #4
Dunn, North Carolina
January 7, 2013

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Free product was present on the surface of the groundwater in seven of the nine recovery wells.
Free product was not present on the surface of groundwater in recovery wells RW-5 and RW-7
(see Table B-8A); however, the December 2012 LIF/UVOST free product delineation revealed
that between one and two feet of free product exists in the vadose and/or saturated zone in all
locations in which the supplementary recovery wells were installed. As the recovery wells were
installed such that the screened interval straddles the top of groundwater, AFVR is an effective
means of removing product from not only the surface of groundwater, but from the unsaturated
zones surrounding these wells. After the AFVR event, the recovery wells were again gauged for
free product thickness. No free product was detected in wells RW-1, RW-5, RW-7, RW-8, and
RW-9. Small amounts of free product, ranging from 0.01 to 0.35 inches in thickness, were
detected in wells RW-2, RW-3, RW-4, and RW-6.

In total, 10,291 gallons of fluid were removed from the nine recovery wells (approximately 192
were free product), as measured in the vacuum truck immediately after the AFVR event. The
balance of the fluid was a mixture of water and free product that had not yet separated. The
previous four AFVR events, conducted in 1998, recovered 326, 524, 523, and 326 gallons of
free product, respectively (see Table B-8B). The smaller volume of free product recovered
during the most recent AFVR event is likely the result of the effectiveness of the previous AFVR
events and the former free product recovery system.

Liquid recovered was transported and disposed by FCC Environmental, as were drums of drill
cuttings from recovery well installations. AMEC’s Standard Operating Procedures are provided
in Appendix F and waste manifests are provided in Appendix G.

4.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Food Lion recovery wells have experienced multiple AFVR events throughout its history, and
AFVR has proven to be an effective treatment method at the site. Approximately 1,891 gallons
of free product have been removed to date using AFVR, demonstrating that this method
effectively targets free product and reduces impacts to groundwater. Historical free product
measurements made of recovery wells RW-2, RW-3, and RW-4 indicate an overall reduction in
thickness (see Table B-9). AFVR remains an economical and readily implementable technology
for removal of free product, with the benefit of low O&M costs. AMEC recommends continuation
of quarterly AFVR events in accordance with Task Authorization 1970-6.

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel: [phone] Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax: [phone] Durham, North Carolina 27703 www.amec.com
FIGURES
^_Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubedFigureDR:CHK:DATE:SITE LOCATION MAP1A. Crain H. Thurston12/30/2013CLIENT:PROJ.:6470133028TITLE:SCALE:SITE:AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100Durham, NC 27703(919) 381-9900LOCATION:\\dhm-fs1\projects\Comm-Ind\Projects\Clients A to F\Food Lion\2013\GIS\AFVR 1st EventFOOD LION, INC.02,4001,200FeetLegend^_Site Location³FOOD LION DISTRIBUTION CENTER #42940 Arrowhead Road, Dunn, North Carolina1 " = 1,200 '
!(#7!(#7!(#7"D#7#7#7#7#7#7RW-9RW-8RW-7RW-6RW-5RW-4MW-4RW-3MW-3RW-2MW-2RW-1MW-1Existing ASTsFormer Location of USTsProduct PipelinePump IslandsExisting Treatment SystemUS 301 SNC OneMapFigureDR:CHK:DATE:SITE LAYOUT2A. Crain H. Thurston12/30/2013CLIENT:PROJ.:6470133028TITLE:SCALE:SITE:AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100Durham, NC 27703(919) 381-9900LOCATION:\\dhm-fs1\projects\Comm-Ind\Projects\Clients A to F\Food Lion\2013\GIS\AFVR 1st EventFOOD LION, INC.08040FeetLegend!(Shallow Monitoring Well "DDeep Monitoring Well#7Recovery WellRoadwaysHarnett County Parcels³FOOD LION DISTRIBUTION CENTER #42940 Arrowhead Road, Dunn, North Carolina1 " = 40 '
!(#7!(#7!(#7"D#7#7#7#7#7#7Existing Treatment System166'167'168'169'Pump IslandsFormer Location of USTsExisting ASTsProduct PipelineUS 301 SRW-9166.83RW-8167.36RW-7167.02RW-6166.81RW-5166.49RW-4166.92RW-3167.77MW-3169.09RW-2167.13MW-2166.12RW-1166.70MW-1166.20MW-4NC OneMapFigureDR:CHK:DATE:GROUNDWATER POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE3A. Crain H. Thurston12/30/2013CLIENT:PROJ.:6470133028TITLE:SCALE:SITE:AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100Durham, NC 27703(919) 381-9900LOCATION:\\dhm-fs1\projects\Comm-Ind\Projects\Clients A to F\Food Lion\2013\GIS\AFVR 1st EventFOOD LION, INC.08040FeetLegend!(Shallow Monitoring Well "DDeep Monitoring Well#7Recovery WellGroundwater ContourInferred Groundwater ContourRoadwaysHarnett County Parcels³FOOD LION DISTRIBUTION CENTER #42940 Arrowhead Road, Dunn, North Carolina1 " = 40 '
!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(!(#7!(#7!(#7"D#7#7#7#7#7#7Existing Treatment SystemProduct PipelineFormer Locationof USTsExisting ASTsPump Islands1.0'2.0'US 301 SRW-7NDRW-5NDMW-4NDMW-3NDMW-2NDMW-1NDRW-90.27RW-80.54RW-61.82RW-42.54RW-32.19RW-22.01RW-10.85LIF-36NDLIF-35NDLIF-34NDLIF-33NDLIF-32NDLIF-04NDLIF-03NDLIF-17NDLIF-21NDLIF-20NDLIF-25NDLIF-24NDLIF-23NDLIF-22NDLIF-16NDLIF-15NDLIF-05NDLIF-09NDLIF-10NDLIF-11NDLIF-07NDLIF-290.9LIF-301.8LIF-311.8LIF-262.2LIF-272.0LIF-282.2LIF-011.8LIF-021.5LIF-190.7LIF-182.0LIF-140.8LIF-131.8LIF-122.2LIF-061.4LIF-080.5NC OneMapFigureDR:CHK:DATE:FREE PRODUCT THICKNESS4A. Crain H. Thurston12/30/2013CLIENT:PROJ.:6470133028TITLE:SCALE:SITE:AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100Durham, NC 27703(919) 381-9900LOCATION:\\dhm-fs1\projects\Comm-Ind\Projects\Clients A to F\Food Lion\2013\GIS\AFVR 1st EventFOOD LION, INC.08040FeetLegend!(Shallow Monitoring Well "DDeep Monitoring Well#7Recovery Well!(LIF BoringExisting ASTsExisting Treatment SystemFormer Location of USTsProduct PipelinePump IslandsFree Product ThicknessRoadwaysHarnett County Parcels³FOOD LION DISTRIBUTION CENTER #42940 Arrowhead Road, Dunn, North Carolina1 " = 40 'Notes:Values inBLUErepresent free product thickness in feet.Free product thickness contours based on December 2012 LIF event.Free product thickness in reocery wells measured 9/9/2013.

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TABLES
Table B-7Monitoring and Remediation Well Construction InformationFood Lion Distribution Center #4Dunn, North CarolinaWell IDDate InstalledDate Water Level MeasuredWell Casing Diameter (in)Well Casing Depth (ft BGS)Screened Interval (ft BGS)Depth of Well (ft BGS)Top of Casing Elevation* (ft)Depth to Water from Top of Casing (ft)Free Product Thickeness in Soil from 2012 LIF (ft)Initial Free Product Thickness in Well (ft)Groundwater Elevation** (ft)Location Northing*Location Easting*MW-1 11/17/1998 11/17/1998 2 15 5-15 15 170.22 5.58 NM 0 164.64 555522.75 2110041.08MW-2 11/17/1998 11/17/19982 15 5-15 15 172.88 4.02 NM 0168.86 555306.26 2110091.14MW-3 11/17/1998 11/17/19982 15 5-15 15 172.72 6.47 NM 0166.25 555570.96 2110496.71MW-4 11/17/1998 11/17/1998 2 50 40-50 50 173.80 28.91 ~2.2 0 144.89 555475.34 2110282.35RW-1 11/11/1998 11/11/19984 13.5 3.5-13.5 13.5 172.28 7.75 NM 0.80165.22 555514.18 2110151.53RW-2 11/11/1998 11/11/19984 14.5 4.5-14.5 14.5 173.53 11.65 ~2.2 3.55164.93 555471.42 2110281.62RW-3 11/11/1998 11/11/19984 14.5 4.5-14.5 14.5 173.44 10.70 ~1.4 2.75165.10 555473.39 2110346.48RW-4 11/11/1998 11/11/19984 14 4-14 14 173.14 11.00 ~2.0 3.35165.01 555485.91 2110222.20RW-5 7/9/20139/9/2013 4 13 3-13 13 173.06 6.57 ~1.5 0166.49 555467.02 2110177.66RW-6 7/9/20139/9/2013 4 18 3-18 18 173.64 8.39 ~1.7 1.82166.81 555449.25 2110220.85RW-7 7/9/20139/9/2013 4 18 3-18 18 173.52 6.50 ~2.0 0167.02 555521.35 2110263.81RW-8 7/9/20139/9/2013 4 14 4-14 14 173.71 6.81 ~2.2 0.54167.36 555505.03 2110307.87RW-9 7/9/20139/9/2013 4 14.5 4-14.5 14.5 173.38 6.78 ~2.1 0.27166.83 555540.31 2110319.95Notes:ft BGS = feet below ground surfaceNM = not measured*Well locations and casing elevations from KCI survey of 7/26/2013, based on NC State Plane NAD '83 and NAVD '88** If free product is present in a well, groundwater elevation is calculated by: [Top of Casing Elevation - Depth to Water] + [free product thickness x 0.8581]LIF - Laser-induced fluorence. LIF thickness determined in the December, 2012 LIF event.
Table B-8AFree Product Recovery InformationFood Lion Distribution Center #4Dunn, North CarolinaDate Well IDProduct TypeFree Product Recovery MethodProduct Thickness Before Recovery (ft)Product Thickness After Recovery (ft)Amount of Liquid (Water + Product) (gallons)Amount of Liquid Product (gallons)Totoal Amount of Product Recovered (gallons)RW-7 0 0RW-8 0.54 0RW-9 0.27 0RW-2 2.01 0.35RW-3 2.19 0.05RW-4 2.54 0.05RW-1 0.35 0RW-5 0 0RW-6 1.82 0.01Notes:AFVR = aggressive fluid vapor recoveryDiesel AFVR 3,394 56 3,4502,9419/10/2013 Diesel AFVR 3,838 62 3,9009/9/2013 Diesel AFVR 2,867 749/11/2013
Table B-8BCumulative Volume of Free Product Recovered from SiteFood Lion Distribution Center #4Dunn, North CarolinaDate of Recovery EventTotal Volume Recovered from Site During Current Recovery Event (gallons)Cumulative Total of Volume Recovered to Date from All Recovery Events (gallons)5/8/1998 326 3266/12/1998 524 8507/6/1998 523 13737/22/1998 326 16999/9-11/2013 192 1891
Table B‐9Current and Historical Groundwater Elevations and Free Product Thickness Food Lion Distribution Center #4Dunn, North CarolinaWell ID Date MeasuredScreened Interval (top of screen, bottom of screen)Top of Casing Elevation* (ft)Depth to Water Uncorrected (ft)Depth to Free Product (ft)Free Product Thickness (ft)Depth to Water Corrected for free product thickness (ft)Top of Casing Elevation (MSL)Groundwater Surface Elevation*** (MSL)11/17/1998 5-15 170.22 5.58 0 0 5.58 170.22 164.6410/19/2010 5-15 170.224.080 0 4.08 170.22 166.149/9/13 5-15 170.224.020 0 4.02 170.22 166.2011/17/1998 5-15 172.88 7.73 0 0 7.73 172.88 165.1510/19/2010 5-15 172.886.760 0 6.76 172.88 166.1212/7/12 5-15 172.888.350 0 8.35 172.88 164.539/9/13 5-15 172.88 6.76 0 0 6.76 172.88 166.1211/18/1998 5-15 172.72 6.47 0 0 6.47 172.72 166.2510/19/2010 5-15 172.724.000 0 4.00 172.72 168.7212/7/12 5-15 172.727.160 0 7.16 172.72 165.569/9/13 5-15 172.72 3.63 0 0 3.63 172.72 169.0911/19/1998 45-50 173.80 28.91 0 0 28.91 173.80 144.8910/19/2010 45-50 173.80 10.81 0 0 10.81 173.80 162.999/9/13 45-50 173.8011.970 0 11.97 173.80 161.8311/11/1998 3.5-13.5 172.28 7.75 6.950.807.06 172.28 165.2210/19/2010 3.5-13.5 172.28 6.805.95 0.856.07 172.28 166.2112/3/12 3.5-13.5 172.28 7.196.80 0.396.86 172.28 165.429/9/13 3.5-13.5 172.28 6.31 5.460.855.58 172.28 166.7011/11/1998 4.5-14.5 173.53 11.65 8.103.558.60 173.53 164.9310/19/2010 4.5-14.5 173.538.156.15 2.006.43 173.53 167.1012/3/12 4.5-14.5 173.5310.358.02 2.338.35 173.53 165.189/9/13 4.5-14.5 173.53 8.12 6.112.016.40 173.53 167.1311/11/1998 4.5-14.5 173.44 10.70 7.952.758.34 173.44 165.1010/19/2010 4.5-14.5 173.447.655.39 2.265.71 173.44 167.7312/3/12 4.5-14.5 173.449.937.64 2.297.96 173.44 165.489/9/13 4.5-14.5 173.44 7.55 5.362.195.67 173.44 167.7711/11/1998 4-14 173.14 11.00 7.653.358.13 173.14 165.0110/19/2010 4-14 173.148.655.85 2.806.25 173.14 166.8912/3/12 4-14 173.1410.007.50 2.507.85 173.14 165.299/9/13 4-14 173.148.405.86 2.546.22 173.14 166.92RW-5 9/9/13 3-13 173.066.57NA 0 6.57 173.06 166.49RW-6 9/9/13 3-18 173.648.396.57 1.82 6.83 173.64 166.81RW-7 9/9/13 3-18 173.526.50NA 0 6.50 173.52 167.02RW-8 9/9/13 4-14 173.716.816.27 0.54 6.35 173.71 167.36RW-9 9/9/13 4-14.5 173.38 6.78 6.51 0.27 6.55 173.38 166.83Notes:** If free product is present in a well, corrected depth to water is calculated by: [Depth to Water] - [free product thickness x 0.8581]***Groundwater surface elevation is calculated using corrected depths to waterNA = not applicableRW-4RW-3MW-1MW-2MW-3MW-4RW-1RW-2

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APPENDIX A

RECOVERY WELL CONSTRUCTION PERMIT

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APPENDIX B

RECOVERY WELL CONSTRUCTION RECORDS
TYPE I MONITORING WELL RECORD
Client: Food Lion
WELL ID:
Site Location: 2940 Arrowhead Road, Dunn, NC
Drill Method: Rotary/Auger
Aquifer Type: Unconfined Date Installed:
Drill Contractor:
Land Surface (L.S.)
Riser Pipe:
Length (ft) 3'
Inside Diameter (ID) (ft) 4"
Type of Material PVC
Depth from L.S.
(feet) Elevation (ft)
Cement,
Bentonite,
Bentonite
Slurry Grout,
or Native
Materials
7/9/2013
(see Record)SAEDACCO
General Notes/Comments:
Amount Removed
Well Development
Method RW-5
Top of Bentonite (ft bls) 1'
Bentonite Seal Thickness (ft) 1'
Top of Sand (ft bls) 2'
Top of Screen (ft bls) 3'
Screen:
Length (ft) 10'
Inside Diameter (ID)(ft) 4"
Slot Size (in) 0.1"
Type of Material PVC
Type/Size of Sand No. 2
Sand Pack Thickness (ft) 11'
Bottom of Screen (ft bls) 13'
Bottom of Tail Pipe:(ft bls) 13'
Bottom of Borehole (ft bls) 13'
Borehole Diameter (ft): 0.67
TYPE I MONITORING WELL RECORD
Client: Food Lion
WELL ID:
Site Location: 2940 Arrowhead Road, Dunn, NC
Drill Method: Rotary/Auger
Aquifer Type: Unconfined Date Installed:
Drill Contractor:
Land Surface (L.S.)
Riser Pipe:
Length (ft) 3'
Inside Diameter (ID) (ft) 4"
Type of Material PVC
Amount Removed
Well Development
Method RW-6
(see Record)SAEDACCO
General Notes/Comments:
Depth from L.S.
(feet) Elevation (ft)
Cement,
Bentonite,
Bentonite
Slurry Grout,
or Native
Materials
7/9/2013
Top of Bentonite (ft bls) 1'
Bentonite Seal Thickness (ft) 1'
Top of Sand (ft bls) 2'
Top of Screen (ft bls) 3'
Screen:
Length (ft) 15'
Inside Diameter (ID)(ft) 4"
Slot Size (in) 0.1"
Type of Material PVC
Type/Size of Sand No. 2
Sand Pack Thickness (ft) 16'
Bottom of Screen (ft bls) 18'
Bottom of Tail Pipe:(ft bls) 18'
Bottom of Borehole (ft bls) 18'
Borehole Diameter (ft): 0.67
TYPE I MONITORING WELL RECORD
Client: Food Lion
WELL ID:
Site Location: 2940 Arrowhead Road, Dunn, NC
Drill Method: Rotary/Auger
Aquifer Type: Unconfined Date Installed:
Drill Contractor:
Land Surface (L.S.)
Riser Pipe:
Length (ft) 3'
Inside Diameter (ID) (ft) 4"
Type of Material PVC
Amount Removed
Well Development
Method RW-7
(see Record)SAEDACCO
General Notes/Comments:
Depth from L.S.
(feet) Elevation (ft)
Cement,
Bentonite,
Bentonite
Slurry Grout,
or Native
Materials
7/9/2013
Top of Bentonite (ft bls) 1'
Bentonite Seal Thickness (ft) 1'
Top of Sand (ft bls) 2'
Top of Screen (ft bls) 3'
Screen:
Length (ft) 15'
Inside Diameter (ID)(ft) 4"
Slot Size (in) 0.1"
Type of Material PVC
Type/Size of Sand No. 2
Sand Pack Thickness (ft) 16'
Bottom of Screen (ft bls) 18'
Bottom of Tail Pipe:(ft bls) 18'
Bottom of Borehole (ft bls) 18'
Borehole Diameter (ft): 0.67
TYPE I MONITORING WELL RECORD
Client: Food Lion
WELL ID:
Site Location: 2940 Arrowhead Road, Dunn, NC
Drill Method: Rotary/Auger
Aquifer Type: Unconfined Date Installed:
Drill Contractor:
Land Surface (L.S.)
Riser Pipe:
Length (ft) 4'
Inside Diameter (ID) (ft) 4"
Type of Material PVC
Amount Removed
Well Development
Method RW-8
(see Record)SAEDACCO
General Notes/Comments:
Depth from L.S.
(feet) Elevation (ft)
Cement,
Bentonite,
Bentonite
Slurry Grout,
or Native
Materials
7/9/2013
Top of Bentonite (ft bls) 1.5
Bentonite Seal Thickness (ft) 1'
Top of Sand (ft bls) 2.5
Top of Screen (ft bls) 4
Screen:
Length (ft) 10'
Inside Diameter (ID)(ft) 4"
Slot Size (in) 0.1"
Type of Material PVC
Type/Size of Sand No. 2
Sand Pack Thickness (ft) 11.5'
Bottom of Screen (ft bls) 14'
Bottom of Tail Pipe:(ft bls) 14'
Bottom of Borehole (ft bls) 14'
Borehole Diameter (ft): 0.67
TYPE I MONITORING WELL RECORD
Client: Food Lion
WELL ID:
Site Location: 2940 Arrowhead Road, Dunn, NC
Drill Method: Rotary/Auger
Aquifer Type: Unconfined Date Installed:
Drill Contractor:
Land Surface (L.S.)
Riser Pipe:
Length (ft) 4.5'
Inside Diameter (ID) (ft) 4"
Type of Material PVC
Amount Removed
Well Development
Method RW-9
(see Record)SAEDACCO
General Notes/Comments:
Depth from L.S.
(feet) Elevation (ft)
Cement,
Bentonite,
Bentonite
Slurry Grout,
or Native
Materials
7/9/2013
Top of Bentonite (ft bls) 1.5
Bentonite Seal Thickness (ft) 1'
Top of Sand (ft bls) 3
Top of Screen (ft bls) 4.5
Screen:
Length (ft) 10'
Inside Diameter (ID)(ft) 4"
Slot Size (in) 0.1"
Type of Material PVC
Type/Size of Sand No. 2
Sand Pack Thickness (ft) 11.5'
Bottom of Screen (ft bls) 14.5'
Bottom of Tail Pipe:(ft bls) 14.5'
Bottom of Borehole (ft bls) 14.5'
Borehole Diameter (ft): 0.67

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel: [phone] Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax: [phone] Durham, North Carolina 27703 www.amec.com
APPENDIX C

KCI, INC. WELL SURVEY

Page:1
Project: Date:7/26/13
Project No: Crew:DC
MW NAME Northing Easting Rim Elev Top PVC Elev Ground Elev
MW-1 555,522.75 2,110,041.08 170.48 170.22 170.45
RW-1 555,514.18 2,110,151.53 172.73 172.28 172.62
MW-2 555,306.26 2,110,091.14 173.29 172.88 173.27
RW-2 555,471.42 2,110,281.62 174.15 173.53 174.11
MW-3 555,570.96 2,110,496.71 172.99 172.72 172.98
RW-3 555,473.39 2,110,346.48 174.05 173.44 174.02
MW-4 555,475.34 2,110,282.35 173.99 173.80 173.99
RW-4 555,485.91 2,110,222.20 173.81 173.14 173.73
RW-5 555,467.02 2,110,177.66 173.34 173.06 173.34
RW-6 555,449.25 2,110,220.85 173.91 173.64 173.85
RW-7 555,521.35 2,110,263.81 173.87 173.52 173.86
RW-8 555,505.03 2,110,307.87 174.08 173.71 174.07
RW-9 555,540.31 2,110,319.95 174.06 173.38 174.03
MONITORING WELL SHEETLandmark Center II
Suite 220
4601 Six Forks Road
Raleigh, NC 27609
[phone]
[phone] Fax
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL BASED ON NC STATE PLANE NAD'83 AND NAVD'88
AMEC Foodlion, Inc
5133336

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel: [phone] Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax: [phone] Durham, North Carolina 27703 www.amec.com
APPENDIX D

SITE HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
Health & Safety Plan

Well Installation and Dual-Phase Extraction
Food Lion Distribution Center #4 Property
Harnett County, Dunn, North Carolina

Prepared For:

Food Lion, Inc.
2940 Arrowhead Road
Dunn, NC 28334

Prepared By:

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc.
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100
Durham, North Carolina 27703

AMEC Project No.: 6470133028

July 2013

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com

Petroleum Free Product Assessment and Recovery Activities
Food Lion Distribution Center #4 Property
Harnett County, Dunn, North Carolina

This Site-Specific Health and Safety Plan (HSP) has been developed by AMEC Environment &
Infrastructure, Inc. (AMEC) to comply with requirements under OSHA 29 CFR 1910 and 1926.
This HSP may require periodic updates, as appropriate, if new work tasks are required, or if site
conditions/ potential hazards change from those outlined herein.

