23069_Thonit A Simmons_EPA Site Assmt Report_19910802

0-586-3-1-3
DRAFT REPORT
SITE INSPECTION
THONITA. SIMMONS COMPANY
CHARLOTTE, MECKLENBURG COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
EPA ID NO.: NCO095470332
Prepared Under
TDDNo. F4-9009-15
Contract No. 68-01-7346
Revision 0
FORTHE
WASTE MANAGEMENT DIVISION
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
AUGUST 2, 1991
HALLIBURTON NUS ENVIRONMENTAL CORPORATION
SUPERFUND DIVISION
Prepared By Reviewed By Approved By
Kenneth Sanders
Project Manager
''GregScnanl'
Assistant Regional
Project Manager
Phil^'ckwell
Regional Project Manager
NOTICE
The information in this document has b«en funded wholly by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) under Contract Number 68-01-7346 and is considered proprietary to the
EPA.
This information is not to be released to third parties without the expressed or written consent of
the EPA.
DRAFT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section No. Page
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Objectives 1
1.2 Scope of Work 1
2.0 SITE CHARACTERIZATION 3
2.1 Site History 3
2.2 Site Description 5
2.2.1 Site Features 5
2.2.2 Waste Characteristics 5
3.0 REGIONAL POPULATIONS AND ENVIRONMENTS 7
3.1 Population and Land Use 7
3.1.1 Demography 7
3.1.2 Land Use 7
3.2 Surface Water 7
3.2.1 Climatology 7
3.2.2 Overland Drainage 7
3.2.3 Potentially Affected Water Bodies 8
3.3 Groundwater 8
3.3.1 Hydrogeology 8
3.3.2 Aquifer Use 8
4.0 FIELD INVESTIGATION 10
4.1 Sample Collection 10
4.1.1 Sample Collection Methodology 10
4.1.2 Duplicate Samples 10
4.1.3 Descriptionof Samples and Sample Locations 10
4.2 Sample Analysis 13
4.2.1 Analytical Support and Methodology 13
4.2.2 Analytical Data Quality and Data Qualifiers 13
4.2.3 Presentationof Analytical Results 14
4.2.3.1 Summary of Inorganic Results 14
4.2.3.2 Summary of Organic Results 17
5.0 SUMMARY 18
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A Topographic Map
APPENDIX B Analytical Data
APPENDIX C Site Inspection Report
DRAFT
TABLES
Number Page
Table 1 Sample Codes, Locations and Rationale 12
Table 2 Summaryof Inorganic Analytical Results-Surface Soil, 15
Subsurface Soil, and Sediment Samples
Table 3 Summary of Organic Analytical Results-Surface Soil, 16
Subsurface Soil, and Sediment Samples
FIGURES
Figure 1 Site Location Map 4
Figure 2 Site Layout Map 6
Figure 3 Sample Location Map 11
DRAFT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Thonit A. Simmons Company is located in a commercial/industrialized area approximately 7 miles
south of the Charlotte-Douglas International Airport in Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North
Carolina. Since 1977, the facility has manufactured hospital beds and cribs. Wastes generated by the
facility include thinner, sealer, paint spray, booth scrapings, dust, and nonhalogenated solvents.
Charlotte is situated within the Piedmont Physiographic Province. The bedrock underlying the facility
is gabbro and diorite that are associated with the diorite-granite complex of the area. This bedrock
contains the surficial, unconfined soil, and crystalline rock aquifer system.
The groundwater pathway was determined to be one of the primary concerns for this investigation,
since the residual soil/crystalline rock aquifer is unconfined in this area and utilized for potable water.
There are approximately 1,031 houses that draw from private wells within 4 miles of the facility. The
closest well is located approximately a.i mile south of the facility. The surface water pathway is also
of concern. There are no intakes downstream from the company, but recreational fishing and
boating occur on Lake Wylie and the Catawba River.
During the field investigation, 10 environmental samples were collected. Inorganic analyses detected
elevated levels of lead in surface soil samples. Organic analyses results detected an elevated level of
bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in one surface soil sample.
Based on the analysis of possible migration pathways and sampling results, FIT 4 recommends that
Thonit A. Simmons Company be evaluated using the HRS (effective March 14, 1991).
E5-1
DRAFT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The HALLIBURTON NUS Environmental Corporation Region 4 Field Investigation Team (FIT) was
tasked by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Waste Management Division to conduct a
Site Inspection (SI) at the Thonit A. Simmons Company in Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North
Carolina. The investigation was performed under the authority of the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) and the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA). The task was performed to satisfy the requirements stated in
Technical Directive Document (TDD) number F4-9009-16. The field investigation was conducted the
week of October 23, 1990.
1.1 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this inspection were to determine the nature of contaminants present at the site
and to determine if a release of these substances has occurred or may occur. Further, this inspection
sought to determine the possible pathways by which contamination could migrate from the site and
the populations and environments it would potentially affect. Through these objectives, a
recommendation was made regarding future activities at the site.
1.2 SCOPE OF WORK
The objectives were achieved through the completion of a number of specific tasks. These activities
were to:
• Obtain and review relevant background materials.
• Obtain information on local water systems.
• Determine location of and distance to nearest potable well.
• Evaluate potentially affected populations and environments associated with the
groundwater, surface water, air and soil exposure pathways.
DRAFT
• Develop a site sketch, to scale.
• Collect environmental samples.
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DRAFT
2.0 SITE CHARACTERIZATION
2.1 SITE HISTORY
Thonit A. Simmons Company is located 7 miles south of the Charlotte-Douglas International Airport
on 1190 Steele Road (Highway 160) in a commercial district. Geographically, the site is located at
35°07'30'' N latitude and 80°59'00" W longitude (Appendix A, Figure 1).
Thonit A. Simmons Company manufactures hospital beds and cribs. During its 13 years of operation,
this facility was known by four different names with three EPA identification numbers. These include
Thonit A. Simmons/Simmons Healthcare - NCD095470332, Thonit A. Simmons Company -
NCD095470332, Gulf and Western Healthcare (Division of Thonit Industries) - NCD000616235, and
Simmons Healthcare - NCD980602189 (Refs. 1, 2, 3, 4). The last identification number,
NCD980602189, was issued to Simmons Healthcare on April 27, 1983 (Ref. 5). In September 1987,
there was a change in ownership and ID No. NCD095470332 was issued to Thonit A.
Simmons/Simmons Healthcare (Ref. 5). Currently, the facility is owned by KCI Manufacturing
Company and regulated under ID No. NCD980602189 (Refs. 6, 7). Wastes generated by Thonit A.
Simmons Company include thinner, sealer, paint spray booth scrapings, dust, and nonhalogenated
solvents (Refs. 1, 2). In 1979, the company reportedly dumped paint wastes on the north side of the
building and covered the wastes with sand (Ref. 2). There is no documentation available that
addresses this dumping activity or associated regulatory violation, or environmental impact.
The company did not file a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Part A application for a
hazardous waste permit. In 1982, the facility was regulated as a generator and transporter under the
name Gulf & Western Healthcare (NCD000616235). Wastes were stored in drums prior to being
transported to SCA Services in Pinewood, South Carolina (Ref. 3). However, during a September 1982
RCRA inspection, state compliance personnel noted that wastes were stored for periods longer than
90 days without a storage permit (Refs. 3, 5). The facility apparently retained its status as a generator
and transporter until at least January 5, 1988, under the name Gulf & Western Healthcare
(NCD980602189) (Ref. 8). The facility is currently regulated only as a full-quantity generator under
the name Simmons Healthcare (NCD980602189) (Ref. 7). Wastes are apparently still being stored in
drums inside the facility prior to being manifested for offsite disposal (Ref. 1).
BAS^UlAnS A PORTION OF THE USGS 7.5 MINUTE QUADRANGLES CHARLOTTE WEST & FORT MILL
S.C.-N.C. 1980.
SHE LAYOUT MAP ^,^,,_ ^
THONIT A. SIMMONS CO. PIGURE 1
CHARLOTTE, MECKLENBURG COUNTY
NORTH CAROLINA
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IMUS
CXDRRDRATION
DRAFT
2.2 SITE DESCRIPTION
2.2.1 Site Features
Currently, the property is almost completely covered with a 12S,000-square-foot building and asphalt
pavement. The building was built as a grocery distribution center in 1973 and is situated on 3 acres
(Ref. 1) (Figure 2).
The site drains north into a gulley that borders the west and north of the facility. The Southern
Railroad line is located on the north side of the building with the gully draining under the tracks. The
property is not fenced and is easily accessible on foot or by vehicle (Ref. 5).
2.2.2 Waste Characteristics
As previously stated, wastes generated by Thonit A. Simmons Company include thinner, sealer, paint
spray booth scrapings, dust, and nonhalogenated solvents (Refs. 1, 2). The hazardous waste
generated comes from the spray painting of the metal beds and cabinets using polyurethane paint
which is mixed with an activator prior to daily use. Once the activator is mixed with the polyurethane
paint, the paint has to be used up that day or be discarded by pouring into a 55-gallon drum until
enough is accumulated to haul by truck to SCA Services in South Carolina (Ref. 3). In 1982, the facility
had the paint waste it generated analyzed to determine if it was hazardous. An analysis of the paint
waste conducted during 1982 indicated the presence of lead at a concentration of 301 mg/kg (Ref. 3).
REMOVED
PROPANE TANK
GRASS
NOT TO SCALE
SITE LAYOUT MAP
THONIT A. SIMMONS CO.