REVIEW AND APPROVALS
Reviewed and Certified by:

7/8/13
Susan Johnson Date
Department Manager

Prepared by:

7/5/13
Michael McKenna Date
HSE Coordinator

Approved by:

7/8/13
Harold Thurston Date
Senior Project Manager

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com

HSP EMERGENCY SUMMARY SHEET

The Site Health and Safety Coordinator (SHSC), the Project Manager (PM), the Raleigh Office
HSE Coordinator, and Corporate Health and Safety Director (CHSD) shall be notified
immediately if worker exposure, accidents, or site conditions not anticipated in this document
are encountered.
RESPONDING EMERGENCY AGENCIES
Service Telephone Number
Ambulance 911
Fire Department 911
Police Department 911

PROJECT EMERGENCY CALL LIST
Title Name Telephone Number
Project Manager (PM) Harold Thurston [phone] (office)
[phone] (cell)
Field Manager (FM)/SHSC Anthony Kellogg [phone] (cell)
CHSD Vladimir Ivensky, CIH, CSP [phone] (office)
HSE Coordinator Michael McKenna [phone] (office)
[phone] (cell)
Client Mark Davis [phone]
* In the event of an occupational accident or incident, please indicate to the medical facility that this is a
Workers’ Compensation case; that your employer is AMEC; and that the insurance administrator is AIG
Claims. Subcontractors will provide internal Workers’ Comp. policy information; this may be provided to
the SHSC at the prework meeting.

EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBER LIST
Organization Telephone Number
OSHA – North Carolina Office [phone] – Allen McNeely, Director
National Response Center [phone]
EPA Environmental Response Team – Region IV [phone]
Poison Control [phone]
WorkCare 24/7 Hotline (Must Call Within 1 Hour) [phone]

Nearest Phone: Carry cellular phone.
Nearest Water: Carry water.

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com

POTENTIAL PHYSICAL HAZARDS: including but not limited by back injuries, cold/heat stress,
discharge of static electricity, drill rigs and heavy equipment operation, heavy equipment and
vehicle, entanglement, ergonomic stress, inclement weather and shut-down condition, noise,
slips, trips, and falls, and UV exposure.

POTENTIAL CHEMICAL HAZARDS: Lead and petroleum related constituents of concern
(COCs) such as 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, benzene, ethylbenzene,
isopropyl ether, isopropyl benzene, methyl tert-butyl ether, n-butylbenzene, n-propylbenzene,
naphthalene, total xylenes, sec-butylbenzene and toluene.

CHEMICAL MATERIALS HANDLED AT THE SITE: Liquinox detergent and Calibration gases
(e.g., isobutylene).

RECOMMENDED AIR MONITORING EQUIPMENT: Photoionization Detector (PID)

REQUIRED PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND AIR MONITORING EQUIPMENT:
Modified Level D and PID.

ACTION LEVELS AND ACTION
EQUIPMENT/
CONTAMINANTS ACTION LEVEL ACTION TO BE TAKEN
PID/Petroleum
Related COCs, Lead
<10 ppm-equivalents above back-
ground in the breathing zone (BZ). Maintain Level D or Mod. D.
>10 ppm-equivalent above
background in the BZ Upgrade to Level C PPE.
>10 ppm-equivalent above
background on the site perimeter
Cease operations until levels fall to
within background readings, and/or
investigation area is ruled out as source
of elevated reading.

HOSPITAL INFORMATION (for Map/Directions see next page)
IN CASE OF LIFE THREATENING INJURIES, CALL 911
USE AMBULANCE TO CLOSEST TRAUMA CENTER

NOTE: In case of any hazard exposure during and/or prior to medical attention, the
hospital and any emergency response personnel shall be notified that patient and/or the
patient’s clothing may be contaminated.

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com
Hospital Directions:
HOSPITAL NAME: HOSPITAL ADDRESS:
Betsy Johnson Regional
Hospital (3.1 miles)
800 Tilghman Drive
Dunn, NC 28335
HOSPITAL TELEPHONE: DIRECTIONS:
[phone] 1. Head northwest on Arrowhead Rd toward Bears Ln
2. Take the 2nd right onto Chicken Farm Rd
3. Turn left onto Susan Tart Rd
4. Turn right, destination will be on the RIGHT.

Hospital Route Map:

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1

1.1 GENERAL INFORMATION/ SCOPE OF WORK ............................................................. 1
1.2 SCHEDULED ONSITE PERSONNEL:* ......................................................................... 2
1.3 PERSONNEL RESPONSIBILITIES .............................................................................. 2

2.0 PERSONNEL PROTECTION .......................................................................................... 3

3.0 SITE CHARACTERIZATION ........................................................................................... 3

4.0 EMERGENCY REFERENCE LIST ................................................................................ 12

5.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN ACCEPTANCE ............................................................ 14

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1 Site Characterization .................................................................................................. 3
TABLE 2 Summary of Physical and Operational Safety Hazards .............................................. 5
TABLE 3 Chemical Hazard Information ................................................................................... 11

LIST OF APPENDICES and FIGURES

APPENDIX 1 Site Location
APPENDIX 2 Site Forms

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CIH Certified Industrial Hygienist
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CHSD Corporate Health and Safety Director
CPR Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
COC Constituents of Concern
COPC Chemicals of Possible Concern
CRZ Contamination Reduction Zone
dBA Decibels A-Weighted
EC Emergency Coordinator
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EZ Exclusion Zone
FT Feet
GW Groundwater

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

HAZWOPER Hazardous Waste Operations Emergency Response
HBV Hepatitis B Virus
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HSM Health and Safety Manager
HSP Health and Safety Plan
lbs Pounds
IDLH Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health
mg/L Micrograms Per Liter
mph Miles Per Hour
MSDS Material Safety Data SHEETs
MW Monitoring Well
NCNG North Carolina Army National Guard
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PID Photoionization Detector
PM Project Manager
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
ROC Record of Change
SC Safety Coordinator
SHSC Site Health and Safety Coordinator
SOP Standard Operating Procedures
SZ Support Zone
TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
TPH-DRO Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Diesel Range Organics
TPH-GRO Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Gasoline Range Organics
TWA Time-Weighted Average
US United States
UST Underground Storage Tank
VOC Volatile Organic Compounds

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Information/ Scope of Work

This site-specific Health and Safety Plan (HSP) has been prepared by AMEC Environment &
Infrastructure, Inc. (AMEC) exclusively for safety and health requirements related to petroleum free
product assessment and recovery activities at the Food Lion property at 2940 Arrowhead Road in
Dunn, North Carolina, hereafter referred to as the “Site”. This HSP presents the minimum
requirements for safety and health that must be met by AMEC and its subcontractors. All field and
contractor personnel shall read, understand, and comply with the requirements of this Site-Specific
HSP. All visitors shall also be required to review, sign, and comply with this approved Site-Specific
HSP and the HSP for Petroleum Impacted Sites to gain site entry.

It is the responsibility of individual subcontractors to implement an appropriate health
and safety program for their employees, including as appropriate:

• Compliance with 29 Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) 1910.120 Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines regarding 40-hour
Hazardous Waste Operations Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) and/or 24-
hour Awareness training;
• Medical Monitoring, Medical Examination for Fitness to Work including
Respirator Use pursuant to 29 CFR 1910.134 OSHA Respiratory Protection
Standard, if required,
• Supplying Personal Protective Equipment (coveralls, respirators, boots, gloves,
etc.) as required by site conditions; and,
• Compliance with 29 CFR 1926 OSHA Construction Standard.

This HSP is provided as a guide only. Copies documenting the above training and
programs should be kept on-site by all subcontractors.

The HSP has been written to be consistent with all applicable federal, state, and local safety and
health requirements. Specific references consulted in assembling the HSP include:

• 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry and 1926 OSHA Construction Standards
• AMEC HSE Program and field operating practices

Client:
Food Lion, Inc.

The Site is located at 2940 Arrowhead Road in Dunn, North Carolina (see site map in Appendix I).
Scope of work is as follows:

1) Installation of five recovery wells
2) Dual-phase extraction from nine recovery wells

Health & Safety Plan
Food Lion Distribution Center #4
Dunn, North Carolina
Page 2

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com

COCs may include lead and petroleum related constituents such as 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene,
1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, benzene, ethylbenzene, isopropyl ether, isopropyl benzene, methyl tert-
butyl ether, n-butylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, naphthalene, total xylenes, sec-butylbenzene
and toluene.

1.2 Scheduled Onsite Personnel:*

NAME COMPANY PROJECT TITLE
Anthony Kellogg AMEC Task Manager/ Site Health and Safety Coordinator
SADACCO Well installation - driller and laborers
FCC Environmental DPE – vacuum truck driver and laborers
KCI, Inc Utility clearance – KCI personnel
KCI, Inc Well survey – KCI surveyors
* the Record of Change (ROC) form must reflect all personnel changes. All new personnel will be added
to the Onsite Personnel Record.

1.3 Personnel Responsibilities

Site Health and Safety Coordinator
Reports jointly to the AMEC Health and Safety Manager (HSM) and the Project Manager (PM)
for all aspects of the project and is the primary contact for health and safety during all field
activities, establishes work zones, evacuation routes, and assembly areas. The SHSC makes
the day-to-day decision to modify levels of protection provided in the Health and Safety Plan
(HSP) based on site conditions or monitoring data and has the authority to stop all work if
conditions are judged to be hazardous to onsite personnel or the public, and reports and
investigates accidents and near misses. Other specific responsibilities are detailed within
Section 3 of Volume II, Health and Safety Program for Site Investigations, of the AMEC
Corporate Health and Safety Manual.

The SHSC or designee must carefully document the implementation of this HSP by maintaining
the Project Health and Safety Files.

Field Staff selected as Safety Coordinators (SC) will be expected to immediately report any
accidents, near misses, and/or unsafe conditions to the SHSC or the PM. The SC will perform
daily tailgate safety meeting reports for remote sites and all documentation will be reviewed by
the SHSC on a regular basis.

Health and Safety Manager
The HSM is a Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH) or Safety Professional with five or more years
of Occupational Safety and Health experience that is responsible for the review and approval of
the HSP and may help coordinate the implementation of health and safety procedures through
supervision/ direction of the SHSC. The HSM is approved by the Corporate Health and Safety
Director (CSHD). The HSM is responsible for approval of all changes made to this HSP.

Project or Field Manager/ Supervisor
Health & Safety Plan
Food Lion Distribution Center #4
Dunn, North Carolina
Page 3

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com
The project manager (PM) has responsibility for all field activities, enforcement of safe work
practices, and ensuring that daily tailgate meetings are conducted, and serves as the
Emergency Coordinator (EC) in emergency situations. The PM assumes (or assigns to a
qualified person) the SHSC duties and responsibilities when the SHSC is not onsite.

Field Team Members
All AMEC and subcontracting personnel are responsible for compliance with this HSP in its
entirety. They are responsible for taking all reasonable precautions to prevent injury to
themselves and to their fellow employees and for being alert to potentially harmful situations.
Field team members are expected to perform only those tasks that they believe can be done
safely and to immediately report any accidents, near misses, and/or unsafe conditions to the
SHSC or the PM.

2.0 PERSONNEL PROTECTION

Please refer to the HSP for Petroleum Impacted Sites. This document will be maintained
on-site by the Site Health and Safety Coordinator.

Emergency Medical Treatment:
Personnel who exhibit signs and symptoms of cold or heat overexposure, or have been injured
on the job, will seek medical services. See also the Emergency Response (Section 6 of the HSP
for Petroleum Impacted Sites) for specific information regarding emergency services and logs,
reports, and record keeping; Section 2.1.5 of the HSP for Petroleum Impacted Sites, for
required report submittals. The map to the nearest medical facility is located in the front of
this document.

3.0 SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND HAZARD EVALUATION

The site characterization is provided below (Table 1) followed by a summary of physical and
operational safety hazards (Table 2), and chemical hazard information (Table 3).

TABLE 1
SITE CHARACTERIZATION

ANTICIPATED PHYSICAL STATE OF CONTAMINANT(S):

(x) Liquid ( ) Sludge ( ) Unknown
(x) Solid (contaminated soil) (x) Gas/ Vapors ( ) Other
Notes:

MATRIX:

(x) Surface soils (x) Surface water (x) Free product (possible)
(x) Soils at depth (x) Groundwater ( ) Other
Notes:

Health & Safety Plan
Food Lion Distribution Center #4
Dunn, North Carolina
Page 4

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com
TABLE 1 (Continued)
SITE CHARACTERIZATION

POTENTIAL HAZARDOUS PROPERTIES:

( ) Corrosive (x) Flammable/ Combustible ( ) Radioactive
( ) Toxic (x) Volatile ( ) Reactive
( ) Inert (x) Carcinogenic ( ) Unknown
( ) Asphyxiant (x) Compressed gas ( ) Other
Notes:

CONTAINER/ STORAGE SYSTEM INFORMATION:

( ) Tanks ( ) Landfills/Dumps ( ) Subsurface
( ) Drums ( ) Impoundments ( ) Uncontainerized
( ) Pipes ( ) Size/ capacity ( ) In-Service
( ) Quantity ( ) Surface (X) Other: Vacuum truck
Notes:

CONDITION OF CONTAINER/ STORAGE SYSTEM(S):

(X) Sound/ Undamaged ( ) Confirmed leaks
( ) Deteriorated/ Unsound ( ) N/A
( ) Unknown ( ) Suspected leaks
( ) Other
Notes:

ORIGIN OR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF CHEMICALS OF CONCERN:

Industrial Process
( ) Manufacturing ( ) N/A
( ) Maintenance/ Repair ( ) Prev. Use
( ) Painting/ Coating ( ) Storage
(X) Power Generation ( ) Other
Notes:

Chemicals Used or Identified

( ) Acids ( ) Metals ( ) Phenols
( ) Caustics ( ) Pesticides ( ) Paints
( ) Halogen ( ) PCBs ( ) Solvents
(x) Other: petroleum fuel (diesel)
Notes:

Oils/Fuels

( ) Fuel Oil ( ) AVGAS ( ) Gasoline
( ) Waste Oil ( ) MOGAS (x) Diesel
( ) Hydraulic Oil ( ) Jet Fuel ( ) Other
Notes:

Health & Safety Plan
Food Lion Distribution Center #4
Dunn, North Carolina
Page 5

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com

Sludges

( ) Metal sludges ( ) Oily sludges ( ) Septic sludges
( ) Other:
Notes:

Solids

( ) Asbestos ( ) Sandblast grit ( ) Landfill refuse
( ) Other:

Notes:

TABLE 2
SUMMARY OF PHYSICAL AND OPERATIONAL SAFETY HAZARDS
OPERATIONAL
SAFETY HAZARDS CONTROL OR PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Physical hazards
associated with drill rigs
and other heavy
equipment
See also Excavation, Trenching, Shoring SOP; Drilling Safety SOP, Equipment will be inspected
on a daily basis by the owner/operator, daily logs will be maintained. All discrepancies shall be
corrected prior to placing the equipment in service.

• Blades, buckets, and other heavy equipment will be kept fully lowered when not in use;
parking brakes must be engaged.
• Drill rods or core barrels shall not be left balancing, leaning, or other-wise unsecured on
the rig.
• Equipment parked on inclines shall have the wheels chocked or blocked and the parking
brake set.
• Equipment shall not be used on unstable or unsafe inclines.
Back injuries due to
improper lifting of
equipment
Workers will use proper lifting techniques, lifting with the legs and not the back. Loads >40 lbs.
require a second person or mechanical device.
Whenever possible, mechanical devices such as drum dollies, hand trucks and tool hoists (for
lifting augers) should be used to lift or move heavy loads.
Noise
Hearing protection shall be worn during operation of heavy equipment, pneumatic power tools,
steam cleaners and other equipment that potentially generates >85 dBA.
See also Hearing Conservation SOP, Vol. VI, Corp Health and Safety Manual.
Chemicals
A "toxic substance" is defined as any substance "which is listed in the latest printed edition of the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical
Substance" or has yielded positive evidence of acute or chronic health hazards in human, animal
or other biological testing." While this definition may seem unusually broad, the NIOSH Registry of
Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances alone lists over 85,000 toxic chemicals. This number does
not include substances for which no toxicity information exists (but which may have a
considerable toxic or hazardous potential).
General precautions:

• Know the composition of the materials you are using.
• Choose the safest materials possible.
• Use adequate ventilation.
• Protect yourself and the area against a potential fire.
• Have appropriate safety and personal protective equipment.
• Inspect all chemical containers before using them.
• Store and/or dispose of all unused chemicals immediately after use, in a proper
manner.

Inspect your own individual storage area regularly.
Health & Safety Plan
Food Lion Distribution Center #4
Dunn, North Carolina
Page 6

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com

TABLE 2 (Continued)
SUMMARY OF PHYSICAL AND OPERATIONAL SAFETY HAZARDS
Inclement weather
Work shutdown conditions:

• Poor visibility.
• Precipitation severe enough to impair safe movement or travel.
• Lightning in the immediate area.
• Steady winds >40 mph.
• Other conditions as determined by the SHSC, PM or HSM.
• Imminent threat of severe tropical storm or hurricane.

Complete an Incident Report (Appendix 3) within 24 hrs for all work shutdowns.
Domestic and Wild
Animals
Field employees are at risk from exposure to all types of animals, their waste products and their
carcasses. Rodents and other animals can harbor disease-causing agents very harmful to
humans. Care should be taken to avoid all wild animals and domestic animals that have the
potential to harm you. To avoid accident or injuries associated with rodents and other animals
observe the following guidelines:

• Be aware of your surroundings and note any wild or suspicious acting animals in your work area.
If necessary, seek safe shelter from these animals.
• Avoid reaching or stepping into or over hidden areas that may contain such animals.
• When working with soil, be aware of signs that indicate above or below ground animal nests and
take appropriate action to prevent contamination by dust or injury from bites.
• If an animal bite occurs, clean the wound with soap and water, and follow appropriate first aid
procedures. Immediately report the incident to your supervisor.
• Transport any bite victim to the hospital. (Have animal control safely capture the animal so it can
be tested for any known disease-causing agents.)
• If exposure to airborne particles and dust from a nest does occur, immediately report the
incident to your supervisor. (If possible, and without exposing yourself, mark the site without
disturbing it so trained personnel can collect samples to determine if any disease-causing
agents are present.)
• Avoid direct contact with bird, bat and other animal droppings. Areas where birds and bats roost
should be avoided or appropriate respiratory protection shall be used.
• Avoid direct contact with animal blood. Wear rubber gloves if contact with animal blood can not
be prevented. Dispose of rubber gloves properly. Wash hands thoroughly with an antibacterial
soap after disposal of rubber gloves and before eating, drinking or smoking.
Biological agents
• Workers will not be exposed to infectious agents or wastes with the current scope of work;
however, responders to first-aid incidents may contact bloodborne pathogens and will follow the
Bloodborne Pathogen Exposure Control Plan in this HSP.
• Workers shall be protected from hazards of irritant and toxic plants and be suitably instructed in
the first-aid treatment available.
• Personnel with known reactions to insect bites or stings should be identified during the "kickoff"
meeting so that the appropriate emergency treatment can be made available on-site. Locations
of any known bite or sting medication in the employee's possession will be identified daily.
• Workers should not attempt to capture any wild or semi-wild animals due to the possibility of a
bite or parasitic infection.
• Diminish exposure to dust when possible by wetting soil.

Health & Safety Plan
Food Lion Distribution Center #4
Dunn, North Carolina
Page 7

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com
TABLE 2 (Continued)
SUMMARY OF PHYSICAL AND OPERATIONAL SAFETY HAZARDS
Overhead Power/Utility
Lines
• Keep an eye out overhead at all times; take time to examine the hazard.
• Before operating equipment, make a safety plan that prevents contact.
• Take extra care and precautions.
• Check the height of you equipment or load.
• Plan your moves: are there power lines to pass under or avoid?
• Look out for uneven ground that may cause your vehicle to bounce.
• Think about wind and temperature - they may affect the power line's height.
• Never ride or climb on equipment or a load when near a power line.
• Work around power lines is to be done only during daylight hours.
• Don't ground your equipment around a power line.
• Do not allow equipment or objects to approach the overhead power line closer than the specified
safe limit of approach.
• If work is being carried out near the "safe limit of approach", use a trained signaler to act as an
observer to ensure that the required distance is maintained. (Communication by radio or air
horn.)
• Do not place materials under or adjacent to the overhead power line if it reduces the clearance
above ground required by O.H. & S. regulations. Contact the electrical utility for assistance to
determine the required clearance between the power line and the ground.
• Do not allow excavations to reduce the support required for power poles. Contact the electrical
utility to determine support required. Request line locators in case of grounding grids buried at
the base of power poles.
• Keep a safe working distance between your equipment and power lines
Housekeeping and
Sanitation
• Good housekeeping is important for maintaining a safe workplace.
• Each employee is responsible for maintaining a clean and sanitary
• All materials must be properly stored with stock being placed neatly in racks or bins wherever
possible.
• Clear all floors and walkways of tripping hazards on a regular basis.
• Place trash in proper receptacle.
• Do not throw it on the floor or ground.
Provide a waste receptacle that is in good condition and appropriate for the type of waste
material.
Entanglement in
rotating or moving
equipment
• Equipment shall not be operated without guards.
• Loose-fitting or dangling clothes, hair jewelry are prohibited.
• Stay clear of rotating augers and pinch points, such as cables and pulleys.
• Passage under, or stopping over, a moving stem or auger is prohibited.
• Drill crews are not allowed on the mast while the drill bit/auger is in operation or during transport.
• Long-handled shovels will be used to remove cuttings from the auger.
• Only the drill crew and the SHSC will be aware of the location and proper operation of the rig's
emergency shut-down equipment (kill-switches, etc.), and procedures.
Cold Stress
• See Cold Stress SOP, H-3.
• A worker should go immediately to a warm shelter if any of the following symptoms are spotted:
the onset of heavy shivering, frostnip, the feeling of excessive fatigue, drowsiness, and
irritability.
• If possible, a change of dry work clothing should be provided to prevent people from returning to
work with wet clothing.
• Alcohol should not be consumed while in the warmer environment.
• If possible, the most stressful tasks should be done during the warmer parts of the day. Double
shifts should be avoided. Rest periods should be extended to cope with increases in cold stress.
• A worker should weigh themselves at the beginning and end of the workday to check for weight
loss that might occur from progressive dehydration.

Health & Safety Plan
Food Lion Distribution Center #4
Dunn, North Carolina
Page 8

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com

TABLE 2 (Continued)
SUMMARY OF PHYSICAL AND OPERATIONAL SAFETY HAZARDS
Heat Stress
• Provide shelter or shaded area for work tasks (as feasible) and break areas.
• Adjust work schedules by rotation of personnel or alternate job functions to minimize heat stress
or overexertion at one task.
• Work during cooler hours of the day (or night), as feasible.
• To maintain normal body fluid levels, drink 16 ounces (oz) (2 cups) of water before each shift
and about 8 oz (1 cup) every 15 to 20 minutes. Drink 2 gallons of water during an 8-hour period.
• Wear nonbinding cotton clothing (e.g., medical scrubs and cotton undergarments) under
personal protective equipment (PPE) to absorb moisture and to help prevent heat rash.
• Where feasible, set up field “showers” or hose-down areas to cool down body.
Slips, trips, and falls
• Clear work area of obstructions and debris prior to rig set-up.
• Level and stabilize the rig prior to raising the mast.
• Keep drill platforms, stairs, and immediate work areas clear; do not allow oil/grease and
excessive mud to accumulate in these areas.
• The discharge of drilling fluids and foam will be channeled away from the work area to prevent
ponding or slippery conditions.
• A safety harness and shock absorbing lifeline or adequate fall protection, shall be provided and
its use required for each employee working >6 ft. above the platform or main work deck.
• Open boreholes should be immediately backfilled, or be capped and flagged; open excavations
will be barricaded or be covered with steel traffic plates.
• Wherever possible, slip, trip and fall hazards will be eliminated or clearly identified with caution
tape, barricades, or equivalent means.
Field Emergency
Response
• Review Safe Operating Procedures for applicable equipment and perform pre-operational
checks.
• Make sure all emergency and warning lighting is working.
• Wear appropriate personal protection equipment consistent with the hazard.
• Protective clothing and other equipment may be required.
• Avoid working under suspended loads. Wear hard hats around backhoes, cranes and
excavators.
• Be alert for heat buildup, vapors, rumbling noises, leaks, dampness, unusual debris and
• Strange odors caused by airborne contaminants.
• Park in areas that: provide safe entrance and exit of work area; do not create potential conflicts
with other vehicles/equipment operating in the work area; and provide maximum protection for
workers entering and exiting the vehicle.
• Employees on foot must use caution to stay clear of operating equipment.
• Be aware of escape routes in case of emergencies. It is a good practice to work facing on-
coming traffic when on foot.
• Always establish eye contact with the operator before approaching equipment.
• Be aware of loose material, excavation drop-off, tripping hazards, uneven ground and other
obstructions.
• Take extra precautions to prevent heat and cold stress when working in extremely hot and cold
temperatures.
• Be aware of escape routes in case of emergency.
• All work should be performed in well ventilated areas.