CHARLOTTE, MECKLENBURG COUNTY
NORTH CAROLINA
FIGURE 2
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IMUS
CCDRF^CFlATiaN
DRAFT
3.0 REGIONAL POPULATIONS AND ENVIRONMENTS
3.1 POPULATION AND LAND USE
3.1.1 Demoqraphy
Thonit A. Simmons Company is in a commercial/industrialized area with very few residences in the
immediate area (Ref. 5). The population values for residences within 1, 2, 3, and 4 miles of Thonit A.
Simmons Company are 83, 1,184, 3,310, and 995, respectively. A house count, using topographic
maps, provided an estimate of population in the 0- to 1-mile and 3- to 4-mile radius. These house
counts are multiplied by population factor of 2.69. Figures for the 1- to 2-mile and 2- to 3-mile radii
were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau data base (Appendix A, Ref. 9).
3.1.2 Land Use
Land in the immediate vicinity of Thonit A. Simmons Company is rural (Ref. 6, Appendix A). The
closest school is a high school located approximately 2.5 miles northeast of the facility (Appendix A).
The nearest regularly occupied building is located directly across the street from the facility at the U.S.
Butler's Machinery Company (Ref. 6). Most of the housing in the area is single-family (Ref. 1). The
nearest residence is approximately 500 feet south of the facility (Appendix A). There are no sensitive
environments or critical habitatswithin a 4-mile radiusof the facility (Refs. 10, 11, 12).
3.2 SURFACE WATER
3.2.1 Climatology
The climate of Mecklenburg County is hot and humid (Ref. 13, p. 2). The net annual precipitation in
the area is approximately 5 inches (Ref. 14, pp. 43, 63). The 1-year, 24-hour rainfall is 32 inches
(Ref. 15, p. 93).
3.2.2 Overland Drainage
The site drains north into a gully that borders the west and north of the facility. The gully drains
under railroad tracks on the north side of the facility and enters an intermittent stream 700 feet north
of the facility. The intermittent stream flows west 1,500 feet into Neal Branch Creek, which then
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empties into Lake Wylie which is part of the Catawba River, approximately 4,200 feet from the
facility. Lake Wylie continues for 13.5 miles, where it again becomes the Catawba River (Appendix A).
3.2.3 Potentially Affected Water Bodies
There are no surface water intakes downstream of Thonit A. Simmons Company that could be
affected by this potential source (Ref. 16). Lake Wylie is used for recreational activities including
boating, fishing, and swimming (Ref. 1). Recreational fishing occurs in the Catawba River (Ref. 17).
There are no sensitive environments or critical habitats along the surface water pathway (Refs. 10, 11,
12).
3.3 GROUNDWATER
3.3.1 Hydroqeoloqy
Thonit A. Simmons Company is located in the Piedmont Physiographic Province and groundwater
region of North Carolina. This region is characterized by thick regolith over folded and faulted
igneous and metamorphic rock (Refs. 18, plate 28; 19, pp. 251, 252). The topography of the area
consists of rolling hills and deep valleys which have been cut by dendritic drainage. Elevations within
4 miles of the facility range from 530 to 750 feet above mean sea level (Appendix A). Soils in the area
arefine, sandy loams from the Iredell and Mecklenburg series (Ref. 13, pp. 14, 15, plate 11).
The bedrock underlying the facility is gabbro and diorite that are associated with the diorite-granite
complex of the area (Ref. 20, pp. 66, 67). The source of groundwater in the area is the surficial,
unconfined, residual soil and crystalline rock aquifer system. Water is contained in the pore spaces of
weathered rock and soil and in the joints and fractures of the bedrock. Water levels are variable in
this aquifer (Ref. 20, pp. 10, 12). The depth to the water table beneath the facility is approximately
30 feet below land surface (bis) (Ref. 21, p. 30). The direction of groundwater flow is to the northwest
(Appendix A). The residual soils represent the layer of lowest hydraulic conductivity with typical
values in the 1.0 x 10-7 to 1.0 x 10-5 cm/sec range (Ref. 22, p. 29). Shallow private wells near the facility
have an average depth of 20 feet bis.
3.3.2 Aquifer Use
Charlotte obtains water from the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Utility Department (CMUD). CMUD draws
all of its drinking water from surface water intakes located in reservoirs on the Catawba River
upstream of the facility (Refs. 16, 23). Information derived from a house count on a topographic
quadrangle map of the area and a CMUD water distribution map was used to approximate the
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DRAFT
number of private well users (Refs. 24, 25, Appendix A). Within a 4-mile radius of the facility,
approximately 1,031 residences are assumed to utilize groundwater to supply potable water needs.
Thenearest private well is located approximately 1 mile south of the facility (Appendix A).
DRAFT
4.0 FIELD INVESTIGATION
4.1 SAMPLE COLLECTION
During the field investigation, conducted the week of October 23, 1990, FIT 4 attempted to identify
and characterize contaminants which may be present in the environment as a result of activities that
were conducted at Thonit A. Simmons Company. To accomplish this, FIT 4 collected environmental
surface soil, subsurface soil, and sediment samples from a number of strategic locations. These
locations were selected based on historical information, hydrogeological data for the region and site
area, and direct observation at the site.