Health & Safety Plan
Food Lion Distribution Center #4
Dunn, North Carolina
Page 9

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com

TABLE 2 (Continued)
SUMMARY OF PHYSICAL AND OPERATIONAL SAFETY HAZARDS
OPERATIONAL
SAFETY HAZARDS CONTROL OR PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Poisonous Snakes,
Insects and Plants
Like most accidents and injuries, prevention is important in controlling hazards from poisonous
snakes, insects and plants. Therefore, each employee should review the work activities planned to
determine what exposures might exist. Efforts should then be made to minimize situations which
might result in a snakebite, insect sting or exposure to poisonous plants. Employees should also
avoid wearing bright clothes, perfumes, after-shaves, etc., to help minimize attraction of snakes or
insects.
Snakes
Employees should wear work boots, long pants and long sleeved shirts when going into hazardous
areas; make as much noise as possible when approaching a possible snake area to give the snake
time to leave; be equipped with a bush ax for clearing underbrush and for protection; avoid
reaching or stepping into hidden areas whenever possible.
If a snakebite should occur, the employee should:
a) Remain as calm as possible.
b) Move away from the snake.
c) Apply a constricting bandage (not tourniquet) between the wound and
heart. A finger should be able to pass under it. Apply ice to bite area, if available.
d) Allow a fellow worker to transport him/her to closest medical facility.
e) If possible, kill snake and carry to medical facility for identification.
Under no circumstances should incisions and suction be used to treat a snakebite unless:
a) The victim is over 1.5 hours from medical assistance, and
b) The person administering first aid has received advanced training in medical assistance such as
First Responder, EMT, etc.
Insect Stings
Employees should:
1. Wear appropriate clothing.
2. Avoid areas where insects might be whenever possible.
3. Schedule work in infested areas during the cool months.
4. Avoid high smelling after-shaves, colognes, etc., that may attract insects.
5. Use available insect repellents.
6. If a sting does occur, any stinger should be removed with a knife blade or fingernail. The area
should then be treated with Sting Kill Swabs and/or Hydrocortisone.
Ticks
Ticks are especially important because of the possibility of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever or Lyme
Disease.
To minimize exposure, employees should follow these guidelines:
1. Wear appropriate clothing when working in wooded areas.
2. Check yourself at least twice a day, paying particular attention to the hair, neck and groin area.
3. Use the available Tick Repellent.
Poisonous Plants
The typical AEE employee has exposure to at least three types of poisonous plants: poison oak,
poison ivy and poison sumac. Reactions range from mild (very little or none) to severe (rash and
blisters).
To avoid problems with poisonous plants, employees should:
1. Avoid working in severely infested areas if at all possible. (Learn what the plants look like.)
2. Wear long sleeve shirts, long pants, and work gloves. If you are performing clearing activities
with either hand (e.g., bush axes, machetes, etc.) or powered tools use eye goggles/safety glasses
to prevent poisonous plants from entering your eyes.
3. Use silicone protective or other barrier creams where available.
4. Use TECNU Poison Ivy Wash on any place that may have been exposed. In some cases, even
24 hours after exposure may help.
5. Be sure that any clothes or shoes that may have been exposed receive a thorough washing.
Leftover oils on anything could cause a reaction even days later.
6. If a severe reaction develops, contact your medical provider for possible treatments.
7. Avoid rubbing your eyes if you have been in contact with poisonous plants.

Health & Safety Plan
Food Lion Distribution Center #4
Dunn, North Carolina
Page 10

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com

Hazard Analysis of Site Work Tasks

TASK NAME: WELL INSTALLATION/DUAL PHASE EXTRACTION
Potential Hazards: (Check all that apply to either existing conditions or that result from site operations)
(x) Rotating Machinery ( ) Projectiles ( ) Confined Space
(x) Heat Stress (x) Physical Exertion (x) Biological (plants, rodent virus,
( ) Cold Stress (x) Noise (>85 dBA) marine species, soilborne or
(x) Heavy Equipment (x) Vehicle Traffic waterborne fungi/bacteria, insects,
(x) Intrusive Activ's (underline) (x) Fire/ Explosion (underline) arachnids, snakes, wild
• Trenching • Flam. Materials animals) †
• Drilling • Low-lying Areas (x) Electrical (utilities)
• Soil Vapor Surv. • Fuel lines (x) Chemical Exposure
• Sampling ( ) Other (List)
(x) Uneven terrain, slips, trips, falls ( ) Work near water (lagoons,
( ) Trench/excavation collapse streambeds, ravines, bay ocean)
†Insects such as bees and wasps. Arachnids such as ticks, scorpions, and spiders. Consult with the Corporate HSE Director or
regional HSE Manager for protective measures against viruses or fungi.

Control or Protective Measures: (see also Table 2)
(x) Tailgate Meetings (x) PPE ( ) Air Monitoring
(x) Operator Training (x) Site Control (x) Decontamination
(x) Engineering Controls: Work Zones
(x) SOPs: See Table 2
( ) Other:

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Initial levels of protection have been assigned for this work task based on the potential risk of exposure. Levels may
be upgraded or downgraded depending on site conditions, as determined by the SHSC. Any modification to the levels
of PPE below must be noted here and documented with a completed ROC form (see Appendix 2 for blank forms).
Level Of Protection: ( ) A ( ) B ( ) C ( ) D (x) Modified D
Respirator: (Level C and above)
( ) SCBA, Airline ( ) Purif. Resp. ( ) Escape Mask
( ) OV/AG Cart. ( ) Other
Protective Clothing: ( ) Encap. Suit ( ) Tyvek® ( ) PE Tyvek®
( ) Saranex ( ) Splash Suit (x*) Safety Vest
(x) Other Field clothing to protect from cold/sun/heat exposure- long pants,
shirts (cotton) with sleeves. Rain gear should be available when conditions
warrant.
Head/Eye/Ear: (x**) Hard Hat (x) Safety Glasses ( ) Goggles
( ) Splash Shield (x) Ear Plugs/ Muffs
( ) Other
Gloves: (outer) (x) Nitrile (4 gauge or >) ( ) Neoprene ( ) PVC
(inner) ( ) N-dex Nitrile ( ) Vinyl ( ) Other
Footwear: (x) Safety-toe (steel toed) ( ) Overboots
( ) Safety-toe Rubber ( ) Other

Modifications Permitted: As determined by the SHSC. * Safety vests are required in areas where
vehicles are operated, parked, and around roadways for visibility. **Hard hats will be worn when around
heavy equipment operation.
X = required PPE; * = modifications permitted; † =in case of upgrade.

Health & Safety Plan
Food Lion Distribution Center #4
Dunn, North Carolina
Page 11

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com

TABLE 3
CHEMICAL HAZARD INFORMATION
Chemical
Name
Route of
Exposure Potential Concerns Control Measures
Petroleum Related COCs
Benzene
Ingestion; Skin
Absorption; Skin
and/or Eye Contact;
Inhalation
*Confirmed human
carcinogen (causes
cancer)
Personnel may come into
brief contact when
sampling, handling waste,
and preparing samples for
shipment.
Wear protective gloves and safety glasses/ goggles when
handling soil and groundwater. Personnel should wash
hands and face as soon as possible after work cessation
and/or before eating, drinking, using the restroom, or
smoking. No eating, drinking or smoking will be allowed
in the work area.
Toluene
Ingestion; Skin
Absorption; Skin
and/or Eye Contact;
Inhalation
Personnel may come into
brief contact when
sampling, handling waste,
and preparing samples for
shipment.
Wear protective gloves and safety glasses/ goggles when
handling soil and groundwater. Personnel should wash
hands and face as soon as possible after work cessation
and/or before eating, drinking, using the restroom, or
smoking. No eating, drinking or smoking will be allowed
in the work area.
Ethylbenzene
Ingestion; Skin
and/or Eye Contact;
Inhalation
Personnel may come into
brief contact when
sampling, handling waste,
and preparing samples for
shipment.
Wear protective gloves and safety glasses/ goggles when
handling soil and groundwater. Personnel should wash
hands and face as soon as possible after work cessation
and/or before eating, drinking, using the restroom, or
smoking. No eating, drinking or smoking will be allowed
in the work area.
Xylenes
Ingestion; Skin
Absorption; Skin
and/or Eye Contact;
Inhalation

Personnel may come into
brief contact when
sampling, handling waste,
and preparing samples for
shipment.
Wear protective gloves and safety glasses/ goggles when
handling soil and groundwater. Personnel should wash
hands and face as soon as possible after work cessation
and/or before eating, drinking, using the restroom, or
smoking. No eating, drinking or smoking will be allowed in
the work area.
Sec-Butylbenzene
Ingestion; Skin
and/or Eye Contact;
Inhalation
Personnel may come into
brief contact when
sampling, handling waste,
and preparing samples for
shipment.
Wear protective gloves and safety glasses/ goggles when
handling soil and groundwater. Personnel should wash
hands and face as soon as possible after work cessation
and/or before eating, drinking, using the restroom, or
smoking. No eating, drinking or smoking will be allowed
in the work area.
Methyl Tert butyl
Ether
Ingestion; Skin
Absorption; Skin
and/or Eye Contact;
Inhalation
Personnel may come into
brief contact when
sampling, handling waste,
and preparing samples for
shipment.
Wear protective gloves and safety glasses/ goggles when
handling soil and groundwater. Personnel should wash
hands and face as soon as possible after work cessation
and/or before eating, drinking, using the restroom, or
smoking. No eating, drinking or smoking will be allowed
in the work area.
Isopropyl ether
Ingestion; Skin
and/or Eye Contact;
Inhalation
Personnel may come into
brief contact when
sampling, handling waste,
and preparing samples for
shipment.
Wear protective gloves and safety glasses/ goggles when
handling soil and groundwater. Personnel should wash
hands and face as soon as possible after work cessation
and/or before eating, drinking, using the restroom, or
smoking. No eating, drinking or smoking will be allowed
in the work area.
Isopropylbenzene
Ingestion; Skin
Absorption; Skin
and/or Eye Contact;
Inhalation
Personnel may come into
brief contact when
sampling, handling waste,
and preparing samples for
shipment.
Wear protective gloves and safety glasses/ goggles when
handling soil and groundwater. Personnel should wash
hands and face as soon as possible after work cessation
and/or before eating, drinking, using the restroom, or
smoking. No eating, drinking or smoking will be allowed
in the work area.
N-propylbenzene
Ingestion; Skin
Absorption; Skin
and/or Eye Contact;
Inhalation
Personnel may come into
brief contact when
sampling, handling waste,
and preparing samples for
shipment.
Wear protective gloves and safety glasses/ goggles when
handling soil and groundwater. Personnel should wash
hands and face as soon as possible after work cessation
and/or before eating, drinking, using the restroom, or
smoking. No eating, drinking or smoking will be allowed
in the work area.

Health & Safety Plan
Food Lion Distribution Center #4
Dunn, North Carolina
Page 12

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com
Chemical
Name
Route of
Exposure Potential Concerns Control Measures
1,3,5-
Trimethylbenzene
Ingestion; Skin
and/or Eye Contact;
Inhalation
Personnel may come into
brief contact when
sampling, handling waste,
and preparing samples for
shipment.
Wear protective gloves and safety glasses/ goggles when
handling soil and groundwater. Personnel should wash
hands and face as soon as possible after work cessation
and/or before eating, drinking, using the restroom, or
smoking. No eating, drinking or smoking will be allowed
in the work area.
1,2,4–
Trimethylbenzene
Ingestion; Skin
and/or Eye Contact;
Inhalation

Personnel may come into
brief contact when
sampling, handling waste,
and preparing samples for
shipment.
Wear protective gloves and safety glasses/ goggles when
handling soil and groundwater. Personnel should wash
hands and face as soon as possible after work cessation
and/or before eating, drinking, using the restroom, or
smoking. No eating, drinking or smoking will be allowed
in the work area.
n-butylbenzene
Ingestion; Skin
Absorption; Skin
and/or Eye Contact;
Inhalation
Personnel may come into
brief contact when
sampling, handling waste,
and preparing samples for
shipment.
Wear protective gloves and safety glasses/ goggles when
handling soil and groundwater. Personnel should wash
hands and face as soon as possible after work cessation
and/or before eating, drinking, using the restroom, or
smoking. No eating, drinking or smoking will be allowed
in the work area.
Naphthalene
Ingestion; Skin
Absorption; Skin
and/or Eye Contact;
Inhalation
Personnel may come into
brief contact when
sampling, handling waste,
and preparing samples for
shipment.
Wear protective gloves and safety glasses/ goggles when
handling soil and groundwater. Personnel should wash
hands and face as soon as possible after work cessation
and/or before eating, drinking, using the restroom, or
smoking. No eating, drinking or smoking will be allowed
in the work area.
Lead
Ingestion; Skin
and/or Eye Contact;
Inhalation
Personnel may come into
brief contact when
sampling, handling waste,
and preparing samples for
shipment.
Wear protective gloves and safety glasses/ goggles when
handling soil and groundwater. Personnel should wash
hands and face as soon as possible after work cessation
and/or before eating, drinking, using the restroom, or
smoking. No eating, drinking or smoking will be allowed in
the work area.
Fuels
TPH fuels as
Gasoline
Ingestion; Dermal;
Inhalation
*Possible human
carcinogen (causes
cancer)
Personnel may come into
brief contact when
groundwater/ soil
sampling, handling waste,
and preparing samples for
shipment.
Wear protective gloves and safety glasses when handling
soil. Personnel should wash hands and face as soon as
possible after work cessation and/or before eating,
drinking, using the restroom, or smoking. No eating,
drinking or smoking will be allowed in the work area. TPH fuels as
Diesel
Ingestion; Dermal;
Inhalation

4.0 EMERGENCY REFERENCE LIST

Responding Emergency Agencies

SERVICE NAME CONTACT NUMBER
Ambulance Local EMS 911
Fire Department Local Fire 911
Police Department Local Police 911
National Response Center N/A 800-424-8802
Poison Control Center N/A 800-222-1222
OSHA N/A 800-321-OSHA (6742)

Health & Safety Plan
Food Lion Distribution Center #4
Dunn, North Carolina
Page 13

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com

AMEC Call List:

TITLE NAME CONTACT NUMBER
WorkCare 24/7 Hotline (Must Call Within 1 Hour) [phone]
Department Manager Susan Johnson [phone]
Project Manager Harold Thurston [phone] (office)
[phone] (cell)
Field Team Member/ SHSC Anthony Kellogg [phone] (cell)
CHSD Vlad Ivensky [phone]
HSE Coordinator Michael McKenna [phone]
Client Contact Mark Davis [phone]
NC One Call N/A [phone]
*In the event of an occupational accident or incident, please indicate to the medical facility that this is
a Workers' Compensation case.

EMERGENCY FIRST AID PROCEDURES
To Stop Bleeding CPR

1. Give medical statement.
2. Assure airway, breathing, and circulation.
3. Use DIRECT PRESSURE over the wound with
clean dressing or your hand (use non-
permeable gloves). Direct pressure will control
most bleeding.
4. Bleeding from an artery or severe injury may
require DIRECT PRESSURE on a PRESSURE
POINT. Use pressure points for 30 – 60
seconds to help control severe bleeding.
5. Continue primary care and seek medical aid as
needed.

1. CHECK the scene and ill/ injured person.
2. CALL 911.
3. CHECK for breathing, if not, give 2
rescue breaths.
4. If no sign of life or movement, give CARE
by starting CPR.
5. Chin lift and give 2 rescue breaths
followed by 30 chest compressions until
a more qualified person arrives, there are
no signs of life, or you are too tired to
continue.

Health & Safety Plan
Food Lion Distribution Center #4
Dunn, North Carolina
Page 14

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com

5.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN ACCEPTANCE

I have had the opportunity to read and ask questions about both this Site-Specific HSP and the
HSP for Petroleum Impacted Sites. My signature certifies that I understand the
procedures, equipment, and restrictions of this plan and agree to abide by them.

PRINTED NAME SIGNATURE* COMPANY DATE

* This acceptance form is required for all routine site staff and subcontracting personnel.

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com
APPENDIX 1

SITE LOCATION MAP

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com
HOSPITAL ROUTE MAP

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel – [phone]
4021 Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax – [phone]
Durham, NC 27703 www.amec.com

APPENDIX 2

SITE FORMS

Paper copies are uncontrolled. This copy was valid at the time it was printed. For an up-to-date copy, please visit AMECnet. 1

Check one
Initial Report:
Update:
Final Report:

INCIDENT ANALYSIS REPORT
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure
Confidential - Privileged

Incident Potential

Letter: Select One
Number: Select One
Investigation Level: Select One

Group: Select One Group HSE Manager: Incident Review Panel Team (if applicable):
Incident Date: Report Date:
Section 1 – General Information
Employee Name: Sex: M F Date of Birth: Age Range: Select One
Job Position: Select One Hire Date: Time employee began work: Time of incident: am | pm
Business Line: Select One Department Number: Project Manager:
Project Name: Project Number: Client:
Office where employee works from: Immediate Supervisor: Hours employee worked during last 7 days: hrs
Location: Select One Is this a Company controlled work site: Yes No Incident Assigned to: Select One
Location description:

Section 2 – Incident Type - Process (mark at least ONE BOLD TYPE and all that apply)
Fatality Environmental Injury/Illness Incident If Injury/illness: Select One
Security Near Miss / Hazard ID Property Damage If Damage: Select One 3rd Party?
Hospitalization Regulatory Inspection Notice of Violation or Citation Agency Reportable?
Motor Vehicle Incident Involving Injury Other (describe):
Outcome/Result: Select One Source of Hazard: Select One If “other”, specify: Immediate Cause: Select One
A. If injury/illness: Indicate the part of the body: Select One If “other”, specify:
Indicate body part location: Select One If “other”, specify:
Injury Type: Select One If “other”, specify: Illness Type: Select One If “other”, specify:
B. If property damage: describe what happened and estimate ($) of damage to all objects involved?
C. If environmental: Type of Environmental incident?: Select One Name, CAS#, physical state and quantity?
Receiving Environment?: Select One Mechanism of Incident?: Select One If “other”, specify:
Nature of Breach?: Select One Duration of Breach?: Select One
D. If security: Security Incident Type: Select One If Physical: Select One If Criminal: Select One If Intellectual: Select One
E. If an inspection by a regulatory agency, what agency, who were the inspectors, inspector contact information?

Section 3 – Incident Description
Attach and number additional pages, as needed, to ensure all details related to the incident are captured.
A. List the names of all persons involved in the incident, and employer information:
B. List the names of any witnesses, their employer, and a local/company telephone number or address:
C. Name of Employee’s supervisor: Contact phone number for supervisor:
D. What specific job/task or action was the employee(s) doing just prior to the incident:
E. Was a tool or equipment involved? Yes No What was it: Last Inspection Date: Defects:
F. Explain in detail what happened:

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G. Explain in detail what object or substance directly harmed the employee:
H. What were the weather conditions at time of incident?:
I. What was the lighting like at time of incident? Bright Shadows Dark Other:
J. List any damaged equipment or property (other than motor vehicles). Provide model and serial number and estimated costs to
repair/replace damaged equipment or property, if applicable:

Section 4 - Incident Analysis

A. Was a Health and Safety Plan (HASP) or Activity Hazard Analysis (AHA) completed for the work being performed? Yes No
If “yes”, Who prepared the document?:
B. Who and when was the last manager (Project, Unit, etc.) at the site of the incident?:
C. When and what safety training directly related to the incident has the person(s) involved had?:
D. List attached documentation (HASP acknowledgement forms, kickoff/daily/weekly meetings, inspections, photographs):

Section 5 - Incident Investigation Results and Corrective Actions
This section to be completed by the Group HSE Manager/IRP with support from location where incident occurred, in accordance with AMEC A-Z List of Accident Causes.
Causal Factors (Acts or Omissions / Conditions)
(Attach and number any additional pages as needed to completely address this section)
IMMEDIATE CAUSE IMMEDIATE CAUSE SUB-TYPE DESCRIPTION
1 Select One
2 Select One
3 Select One
4 Select One

Root Cause(s) Analysis - The below items represents major root cause categories which have been determined to be Less Than Adequate (LTA). A more detailed
determination of the root cause will be facilitated, if needed, by the applicable Group HSE Manager / IRP.
ROOT CAUSE TYPE ROOT CAUSE SUB-TYPE DESCRIPTION
1 Select One
2 Select One
3 Select One

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4 Select One
Corrective Actions

Root
Cause #
Corrective Actions Taken
(Attach additional pages as needed to completely address
this section) Responsible Person
Proposed
Completion
Date
Closed on
Date
Verified by and
Date Verified

Section 6 - Notifications, Certification & Approvals
Check the appropriate boxes indicating the applicable reports have been made to the following applicable organizations:
Auto Insurance Carrier was called Group HSE Manager Notified
WorkCare was called Post-incident Drug/Alcohol Testing Performed

Incident Report prepared by:
Employee (s):
Date: Employee’s Supervisor:
Date:

HSE Coordinator/Project/Unit Manager:
Date:
Group HSE Manager:
Date:

© AMEC 2012 1

ATTACHMENT 2
VEHICLE INCIDENT REPORT
Confidential - Privileged
Section 1 - General Information Date of Incident:
Time incident occurred: am | pm | Illumination: Dark Dusk Light | Road Condition: Dry Wet Icy/snow
Were police summoned to scene? Yes No Police Department and Location:
Report #; Officer’s Name: Officer’s Badge Number:
Section 2 - Company Driver and Vehicle
Driver's name: D/L #: State:
Driver's home office address: Driver’s Phone #:
Company Vehicle #: Year: Model: License #: State:
Company car?: Yes No Personal Vehicle?: Yes No Rental Vehicle?: Yes No
If rental, rented from:
Passenger/Witness Name(s): Address: Telephone:
Passenger/Witness Name(s): Address: Telephone:
Damage to vehicle:
Was an employee injured?: Yes No If yes, please describe:
Injuries to others?: Yes No If yes, please describe:
Vehicle was being used for: Company business Yes No Personal business Yes No
Towed?: Yes No If yes, by whom?: To Where?:
Section 3 - Other Driver and Vehicle Information
Driver's Name: D/L # : State:
Current address: City: State:
Telephone: Work: Cell:
Registered Owner's Name: Address: City: State:
(verify registration document)
The Other Vehicle: Make: Model: Year: License #: State:
Insurance company name: Address: Phone #:
Policy No.: Contact Person: Phone #:
Passenger/Witness Name(s): Address: Telephone:
Passenger/Witness Name(s): Address: Telephone:
Damage: (Make note of pre-existing damage and take pictures if possible – you may attach additional pages if necessary):
Injuries to other driver/passengers:
Section 4 – Approvals (signatures required)
Form completed by (please print): Date: Office/Project Manager (please print): Date:
Signature: __________________________________________ Signature: __________________________________________

© AMEC 2012 2
Things to Do First In The Event Of a Motor Vehicle Incident

GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Do not decide on your own whether a particular incident is “covered” by insurance. Should there be any doubt, it is
always preferable to report an occurrence, as this allows underwriters, the Risk Management Department and insurance
adjusters to determine if a covered loss has taken place.

2. Policy Conditions do require that all losses and occurrences, which may result in a claim
be promptly reported.

3. Do not admit liability or offer your opinion of liability to anyone.

4. Complete this IAR/VIR form promptly and forward with all applicable supporting documentation. It is essential both
division and location information be provided.

5. For automobile collisions within the United States, please indicate on the IAR form that you have contacted Zurich at:
Zurich Insurance Company
1-800-987-3373 or
1-877-928-4531
24 hours a day, 7 days a week

6. For automobile collisions within Canada, please indicate on the IAR form that you have contacted Zurich at:
Crawford Adjusters Canada
Claims Alert
1-888-218-2346
24 hours a day, 7 days a week

The more details you have the better but, don’t delay reporting if you don’t have all of the information - that may be
obtained later. A Zurich trained operator will answer your call and ask for all relevant information regarding the incident.
The initial information required includes:
 Your division,
 Office location and division contact name – advise that you are an AMEC Company
 Name, drivers license and phone number of the driver involved in the loss
 Description of the vehicle which he/she was driving (i.e., year, make, model, license plate number, serial number)
 Date, time and location of incident
 Passenger information (if applicable)
 Third party information (i.e., name, phone number, address, vehicle information, insurance information)
 If any injuries occurred (if applicable)
 Police information
 Witness information (if applicable)
Call 911 if there are serious injuries!
If you are injured or think you were injured, contact your supervisor and call WorkCare at 888-449-7787. Your
supervisor will notify your HSE Coordinator and your Group HSE Manager. For additional instructions on what to do, go
to AMEC’s HSE website at:
http://ee.amecnet.com/she/sheweb/incident_reporting.htm

1. Call for an officer if the incident occurred on public property (streets, highways or roads). Disputes often arise
between the parties involved as to who was at fault; therefore, a police report is important. If an officer is unable to attend
the scene of the collision, a counter police report may be filed at most stations. Insurance companies rely on police
reports to determine liability.
2. Complete the Incident Investigation Report and the Vehicle Incident Report forms. It is important that both these
forms are completed in detail. Include a diagram of the incident on the provided sheet. Incomplete information may lead
to delays in processing associated claims and in helping to prevent this type of incident from occurring again.
3. Give only information that is required by the authorities or as directed by AMEC contractual requirements.
4. Sign only those statements required by the authorities or as directed by AMEC contractual requirements. Do not
sign away your or the company's rights.
© AMEC 2012 3
Vehicle Incident Diagram
This or a similar diagram must be completed with all VIRs

ATTACHMENT 3

1. Number each vehicle and show directions
2. Use a solid line to show path before incident and use a dotted line to show path after incient
3. Show pedestrian/non-motorist by:
5. Indicate north by arrow as:
6. Show street or highway names or numbers
7. Show signs, signals, warning and traffic controls.
Prepared by:Date:
4. Show railroad by:
Indicate Northby Arrow
(after)(before)
Instructions:
1 2
1 1

Paper copies are uncontrolled. This copy was valid at the time it was printed. For an up-to-date copy, please visit AMECnet. 1

GROUND DISTURBANCE INCIDENT REPORT
AMEC Environment & Infrastructure

Section 1 – General Information

Employee Name: Time of incident: am | pm Time Reported: am | pm Report Date:
Project Name: Project Number: Client:

List of All Parties Present
Name Company Telephone No. Role

Describe the chronological description of Incident and response:

Section 2 – Date and Location of Event

A. *Date of Event: (MM/DD/YYYY)
B. *Country *State *County City

C. Street address Nearest Intersection

D. *Right of Way where event occurred
E. Public: City Street State Highway County Road Interstate Highway Public-Other
F. Private: Private Business Private Land Owner Private Easement
G. Pipeline Power /Transmission Line Dedicated Public Utility Easement
Federal Land Railroad Data not collected Unknown/Other
List attached documentation (Public Utility Locates, Private Utility Locates, Copy of notifications submitted to Owner or other utility Owners, photographs):

Section 3 – Affected Facility Information
*What type of facility operation was affected?
Cable Television Electric Natural Gas Liquid Pipeline Sewer (Sanitary Sewer)
Steam Telecommunications Water Unknown/Other
*What type of facility was affected?
Distribution Gathering Service/Drop Transmission Unknown/Other
Was the facility part of a joint trench?
Unknown Yes No
Was the facility owner a member of One-Call Center?
Unknown Yes No

Paper copies are uncontrolled. This copy was valid at the time it was printed. For an up-to-date copy, please visit AMECnet. 2

Section 4 – Excavation Information
*Type of Excavator
Contractor County Developer Farmer Municipality Occupant
Railroad State Utility Data not collected Unknown/Other
*Type of Excavation Equipment
Auger Backhoe/Trackhoe Boring Drilling Directional Drilling
Explosives Farm Equipment Grader/Scraper Hand Tools Milling Equipment
Probing Device Trencher Vacuum Equipment Data Not Collected Unknown/Other

*Type of Work Performed
Agriculture Cable Television Curb/Sidewalk Bldg. Construction Bldg. Demolition
Drainage Driveway Electric Engineering/Survey Fencing
Grading Irrigation Landscaping Liquid Pipeline Milling
Natural Gas Pole Public Transit Auth. Railroad Maint. Road Work
Sewer (San/Storm) Site Development Steam Storm Drain/Culvert Street Light
Telecommunication Traffic Signal Traffic Sign Water Waterway Improvement
Data Not Collected Unknown/Other

Section 5 – Pre-Excavation Notification
*Was the One-Call Center notified?
Yes No If Yes, which One-Call Center? Ticket number:
Was Private Contract Locator used?
Yes No

Section 6 – Locating and Marking
*Type of Locator
Utility Owner Contract Locator Data Not Collected
*Were facility marks visible in the area of excavation?
Yes No Data Not Collected
*Were facilities marked correctly?
Yes No Data Not Collected
What technology was used to locate utilities?
Maps Active(transmitter+receiver) Passive (receiver only) GPR
Acoustic Magnetic Infrared Unknown/Other
What Factors affected the ability to locate services?
Soil Type:__________ Non-Grounded Common Bonded Depth
Electromagnetic interference Parallel facilities Congested facilities Unknown/Other

Section 7 – Excavator Downtime
Did Excavator incur down time?
Yes No
If yes, how much time?
Unknown Less than 1 hour 1 hour 2 hours 3 or more hours Exact Value ______If
Estimated cost of down time?
Unknown $0 $1 to 500 $501 to 1,000 $1,001 to 2,500 $2,501 to 5,000
$5,001 to 25,000 $25,001 to 50,000 $50,001 and over Exact Value ______

Paper copies are uncontrolled. This copy was valid at the time it was printed. For an up-to-date copy, please visit AMECnet. 3

Section 8 – Description of Damage

*Was there damage to a facility?
Yes No (i.e. near miss)
*Did the damage cause an interruption in service?
Yes No Data Not Collected Unknown/Other
If yes, duration of interruption
Unknown Less than 1 hour 1 to 2 hrs 2 to 4 hrs 4 to 8 hrs 8 to 12 hrs 12 to 24
hrs
1 to 2 days 2 to 3 days 3 or more days Data Not Collected Exact Value _______
Approximately how many customers were affected?
Unknown 0 1 2 to 10 11 to 50 51 or more Exact Value _______
Estimated cost of damage / repair/restoration
Unknown $0 $1 to 500 $501 to 1,000 $1,001 to 2,500 $2,501 to 5,000
$5,001 to 25,000 $25,001 to 50,000 $50,001 and over Exact Value ______
Number of people injured
Unknown 0 1 2 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 49 50 to 99
100 or more Exact Value _______
Number of fatalities
Unknown 0 1 2 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 49 50 to 99
100 or more Exact Value _______
Was there a Product Release?
Product Release: No Yes N/A Type: If Yes, Incident Type is Environmental
Report.
Volume: Spill Controls:
Repair Process:

Section 9 – Description of the Root Cause
Please choose one
One-Call Notification Practices Not Sufficient Locating Practices Not Sufficient
No notification made to the One-Call Center │ Facility could not be found or located
Notification to one-call center made, but not sufficient │ Facility marking or location not sufficient
Wrong information provided to One Call Center │ Facility was not located or marked │ │ Incorrect facility records/maps

Excavation Practices Not Sufficient │ Miscellaneous Root Causes
Failure to maintain marks │ One-Call Center error
Failure to support exposed facilities │ Abandoned facility
Failure to use hand tools where required │ Deteriorated facility
Failure to test-hole (pot-hole) │ Previous damage
Improper backfilling practices │ Data Not Collected
Failure to maintain clearance │ Other
Other insufficient excavation practices │

Paper copies are uncontrolled. This copy was valid at the time it was printed. For an up-to-date copy, please visit AMECnet. 4

Section 10 - Notifications, Certification & Approvals
Check the appropriate boxes indicating the applicable reports have been made to the following applicable organizations:

One Call was called Spills Reporting Agency Notified
Emergency Responders (Fire) was called Post-incident Drug/Alcohol Testing Performed

List of All Agencies Contacted
Name/Agency Phone # Date Time

Incident Report prepared by:
Employee (s): Date: Employee’s Supervisor: Date:
HSE Coordinator/Project/Unit Manager: Date: Group HSE Manager: Date:

JHA No.: JHA - RALE - ??? Rev 00
Job Hazard Analysis

Job/JHA Title: Vehicle Travel (via car or truck) Date of Analysis:
Job Location: N/A Team Leader: N/A

Work Activity Description (begin on next line)
Travel (via car or truck) while on Company business

Instructions: The Team Leader will gather the appropriate team, including subject matter experts,
operators, and support personnel, to analyze the job for hazards. Using the table below or similar format,
address the four phases of this process:

• Identify Key Job Steps: Break the job down into individual key steps where work activities are
presented in sequential order.

• Identify Job Hazards: Create a list of known or potential hazards within each step of the job.
Consider hazards associated with the various tools, equipment or other hardware involved in the job.
Consider environmental hazards such as thermal stress, biohazards, etc.

• Identify Safe Practices and Equipment: List one or more prevention or control measures to
address each hazard identified, emphasizing engineering and administrative controls over PPE. Once
this has been completed, the JHA Team will determine whether the job can be performed in a manner
that eliminates the identified hazards.

• Identify Hazards and PPE: Complete the checklists for hazard identification and PPE requirements.
Information from the RA and applicable permits are included in this section.

Assess Work Activity
Key Work Steps Hazards/Potential Hazards Safe Practices
Prepare for travel Distractions - loss of focus  Ensure you have all materials with you necessary
to conduct work effort.
 Determine training and medical monitoring needs
and ensure all required Health and Safety training
and medical monitoring has been received and is
current.
 Ensure all workers are fit for duty (alert, well
rested, and mentally and physically fit to perform
work assignment).
 Familiarize yourself with route to destination.
 Ensure that a copy of the current insurance
certificates and incident reporting
procedures/forms are available during travel.

JHA No.: JHA - RALE - ??? Rev 00
Job Hazard Analysis

Prepare for travel
(concluded)
Vehicle defects Inspect vehicle for defects such as:
 Inadequate fluids (e.g., fuel, antifreeze, oil,
windshield washer)
 Worn/flat tires
 Windshield wipers loose, worn, or torn
 Oil puddles under vehicle
 Headlights, brake lights, turn signals not working
 Exterior or interior damage (e.g., scratches, dents)
Insufficient emergency
equipment, unsecured loads

 Ensure vehicle has first aid kit and that all
medications are current (if first aid kits are not
provided at the site).
 Ensure vehicle is equipped with warning flashers
and/or flares and that the warning flashers work.
 Cell phones are recommended to call for help in
the event of an emergency.
 Vehicles carrying tools must have a safety cage in
place; all tools must be properly secured.
 Ensure parking cones are present, if applicable.
Operating vehicles

Collisions, unsafe driving
conditions
 Drive defensively!
 Do not use cruise control during inclement
weather.
 Do not drive more than 500 miles per day or for
extended distances from 11:00pm to 5:00 am.
 Do not eat or use tobacco products in the vehicle.
 No unrestrained pets or nonwork riders (e.g., hitch
hikers, girl friend, mother-in-law) allowed in
vehicles.
 Seat belts must be used at all times when
operating any vehicle on company business.
 Drive at safe speed for road conditions.
 Maintain adequate following distance.
 Pull over and stop if you have to look at a map or
use a cell phone.
 Try to park so that you don’t have to back up to
leave.
 If backing is required, walk around vehicle to
identify any hazards (especially low level hazards
that may be difficult to see when in the vehicle)
that might be present. Use a spotter if necessary.
Dusty, winding, narrow roads  Go slow around corners, occasionally clearing the
windshield.
Rocky or one-lane roads  Stay clear of gullies and trenches, drive slowly
over rocks.
 Yield right-of-way to oncoming vehicles---find a
safe place to pull over.

JHA No.: JHA - RALE - ??? Rev 00
Job Hazard Analysis

Operating vehicles
(concluded)
Stormy weather  Inquire about conditions before leaving the office.
 Be aware of oncoming storms.
When angry or irritated  Attitude adjustment; change the subject or work
out the problem before driving the vehicle. Let
someone else drive.
Turning around on narrow
roads
 Safely turn out with as much room as possible.
 Know what is ahead and behind the vehicle.
 Use a spotter if available.
Sick or medicated  Let others on the crew know you do not feel well.
 Let someone else drive.
On wet or slick roads  Drive slow and safe.
Animals on road  Drive slowly, watch for other animals nearby.
 Be alert for animals darting out of wooded areas
Vehicle accident  Employees should follow MACTEC vehicle
operation policy and be aware of all stationary and
mobile vehicles.
Parking at job site Striking other vehicles, objects  Choose parking spot that is away from other
vehicles, if possible.
 Choose a spot that will allow the driver to drive
forward when leaving the site.
 Back into parking spots, or pull through when
parking in perpendicular parking spaces (drive
forward into angle/herring bone type parking
spots).
 Place cones in front of and behind company-
owned vehicles as applicable.
Leaving parking spaces  Walk around the vehicle before leaving and
identify hazards (low lying objects, location of
other vehicles or pedestrians, other vehicles with
drivers that may be leaving at the same time, etc.
 Collect cones (Company vehicles only) and secure
them into their holder.
 If backing is unavoidable, use a spotter if a second
person is available; if no spotter available, back
slowly, checking for other vehicles, pedestrians,
etc.
 Keep alert!
Driving back from the
job site
See hazards listed for
“Operating vehicles” Key Work
Step
See safe work practices for “Operating vehicles” Key
Work Step
Parking at office Striking other vehicles, objects See safe work practices for “Striking other vehicles,
objects” Hazard/Potential Hazard for “Parking at job
site” Key Work Step
End travel Vehicle defects  Inspect vehicle.
 Repair or initiate repair of all vehicle deficiencies
that occurred due to the trip.

JHA No.: JHA - RALE - ??? Rev 00
Job Hazard Analysis

Complete the following checklists for hazard identification and PPE requirements. Information from the
RA and applicable permits are included in this section.

Hazard Identification

Standard Hazards
Falling Objects Slips and Trips Pinch Points Rotating Equipment
Falls Power Equipment / Tools Elevated Work Surfaces
Eye Hazards
Particulates Liquid Splashes Welding Arc
Hearing Hazards
None Impact Noise High Frequency Noise High Ambient Noise
Respiratory Hazards
None Dust / Particulates Organic Vapors Acid Gases
Oxygen Deficient Welding Fumes Aerosols / Particulates Be, Hg, Cr, Pb
Radon Asbestos
Chemical Hazards
None Organic Solvents Reactive Metals PCBs
Acids / Bases Oxidizers Volatiles / Semi-volatiles
Environmental Hazards
None Temperature Extremes Wet Location Bio Hazards (snakes,
insects, spiders, bird / mouse
droppings, fungus, etc.)
Explosive Vapors Confined Space Engulfment Hazard
Electrical Hazards
None Energized Equipment or
Circuits
Overhead Utilities
Underground Utilities
Hidden Utilities
Wet Location
Fire Hazards
None Cutting, Welding, or
Grinding Generated
Sparks or Heat Sources
Flammable Materials
Present
Oxygen Enriched
Location

JHA No.: JHA - RALE - ??? Rev 00
Job Hazard Analysis

Hazard Identification (concluded)

Ergonomic Hazards
Lifting Bending Twisting Pulling / Tugging
Computer Use in the:
Office Field Repetitive Motion
Radiological Hazards
None Loose Contamination Fixed Contamination Radiation
Airborne Contamination Radon EMF Criticality
Alpha Beta Gamma / X-rays Neutron
Tritium TRU Depleted Uranium Enriched Uranium
Other Hazards

Hazard identification completed by: Date:

JHA No.: JHA - RALE - ??? Rev 00
Job Hazard Analysis

PPE and Monitoring Requirements
Standard PPE
Hard Hat Safety Shoes Safety Glasses Boot Covers
Aprons Rubber Boots
Eye Protection
Welding Glasses
Welding Helmet Face Shield Chemical Goggles Welding Screens
Hearing Protection
Ear Plugs Ear Muffs Ear Plugs and Muffs
Respiratory Protection
None Dust Mask Full Face APR
Half Face APR
Cart. Type
PAPR
Cart. Type
SCBA Airline Respirator
Protective Clothing
Tyvek® Coveralls Poly-coated Tyvek®
Coveralls Saranex® Coveralls Fully Encapsulating Suit
Cotton Coveralls Modesty Clothing Fire Resistant Clothing
Hand Protection
None Cotton Gloves Leather Gloves Glove Liners
Nitrile Gloves
Viton® Gloves
Butyl Gloves
Neoprene Gloves
Surgical Gloves
Latex
Non-Latex
Cut-resistant Gloves
Monitoring Requirements
Oxygen Flammable Gases/Vapors Toxic Gas/Vapors H2S/CO
Asbestos Full-time IH Coverage Part-time IH coverage Be, Hg, Cr, Pb
Metals (specify):
Organic Vapors (specify):
Radioactive Air Particles TLD Required CAM Radon
Full time RCT Coverage Part-time RCT Coverage Radioactive Air Particles

PPE and monitoring requirements completed by: Date:

JHA No.: JHA - RALE - ??? Rev 00
Job Hazard Analysis

JHA Preparation Team

Effective Date: from continuous through continuous
(Periodic review required)

Approvals
(Signatures)

Job Supervisor/Team Lead Date Group HSE Coordinator Date

Project Manager Date Raleigh HSE Manager Date

RSO Date Office Manager Date

Regional HSE Manager Date Other - Group Expert Date

Other - Date Other - Date

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel: [phone] Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax: [phone] Durham, North Carolina 27703 www.amec.com
APPENDIX E

AGGRESSIVE FREE VAPOR RECOVERY (AFVR)
VACUUM LOGS

AMEC: Food Lion Dunn, NCTruck Vacuum was 24" all other readings are at well headRW9RW8RW7RW4RW3RW2RW1RW5RW69:302323238:002323237:1521222210:002323238:302323237:4523232310:302222229:002323238:1523232311:002222229:302323228:4522232311:3022222210:002322229:1522232312:0022222210:302222229:4522222212:3022222211:0022222210:152323231:0022222211:3022222210:452323231:3022222212:0021222211:152322222:0022222212:3021222211:452322222:302222221:0022222212:152323223:002222221:3022222212:452323233:302222222:002222221:152323234:002222222:302222221:452323234:302222223:002121222:152323235:002222223:302121222:452323235:302222224:002121223:152323239/9/2103 9/10/2013 9/11/2013

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel: [phone] Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax: [phone] Durham, North Carolina 27703 www.amec.com
APPENDIX F

AMEC’S STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES

APPENDIX A

STANDARD FIELD OPERATING
PROCEDURES

AMEC Earth & Environmental Procedure Number: FP-B-7
Procedure Title: Revision and Date: 0, 04/14/2003
Utility Clearance Page: 1 of 4

FP-B-7-1

UTILITY CLEARANCE

1.0 PURPOSE

This procedure describes the process for determining the presence of subsurface utilities
and/or other cultural features at locations where planned site activities involve the
physical disturbance of subsurface materials. This procedure is applicable to the
following activities: soil gas surveying, excavating, trenching, drilling of borings and
installation of monitoring wells, use of soil recovery or slide-hammer hand augers, and all
other intrusive sampling activities. The primary purpose of this procedure is to minimize
the potential for damaging underground utilities or other subsurface features which could
result in physical injury, disruption of utility service, or disturbance of other subsurface
cultural features.

2.0 SCOPE

These procedures should be utilized to locate and identify the positions and types of
underground utilities at sites where subsurface work is to be directed by AMEC. This
procedure has been developed to serve as management-approved professional guidance
for the AMEC Program. As professional guidance for specific activities, these procedures
are not intended to obviate the need for professional judgment to accommodate
unforeseen circumstances. Deviation from these procedures in planning or in execution
of planned activities must be approved by the Project Manager and fully documented.

3.0 DEFINITIONS

3.1 UTILITY

For this procedure, a utility is defined as a man-made underground line or conduit, cable,
pipe, vault or tank which is, or was at sometime in the past, used for the transmission of
material or energy (e.g., gas, electrical, telephone, steam, water or sewer, product transfer
lines, or underground storage tanks).

3.2 AS-BUILT PLANS

Plans or blueprints depicting the locations of structures and associated utilities on a
property.

AMEC Earth & Environmental Procedure Number: FP-B-7
Procedure Title: Revision and Date: 0, 04/14/2003
Utility Clearance Page: 2 of 4

FP-B-7-2
3.3 TONING

The process of surveying an area utilizing one or more surface geophysical methods to
determine the presence or absence of underground utilities. Following identification of
underground utility locations, toning is typically conducted following careful examination
of all available site utility plans. Colored spray paint is typically used to mark locations
with colors corresponding to the type of utility being identified. In addition, areas cleared
are typically flagged or staked to indicate that all identified utilities in a given area have
been toned.

4.0 RESPONSIBILITIES

It is the responsibility of the Project Manager to verify that these utility locating
procedures are performed prior to active subsurface exploration work begins.

The onsite Field Supervisor is responsible for planning, and performance of underground
utility field location and marking following these procedures. All field personnel
involved in subsurface investigations shall be familiar with these procedures.

5.0 PROCEDURES

The following steps shall be followed at all sites where subsurface exploration is to
include excavations, drilling or any other subsurface investigative method that could
damage existing utilities at a site. In addition to the steps outlined below, personnel must
always exercise caution while conducting subsurface exploratory work.

5.1 PREPARE PRELIMINARY SITE PLAN

A preliminary, scaled site plan depicting the proposed exploratory locations shall be
prepared as part of the work plan. This plan should include as many of the cultural and
natural features as practical.

5.2 REVIEW BACKGROUND INFORMATION

A search of existing plan files to review the as-built plans is necessary to identify the
known location of utilities at the site. The locations of utilities identified shall be plotted
onto the preliminary, scaled site plan. If utilities are within close proximity to a proposed
exploration activity the Project Manager shall be informed. The Project Manager will
determine if is necessary to relocate the exploration activity.

Interviews with onsite and facility personnel familiar with the site may be conducted
where applicable to obtain additional information regarding the known and suspected
locations of underground utilities. Utilities other than those identified on the as-built

AMEC Earth & Environmental Procedure Number: FP-B-7
Procedure Title: Revision and Date: 0, 04/14/2003
Utility Clearance Page: 3 of 4

FP-B-7-3
plans will be penciled in on the preliminary plans, at their approximate location including
identification of dimensions, orientation, and depth.