4.1.1 Sample Collection Methodology
All sample collection, sample preservation, and chain-of-custody procedures used during this
investigation were in accordance with the standard operating procedures as specified in Sections 3
and 4 of the Engineering Support Branch Standard Operating Procedures and Quality Assurance
Manual; United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV, Environmental Services Division,
April 1,1986.
4.1.2 Duplicate Samples
Duplicate samples were offered to and accepted by Sam Betts, a designated representative of
ThonitA. Simmons Company. Receipt for sample forms are on file at FIT 4.
4.1.3 Description of Samples and Sample Locations
During the sampling investigation, a total of 10 environmental samples were collected: four surface
soil, four subsurface soil, and two sediment. All sample locations are shown in Figure 3. The planned
groundwater samples could not be collected during the sampling investigation. The site appears to
be on top of bedrock. There were outcrops in the area (Ref. 6). Sample locations and rationale are
contained in Table 1.
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TS-SD-02
RAILROAD TRACKS
I • 11^ ItACKS \
GRASS ^TS-SS-04
ATS-SS-03
iTS-SB-03
GRASS 125,000 Ft*
TS-SB-04
a
z
oe <
sTS-SS-02
kTS-SB-02
VTS-SD-01
LOADING DOCK
X a
<
GRASS
MOUND
REMOVED
PROPANE.TANK
ASPHALT
(' i3 GItASS TS-SS-OIA TS-SB-OIA
LEGEND
17 SEDIMENT
A SURFACE SOIL
A SUBSURFACE SOIL
NOT TO SCALE
SAMPLE LOCATION MAP
THONIT A. SIMMONS CO.
CHARLOTTE, MECKLENBURG COUNTY
NORTH CAROLINA
FIGURE 3
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IMUS
(ZaRRDRATION
TABLE 1
SAMPLE LOCATIONS AND RATIONALE
THONIT A. SIMMONS COMPANY
CHARLOTTE. MECKLENBURG COUNTY. NORTH CAROLINA
Sample Code
TS-SS-01
TS-SS-02
TS-SS.03
TS-SS-04
TS-SB-01
TS-SB-02
TS-SB-03
TS-SB-04
TS-SD-01
TS-SD-02
Sample Type
Surface Soil
Surface Soil
Surface Soil
Surface Soil
Subsurface Soil
Subsurface Soil
Subsurface Soil
Subsurface Soil
Sediment
Sediment
Location
Background;southeast
corner of Thonit A. Simmons
Company
On site; west of main
building
Onsite; west of main
building
Onsite; north of main
building
Background;southeast
corner of property; depth
4.5' below land surface (bis)
Onsite; west of main
building. Depth: 3.5'bis
Onsite; west of main
building. Depth: 3.5'bis.
On site; north of main
building. Depth: 3.5' bis.
Onsite; in gully west of main
building
On site; in gully north of
main building
Rationale
Control sample
Determine presence or
absence of contamination
Determine presence or
absence of contamination
Determine presence or
absence of contamination
Determine presence or
absence of contamination
Determine presence or
absence of contamination
Determine presence or
absence of contamination
Determine presence or
absence of contamination
Determine presence or
absence of surface water
contamination
Determine presence or
absence of surface water
contamination
TS - Thonit A. Simmons Company
SS - Surface Soil
SB - Subsurface Soil
SD - Sediment
DRAFT
Background surface and subsurface samples, TS-SS-01 and TS-SB-01, were collected at the southeast
corner of the property. Surface and subsurface soil samples, TS-SS-02, TS-SB-02, TS-SS-03, and
TS-SB-03 were collected on the west side of the main building. Samples TS-SS-04 and TS-SB-04 were
collected on the north side of the main building.
Two sediment samples were collected during the investigation. Sample TS-SD-01 was collected in a
gulley on the west side of the main building. Sample T5-SD-02 was collected in a gulley on the north
side of the main building.
4.2 SAMPLE ANALYSIS
4.2.1 Analytical Support and Methodology
All samples collected were analyzed under the Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) and analyzed for
all parameters listed in the Target Compound List (TCL). Organic analysis of soil samples was
performed by E.C. Jordon of Westbrook, Maine. Inorganic analysis of soil samples was performed by
Associates Labs, Inc. of Orange, California.
All laboratory analyses and laboratory quality assurance procedures used during this investigation
were in accordance with standard procedures and protocols as specified in the Laboratory Operations
and Quality Control Manual. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV,
Environmental Services Division, issued October 24, 1990; or as specified by the existing United States
Environmental Protection Agency standard procedures and protocols for the CLP Statement of Work,
as applicable.