5.3 SITE VISIT - LOCATE UTILITIES - TONING

Prior to the initiation of field activities, a site visit shall be made by the Field Supervisor
or similarly qualified staff personnel. Careful observations of existing structures and
evidence of associated utilities, such as fire hydrants, irrigation systems, manhole and
vault box covers, standpipes, telephone switch boxes, free-standing light poles, gas or
electric meters, pavement cuts, and linear depression, should be noted. Comparisons
between the preliminary site plan and the actual site configuration will be made. Any
deviations should be noted in the field logbook and on the preliminary site plan. All
areas where subsurface exploration is proposed shall be accurately located or surveyed,
and clearly marked with stakes, pins, flags, paint, or other suitable devices. These areas
shall correspond with the locations drawn on the preliminary site plan.

If deemed necessary, following the initial site visit, a trained utility locator will locate,
identify and tone all utilities depicted on the preliminary site plan. The locator should
utilize appropriate sensing equipment to attempt to locate any utilities that may not have
appeared on the as-built plans. This may involve the use of surface geophysical methods.
At a minimum, a utility locator, metal detector and/or magnetometer should be utilized;
however, it is important to consider the possibility that non-metallic utilities or tanks may
be present at the site. If the potential for the presence of non-metallic cultural features at
the site is believed to be significant, other appropriate surface geophysical methods, such
as Ground Penetrating Radar, should be used. Proposed exploration areas shall be
cleared of all utilities. All anomalous areas should be clearly toned. All toned areas shall
be clearly identified on the preliminary site plan. Upon completion of toning and the
plotting on the preliminary site plan of all known or suspected buried utilities, the utility
locator shall provide the Project Manager with a copy of the completed preliminary site
plan.

Any anomalous areas detected and toned that are in close proximity to the exploration
areas shall be reported to the Project Manager. The Field Supervisor shall determine the
safe distance to maintain from the known or suspected utility. It may be necessary to
relocate proposed exploration areas. If this is required, the Field Supervisor or a similarly
qualified individual shall relocate these areas and clearly mark them using the methods
described above. The markings at the prior location shall be completely removed. The
new locations shall be plotted on the site plan and the prior locations shall be deleted
from the areas plan. In some instances, such as in areas extremely congested with
subsurface utilities, it may be necessary to hand dig, hand auger, or excavate with a
backhoe to determine the location of the utilities.

AMEC Earth & Environmental Procedure Number: FP-B-7
Procedure Title: Revision and Date: 0, 04/14/2003
Utility Clearance Page: 4 of 4

FP-B-7-4
5.4 PREPARE SITE PLAN

Prior to the initiation of field activities, a final site plan shall be drafted which indicates
the location of subsurface exploration areas and all known or suspected utilities present at
the site. Copies of this site plan shall be provided to the Field Supervisor, the Project
Manager and the subcontractor who is to conduct the subsurface exploration work.

6.0 RECORDS

A bound field logbook detailing all activities conducted during the utility locating
procedure shall be kept. The logbook will describe any changes and modifications made
to the original exploration plan. A copy of the final site plan shall also be kept on file.

7.0 REFERENCES

None.

8.0 ATTACHMENTS

None.

AMEC Earth & Environmental Procedure Number: FP-D-1
Procedure Title: Revision: 0, 04/14/2003
Monitoring Well Installation Page: 1 of 49

FP-D-1-1

MONITORING WELL INSTALLATION

1.0 PURPOSE

This procedure establishes methods for installation of groundwater monitoring wells.
The primary objective of this document is to provide a concise description of the
components of monitoring well design and installation. Additionally, rationale for use of
various well installation techniques in specific situations is discussed.

This procedure does not discuss monitoring wells installed and completed within the
unsaturated/vadose zone. These types of wells are used to monitor/sample gases and
water that occur under unsaturated conditions.

The onsite hydrogeologist/engineer is expected to obtain a description of the lithologic
samples obtained during the excavation and construction of a monitoring well. These
data are often required to provide guidance regarding the installation of specific
components of the monitoring well.

Throughout this procedure, it should be understood that operations are likely to be
conducted in the presence of hazardous materials. Implicit to all discussions herein are
health and safety and decontamination procedures.

2.0 SCOPE

These procedures should be utilized as guidance during the design, construction, and
abandonment of monitoring wells at AMEC Project sites.

This procedure has been developed to serve as AMEC-approved professional guidance.
As professional guidance for specific activities, this procedure is not intended to obviate
the need for professional judgment to accommodate unforeseen circumstances. Deviation
from this procedure in planning or in the execution of planned activities must be
documented in the FSP for the project or approved by the AMEC Program Manager and
documented in the project file.

AMEC Earth & Environmental Procedure Number: FP-D-1
Procedure Title: Revision: 0, 04/14/2003
Monitoring Well Installation Page: 2 of 49

FP-D-1-2
3.0 DEFINITIONS

3.1 FILTER PACK

Sand or gravel that is smooth, uniform, clean, well-rounded, and siliceous. It is placed in
the annulus of the well between the borehole wall and the well screen to prevent
formation materials from entering the well and to stabilize the adjacent formation.

3.2 ANNULUS

The down hole space between the borehole wall and the well casing and screen.

3.3 GROUT

A fluid mixture of cement and water of a consistency that can be forced through a pipe
and emplaced in the annular space between the borehole and casing to form an
impermeable seal. Various additives such as sand, bentonite, and polymers may be
included in the mixture to meet certain requirements.

3.4 SIEVE ANALYSIS

Determination of the particle-size distribution of a soil, sediment, or rock by measuring
the percentage of the particles that will pass through standard sieves of various sizes.

4.0 RESPONSIBILITIES

Project Managers (PMs) are responsible for issuing project Quality Assurance Project and
Sampling & Analysis Plans that reflect the procedures and specifications presented in this
procedure. Well construction specifications and sampling equipment utilized shall be in
compliance with the guidelines established in this procedure unless deviations are
approved by the Project Manager.

The Field Supervisor is responsible for ensuring that procedures and specifications are
implemented in the field. The qualifications for the Field Supervisor include a degree in
geology, hydrogeology, or civil/geotechnical/environmental engineering with at least
2 years of field experience in the installation of monitoring wells.

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All AMEC field personnel are responsible for adhering to these procedures to the
maximum degree practicable.

It is the responsibility of the Field Supervisor to directly supervise the installation of
monitoring wells and ensure that the procedures are conducted according to protocol as
set forth in this procedure.

It should be recognized that individual municipalities, county agencies, and possibly state
regulatory agencies may enforce regulations that are more stringent than those described
in the documents listed above. The Project Manager shall familiarize themselves with
current local and state regulations, and ensure that these regulations are followed. In
addition, it should be recognized that regulations are subject to constant revision. Every
effort should be made to stay informed of these changes through contact with the
appropriate agencies that oversee work in specific project areas, prior to initiation of field
activities.

5.0 PROCEDURES

5.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The primary objectives of installing a monitoring well at a site are to observe
groundwater levels and flow conditions, obtain samples for determining groundwater
quality, and for evaluating hydraulic properties of water-bearing strata. To achieve these
objectives, it is necessary to fulfill the following criteria:

1. Construct the well with minimum disturbance to the formation;
2. Construct the well with materials that are compatible with the anticipated
geochemical environment;
3. Properly complete the well in the desired zone;
4. Adequately seal the well with materials that will not interfere with the collection of
representative water samples; and
5. Sufficiently develop the well to remove drilling fluids or other additives or
conditions associated with drilling and provide unobstructed flow to the well.

An understanding of site geology and hydrogeology, and knowledge of contaminant
transport in subsurface materials are required to properly design and construct monitoring
wells.

A significant difference between monitoring wells and production or "water" wells is that
the intake section of monitoring wells is often purposely completed in a zone of poor

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water quality and/or poor yield. The quality of water entering a monitoring well can vary
from drinking water to a hazardous waste or leachate. In contrast, production wells are
normally designed to efficiently obtain water from highly productive zones containing
good quality water. The screen of a monitoring well often extends only a short length
(typically 10 feet or less) to monitor hydraulic conditions within, and obtain water
samples from, selected water-bearing intervals. In contrast, water wells are often
designed to obtain economic quantities of water from multiple zones of water-bearing
strata.

5.2 MONITORING WELL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

5.2.1 WELL PLACEMENT

The location of a monitoring well shall be selected based on the purpose of the
monitoring program, which will vary among different sites and may include detection of
contaminants in ground water, verification of contaminant migration predictions, the
monitoring of leachate at a landfill site, remediation of a contaminated site, or simply
reassurance to regulators that groundwater quality at a site is being monitored. Each of
these purposes will require a specialized array of monitoring locations and completion
intervals, and a specific sampling program. The monitoring well network shall, therefore,
be designed to satisfy the needs of the particular situation.

Positioning of a monitoring well in a contaminant flow path for a monitoring effort must
be determined on the basis of the interpretation of preliminary data. These data shall be
sufficient to facilitate identification of potential contaminant sources. Consideration must
also be given to site history, topography, climate, surface hydrology, and the location of
nearby pumping wells.

The layout of the groundwater monitoring network shall be designed following
preliminary evaluation of the approximate direction of groundwater flow. A minimum of
three wells is necessary to estimate local hydraulic gradients. Ideally, at least one well
will be located hydraulically upgradient, and two or more wells strategically located
hydraulically downgradient of each potential contaminant source. Determination of the
horizontal and vertical extent of a contaminant plume is often an iterative process
requiring the installation and sampling of wells in several phases.

In order to immediately detect releases from a hazardous waste site, monitoring wells
should be installed hydraulically downgradient and as close as physically possible to the
areas of suspected contamination. Additional monitoring wells should be located based

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on the interception of potential groundwater flow paths and direction of contaminant
migration.

The placement of groundwater monitoring wells shall also consider the three-dimensional
nature of groundwater flow. Significant vertical gradients and heterogeneous and/or
anisotropic hydraulic conditions may exist at a site. Thus, the direction of groundwater
flow may not necessarily coincide with the apparent horizontal gradient observed by the
triangulation provided by three monitoring wells. The completion intervals of existing
wells shall also be determined prior to the calculation of groundwater gradient directions.
If the monitoring well network is located near existing, active well fields, near tidal
zones, or near ephemeral surface water (canals, dry river beds), temporal/seasonal
groundwater flow conditions should be considered.

5.2.2 WELL DEPTH AND SCREENED INTERVAL

A detailed understanding of the site stratigraphy, including both horizontal and vertical
extent of geologic formations, is necessary to identify zones of different permeabilities,
and discontinuities such as bedding planes, fractures, or solution channels. It is in the
more permeable zones that groundwater flow and/or contaminant transport beneath the
site preferentially occur. Equally important is the identification of relatively low
permeability zones that may impede migration of contaminants. The occurrence and
movement of ground water in the subsurface is closely related to lithology. Thus,
geologic conditions will influence the location, design, and methods used to locate and
install monitoring wells.

The depth of a monitoring well is determined by the depth to one or more water-bearing
zones that are to be monitored. For example, if preliminary soil borings indicate that
multiple water-bearing zones are present at a site, and it is believed that zones other than
the uppermost zone may be impacted by surface contamination, a well should be
completed in each individual water-bearing zone encountered. Where two or more
saturated zones occur beneath a site, and the intent of the monitoring program is to
monitor water quality in the lower zone, the monitoring well will generally require
surface casing to isolate the upper water-bearing zone from the deeper zone, prior to
drilling into the deeper zone.

In multiple aquifer systems, highly variable conditions may occur. For example, an
overlying unconfined aquifer may be contaminated whereas the underlying confined
aquifer may not contain contaminants. Extreme care should be exercised to ensure that
the installation/completion of monitoring wells does not cause cross-contamination of the
aquifers. In these cases, it may be preferable to install surface casing through the

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contaminated aquifer to minimize the possibility of cross-contamination to the lower
aquifer system.

Characteristics of lithologic materials encountered at the site, such as degree of
consolidation and grain size, also influence the type of well completion. In
unconsolidated alluvial deposits, screened well intakes are typically used. An emplaced
filter pack, consisting of well-sorted, clean, inert silica sand with a grain size and well
screen slot size appropriate for the formation, is typically used to filter out fine-grained
materials present within formations encountered in the borehole. Where permeable
consolidated formations are present, casing may be extended through overlying
unconsolidated deposits and the well completed with a section of open borehole in the
consolidated water-bearing zone. Even in these cases, however, fine-grained materials
may enter the well through fractures, and if severe enough, an artificial filter pack and
screened intake may be required. Also, many regulatory agencies require a screened
interval installed with filter pack for all well completions.

Placement of the screened interval depends primarily on two factors: the interval to be
monitored and type of contaminants. The desired interval to be monitored shall dictate
the interval to be screened. From the site characterization, it should be determined which
stratigraphic horizons represent potential pathways for contaminant migration. Short
screened sections provide more specific data on the vertical distribution of contaminants
and hydraulic head, while long screen interval can result in a cumulative dilution of
contamination in one zone with uncontaminated ground water in another zone as well as
less specific information on hydraulic head. In addition, a long screened interval could
potentially create vertical conduits that may result in cross-contamination.

Prior to well installation, consideration must be given to the type of contaminants
involved. Contaminants with a density less than water migrate differently than
contaminants with a density equal to or greater than water. For example, given a situation
where the contaminant in an unconfined aquifer has a density lower than water, such as
diesel or gasoline, it is important to ensure that the screened interval of the well extends
above the maximum seasonal elevation of the water table. Doing so facilitates an
accurate determination of apparent thickness of free product in a monitoring well. In
general, when monitoring the upper portions of an unconfined aquifer, the screen shall
extend 3 to 5 feet above the highest anticipated level of the water table.

Conversely, if the contaminant of concern has a density higher than water, such as
trichloroethene (TCE), the screened interval of one or more monitoring wells should be
installed just above the lower confining bed of a potentially impacted aquifer. TCE may
be transported at high concentration as a dense, nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) near

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the source area and migrate along the top of a confining bed at the base of an impacted
aquifer.

Special attention must be given to interpretation of site stratigraphy when assessing
DNAPL, particularly with respect to dipping beds, as it is possible for DNAPLs to
effectively move hydraulically upgradient if low permeability perching horizons dip in a
direction opposite to the hydraulic gradient. This type of situation is important to
consider when selecting monitoring well locations.

If time and budget constraints allow, conventional borehole geophysical methods and
continuous cores of soil samples should be correlated to yield a more complete
stratigraphic characterization. A continuous profile of borehole conditions is compared to
field observations and is used to select screened intervals.

5.2.3 WELL PERMITTING

All wells shall be permitted in accordance with state regulations. Local authorities should
be contacted prior to establishing well construction requirements for the project.

The permit procedure may require permit fees, site inspections, and an application signed
by a registered professional geologist or engineer. Field schedules and budgets may be
impacted by the permit requirements. The driller may also be required by law to be
licensed and bonded. Documentation that all legal requirements have been met must be
provided to the appropriate agencies prior to the installation of a monitoring well.

5.3 SELECTION OF DRILLING METHOD

Monitoring well installation at hazardous waste sites may involve drilling through or near
hazardous materials, in areas where the extent of contamination is unknown, or through
more than one geologic material or aquifer. Use of any drilling method at a hazardous
waste site involves an element of risk related to the potential spread of contamination or
creation of a pathway through which contaminants can migrate. Selection of a method
most appropriate for site-specific conditions is essential to minimize these risks.
Table FP-D-1-1 provides an interpretation of how geologic conditions may influence the
selection of a particular drilling method.

Most drill rigs use gasoline or diesel fuel, as well as hydraulic fluid during operation.
Because these fluids are all potential contaminants, it is important to protect the drill hole
and immediate area from these substances. Whenever leaking fluid from the drill rig is

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detected, drilling operations shall cease as soon as practical following stabilization of the
drill stem, and the rig moved to a safe area to be repaired.

The following sections discuss commonly used drilling methods and their applicability to
installation of monitoring wells. Regardless of the drilling method selected, all drilling
equipment shall be decontaminated using procedures described in FP-D-5, Equipment
Decontamination. These procedures shall be followed before use and between borehole
locations to prevent cross contamination. In addition to selecting the proper drilling
technique, other precautions shall be taken to prevent distribution of any existing
contaminants throughout the borehole.

5.3.1 HOLLOW-STEM CONTINUOUS-FLIGHT AUGER

Hollow-stem continuous flight auger (HSA) is the most frequently employed drilling
method used in the environmental industry for the drilling and installation of shallow
monitoring wells in unconsolidated materials. Drilling with HSA is possible in loose
sand and gravel, loose boulders in alluvium, clay, silt, shale, and sandstone. HSA drilling
is usually limited to unconsolidated materials and depths of approximately 150 to 200
feet.

AMEC Earth & Environmental Procedure Number: FP-D-1 Procedure Title: Revision and Date: 0, 04/14/2003 Monitoring Well Installation Page: 9 of 49 FP-D-1-9 Table FP-D-1-1 RELATIVE PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT DRILLING METHODS IN VARIOUS TYPES OF GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS Commonly Utilized Drilling Methods Type of Formation Auger-Hollow Stem Rotary Bucket Auger* Rotary with Fluids (foam, mud)* Air Rotary Air Rotary with Casing Hammer Down the Hole Air Hammer Dual Tube/ Casing Hammer Coring Reverse Rotary w/ Fluids* Reverse Rotary w/ Dual Tube Loose sand and gravel G P P-G NR E NR E NR P-E E Loose boulders in alluvium P P-G G NR E NR P NR P G Clay, silt E G E NR E NR E P-G E E Shale P NR E P E NR NR E G-E E Sandstone P NR G E NR NR NR E G E Limestone with chert NR NR G E NR E NR E G G
AMEC Earth & Environmental Procedure Number: FP-D-1 Procedure Title: Revision and Date: 0, 04/14/2003 Monitoring Well Installation Page: 10 of 49 FP-D-1-10 Limestone with and without fractures NR NR G-E E NR E NR E P-E E Limestone, cavernous NR NR P-G P-G NR E NR E NR E Dolomite NR NR E E NR E NR E E E Basalts - thin layers in sedimentary rocks P NR G E NR NR NR E G E Tuff P NR G E NR E NR E G G Basalts - thick layers NR NR P G NR E NR E G G Basalts - highly fractured NR NR NR P NR G NR E NR G Metamorphic Rocks NR NR NR-P G NR E NR E G G Granite NR NR NR-P E NR E NR E G G NR = Not Recommended *Cannot be used for analytical soil sampling G = Good P = Poor E = Excellent

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HSA drill rigs are mobile, relatively inexpensive to operate, generally cause minimal
disturbance to the subsurface materials, and have the additional advantage of not
introducing drilling fluids (e.g., air, mud, or foam) to the formation.

One advantage to the HSA method is that undisturbed samples are obtained by driving a
split spoon sampler below the lead auger. Soil samples can usually be easily collected in
this manner with a minimum of tripping sampling tools into and out of the hole.

Another advantage to the HSA drilling method is that the well is constructed inside of the
hollow-stem augers as the augers are gradually removed from the ground. This method
decreases the possibility of the borehole collapsing before the well is installed. Hollow-
stem augers shall have a nominal outside auger-flight diameter 10 to 12 inches and a
minimum inside diameter of 6.75 inches. Larger inside diameter auger flights are
sometimes available. Well casing diameter is usually limited to 4 inches or less when
using the HSA method.

5.3.2 ROTARY BUCKET AUGER

Rotary bucket auger drilling, or bucket auger drilling (BAD), utilizes a large-diameter
bucket auger to excavate earth materials. Excavated material is collected in a cylindrical
bucket that has auger-type cutting blades on the bottom of the bucket. The bucket is
attached to the lower end of a kelly bar that passes through, and is rotated by, a large ring
gear that serves as a rotary table.

The kelly bar is square in cross-section and consists of two or more lengths of square
steel tubing, with each successive length of tubing telescoped inside the previous length.
This design permits boring to a depth several times the collapsed length of the kelly bar
before having to add a length of drill rod between the kelly and the bucket. In drilling
with the telescoping kelly, the bucket is typically lifted and dumped without
disconnecting, thereby speeding up the process when drilling deep holes. Depths of 75 to
100 feet are achievable with most telescoping kellys. It is possible to construct wells
more than 250 feet deep by this method, although depths of 50 to 150 feet are more
typical.

The BAD technique is most effective in semi-consolidated or clayey formations that stand
open without caving. Drilling though unconsolidated materials within the saturated zone
is difficult, but not impossible if the hole is kept full of water or mud (see direct rotary
methods with foam or mud). Drilling mud may be necessary particularly in loose
formations consisting of unconsolidated fine- to medium-grained sands and silts. In the
right conditions, a bucket auger bit will remove a cylinder of material 12 to 24 inches
deep with each run. Therefore, samples obtained by the BAD method are representative

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of the formation being drilled, unless sloughing or caving of the borehole walls has
occurred.

Boreholes drilled with the BAD technique generally range from 18 to 48 inches in
diameter. Because of the large diameter of the borehole drilled with this technique, and
the common need to add either water or mud to maintain the borehole in unconsolidated,
near-surface deposits, it is recommended that this method be used only for the installation
of surface casing through the first water bearing unit at a hazardous waste site.

5.3.3 DIRECT ROTARY WITH FOAM OR MUD

Direct rotary drilling (DRD) techniques involve the use of various types of drilling fluids
which typically include air, foam, and mud. In each of the DRD methods, drilling fluids
are circulated down through the inside of the drilling pipe, into the borehole, and then up
through the annulus between the drilling pipe and the borehole wall during drilling to
carry drill cuttings up to the surface. The drilling fluids may also be used for stabilizing
the borehole wall, which may be especially useful in unconsolidated, caving formations.
In this section, the DRD method and its use with either foam or mud are discussed.

A variety of bit types may be used with each of these drilling fluids, depending on the
type of formational material encountered; however, a tri-cone or roller bit is typically
used with these fluids. The drilling bit is attached directly to a heavy section of drill pipe
called a drill collar, that is attached to help keep the borehole straight. The drill collar is
in turn attached to the drill pipe and the kelly.

General types of drilling fluids available for use with the DRD method include water with
clay additives, water with polymeric additives, water with clay and polymeric additives,
and foams (comprised of air or water, surfactants, and occasionally clays or polymers).
The drilling fluid density may be adjusted during drilling to improve or get back
circulation within the borehole, or to attempt to stabilize the borehole wall. A major
problem with the addition of these fluids is that it is almost impossible to estimate the
amount introduced into the formation through the saturated and unsaturated zones.
Additionally, it is also very difficult to estimate the magnitude and duration of the impact
to groundwater quality by the use of these fluids.

The drilling fluids and associated cuttings shall be not be allowed to flow over the site
unrestricted. A downhole circulation system, or fluid diversion system shall be used to
keep the fluids and cuttings contained in a reasonable manner, yet still allow the
collection of grab samples for lithologic identification.

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While in some geologic situations DRD may be the most efficient method of drilling a
borehole, potential problems associated with the drilling fluids usually make DRD a last
resort drilling technique for environmental purposes and one that should be avoided
whenever possible.

Potential Problems of DRD with Foam or Mud

• The chemistry of the drilling fluid could adversely affect the chemistry of
groundwater samples, soil samples, or the efficiency of the well (when using
mud).
• Bentonite muds reduce the effective porosity of the formation around the well,
thereby compromising the estimates of well recovery. Bentonite may also
affect groundwater pH. Additives to adjust viscosity and density may
introduce contaminants to the system or force irrecoverable quantities of mud
into the formation.
• Some organic polymers and compounds provide an environment for bacterial
growth which, in turn, reduces the reliability of sampling results.
• Uncontained drilling foam and/or muds may create unsafe working conditions
at the surface around the rig.

Solutions

• DRD should only be utilized as a last resort.
• The hydrogeologist should make certain that the fluids used will not affect the
chemistry of the soil samples and groundwater samples. One possibility is to
collect samples of the drilling fluid for laboratory analysis.
• The hydrogeologist shall keep track of the amount of water and fluids
introduced to the borehole, in order to purge this quantity during well
development.
• Provisions to contain drilling muds and foam need to be discussed in the
drilling contractor scope of work.

5.3.4 AIR ROTARY AND AIR ROTARY WITH CASING HAMMER

Air rotary drilling (ARD) and air rotary with casing hammer (ARC) forces air down the
drill pipe and back up the borehole to remove drill cuttings in the same manner as direct
rotary drilling with foam or mud. Without casing hammer, the use of ARD techniques is
best suited to hard-rock formations where the borehole will stand open on its own and
circulation loss is not a major concern. ARC is most useful in unconsolidated sediments
of all types due to the use of a hardened steel casing that is driven behind the bit with a

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pneumatic casing hammer to keep the hole open. A combination of these two drilling
techniques is very useful where unconsolidated overburden overlies consolidated rock. In
this case, the casing hammer attachment would be used to set the surface casing at the top
of the consolidated formation while continuing with ARD. As a well is being installed or
the hole is being abandoned, the casing can be retrieved to be used on another hole, or left
in place to serve as surface casing.

Air from the compressor shall be filtered to ensure that oil or hydraulic fluid is not
introduced into the soils and/or groundwater system to be monitored. In addition, foam
or hydrocarbon-based lubricating joint compounds for the drill rods shall not be used with
any rotary drilling method due to the potential for introduction of contaminants into the
native materials and/or ground water. Teflon-based joint lubricating compounds that are
typically mixed with vegetable oil are available for this purpose.

Potential Problems of ARD and ARC

• In the case of soil sampling with a split-spoon sampler to collect samples for
laboratory analysis, the high pressure air from inside the drill pipe can cause
volatilization of contaminants from the soils beneath the bit in unconsolidated
sediments. If installing deep wells or boreholes, this problem may not be
avoidable.
• Fine-grained saturated materials that may cause surging and heaving problems
are common in many coastal areas. Difficulties caused from heaving
sediments may cause problems during sampling and well installation when
drilling with ARD.
• Rocks and other drill cuttings may be ejected from the borehole at high
velocities, creating a secondary hazard around the rig.

Solutions

• ARD and ARC should not be used for soil sampling in shallow,
unconsolidated situations where a hollow-stem auger rig could be used as
effectively.
• One method to compensate for heaving and surging aquifer materials is to
overdrill the borehole by 5 or 10 feet to provide space for heaving sediments
to fill in while well completion is being performed.
• Another method to control heaving sands is to add clean water to a level above
the water table to create a downward pressure on the heaving materials. This
additional volume of water added should also be extracted during well
development.

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• Drill rigs shall be equipped with cyclones or equivalent devices designed to
contain formation projectiles.

5.3.5 DUAL TUBE CASING HAMMER WITH REVERSE AIR CIRCULATION

Dual tube casing hammer with reverse air circulation (DTCH) is generally useful in
unconsolidated sediments, but is most effective as a method for drilling through thick
sequences of materials such as coarse-grained sands and gravels. The DTCH system
operates by simultaneously driving a pair of heavy gauge steel pipes into the ground while
using high pressure reverse air circulation to blow air down the annulus of the two pipes
and bring air and unconsolidated lithologic materials out through the inside of the inner
pipe. The method does not employ a typical type of bit in that the formational materials
are neither ground up, sliced up, nor cut into pieces. Instead, the bit consists of a special
shoe that is used to either funnel materials into, or away from, the inner pipe, depending
on whether the formational material is fine- or coarse-grained, respectively.

Typically, the method can drill through 200 feet of gravels in a day with relative ease.
The inside diameter of the inner pipe is about 6 inches with the borehole diameter being
about 10 inches. Cobbles with long axes of up to 6 inches come up through the inner
pipe easily. Larger conglomerate clasts must be either pushed aside or broken up using
the pneumatic hammer to drive the heavy shoe down onto the clast.

Conversely, the method works poorly in clay-rich materials. The shoe acts as a large
cookie cutter, forcing a plug of clay into the inner pipe which then must be forced to the
surface and physically removed from the diverter/shoe assembly with the hammer. This
method should probably be avoided where large thicknesses of clay are expected to be
encountered in the subsurface.

Typically, the DTCH method can drill to approximately 200 feet with standard
equipment. Deeper holes will likely require a larger air volume for circulation via an
additional compressor hooked up to the drilling rig. Additionally, a variation of the
DTCH called triple tube can be used to install larger diameter wells to depths of about
200 feet depending upon the site. This method can also be used to supply a temporary
surface casing to avoid cross-contamination of deeper zones while extending the boring
to greater depths.

Potential Problems of DTCH

• In the case of soil sampling with a split-spoon sampler to collect samples for
laboratory analysis, the high pressure air from inside the drill pipe can cause
volatilization of contaminants from the soils beneath the bit in unconsolidated

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sediments. If installing deep wells or boreholes, this problem may not be
avoidable.

Solutions

• DTCH should not be used for soil sampling in shallow, unconsolidated
situations where a hollow-stem auger rig could used as effectively.

5.4 MONITORING WELL DESIGN PROCEDURES

The designs of typical groundwater monitoring wells are depicted in Figures FP-D-1-1
and FP-D-1-2. A discussion of the design of the individual components of a typical
monitoring well is given in the following subsections.

5.4.1 PRE-INSTALLATION DESIGN DRAWING

A pre-installation design drawing shall be developed after the borehole for the well has
been completed and well-specific lithologic and hydrologic information are available.
The predesign drawing shall identify the anticipated depth of the well, the locations of the
top and bottom of the screened interval, the anticipated top of the filter pack, the
anticipated top of the bentonite seal, and the locations of centralizers (if applicable) . In
addition, the volumes of sand, bentonite, and grout anticipated to be placed in the annular

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FP-D-1-17

Figure FP-D-1-1

OGDEN General Cross Section of Monitor Well
Upper Water Bearing Zone

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FP-D-1-18

Figure FP-D-1-2

OGDEN General Cross Section of Monitor Well
Lower Water Bearing Zone

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space of the well shall be calculated. The drawing shall be maintained as documentation
of the well design.

5.4.2 CASING SELECTION

The cased section of a monitoring well is a pipe without slots or openings which is
installed to prevent the well from directly accessing formations above the screened
interval. The casing isolates the screened interval.

The selection of appropriate casing materials must take into account several site-specific
factors such as (1) geology, (2) geochemistry, (3) well depth, (4) size and type of
equipment to be used in the well, and (5) the types and concentrations of suspected
contaminants. In addition, several other logistical factors must also be considered,
including drilling method, cost, and availability.

Typical casing materials are composed of PVC, CPVC, fiberglass reinforced plastic
(FRP), TeflonTM (PTFE), galvanized steel, carbon steel, Type 304 stainless steel, and
Type 316 stainless steel. Casing materials must be compatible with the environment into
which they will be placed. Metallic casings are most subject to corrosion, while
thermoplastic casings are most subject to chemical degradation. Some thermoplastic
materials are susceptible to sorption and desorption of chemicals. The extent to which
these processes occur is related to water quality, the concentration of contaminants, and
the type of casing materials. Casing material must be chosen with a knowledge of the
existing or anticipated groundwater chemistry. Table FP-D-1-2 presents the relative
compatibilities of some typical casing materials.

Besides chemical compatibility, a second consideration for specification of casing
materials is the depth of the monitoring well. Well installations greater than 150 feet
deep require casing materials of greater structural strength. In the case of PVC casing,
Schedule 80 PVC rather than Schedule 40 may be required to prevent over-stressing of
the casing couplings. Some thermo-plastic materials may be adversely affected by the
build-up of heat during grout setup.
AMEC Earth & Environmental Procedure Number: FP-D-1 Procedure Title: Revision and Date: 0, 04/14/2003 Monitoring Well Installation Page: 20 of 49 FP-D-1-20 Table FP-D-1-2 RELATIVE CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY OF RIGID WELL-CASING MATERIAL PVC(1) Galvanized Carbon Low-carbon Stainless(2) Stainless(2) 1 Steel Steel Steel Steel 304 Steel 316 Teflon® Buffered Weak Acid 100 56 51 59 97 100 100 Weak Acid 98 59 43 47 96 100 100 Mineral Acid/High Solids 100 48 57 60 80 82 100 Aqueous/Organic Mixtures 64 69 73 73 98 100 100 Percent Overall Rating(3) 91 58 56 59 93 96 100 *Trademark of DuPont Preliminary Ranking of Rigid Materials Teflon® PVC Stainless Steel 316 Galvanized Steel Stainless Steel 304 Carbon Steel Low-carbon Steel Notes: (1) PVC casing shall not be installed in a groundwater environment containing chlorinated solvent or other destructive contaminants where the concentration of organics is greater than 1 ppm, and where the desired detection limit is less than 25 ppb. (2) Type 316 stainless steel screen and/or casing shall be used rather than type 306 while conditions are unknown and the lifespan of the monitoring well is to be greater than 5 years, or where the pH is less than 4.5, or where chloride concentration is greater than 1000 ppm. (3) Overall rating based on scale of 0 to 100 with 0 being least compatible and 100 being the most compatible.

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Regardless of the type of casing materials, only flush-threaded couplings are to be used.
Flush-threaded couplings ensure that no screws, mechanical adaptors, glues, or solvents
are necessary to join individual sections. Steel conductor casing shall be welded at the
joints and the joint shall be at least as thick as the wall thickness of the casing. The weld
shall be fully penetrating and shall meet the standards of the American Welding Society.
Outside steel collars may be used to increase the strength of the welded joint. Teflon tape
shall not be used on PVC or stainless steel casing joints because it reduces the tensile
strength of the joints.

The selection of an appropriate casing diameter is also important. The inner diameter
(ID) shall be 4 inches or greater to allow better access to the well and more rigorous well
development than is commonly possible with smaller diameter wells. Wells with casing
smaller than 4-inch ID shall only be installed with the approval of the AMEC Program
Manager. Wells greater than 150 feet in depth may require diameters larger than 4 inches
to ensure that development and sampling equipment can easily be moved through the
well. The borehole in which the well is to be installed shall be a minimum of 4 inches
larger in diameter than the outer diameter (OD) of the well casing.

5.4.3 WELL SCREEN SELECTION

The screened section of the monitoring well allows ground water to flow freely into the
well, while retarding movement of fine-grained lithologic materials into the well.
Important factors such as type of well screen material, length of the screened section,
location of the screened section, the intake opening (slot) size, the type of intake opening,
and size of filter pack to be utilized are to be considered when designing a well screen.

The four most important factors, which shall be evaluated in the selection of an
appropriate screen and directly affect the performance of the monitoring well are 1)
chemical resistance/interference, 2) screen length, 3) screen placement, and 4) intake
opening size.

Selection of a screen material which provides chemical resistance and minimizes
interference follows the same basic procedures as the selection of an appropriate casing
material (see Table FP-D-1-2). Some typical screen materials consist of PVC, CPVC,
teflon, Type 304 stainless steel, and Type 316 stainless steel. Again, only flush-threaded
couplings are to be used. Screen sections constructed of different metals in the same well
may cause electrochemical reactions that could cause rapid degradation of the casing or
screen; therefore, this type of composite well construction shall not be used.

Selection of the screen length depends on its primary use(s). Most monitoring wells
function as both groundwater sampling points and piezometers. Shorter screened sections

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provide more specific data on vertically-distributed contaminants, hydraulic head, and
flow, and are generally preferred to longer screened lengths. Saturated sections in
groundwater monitoring wells shall be limited to between 5 and 10 feet in length.
However, longer intervals may be justified in certain circumstances with approval of the
AMEC Program Manager.

Placement of the screened interval within a groundwater monitoring well depends
primarily upon two factors: the discrete interval; and type of contaminants to be
monitored. The location of the discrete interval to be monitored will dictate the location
of the screened interval within a monitoring well. However, the characteristics of the
contaminants to be monitored (i.e., light, non-aqueous phase liquid; dense non-aqueous
phase liquid, etc.) must also be considered when choosing placement of the screened
interval.

An additional consideration in the design of the screened section of the well is the
hydraulic characteristics of the water-bearing zone that is to be monitored (i.e., confined
or unconfined). If an unconfined zone is being monitored for contaminants which are less
dense than water (e.g., gasoline, diesel, waste oil), 3 to 5 feet of screened interval should
be placed above the highest level of the water table to allow for evaluation of fluctuations
in water level and ensure that contaminant phases less dense than water can be observed.
Conversely, if an unconfined zone is being monitored for contaminants that are denser
than water (e.g., chlorinated solvents, PCBs), approximately 5 feet of screened interval
(maximum) should be placed just above the confining unit at the base of the water-
bearing zone to facilitate detection of the dense-phase contaminants. In the case of a
confined water-bearing zone, a maximum screened interval of approximately 5 feet
should be used.

Selection of an appropriate intake opening size is critical to the performance of the
monitoring well and to the integrity of groundwater samples obtained from the well. The
size of the intake openings can only be determined following the selection of an
appropriate filter pack, which itself is selected based upon the grain-size of the formation.
An intake size is generally designed to hold back between 85 to 100 percent of the filter
pack material. Figure FP-D-1-3 can be used to select appropriate intake opening sizes.
The screen slots shall be factory-made (or formed), and shall be inwardly-enlarging slots.
This design helps prevent clogging of the screen slots.

5.4.4 FILTER PACK DESIGN

Filter pack material shall be clean and chemically stable within the monitoring well
environment to minimize addition to, or sorption from, the ground water. Filter pack
shall meet the following minimum specifications:

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• Filter pack material shall be at least 95 percent silica, consisting of hard,
durable grains that have been washed until free of dust and contamination, and
graded.

• Filter pack material shall not be angular and non-uniform such that it will
bridge in the annular space, leaving a void or poorly packed materials that can
consolidate or settle after construction.

• Filter pack shall be selected to meet the grading specification determined from
sieve analysis of the geologic formation to be screened, if available.

Filter pack material shall be commercially packaged in bags that prevent the entrance of
contaminants, and allow proper handling, delivery, and storage at the monitoring well
site. Material delivered in broken bags shall not be used for monitoring well
construction.

In investigations where there are limited data on site conditions prior to monitoring well
installation, the filter pack size will be selected prior to field activities based on the
available lithologic data. Finer filter pack sizes will be utilized if fine-grained formations
are anticipated to be present, while coarser-grained filter packs will be used in coarser
lithologies and consolidated formations.

In investigations where sieve analysis data exist for a site prior to field activities,
selection of a proper filter pack will be based primarily upon the grain size of the
formation materials to be monitored. The sieve data for the finest lithology identified in
the interval to be monitored shall be used for establishing filter pack size. The EPA
recommends that filter pack grain size be selected by multiplying the 70 percent retained
grain size of the formation materials by a factor between four and six. A factor of four is
used if the formation materials are fine-grained and uniform, and a factor of six is used if
the formation materials are coarse-grained and non-uniform. In any case, the actual filter
pack used should fall within the area defined by these two curves. An example of this
technique is presented in Figure FP-D-1-4.

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Figure FP-D-1-3

OGDEN Selecting Well Intake Slot Size Based on
Filter Pack Grain Size

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Figure FP-D-1-4

OGDEN Filter Pack Design Criteria

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5.4.5 ANNULAR SEAL

The annular seal is placed directly above the filter pack in the annulus between the
borehole and the well casing. The annular space must be sealed to prevent the migration
of water and contaminants through the annulus. The annular seal is also intended to
hydraulically and chemically isolate discrete water-bearing zones.

Typically, annular seals consist of two discrete sections. The first section, known as the
transition seal, consists of a pure sodium bentonite seal. This seal is generally no less
than 2-3 feet thick and is emplaced directly over the top of the filter pack. Typical
materials for the seal consist of granular sodium bentonite, or sodium bentonite pellets or
chips.

The second section of the annular seal typically consists of a grout slurry which
completely fills the remaining annular space from the bentonite seal to just below the
ground surface. Grout typically consists of either sodium bentonite and Portland cement
slurry, or a neat cement slurry.

Special consideration should be given to the selection of annular seal material for wells
installed in coastal areas where ground water may contain elevated concentrations of
sulfates. In this situation, a sulfate resistant grout should be used to prolong the
usefulness of the well.

5.4.6 SURFACE COMPLETION

Surface completion of the well shall typically consist of either an above-grade
(monument) style, or a flush-to-grade (traffic box) style. In either case, the protection of
the well head at land surface is accomplished by means of a surface seal of concrete and a
metal completion box surrounding the well casing. The surface seal serves to prevent
infiltration of surface water and unauthorized entry, and where necessary, to provide
protection from vehicular traffic.

5.4.7 DRIVE POINTS

An alternative to conventional monitoring well construction is, under limited conditions,
the use of drive points. These consist of slotted steel pipe that is pushed, hammered, or
hydraulically jetted into the ground. A filter pack is not constructed around the screen, so
the width of the screen openings must be sufficiently small to prevent the passage of

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significant quantities of sediment into the well during the withdrawal of water for
sampling. In some instances, the drive points are only used as piezometers.

Drive points are commonly used in hazardous waste investigations to sample ambient soil
gases in the vadose zone. It is often possible to extend the drive point below the water
table to collect water samples. In some instances, permits may be required, as the drive
points are considered in some jurisdictions to be equivalent to a temporary monitoring
well.

5.4.7.1 HYDROPUNCH SAMPLING

The Hydropunch™ tool can be used in conjunction with either a standard drill rig, a cone
penetrometer rig, or possibly a vehicle capable of driving vapor probes to sample ground
water and non-aqueous phase liquid in unconsolidated formations. The Hydropunch tool
is constructed of a stainless steel drive point, a perforated section of Teflon pipe for a
sample intake, and a stainless steel sample chamber. The tool is 55.5 inches long, 2
inches in outer diameter, and weighs roughly 24 pounds.

Ideally, a standard HSA drill rig will be utilized to drill a pilot hole to a depth just above
the desired sampling depth. The Hydropunch tool will be hydraulically pushed or driven
4 to 5 feet through the saturated zone at each sampling location. As the tool is advanced,
the sample intake screen remains pristine within the watertight stainless steel chamber.
When the desired sampling interval is reached, the steel sampling chamber is unscrewed
and withdrawn one to several feet, depending on how discrete a sampling interval is
needed. This exposes the intake screen to the ground water. Under hydrostatic pressure,
ground water flows through the intake screen and fills the sample chamber, without
aeration or agitation occurring. The drive cone, which is attached to the base of the
screen, will remain in place by soil friction.

The pointed shape of the sampler and its smooth exterior surface prevent downward
transport of surrounding soil and ground water as the tool is advanced. Once in place, the
intake screen will be sealed from ground water above and below the interval being
sampled, since the exterior is flush of the Hydropunch tool against the surrounding soil
wall. Additionally, as the tool is advanced, the sample intake screen is retained within the
steel watertight sample chamber.

A stainless steel or teflon bailer with a bottom check valve is lowered into the sample
chamber to collect the groundwater sample. Ground water is then decanted at ground
surface from the bailer into the appropriate sample containers.

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5.4.7.2 GEOPROBE SAMPLING

In addition to the Hydropunch Sampling tool, groundwater samples can also be collected
using the Geoprobe sampling equipment. The methods for collecting groundwater
samples are similar for that described for the Hydropunch Sampling.

The Geoprobe Screen Point 15 is a hidden, screen-type, groundwater sampling device,
which is driven into to the desried depth in the formation, exposed and a groundwater
sample collected. The Geoprobe tool is constructed of a stainless steel drive point, a wire-
round stainless steel or slotted PVC screen, and a stainless steel sample chamber. The
tool is 48 inches long, and 1.5 inches in outer diameter.

A Geoprobe rig will be utilized to advance the Screen Point 15 to the desired sampling
depth. As the tool is advanced, the sample intake screen remains pristine within the
watertight stainless steel chamber. When the desired sampling interval is reached, the
steel sampling chamber is unscrewed and withdrawn one to several feet, depending on
how discrete a sampling interval is needed. This exposes the intake screen to the ground
water. Under hydrostatic pressure, ground water flows through the intake screen and fills
the sample chamber, without aeration or agitation occurring. The drive cone, which is
attached to the base of the screen, will remain in place by soil friction.

The pointed shape of the sampler and its smooth exterior surface prevent downward
transport of surrounding soil and ground water as the tool is advanced. Once in place, the
intake screen will be sealed from ground water above and below the interval being
sampled, since the exterior is flush of the Screen Point 15 against the surrounding soil
wall. Additionally, as the tool is advanced, the sample intake screen is retained within the
steel watertight sample chamber.

A mini-bailer or tubing bottom check valves are lowered into the sample chamber to
collect the groundwater sample. Ground water is then decanted at ground surface from
the bailer or tubing into the appropriate sample containers.

5.5 MONITORING WELL INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES

The following general procedures for the installation of groundwater monitoring wells are
described.

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5.5.1 GENERAL CASING AND SCREEN INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES

Following completion of the borehole, the total depth of the hole will first be measured
to ensure that the desired depth has been attained. Measurements of the depth of the
borehole shall be conducted by the Field Supervisor or designee and will be made using
either a fiberglass or steel tape measure. In addition, the lengths of casing and screen will
be measured. These measurements will be made with an accuracy of 0.01 feet.

Installation of the casing and screen is normally accomplished by emplacing them into the
well as an integral unit. Prior to installation, individual lengths of the well casing and
screen will be decontaminated according to the methods described in procedure FP-D-5,
Equipment Decontamination unless the casing and screen were properly pre-cleaned at
the factory and sealed in plastic. Following decontamination, each length will be
inspected to ensure that damaged or otherwise unsuitable sections are not used.

To ensure even distribution of filter pack, bentonite seal, and grout materials around the
well within the borehole, the casing and screen shall be suspended with a threaded
hoisting plug and not allowed to rest on the bottom of the boring unless the installation is
less then 30 feet.

5.5.2 CENTRALIZERS

Centralizers shall be installed when using the air or mud rotary techniques for well
installation. Centralizers shall be placed at the top and bottom of screened sections, and
at 10-foot intervals in between. Centralizers shall be placed at 20- to 40-foot intervals on
blank casing; the spacing will depend on the depth of the well. Centralizers shall be in
alignment from top to bottom of the casing so that they do not interfere with the insertion
and removal of the tremie pipe. All fastening devices used to affix centralizers to casing
shall not puncture the casing or contaminate the ground water with which they come in
contact. Centralizers shall generally be constructed of stainless steel.

5.5.3 FILTER PACK INSTALLATION

Prior to addition of any filter pack material, the top of the well casing shall be covered to
prevent filter pack material from entering the well casing.

In general, the filter pack shall be installed through hollow-stem augers, conductor casing,
or a tremie pipe depending on the drilling technique used. However, if depth to the
bottom of the screened interval is less than 10 feet, and lithologic materials are
sufficiently consolidated to preclude the possibility of hole collapse, the filter pack may

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be poured into the annular space of the well from the ground surface. This procedure
applies to any drilling method.

During installation, the level of the top of the filter pack shall be measured constantly to
ensure that no bridging has occurred, and to determine the depth to the top of the filter
pack. The filter pack shall enclose the entire length of screened section, with an
additional length below the screen to the bottom of the completed or backfilled drill hole
not to exceed 0.5 feet. For wells less than 100 feet in total depth, the filter pack shall
generally extend to a level of 2 feet above the top of the screened section of the well. For
wells greater than 100 feet in total depth, an additional 1 foot of filter pack shall be
emplaced above the screen for each 100 feet of well depth.

Following the installation of the filter pack, a surge block or large bailer shall be placed
into and removed from the casing for approximately 10 minutes to set and compact the
filter pack and to begin well development. Following use of the surge block or bailer, the
level of the filter pack shall again be checked. More filter pack material shall be added
according to the above described procedures if any settling of the filter pack has occurred.
After emplacement, the volume of filter pack material placed in the well shall be noted,
recorded in the well construction log (FP-D-1-5), and compared to the calculated volume
of filter pack that was expected to have been used.