4.2.2 Analytical Data Quality and Data Qualifiers
All analytical data were subjected to a quality assurance review as described in the EPA
Environmental Services Division laboratory data evaluation guidelines. In the tables, some of the
concentrations of the organic and inorganic parameters have been flagged with a "J". This indicates
that the qualitative analysis was acceptable, but the quantitative value has been estimated. A few
other compounds are flagged with an "N", indicating that they were detected based on the
presumptive evidence of their presence. This means that the compound was tentatively identified,
and its detection cannot be used as positive identification of its presence. Results for some
background samples are reported with a " U" flag. This flag means that the material was analyzed for
but not detected. The reported number is the laboratory-derived minimum quantitation limit (MQL)
for the compound or element in that sample. At times, miscellaneous organic compounds that do not
•13-
DRAFT
appear on the target compound list are reported with a data set. These compounds are labeled as
"JN", indicating that they are tentatively identified at estimated quantities. Because these
compounds are not routinely analyzed for or reported, background levels or MQL values are not
generally available for comparison. The complete analytical data sheets are presented in Appendix B.
4.2.3 Presentation of Analytical Results
This section presents a discussion and interpretation of the analytical results from the environmental
samples collected during the investigation at Thonit A. Simmons Company. Results of surface soil,
subsurface soil, and sediment samples are presented in Tables 2 and 3. Background samples have
been designated for all media. Values for background sample results are presented as either a
measured value or as the MQL. Samples containing concentrations of contaminants greater than 3
times the background level or MQL of these contaminants are considered to be elevated. These
samples are noted in the text.
4.2.3.1 Summary of Inorganic Results
Table 2 presents inorganic analytical results for four surface soil, four subsurface soil, and two
sediment samples. Samples TS-SS-01 and TS-SB-01 were designated as the background samples for
surface soil and subsurface soil. Samples TS-SS-01 is also designated as the background sample for
sediments. The following elements were found in the onsite surface soil samples at elevated levels:
aluminum at 42,000 (4 times background), barium at 340 mg/kg (5 times background), chromium at
160 mg/kg and 210 mg/kg (3 and 4times background), cobalt at 120 mg/kg (5 times background), lead
at 190J mg/kg (190 times MQL, estimated value), manganese at 1,900J mg/kg (4 times background,
estimated value), potassium at 1,500 mg/kg (18 times MQL), sodium at 1,400 mg/kg (5 times
background), and zinc at 88 mg/kg (4 times background). The following elements were found in the
onsite subsurface soil samples at elevated levels: aluminum at 35,000 mg/kg and 33,000 (3 times
background), beryllium at 2 mg/kg (3 times MQL), chromium at 400 mg/kg (8 times background),
cobalt at 230 mg/kg (14 times background), iron at 58,000J mg/kg (3 times background, estimated
value), lead at 1.3J and 10J mg/kg (3 and 26 times MQL, estimated value), magnesium at 1,000 and
11,000 mg/kg (3 times background), manganese at 3,600J mg/kg (IStimes background, estimated
value), nickel at 130 and 140 mg/kg (3 times background), and potassium at 790 mg/kg (8 times
background). The sediment samples did not exceed MQL or background levels. Many of the metals
detected can be attributed to the facility, since the facility had reportedly disposed of paint related
wastes on site (Ref. 26, p. 788). Greater contamination was found at TS-SS-04 and TS-SB-04, north of
the main building. The facility dumped paint wastes in this area in 1979 (Ref. 3).
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TABLE 2
SUMMARY OF INORGANIC ANALYTICAL RESULTS
SURFACE SOIL, SUBSURFACE SOIL AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES
THONIT A. SIMMONS COMPANY
CHARLOTTE. MECKLENBURG COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
Material analyzed for but not detected above minimum quantitation limit (MQL).
Estimated value.
Material was analyzed for but not detected. The number given is the MQL.
TABLE 3
I
SUMMARY OF ORGANIC ANALYTICAL RESULTS
SURFACE SOIL. SUBSURFACE SOIL AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES
THONIT A. SIMMONS COMPANY
CHARLOTTE. MECKLENBURG COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
PARAMETERS (ug/kg)
EXTRACTABLE COMPOUNDS
ISOPHORONE
13IS(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE
METHOXYCYCLOHEXANE(I)
DIHYDROPYRROLONE(I)
TETRATRIACONTANEC)
UNIDENTIFIED COMPOUND/NO.(1)
>ESTICIDE\PCB COMPOUNDS
q,/)'-DDD(P,P'-DDD)
PCB-1254 (AROCLOR 1254)
Trip
Blank
TS-TB-OIS
-
-
-
-
Surface Soil
Background
TS-SS-01
740U
740U
400JN
800J/1
-
310J
West of
Main Building
TS-SS-02
-
-
200J/1
-
TS-SS-03
-
-
300J/1
-
-
North of
Main
Building
TS SS04
130J
3400
400JN
3000J/2
-
Subsurface Soil
Background
TS-SB-01
-
-
34U
-
West of
Main Building
TS-SB-02
-
-
-
-
TS-SB-03
-
-
-
-
North of
Main
Building
TS-SB-04
-
-
800JN
900J/1
33J
-
Sediment
West
in
Gulley
TS-SD-01
-
-
-
-
North
in
Gulley
TS-SD-02
-
-
1000 J/2
-
-
Material analyzed for but not detected above minimum quantitation limit (MQL).