5.5.4 ANNULAR SEAL INSTALLATION

The bentonite transition seal will have a minimum thickness of 2-3 feet, can be
constructed of powdered, granular, or pelletal bentonite, and can be emplaced as a dry
solid, powder, or slurry. Typically, only granular or pelletized bentonite is emplaced dry.
Powder bentonite is usually mixed with potable water to produce a slurry. Depending on
the type of installation method, the bentonite can be emplaced through the hollow-stem
augers, conductor casing, or tremie pipe.

In dry form, the bentonite shall be placed directly on the top of the filter pack. After
emplacing each 1-foot thick layer of dry bentonite in the well, approximately 5 gallons of
water of known chemical quality shall be added to hydrate the bentonite. A minimum of
15 minutes shall be allowed for hydration of the bentonite seal once it is completely
installed.

When the bentonite is to be emplaced in slurry form, care shall be taken to ensure that the
bentonite is thoroughly mixed, with no visible lumps to ensure the proper consistency. In
addition, a 1-foot layer of fine-grained silica sand shall be placed over the top of the filter
pack. This fine-grained sand layer will prevent invasion of the filter pack by the
bentonite slurry.

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Following the emplacement of the transition bentonite seal, the remaining annular seal
shall be emplaced. The annular seal, which is normally mixed as a slurry, shall be a
mixture consisting of 7 to 9 gallons of water per 94 lb bag of Portland cement and a
minimum of three to five percent bentonite (1/4 to 1/2 bags of bentonite powder per five
bags of Portland cement). The slurry shall be emplaced through the hollow-stem augers,
conductor casing, or tremie pipe depending on the method of installation. The grout shall
be thoroughly mixed to ensure the proper consistency with no visible lumps of
dehydrated powder. The rates at which the augers or pipe are withdrawn and the slurry
added will be such that the level of the grout within the well annulus is just below the
lowermost auger or pipe.

If a tremie pipe is used, the annular grout seal shall be emplaced by pumping through a
pipe with a minimum 1-inch ID, in one continuous pour, from the top of the transition
seal to the ground surface. The top of the tremie pipe shall be placed about 5 to 10 feet
above the bottom of the hole, depending on the stability of the hole and impact velocity of
the grout, and slowly be withdrawn such that the bottom of the tremie pipe remains above
the level of the grout.

A tremie pipe is not required for annular seals less than 10 feet from the ground surface to
the top of the transition seal or for grouting within dual wall drill strings or hollow-stem
augers. The volume of grout seal material placed in the well shall be measured, recorded
in the well construction log, and compared with the calculated volume. The slurry shall
extend from the top of the bentonite seal to a depth of approximately 2 feet below ground
surface.

5.5.5 ANNULAR SEAL "SET TIME" AND SETTING

The annular grout seal shall be allowed to set at least 12 hours so that separations or
breaks cannot occur between the seal and the casing, or between the seal and the
borehole, before any disturbance of the casing or well occurs. Specifically, the
development of the well is prohibited until the grout seal has set. In most cases, the
concrete slab, traffic box, and/or casing riser of the surface completion shall not be
poured/constructed until the grout seal has set. Any settlement of the grout seal shall be
topped off as soon as possible after it occurs. All pertinent data shall be recorded on the
well construction log.

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5.5.6 SURFACE COMPLETION

As previously mentioned, the surface completion of a groundwater monitoring well can
be accomplished as either an above-ground completion or as a flush-to-ground
completion. Regardless of completion method, each monitoring well shall have, at a
minimum, a casing cap, concrete slab and annular seal, and a locking protective casing or
locking vault.

In an above-ground completion, the protective casing or monument is installed around the
top of the well casing within a cement surface seal. A 2-foot-long by 2-foot-wide cement
pad with a minimum thickness of 3 inches shall be constructed around the protective
casing. Type 1 Portland cement shall be used for the surface seal. The monument is to
be inspected prior to installation to ensure that no oils, coatings, or chemicals are present.
When installed, the monument shall be maintained in a plumb position and shall be
positioned so that there is approximately 2 to 3 inches clearance between the top of the
well casing and the lid of the monument. The monument shall extend at least 18 inches
above grade and at least 12 inches below grade. In areas where frost heaving is
considered a factor, the casing shall extend below the frost depth. Where necessary, a
minimum of three concrete-filled posts shall be constructed around the well to protect it
from vehicular damage.

A permanent survey mark shall be cut or scribed into the top of the well casing, and the
monument shall be permanently marked with its identification number. The top of the
well casing shall be covered with a slip cap or locking cap to prevent debris from entering
the well. The protective cap shall be fitted with a small hole to allow equalization of air
pressure between the well and ambient conditions. The monument shall be fitted with a
case hardened lock to prevent unauthorized entry.

In a flush-to-ground completion, the protective casing or traffic box is installed around
the top of the well casing which has been cut off slightly below grade. The traffic box
shall have a lid which is held firmly in place by bolts and shall have a flexible O-ring or
rubber gasket to prevent water from entering the box. The traffic box is set within a
cement surface seal slightly above grade to deflect surface water flow away from the well.
The surface seal shall extend to a minimum of 4 inches from the outer rim of the traffic
box. Type 1 Portland cement shall be used for the surface seal. The traffic box is to be
inspected prior to installation to ensure that no oils, coatings, or chemicals are present.
When installed, the traffic box shall be maintained in a level position and positioned so
that there is approximately 2 to 3 inches clearance between the top of the well casing and
the lid of the traffic box.

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A permanent survey mark shall be cut or scribed into the top of the well casing, and the
well cap shall be permanently marked with its identification number. The top of the well
casing shall be covered with a lockable cap to prevent debris from entering the well. The
lockable cap shall also be fitted with a case-hardened lock to prevent unauthorized entry.
The protective cap shall be fitted with a small vent hole to allow equalization of air
pressure between the well and ambient conditions as long as this will not allow ponded
water to flow down the well.

5.5.7 INSTALLATION OF SURFACE CASING

The use of surface casing at a site may be required to minimize the potential for cross-
contamination of different hydrogeologic zones within the subsurface. Because of this,
the depth of placement of the surface casing shall be based on site-specific geologic
knowledge obtained from lithologic samples collected in-situ during the drilling of the
well boring.

If a surface casing is to be installed permanently along with the well, it shall be grouted in
place. The borehole shall be of sufficient diameter that a tremie or grout pipe can be
easily placed between the borehole wall and the outside of the surface casing. After the
desired placement depth is reached, and the drilling tools are removed from the borehole,
the casing is lowered into the borehole and centered. The bottom of the surface casing
can be plugged or driven into the sediment at the base of the borehole to keep grout from
entering the casing if necessary.

Grout shall be installed through the tremie pipe and pumped from the bottom of the
casing to ground surface. As the grout is being placed, the tremie pipe shall be raised
slowly to avoid excessive back pressure and potential clogging of the tremie pipe. After
the grout has been allowed to set for at least 24 hours, drilling and subsequent well
installation can continue. It must be noted that the required time to set before continuing
drilling depends on the volume of grout emplaced; the more grout used, the longer the
delay time.

5.5.8 SHALLOW WELL COMPLETION

Due to the shallow occurrence of ground water in some areas, there are some instances
when the top of the screened interval must be placed at such a shallow depth that it is not
possible to install the well using the typical design for annular materials (i.e., 2 feet above
the screen for filter pack followed by a 3-foot thickness of bentonite seal). In cases where
the top of the screen must be placed between 4 and 6 feet below ground surface, the
following design alteration shall be used:

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• Filter pack shall be placed 1 foot above the top of the screened interval.
• A minimum of 2-3 feet of bentonite seal shall be placed above the filter pack.
• Remainder of annular space shall be filled with a 3% to 5% bentonite-cement
grout.

In no case shall the top of the screen be brought higher than 4 feet below ground surface
since a reliable annular seal is difficult to install at these shallower depths.

5.5.9 METHOD-SPECIFIC WELL INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES

The following sections present drilling method-specific well installation techniques as
applicable to groundwater monitoring well installation at hazardous waste sites. Included
are troubleshooting sections that include common problems encountered with using each
technique along with potential solutions to the problems.

5.5.9.1 HOLLOW-STEM AUGER

General well installation methods using the hollow-stem auger technique are listed below,
as well as potential problems and possible solutions associated with installation of wells
with HSA.

• Complete a pre-installation design in accordance with Section 5.4.1.
• Prior to well installation, well screen, cap, and casing shall be properly
decontaminated and measured to ensure accurate placement of well casing and
screen. A mark shall be placed on a portion of the well casing near ground
surface to identify to the drillers where the casing should be placed.
• Wells are constructed within the augers as augers are removed from the
ground.
• Diameter of the well casing constructed within HSA is generally limited to 4
inches or less.
• The inner rod and hammer are quickly removed, the depth of the borehole is
measured, and well screen and casing are quickly placed into augers to desired
depth. Note: Well screen and casing shall be suspended in hole by the use of
a hoisting bail in order to ensure proper depth and plum construction. This
may not be necessary for wells less than 30 feet in depth.
• Prior to addition of filter pack, the top of the well casing shall be covered to
prevent filter pack material from entering the well casing.

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• The hollow-stem augers shall act as tremie pipe for placement of filter pack,
bentonite, and grout.
• The filter pack shall be slowly poured between the inside of the augers and the
outside of the well casing.
• At the same time as the filter pack material is being poured, the augers shall be
incrementally withdrawn. The rate of auger withdrawal and filter pack
placement shall allow for the top of the filter pack level to be consistently just
below the lead auger. In general, the augers should be withdrawn in
increments of 2 to 3 feet. Note: The level of the top of the filter pack shall be
constantly tagged with a measuring tape during emplacement of the filter
pack.
• The well shall be surged to consolidate the filter pack, with more being added
if settlement occurs.
• Bentonite pellets or chips shall also be emplaced through the HSA. The level
of the bentonite shall be tagged periodically to ensure accurate placement. For
each foot of bentonite seal installed in an unsaturated completion, 5 gallons of
water of known chemical quality shall be poured into the well to hydrate the
bentonite. If the bentonite seal is less than 10 feet below ground surface and
the borehole is stable, the bentonite may be emplaced directly from the top of
the borehole rather than through the HSA.
• A grout seal shall be emplaced through the HSA from the top of the bentonite
seal to within 2 feet of ground surface. The grout shall be emplaced from
bottom to top in one continuous pour. The grout seal shall be emplaced
immediately following placement of the bentonite seal. If the top of the
bentonite seal is less than 10 feet below ground surface and the borehole is not
subject to collapse, the grout may be emplaced directly from the top of the
borehole. The composition of the grout is detailed in Section 5.4.5.
• An above- or below-ground well head shall be constructed.

Potential Problems and Solutions

1. Bridging Filter Pack or Bentonite Seal

Bridging filter pack or bentonite can cause such problems as creating unwanted void
spaces or locking the well casing within the hollow stem augers.

Solutions for "Avoidance" of Locked Well Casing

• Attentive tagging of the filter pack level and keeping the filter pack just below
the lead auger combined with inching the augers up while slowly adding sand
will aid in avoiding locking the well casing.

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• The use of larger inner diameter augers will aid in avoiding locked casing.
• The use of larger grain size materials for filter pack may aid in avoiding
locked well casing.
• Adding water of known chemical quality while pouring the sand filter pack
also may aid in avoiding locked well casing. This shall only be done in cases
where the filter pack is very fine.

Solutions for Unlocking Well Casing From Augers

• Gently hold casing in place while lifting and twisting the augers (do not force).
• Insert surge block into casing and gently surge the water column if bridge is
below water table.
• Add water in between well and augers if the sand bridge is above the water
table.
• An air compressor attached to a tremie pipe can be used to gently blow the
bridge away.
• Completely remove casing and screen and reinstall well.
• Never drive the casing out of the auger with a hammer since this will break the
casing.

2. Heaving, Surging Materials

Fine-grained saturated materials that may cause surging problems are common in coastal
areas. Difficulties caused by heaving sediments may cause problems when drilling with
HSA.

Solutions for Heaving Sediments

• Overdrilling the borehole by 5 or 10 feet to provide space for heaving
sediments to fill in while well installation is begun. Placement of filter pack
shall begin as soon possible and added quickly at first until overdrilled space
is filled.
• Clean water may be added to a level above the water table to create a
downward pressure on the heaving materials. The volume of water added
shall be recorded on the well installation log and extracted during well
development.
• Drill an initial pilot borehole and sample with a 6-inch diameter auger. The
6-inch auger may be fitted with plastic or metal core catcher on the lead auger,
which will allow for soil sampling and prevent sediments from entering
augers. After the total sampling depth is reached, the 6-inch auger is removed

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and 10-inch diameter augers are substituted to ream out the borehole. The
lead auger shall be fitted with a tapered wooden plug. At a depth below the
desired total depth of the well, the sampling hammer and center rod are used
to knock the wooden plug out and well installation can be completed.

5.5.9.2 DIRECT ROTARY WITH FOAM OR MUD

General well installation techniques using direct rotary with foam or mud are listed
below. Also included are potential problems and solutions associated with installation of
wells with DRD.

• Complete a pre-installation design in accordance with Section 5.4.1.
• Prior to well installation, well screen, cap, and casing shall be measured to
ensure accurate placement of well casing and screen. A mark shall be placed
on the portion of the well casing near ground surface to identify to the drillers
where the casing should be placed. Centralizers shall be placed on the well
casing and screen as discussed in Section 5.5.2.
• With DRD techniques, wells are constructed in the borehole after the bit and
drill pipe are removed from the hole. For mud rotary drilling, the mud must
first be thinned sufficiently prior to removal of the bit and drill pipe from the
hole. The purpose of thinning the mud is to allow a faster and more accurate
placement of the annular materials within the borehole.
• After the bit and drill pipe are retrieved from the hole as smoothly and quickly
as possible, the total depth of the hole shall be measured to verify the depth of
the hole and to check the borehole stability.
• Well screen and casing shall be suspended in hole by the use of hoisting bail
in order to ensure proper depth and a plum construction if the depth of the
well is greater than 30 feet. Casing and screen shall be placed in the hole as
fast as is safely possible to minimize the time that the borehole stays open.
• Prior to addition of filter pack, the top of the well casing shall be covered to
prevent filter pack material from entering the well casing.
• A tremie pipe shall be used for placement of filter pack, bentonite, and grout.
The filter pack and bentonite seal should also be emplaced as soon as possible
to avoid potential collapse of the hole.
• The filter pack shall be slowly poured into the tremie pipe to avoid bridging
within the tremie pipe at the water table. The level of the top of the filter pack
shall be constantly tagged with measuring tape as the filter pack is being
emplaced.
• The bentonite seal shall be a minimum of 2-3 feet thick and consist of
bentonite pellets or chips emplaced through the tremie pipe. The level of the

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bentonite shall be tagged periodically to ensure accurate placement. If the
bentonite seal is less than 10 feet below ground surface and the borehole is
stable, the bentonite may be placed directly from the top of the borehole rather
than through the tremie pipe.
• A grout seal shall be emplaced through the tremie pipe from the top of the
bentonite seal to within 2 feet of ground surface. The grout shall be placed
from bottom to top in one continuous pour. The grout seal shall be emplaced
immediately following placement of the bentonite seal. If the top of the
bentonite seal is less than 10 feet below ground surface, and the borehole is
not subject to collapse and is not filled with drilling fluid, the grout may be
placed directly from the top of the borehole. The composition of the grout is
detailed in Section 5.4.5.
• An above- or below-ground well head shall be constructed.

Potential Problems and Solutions

1. Bridging Filter Pack or Bentonite Seal

Bridging filter pack or bentonite can cause problems such as creating unwanted void
spaces that may collapse in the future.

Solution

• Controlled pouring of the annular materials is the best defense against
bridging. In the case of mud rotary, however, it may be necessary to perform
emplacement of the filter pack and bentonite chips or pellets through the
borehole without the aid of a tremie pipe. For wells greater than 10 feet deep,
the approval of the AMEC Program Manager must be obtained.

5.5.9.3 AIR ROTARY AND AIR ROTARY WITH CASING HAMMER

General well installation techniques using air rotary (ARD) or air rotary with casing
hammer (ARC) are listed below. Also included are potential problems and possible
solutions associated with installation of wells with ARD and ARC.

• A pre-installation design shall be prepared.
• Prior to well installation, well screen, cap, and casing shall be properly
decontaminated and measured to ensure accurate placement of well casing and
screen.

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• With ARD techniques, wells are constructed in the borehole after the bit and
drill pipe are removed from the hole. With ARC, the driven casing remains in
the ground and is slowly withdrawn as well installation proceeds.
• After the bit and drill pipe are retrieved from the hole as smoothly and quickly
as possible, the total depth of the hole shall be measured to verify the depth of
the hole and to check borehole stability.
• Well screen and casing shall be suspended in hole by the use of hoisting bail
in order to ensure proper depth and a plum construction if the well depth is
greater than 30 feet. Casing and screen shall be placed in the borehole as fast
as is safely possible to minimize the time that the hole stays open, particularly
for ARD.
• Prior to addition of filter pack, the top of the well casing shall be covered to
prevent filter pack material from entering the well casing.
• For ARD, a tremie pipe shall be used for placement of filter pack, bentonite,
and grout. The filter pack and bentonite seal should be emplaced as soon as
possible to avoid potential collapse of the hole. For ARC, the annular
materials can in most cases be placed directly between the driven casing and
the well casing. A tremie pipe is advisable if very exacting placement is
required.
• For ARD, the tremie pipe shall be placed within 2 feet of the interval where
the filter pack is to be placed. The filter pack shall be slowly poured into the
tremie pipe to avoid bridging within the tremie pipe at the water table. The
tremie pipe shall be slowly withdrawn during placement.
• The level of the top of the filter pack shall be constantly tagged with
measuring tape as the filter pack is being emplaced. Bentonite shall be
installed in a similar manner.
• For ARC, the filter pack shall be poured slowly between the well casing and
driven casing. The driven casing shall be withdrawn periodically as the filter
pack is emplaced. The driven casing shall be withdrawn in increments of no
greater than 2 to 3 feet at one time.
• For ARD, bentonite pellets or chips shall be emplaced through the tremie pipe
and shall have a minimum thickness of 2-3 feet. The level of the bentonite
shall be tagged periodically to ensure accurate placement. For each foot of
bentonite seal installed in an unsaturated completion, 5 gallons of water of
known chemical quality shall be poured into the well to hydrate the bentonite.
If the bentonite seal is less than 10 feet below ground surface and the borehole
is stable, the bentonite may be emplaced directly from the top of the borehole
rather than through the tremie pipe. For ARC, the bentonite can be emplaced
between the well casing and the driven casing as the driven casing is
withdrawn.

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• A grout seal shall be emplaced through the tremie pipe for the ARD method or
through the driven casing in the ARC method. The grout shall be emplaced
from the top of the bentonite seal to within 2 feet of ground surface. The
driven casing or tremie pipe shall be withdrawn as the grout is placed. The
grout shall be emplaced from bottom to top in one continuous pour. The grout
seal shall be emplaced immediately following placement of the bentonite seal.
If the top of the bentonite seal is less than 10 feet below ground surface and
the borehole is not subject to collapse, the grout may be emplaced directly
from the top of the borehole. The composition of the grout is detailed in
Section 5.4.5.
• An above- or below-ground well head shall be constructed.

Potential Drilling Problems

1. Bridging Filter Pack or Bentonite Seal

Bridging filter pack or bentonite can cause problems such as creating unwanted void
spaces that may collapse in the future.

Solutions

• Controlled pouring of the annular materials is the best defense against
bridging.

2. Heaving Sediment

Fine-grained saturated materials that may cause heaving problems are common in coastal
areas. Difficulties caused by heaving sediments may create problems when drilling with
ARC. Heaving sediments cannot be drilled using ARD techniques.

Solutions for Heaving Sediments

• Overdrilling the borehole by 5 or 10 feet to provide space for heaving
sediments to fill in while well completion is begun.
• Clean water may be added to a level above the water table to create a
downward pressure on the heaving materials. The volume of water added
should be extracted during well development.
• Heaving sands may also be controlled by first removing the drill pipe from the
hole, then constructing an air lift line made from the tremie pipe. If there is
sufficient water above the heaving sands, an air line connected approximately

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10 feet from the bottom of the tremie pipe can be used to air lift out the
fine-grained sediments at the base of the casing.
• Placement of filter pack shall begin as soon possible and adding it quickly at
first until overdrilled space is filled.

5.5.9.4 DUAL TUBE CASING HAMMER WITH REVERSE AIR CIRCULATION

General well installation techniques using dual tube casing hammer with reverse air
circulation are listed below. Also included are potential problems and possible solutions
to those problems associated with installation of wells with this method.

• A pre-installation design shall be prepared.
• Prior to well installation, well screen, cap, and casing shall be measured to
ensure accurate depth placement of well casing and screen. A mark shall be
placed near the top of the casing to identify to the drillers the proper position
to place the casing and screen.
• Similar to hollow-stem auger drilling techniques, wells are constructed within
the dual tube pipe as the pipe is removed from the ground.
• Prior to setting the casing and screen in the hole, the total depth of the hole
shall be measured to verify the depth of the hole and to check for surging
materials. Well screen and casing shall be suspended in hole by the use of a
hoisting bail in order to ensure proper depth and plum construction.
• Prior to addition of filter pack, the top of the well casing shall be covered to
prevent filter pack material from entering the well casing.
• The inner pipe of the dual tube assembly shall act as tremie pipe for placement
of filter pack, bentonite, and grout.
• The filter pack should be slowly poured between the inside of the augers and
the outside of the well casing to avoid potential bridging of the annular
materials. At the same time as the filter pack material is being poured, the
dual tube pipe shall be incrementally withdrawn. The rate of pipe withdrawal
and filter pack emplacement shall allow for the top of the filter pack level to
be consistently just below the shoe of the dual tube assembly . The level of
the top of the filter pack shall be constantly tagged with measuring tape.
• Bentonite pellets or chips shall be used to construct the well, shall be a
minimum of 2-3 feet thick, and shall also be emplaced through the dual tube
assembly. For each foot of bentonite seal installed in an unsaturated
completion, 5 gallons of water of known chemical quality shall be poured into
the well to hydrate the bentonite. The level of the bentonite shall be tagged
periodically to ensure accurate emplacement. If the bentonite seal is less than
10 feet below ground surface and the borehole is stable, the bentonite may be

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emplaced directly from the top of the borehole rather than through the tremie
pipe.
• A grout seal shall be emplaced through the dual tube assembly from the top of
the bentonite seal to within 2 feet of ground surface. The grout shall be
emplaced from bottom to top in one continuous pour. The grout seal shall be
emplaced immediately following emplacement of the bentonite seal. If the top
of the bentonite seal is less than 10 feet below ground surface, the grout may
be emplaced directly from the top of the borehole. The composition of the
grout is detailed in Section 5.4.5.
• An above- or below-ground well head shall be constructed.

Potential Problems and Solutions

1. Bridging Filter Pack or Bentonite Seal

Bridging filter pack or bentonite can cause such problems as creating unwanted void
spaces or locking the well casing and dual tube pipe together.

Solutions for "Avoidance" of Locked Well Casing

• Attentive tagging and always keeping the filter pack just below the shoe,
combined with inching the dual tube assembly up and slowly adding sand, will
aid in avoiding a locked well casing.
• The use of a smaller diameter well casing will aid in avoiding a locked casing.
• The use of larger grain size for filter pack may aid in avoiding a locked well
casing.
• Adding water while pouring the sand filter pack also may aid in avoiding a
locked well casing, although this should be avoided unless absolutely
necessary.

Solutions for Unlocking Well Casing From Dual Tube Pipe

• Insert a surge block into casing and gently surge the water column, if bridge is
below water table.
• Add water in between well and piping if the sand bridge is above the water
table.
• An air compressor attached to a tremie pipe can be used to gently blow the
bridge away.

2. Heaving, Surging Materials

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Fine-grained saturated materials that may cause surging problems are common in coastal
areas. Difficulties caused from heaving sediments may cause problems when drilling
with dual tube casing hammer.