J Estimated value.
N Presumptiveevidenceof presence of material.
U Material was analyzed for but not detected. The number given is the MQL.
(1) Tentatively identified and unidentified compounds. This compound is not on Target Compound List and is reported only as detected in individual
samples; MQL not determined.
DRAFT
4.2.3.2 Summary of Organic Results
Table 3 presents organic analytical results for surface soil, subsurface soil, and sediment samples.
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was detected at a concentration of 3,400 ug/kg (4 times MQL) in surface
soil sample TS-SS-04, collected north of the main building. This compound is a commonly used
plasticizer (Ref. 27). No TCL organic compounds were detected in the subsurface soil or sediment
samples at elevated levels. The background surface soil sample and the surface soil and subsurface
soil samples collected north of the main building each contained one miscellaneous extractable
organic compound. All surface soil samples, the subsurface soil sample north of the main building,
and the north gully sample contained unidentified organic compounds. Hydrocarbon-based solvents
are typically associated with furniture finishing, and this may account for the organic compounds
detected at the facility (Ref. 28, p. 427).
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DRAFT
5.0 SUMMARY
The groundwater pathway is the primary pathway of concern at Thonit A. Simmons Company. The
crystalline rock aquifer system, the aquifer of concern, is the source of potable water in the area and
is unconfined beneath the Thonit A. Simmons Company. There are approximately 1,031 residences
served by private wells that obtain water from wells (completed in the crystalline rock aquifer) that
are located within 4 miles of the Thonit A. Simmons Company. The surface water pathway is also of
concern. There are no intakes downstream from the company, but recreational fishing and boating
occur on Lake Wylie and the Catawba River.
The sampling investigation consisted of the collection of 10 environmental samples. Inorganic
analytical results detected elevated levels of lead in surface soil samples. The organic analytical
results detected an elevated level of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in a surface soil sample.
Based on the analysis of possible migration pathways and sampling results, FIT 4 recommends that
ThonitA. Simmons Company be evaluated using the HRS (effective March 14,1991).
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DRAFT
REFERENCES
1. Potential Hazardous Waste Site Preliminary Assessment (EPA Form 2070-12) and attachments
for Thonit A. Simmons/Simmons Healthcare. Filed by D. Mark Durway, North Carolina
Department of Human Resources, September 1,1987.
2. Potential Hazardous Waste Site Identification and Preliminary Assessment (EPA Form T2070-2)
forThonit A. Simmons Company. Filed by Larry Elpers, December 5, 1979.
3. RCRA Inspection Report and attachment for Gulf and Western Healthcare. Filed by Sam Betts
and Larry Fox, September 23, 1982.
4. Jim Edwards, Hazardous Waste Compliance Program, North Carolina Department of Human
resources (DHR), telephone conversation with Joan Dupont, NUS Corporation, December 19,
1989. Subject: Classification of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act facilities in North
Carolina.
5. Jim Edwards, Western Regional Officer, North Carolina Hazardous Waste Compliance Program,
telephone conversation with Maureen Gordon, NUS Corporation, February 12, 1990. Subject:
Names and ID numbers for Thonit A. Simmons Company.
6. NUS Corporation Field Logbook No. F4-2608 for Thonit A. Simmons/Simmons Healthcare,
TDDNo. F4-9009-16. Documentation of facility reconnaissance, October 23,1990.
7. North Carolina Department of Human Resources, Hazardous Waste Section, Alphabetic List of
Hazardous Waste Facilities, December 12,1990.
8. Hazardous Waste Data Management Systems (HWDMS) printout for Gulf and Western
Healthcare, EPA ID No. NCD980602189, January 5, 1988.
9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Graphical Exposure Modeling Svstem (GEMS) Data Base.
compiled from U.S. Bureau of the Census data (1980).
10. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Natural Areas Database for Mecklenburg County,
Julys, 1989.
•19-
DRAFT
11. IJ S Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangersd and Threatened Species of the SoutheastPrn llnitPd
Slales (Atlanta, Georgia, 1988), p. 45.
12. Department of Natural Resources, Freshwater Wetlands and Heritage Inventory Database,
Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, July 1990.
13. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey of Merklenhurq County,
Nnrth Carolinan980)
14. U.S. Department of Commerce, Climatic Atlas of the United States (Washington, D.C: GPO,
June 1968) Reprint 1983, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, pp. 43, 63.
15. U.S. Department of Commerce, Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the United States, Technical Paper
No. 40 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1961), p. 93.
16. North Carolina DHR/DHS, List of Coordinates for North Carolina Surface Water Intakes, July 11,
1990.
17. Cindy Gurley, NUS Corporation, telephone conversation with Jim Reiman, Carolina Cressing
Marina, April 2, 1991. Subject: Recreational activities on Lake Wylie and Catawba River.
18. O.E. Meinzer, The Occurrence of Ground Water in the United States. U.S. Geological Survey
Water-Supply Paper No. 489 (Washington, D.C: GPO, 1923).
19. Linda Aller, et al., DRASTIC: A Standardized Svstem For Evaluating Ground Water Pollution
Potential Usinq Hydroloqic Settings. EPA-600/2-87-035 (Ada. Oklahoma: EPA, April 1987).
20. H.E. LeGrand and M.J. Mundorff, Geoloqy and Ground Water in the Charlotte. North Carolina
Area, Bulletin No. 63 (Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina Department of Conservation
and Development, 1952).
21. Charles C Daniel III, Statistical Analvsis Relating Well Yield to Construction Practices and Sitinq
of Wells in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces of North Carolina. U.S. Geological Survey,
Water Resources Investigation Report 86-4132, North Carolina Department of Natural
Resources and Community Development (Raleigh, North Carolina, 1987).
-20-
DRAFT
22. R- Allan Freeze and John A. Cherry, Groundwater (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
1979), p. 29.
23. Cindy Gurley, NUS Corporation, telephone conversation with Jay Bost, Charlotte Utilities
Department, April 3,1991. Subject: WaterlinesonWestinghouse Boulevard.
24. Loften Carr, NUS Corporation, memorandum to Ben Bentkowski and Ken Mallary, NUS
Corporation, December 12, 1989. Subject: Water coverage for Charlotte-Mecklenburg Utility
Department.
25. Depart of Human Resources, Environmental Health Section, Water Supply Branch, Alphabetical
Within County Listing of Active Noncommunity Private Well Systems, July 25, 1990.
26. Robert C Schiek, "Pigments-Inorganic," Kirk-Othmer Encycloppdia nf Chpmiral Terhnnlnqy,
3rd ed.. Vol. 17 (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1983).
27. J.K. Sears, "Plasticizers," Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemiral Tprhnolngy, 3rd., Vol. 18 (New
York: John Wiley & Sons, 1983).
28. Seymore Hochberg, "Coatings, Industrial," Kirk-Othmer Enryrloppdia of Chemiral Technology,
3rd ed.. Vol. 6 (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1983).
-21-
North Carolina Department of Human Resources
Division of Hesulth Services
- P.O. Box 2091 o Raleigh, hJoirth CfflroBimai 27602-2051
James G. Martin, Governor Ronald H. Levine, M.D., M.P.H.
David T. Flaherty, Secretary State Health Director
September 1, 1987
Ms. Denise Bland Smith
EPA NC CERXA Project Officer
EPA Region IV Waste Division
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta, GA 30365
Dear Ms. Smith:
SUBJECT: Preliminary Assessment Report .
Thonit A. Siramons/Siirenons Healthcare (NC D095479332) ^ ! .
11900 Steele Creek Road ""V
Charlotte, NC 28217
Please find attached the Preliminary Assessment Report for t±ie subject site.
This report is based on docunents on file at this office, and conmunication with
persons knowledgeable of this site.
Simmons Healthcare corrmenced operation in 1977 at their Charlotte plant as a
manufacturer of hospital beds and cribs. Their 120,000 square foot plant is
located on a three to five acre tract. Simmons Healtiicare is a RZRA large
quantity generator. Wastes generated at 1±iis facility include t±iinner, sealer
and paint spray bootii scrapings and dust. These wastes are stored inside the
facility in drums prior to being manifested off-sitie for disposal.
Simmons Healthcare is loc:at:ed in an area v^iich is both residential and indust:rial.
Water supply in the area cones fron both tiie city and fron private wells.
The sit:e is drained by Neal Branch, v*iich flows to Lake Wylie. Lake Wylie,
located 1.2 miles downgradient fron the site, is used for fishing and swimming.
Based on the available infonnation, no incidents of on-sit:e disposal or releases
of hazardous substances have occurred on the Simmons Healt±icare site. In addition,
t±iere are/have been no outside dnm storage cireas or underground t:ahks at this
facilit:y. This site does not appear tio pose a threat to public health at the
present time. Priority assigned for inspection is Low.
If you have questions regarding t±iis sit:e, please contact me at [phone].