Solutions for Heaving Sediments

• Overdrilling the borehole by 5 or 10 feet to provide space for heaving
sediments to fill in while well completion is begun.
• Clean water may be added to a level above the water table to create a
downward pressure on the heaving materials. The volume of water added
should be extracted during well development.
• Heaving sands may also be controlled by first removing the drill pipe from the
hole, then constructing an air lift line made from the tremie pipe. If there is
sufficient water above the heaving sands, an air line connected approximately
10 feet from the bottom of the tremie pipe can be used to air lift out the fine
grained sediments at the base of the casing.
• Emplacement of filter pack shall begin as soon possible and added quickly at
first until overdrilled space is filled.

5.5.10 WELL CONSTRUCTION RECORD KEEPING PROCEDURES

A written record of construction detailing the timing, amount of materials, and methods
of installation/construction for each step of monitoring well construction shall be
prepared during construction of each monitoring well by the Field Supervisor or designee.
Construction records shall be kept in a hard bound field notebook dedicated to the
project. An "as-built" drawing illustrating placement location and amounts of all
materials used in construction of each monitoring well shall be prepared in the field at the
time of monitoring well construction. The well construction log (FP-D-1-5) shall be
filled out with indelible ink. Construction records shall include the date/time and
quantities of materials used at each of the following stages of monitoring well
construction, including:

• Drilling
1) Drill rig type
2) Drilling method/coring method
3) Drill bit/core barrel diameter (hole diameter)
4) Drill company, driller, helper(s)
5) Field geologist, supervising geologist
6) Dates/times start and finish drilling hole, interval drilling rates
7) Total depth of hole

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8) Drilling location, surveyed ground elevation
9) Inclination of hole from horizontal

• Borehole abandonment - type, volume, and surface seal
• Casing material - type
• Casing decontamination - document process and equipment used
• Casing diameter - nominal inner diameter of casing
• Screen material
1) Type
2) Top and bottom of section as actually installed
3) Length
4) Slot type, size, shape
5) Type of bottom plug and/or cap used

• Filter pack material
1) Composition and size gradation
2) Supplier
3) Actual volume and depth of top and bottom of filter pack
4) Calculated volume versus actual volume used and explanation of
discrepancies

• Transition seal
1) Composition and depth of top and bottom of seal
2) Size (or gradation) or material used (e.g., pellets, granulated, or powdered)
3) Time allowed for hydration prior to emplacement of annular grout slurry
seal

• Annular slurry seal
1) Date and time of beginning and completion of annular of seal
2) Type and actual volume of seal
3) Calculated volume versus actual volume and explanation of discrepancies
4) Set time allowed prior to commencement of additional work

• Surface completion
1) Type of construction
2) Nature of materials used for surface completion
3) Date/time of completion

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5.5.11 WELL LOCATION

Each monitoring well location shall be surveyed by a registered land surveyor for exact
horizontal location to the nearest 1.0 foot, and exact vertical location to the nearest
0.01 foot, referenced to mean sea level (MSL) or Mean Low Low Water (MLLW). The
vertical elevation shall be surveyed at the notch cut in the top of the well casing, which is
the point from which all water level measurements shall be made. The elevation of the
ground or top of the concrete slab adjacent to the monitoring well shall also be surveyed,
to the nearest 0.01 foot.

5.6 WELL ABANDONMENT/DESTRUCTION

Once a monitoring well is no longer needed as part of an investigation, or has been
damaged to the extent that it cannot be repaired, it is essential that it be properly
abandoned. The proper abandonment of a monitoring well ensures that the underlying
groundwater supply is protected and preserved. In addition, proper well abandonment
eliminates a potential physical hazard and liability. An additional permit and/or
inspection may be required for abandonment.

The following standard procedures for the abandonment of a groundwater monitoring
well are based upon using hollow-stem auger drilling methods. This type of installation
has been chosen since it is the primary method of abandoning groundwater monitoring
wells.

The surface completion must first be removed from around the top of the well casing.
This is normally accomplished using a jack-hammer to break the surface cement seal and
then removing the monument or traffic box. Once the surface seal and the well head
cover have been removed, the well shall be overdrilled to its total depth using hollow-
stem augers. Once the total depth of the well has been reached, the casing and screen
shall be removed from the borehole. The borehole shall then be completely backfilled
with a grout seal. Typically, the grout seal is emplaced as a slurry of portland cement
grout, which contains a minimum of 3 to 5 percent bentonite as described in Section
5.4.5. When the slurry is mixed, care will be taken to ensure that the bentonite is mixed
according to the manufacturer's specifications to ensure the proper consistency.

The slurry shall be emplaced through the hollow-stem augers. The rates at which the
augers are withdrawn and the slurry is added shall be such that the level of the slurry
within the borehole is just below the lead auger. The borehole seal shall extend from the
total depth of the borehole to a depth of approximately 1 foot below ground surface. The
surface shall then be repaired to prior conditions and grade.

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6.0 RECORDS

A record of monitoring well design and construction shall be recorded in the field
notebook for the project and on a "Well Completion Record" form. The field operations
manager should provide a copy of this form to the Project Manager for the project files.

7.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY

During monitoring well installation subcontractors in direct contact with potentially
contaminated media shall wear the proper personal protective equipment (PPE) as
outlined in the site-specific Health and Safety Plan (HSP). Subcontractors will don PPE
as suggested in the HSP and failure to comply will result in disciplinary action.

Depending upon the type of contaminant expected, the following safe work practices will
be employed:

Particulate or Metal Compounds:

1. Avoid skin contact with and/or incidental ingestion of soil cuttings.
2. Utilize protective clothing, steel-toed boots, gloves, hearing protection, and safety
glasses as warranted.

Volatile Organic Compounds:

1. Avoid breathing constituents venting from the boring by standing upwind of the
boring, and/or by use of respiratory protection.
2. Periodically survey the work area and personnel breathing zone with a FID/PID
during drilling activities.
3. If monitoring results indicate organic vapors that exceed action levels as specified in
the HSP, installation activities may need to be conducted in Level C protection. At a
minimum, skin protection will be required by use of Tyvek or other media that is
protective against the media being encountered.

Flammable or Explosive Conditions:

1. Explosive gases should be monitored as continuously as possible using an
explosimeter and oxygen meter.
2. All ignition sources should be placed upwind or crosswind of the borehole.

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3. If explosive gases exceed the designated action levels as specified in the site-specific
HSP, cease operations and evaluate conditions.
4. To reduce the potential of a fire or explosion, refer to the guidelines outlined in
Sections 5.1 and 5.2.3 of the AMEC Drilling Safety SOP of the AMEC H&S
Management Plan.

Physical Hazards Associated With Well Installation:

1. To avoid lifting injuries associated with hollow-stem auger use and general well
installation practices, use the large muscles of the legs, not the back.
2. Stay clear of all moving equipment and avoid wearing loose fitting clothing.
3. When using pocket knives for cutting purposes, cut away from self.
4. To avoid slip/trip/fall conditions as a result of drilling activities, keep area clear of
excess soil cuttings and use textured boots/boot cover bottoms in muddy areas.
5. To avoid heat/cold stress as a result of exposure to extreme temperatures and PPE,
drink electrolyte replacement fluids (1-2 cups/hour is recommended) and, in cases of
extreme cold, wear fitted insulating clothing.
6. Be aware of restricted mobility due to the wearing of PPE.

8.0 REFERENCES

California Department of Health Services. 1990. "Technical Standards for the Design
and Construction of Monitoring Wells and Piezometers at Hazardous Waste
Sites." August.

Driscoll, F.G., PhD. 1987. Ground Water and Wells. Published by Johnson Division,
St. Paul, Minnesota.

Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory. 1989. Handbook of Suggested Practices
for the Design and Installation of GroundWater Monitoring Wells, National Water
Well Association, Dublin, Ohio.

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USEPA. 1986. RCRA GroundWater Monitoring Technical Enforcement Guidance
Document, September 1986.

USEPA. 1987. A Compendium of Superfund Field Operations Methods. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency/540/P-87/001.

U.S. EPA Environmental Response Team. 1988. Response Engineering and Analytical
Contract Standard Operating Procedures. U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC.

9.0 ATTACHMENTS

1. Well Completion Record

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OGDEN Attachment 1 – Well Completion Record

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MONITORING WELL DEVELOPMENT

1.0 PURPOSE

This procedure describes the monitoring well development procedures to be used by
AMEC Project personnel.

2.0 SCOPE

This document applies to all AMEC personnel involved in monitoring well development
activities.

This procedure has been developed to serve as management-approved professional
guidance. As professional guidance for specific activities, this procedure is not intended
to obviate the need for professional judgment to accommodate unforeseen circumstances.
Deviation from this procedure in planning or in the execution of planned activities must
be approved by the Project Manager.

3.0 DEFINITIONS

None.

4.0 RESPONSIBILITIES

The Project Manager is responsible for ensuring that these monitoring well development
procedures are utilized during projects conducted under the AMEC Program.

The Field Supervisor is responsible for ensuring that all project field staff utilize these
procedures.

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5.0 PROCEDURE

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Well development procedures are crucial in preparing a well for sampling by enhancing
the flow of ground water from the formation into the well and by removing the clay, silt,
and other fines from the formation so that produced water will not be turbid or contain
suspended matter which can interfere with chemical analyses. A monitoring well should
be a "transparent" window into the aquifer from which samples can be collected that are
truly representative of the quality of water that is moving through the formation.

Well development shall have as its goal restoration of the area adjacent to the well to its
natural condition by correcting damage done to the formation during the drilling process.
Well development shall accomplish the following tasks:

• Remove a filter cake or any drilling fluid that is within the borehole and invades
the formation;

• Remove fine-grained material from the filter pack; and
• Increase the porosity and permeability of the native formation immediately
adjacent to the filter pack.

In general, well development shall not occur until 24 hours after the completion of well
installation to allow the annular seal to fully set up.

5.2 FACTORS AFFECTING MONITORING WELL DEVELOPMENT

TYPE OF GEOLOGIC MATERIALS

Different types of geologic materials are developed more effectively by using certain
development methods. Where permeability is greater, water moves more easily into and
out of the formation and development is accomplished more quickly. Highly stratified
deposits are effectively developed by methods that concentrate on distinct portions of the
formation. If development is performed unevenly, a ground-water sample will likely be
more representative of the permeable zones. In uniform deposits, development methods
that apply powerful surging forces over the entire screened interval will produce
satisfactory results.

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DESIGN AND COMPLETION OF THE WELL

Since the filter pack reduces the amount of energy reaching the borehole wall, it must be
as thin as possible if the development procedures are to be effective in removing fine
particulate material from the interface between the filter pack and natural formation.
Conversely, the filter pack must be thick enough to ensure a good distribution of the
filter-pack material during emplacement. It is generally considered that the minimum
thickness of filter pack material that can be constructed properly is 2 inches.

The screen slot size must be appropriate for the geologic material and filter pack material
in order for development to be effective. If slot size is too great, the removal of too much
sediment may cause settlement of overlying materials and sediment accumulation in the
casing. When screen openings are smaller than necessary, full development may not be
possible and well yield will be below the potential of the formation. Additionally,
incomplete development coupled with a narrow slot size can lead to blockage of the
screen openings.

DRILLING METHOD

The drilling method influences development procedure. Typical problems associated
with specific drilling methods that must be anticipated include:

• If a mud rotary method is used, a mudcake builds up on the borehole wall and
must be removed during the development process;
• If drilling fluid additives have been used, the development process must attempt
to remove all fluids that have infiltrated into the native formation;
• If driven casing or hollow-stem auger methods have been used, the interface
between the casing or auger flights and the natural formation may have been
smeared with fine particulate matter that must be removed during the
development process; and
• If an air rotary method has been used in rock formations, fine particulate matter
typically builds up on the borehole walls and may plug pore spaces, bedding
planes, and other permeable zones. These openings must be restored during the
development process.

5.3 PREPARATION

In preparing for monitoring well development, development logs for any other monitoring
wells in the vicinity should be reviewed to determine the general permeability of the
water-bearing formation and the appropriate development method.

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Depth to ground water and information from the well construction log should be used in
the calculation of the required quantity of water to be removed. The distance between the
equilibrated water level and the bottom of screen is the saturated section. The saturated
section (feet) multiplied by the unit well volume per foot (gallons/linear foot) equals the
gallons required to remove one total well volume of water. The unit well volume is the
sum of the casing volume and the filter-pack pore volume which are dependent upon
casing and borehole diameter and the porosity of the filter pack material. Well volume
for wells can be calculated using Table FP-D-2-1 and Table FP-D-2-2.

Table FP-D-2-1*

CASING VOLUME

Casing Volume
diameter (inches) (gallon/linear foot)
2 0.16
4 0.65
6 1.47

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Table FP-D-2-2*

FILTER-PACK PORE VOLUME

Casing Borehole
Diameter Diameter Volumea
(inches) (inches) (gallon/linear foot)
2 .25 .52
2 8.25 .98
4 10.25 .37
4 12.25 .09
6 12.25 86

* The above two volumes must be added together to obtain one unit well
volume.
a Assumes a porosity of 40 percent for filter pack.

5.4 DECONTAMINATION

The purpose of decontamination of development equipment is to prevent cross-
contamination between monitoring wells. A steam-cleaner, if available, shall be used to
decontaminate development equipment. The equipment shall be cleaned away from the
monitoring well.

A rinse decontamination procedure is acceptable for equipment such as bailers or if
access to a steam cleaner is not possible. The triple rinse decontamination procedure that
will be followed is described in detail in the Decontamination Section of this manual.

5.5 WELL DEVELOPMENT MONITORING

Throughout the well development process, a development record shall be maintained
using the form presented in Attachment 1. The record should include the following
information:

• General:
1) Well name/number and location
2) Date, time and weather conditions
3) Names of personnel involved

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• Development Volume
1) Initial and final water level
2) Casing total depth and diameter
3) Borehole diameter
4) Casing volume, filter pack pore volume, total well volume
5) Volume of water to be evacuated
6) Method and rate of removal
7) Appearance of water before and after development

• Monitoring Data for Each Sample Point
1) Date, time, elapsed time
2) Cumulative gallons removed, removal method, removal rate
3) Temperature, pH, specific conductivity, turbidity

Part of the well development procedures shall consist of acquisition and analysis of water
samples, as development proceeds, at appropriate intervals considering the total quantity
of water to be removed. Conductivity, pH, and temperature shall be measured in each
sample and turbidity shall be measured or described (e.g., low, moderate, high is
acceptable). At the time each sample is analyzed, the cumulative water removed, the
clock time, and the time elapsed during development should be recorded and flow rate
calculated. Development shall continue until at least three borehole volumes have been
removed. If three successive parameters have stabilized (values within ten percent of
each other) and turbidity is low, well development can cease. If stabilization has not been
attained or if turbidity remains high, development shall continue for a reasonable time.

The discussion of well development in special situations such as low yield formations and
2-inch wells is described in Section 5.8.

5.6 METHODS OF MONITORING WELL DEVELOPMENT

The methods available for the development of monitoring wells have been inherited from
production well practices. Methods include: 1) mechanical surging with a surge block or
swab, 2) surge pumping. Development methods using air or jetting of water into the well
are generally inappropriate for development of monitoring wells due to the potential for
affecting water quality.

All development water must be containerized and appropriately labeled, unless it is
permissible to discharge onsite. All development efforts must utilize mechanical surging
or surge pumping, followed by bailing or ground-water removal with a pump. More
detailed descriptions of appropriate development methods are presented below:

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Mechanical Surging and Bailing

For mechanical surging and bailing, a surge block or swab is operated either manually or
by a drill rig. The surge block or swab should be vented and be of sufficient weight to
free fall through the water in the well and create a vigorous outward surge. The
equipment lifting the tool must be strong enough to extract it rapidly. A bailer is then
used to remove fine-grained sediment and ground water from the well.

Methodologies:
1. Lower surge block or swab to top of the screened interval;
2. Operate in a pumping action with a typical stroke of approximately three feet;
3. Gradually work the surging downward through the screened interval during each
cycle;
4. Surge for approximately 10 to 15 minutes per cycle;
5. Remove surge block and attach bailer in its place;
6. Bail to remove fines loosened by surging until water appears clear;
7. Repeat cycle of surging and bailing at least three times or until turbidity is
reduced and stabilization of water quality parameters occurs; and
8. The surging shall initially be gentle and the energy of the action should
gradually increase during the development process.

The advantages (+) and disadvantages (–) of this method are listed below:

+ reverses direction of flow, reduces bridging between large particles; the inflow
then moves the fine material into the well for withdrawal.
+ affects entire screened interval
+ effectively removes fines from the formation and the filter pack
– may cause upward movement of water in the filter pack that could disrupt the
seal
– the potential exists for damaging a screen with a tight-fitting surge block or with
long surge strokes

Surge Pumping

Methodologies:
1. Properly decontaminate all equipment entering well;
2. Lower a submersible pump or air lift pump without a check valve to a depth
within one to two feet of the bottom of the screened section;

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3. Start pumping and increase discharge rate to maximum capacity (overpumping),
causing rapid drawdown of water in the well;
4. Periodically stop and start pump, allowing the water in the drop pipe to fall back
into the well and surge the formation (backwashing), thus loosening
particulates;
5. The pump intake shall be moved up the screened interval in increments
appropriate to the total screen length;
6. At each pump position, the well shall be pumped, overpumped, and backwashed
alternately until satisfactory development as been attained as demonstrated by
reduction in turbidity and stabilization of water quality parameters; and
7. If possible, use the pump as a surge block by rapidly moving it up and down
through the screened interval as described for mechanical surging.

The advantages (+) and disadvantages (–) of this method are listed below:

+ reversing the direction of flow reduces bridging between large particles and the
inflow then moves the fine material into the well for withdrawal
+ effectively removes fines from the formation and filter pack
– pump position or suction line must be changed to cover entire screen length
– submersible pumps suitable to perform these operations may not be available for
small diameter (2-inch or less) monitoring wells
– not possible to remove sediment from the well unless particle size is small
enough to move through pump

5.7 SPECIAL SITUATIONS

DEVELOPMENT OF LOW YIELD WELLS

Development procedures for monitoring wells in low-yield (<0.25 gpm) water-bearing
zones are somewhat limited. Due to the low hydraulic conductivity of the materials,
surging of water in and out of the well casing is difficult. Also, when the well is pumped,
the entry rate of water is inadequate to remove fines from the well bore and the gravel
pack. Additionally, the process may be lengthy since the well can be easily pumped dry
and the water level will be very slow to recover.

The procedures for mechanical surging and bailing shall be followed for low yield wells.
During surging and bailing, wells in low yield formations should be drawn down to total
depth twice if possible. Development can be terminated, however, if the well does not
exhibit 80 percent recovery after three hours have passed.

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DEVELOPMENT OF TWO-INCH WELLS

It is easier to develop monitoring wells that are larger in diameter than it is to develop
small-diameter wells. Mechanical surging or bailing techniques that are effective in large
diameter wells are much less effective when used in wells 2 inches or less in diameter.
Equipment to develop small-diameter wells have limited availability, and mechanical
surge blocks and bailers have a high potential for damaging a small diameter well.

Two-inch or smaller diameter wells should be developed by surging with a specially
designed hand-operated surge block or by pumping with a bladder or air-lift pump.

6.0 RECORDS

Well development information should be documented onto well development monitoring
forms. The logs shall be filled out in indelible ink. Copies of this information should be
sent to the Project Manager and to the project files.

7.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY

Standard Health and Safety (H&S) practices should be observed according to the site-
specific Health and Safety Plan (HSP). Prior monitoring should determine contaminant
concentrations and any required personal protective equipment (PPE) that may be
necessary.

Depending upon the type of contaminant expected or determined in previous sampling
efforts, the following safe work practices will be employed:

Particulate or Metal Compounds:

1. Avoid skin contact with and/or incidental ingestion of purge water.
2. Utilize long sleeve protective gloves and splash protection (i.e. Saranex or splash
suits and face shields) as warranted.

Volatile Organic Compounds:

1. Avoid breathing constituents venting from the well by approaching upwind, and/or
by use of respiratory protection.
2. Presurvey the well head-space with a FID/PID prior to sampling.

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Attachment 1 – Well Development Record

WELL DEVELOPMENT FORM
Date: Client:
AMEC Project: Site Location:
AMEC Project No. AMEC Field Team Leader:
Well Construction/Liquid Level Information
Well No.: Boring Diameter:
Well Casing Diameter: Total Depth:
Annular Space (AS) Length: Depth to Bottom (DTB):
Depth to Water (DTW): Column of Water in Well (DTB - DTW):
Purge Volume Calculation
Volume to be Removed
Gallons per Foot of AS (from chart) =
Column of water or length of AS x
Volume of Annular Space =
Gallons per Foot of Casing (from chart) =
Column of Water x
Volume of Casing =
Total Volume (Volume of AS + Volume of Casing) =
Number of Volumes to be Evacuated x
Total Volume to be Evacuated =
Method of Purging (Pump, Bailer, etc.):
Field Analysis Result
Parameter 1 2 3 4 5
Temp
pH
Conductivity
Dissolved Oxygen
Turbidity
Casing
Size
Casing
Volume Gallons per foot of Saturated Annular Space (A.S.) (30% Porosity)
2” 0.1632 Boring Diameter
4” 0.6528
Casing
Diameter 4” 6” 8” 10” 12”
6” 1.4688 2” 0.15 0.39 0.73 1.17 1.71
4” 0 0.24 0.59 1.03 1.57
6” 0 0 0.59 0.78 1.32
Signatures:
Field Team Leader: Date:
Reviewer: Date:

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5.3.3 DETECTION OF IMMISCIBLE PHASE LAYERS

The following procedures for detecting the presence of light, non-aqueous phase liquids
(LNAPL) and/or dense, non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) shall be undertaken before the
well is evacuated for conventional sampling:

1. Sample the headspace in the well head immediately after the well is opened for
organic vapors using either a photoionization detector (PID) or an organic vapor
analyzer (OVA), and record measurements;
2. Lower an interface probe or transparent bailer into the well to determine the
existence of any immiscible layer(s), LNAPL and/or DNAPL, and record
measurements;
3. If an interface probe is used, confirm the presence or absence of an immiscible
phase by slowly lowering a bailer to the appropriate depth, then visually observing
the results after sample recovery; and
4. In some cases, it may be necessary to utilize hydrocarbon- and water-sensitive
paste for measurement of LNAPL thicknesses. This is accomplished by smearing
adjacent, thin layers of both hydrocarbon- and water-sensitive pastes along a steel
measuring tape and inserting the tape into the well. An engineering tape showing
tenths and hundredths of feet is required. Depth to water, as shown by the mark on
the water-sensitive paste, and depth to product, as shown by the mark on product-
sensitive paste, shall be recorded. In wells where the approximate depth to water
and product thickness are not known, it is best to apply both pastes to the tape over
a fairly long interval (5 feet or more). Under these conditions, measurements are
obtained by trial and error, and may require several insertions and retrievals of the
tape before product and water are encountered by the paste covered interval of the
tape. In wells where approximate depths of air-product and product-water
interfaces are known, pastes may be applied over shorter intervals. Water depth
measurements should not be used in preparation of water-table contour maps until
they are corrected for depression by the product.

If the well contains an immiscible phase, it may be desirable to sample this phase separately.
Immiscible phase sampling procedures are presented in Sections 5.3.5.1 and 5.3.5.2. It may
also not be meaningful to conduct water sample analysis of water obtained from a well
containing LNAPLs or DNAPLs. The Project Manager and AMEC Program Manager shall
be consulted if this situation is encountered.

5.3.4 PURGING EQUIPMENT AND USE

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. Tel: [phone] Stirrup Creek Drive, Suite 100 Fax: [phone] Durham, North Carolina 27703 www.amec.com
APPENDIX G

INVESTIGATION-DERIVED WASTE (IDW)
DISPOSAL DOCUMENTATION