Sincerely,
D. Mark Durway, Geologist
CERCLA Unit
NC Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Branch
'las^ i.-.-:^i5;-t
Ok EPA
POTENTIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT
PART 1 - SITE INFORMATION AND ASSESSMENT
I. IDENTIFICATION
01 STATE
NC
C2 SITE NUMBER
D095470332
11. SITE NAME ANO LOCATION
01 51T£ NAME R*^«'. conwntM. ortf«tCf*>f'««(Mfl««of «««;
Thonit A. Sinmons (Silmons Healt±care)
02 STREET. BOUTE NO.. OR SPECIFIC LOCATION IDENTIFIER
11900 Steele Creek Road
03 OTY
Charlotte
04 STATE
NC
OS ZIP COOE
28217
06 COUNTY
Mecklenburg
07COONTYlOt
cooe 60
cc-<:
tXST
09
09 COORDINATES LATTTUOE
35 07 30 .
LONGfTUDE
_ 8.0_ 5a_ 0.0_.
10 DIRECTIONS TO STTE ^.nnj Inm/.aa-ati pooac roaOl
Fran Charlotte-Douglas Intemational Airport, tiravel approx- 7 mi. south on NC
Highway 160. Find facility on right just south of the Southem RR liracks.
m. RESPONSIBLE PARTIES
ot OWNER«uv«0
Simmons Hsalht:x:are/Wickes of California
02 STREET ^SMOUI. mfig. naatatimil
P.O. Box 7247
OSCTTY
Charlotte
04 STATE
NC
OS ZIP cooe 28217
OS TELEPHONE NUMBER
<704'588-2750
07 OPERATOR WbMw), and««•,•« fron MMi) 08 STREET
09 CITY 10 STATE II ZIP COOE 12 TELEPHONE NUMBER
( )
> 3 TYPE Of OV^ERSMIP /Cii<ct o«.)
^ A. PRIVATE O B. FEDERAL:
a F. OTHER:
(Aga..cta
tifaactrl
O C. STATE OD.COUNTY D E. MUNICIPAL
a G. UNKNOWN
1 < O WNERrtDPERATOR NOTIFICATK5N ON RLE (Oaact tt out teaUrl
C A. RCRA 3001 DATE RECEIVED: JL J-UOma OAT VEAA
Q B. UNCONTROLLED WASTE STTEtccnct/i tot a DATE RECEIVED: X. JL.
MOwTM DAY veAn
30 C. NONH
IV. CHARACTERIZATION OF POTENTIAL HAZARD
Q\ ON SITE INSPECTION
D YES DATE,
a NO - MONTH OAT T£AA
BT rCMC* a< «>« •DO'rJ
Q A. EPA O B. EPA CONTRACTOR O C. STATE
D E. LOCAL HEALTH OFFICIAL O F. OTHER: :
a D. OTHER CONTRACTOR
«o«*r)
CONTRACTOR NAME<S):
02 SITE STATUS rCMct OM/
OCA. ACTIVE D B. INACTIVE O C. UNKNOWN
03 YEARS OF OPERATION
- 1977 D UNKNOWN
BCCMNMOTEAA CMOmoYeAn
04 OESCRlPTtON OF SUBSTANCES POSSIBLY PRESENT. KNOWN. OR ALXJEGEO
Paint thinner and solvent, paint booth filters and dust, was1:e paint and sludge,
is a RCRA large quantity generator vdiich manufacturers hospital beds and cribs.
Facilit y
OS oe SCRIFTHX OF POTEMTUi. HAZARD TO EMVtnONMEta ANO/ORPOPULATON
2 125,000 ft"^ building v?as constructed in 1973 as a grocery dist:ribution center. Accordinc
to Sam Betts of Simnons, there have been no spills, releases, or incidents of on-site
disposal. There are/have been no outside drum storage ^reas or underground tanks.
Alf-hmigh Far-ilitY i t-t;f>1 F i«; QP»r-vprl hiy oi 1-y waf-^r, t-hprp arR some hiTj ldin(j.ci
V. PRIORITY ASSESSMENT jj the site vicinitv v^ch use ground water fron private wells.
01 PRIORITY FOR INSPECTION fCA*c* on«. ai„gnormadiv.nmct,acaa^.comotataPafti- Waata amaamat^n ana Pan J - Oaacttpaian ot Ha/at^oaa CoMMaaaa ana Inc^iUat
O A. HIGH ' O B. MEDIUM B C. LOW D O. NONE
finwMClion ««Qw^«(f protnorlyt ins<MCf«n r*Qw*«tf; fntocct on fvTM m*rmAsb** bttVI (Ho tv<r***r action f*««tf*tf. contftaf* cwr^iv OnOOMM^ott tonnt
VL INFORMATION AVAILABLE FROM
01 CONTACT
Sam Betts
02 O^ (asancr'Opan,t.i.onl
Simmons Healthcare
03 TELEPHONE N-JW = E=.
'7041588-2750
04 PERSON RESPONSIBLE FOR ASSESSMENT
D. Mark Durway
OS AGENCY
NC S&H^M
05 ORGANIZATION
CERCLA
07 TELEPHONE NUMBER
[phone]
Oa DATE
q 13
wO^lM OAT iKL
EPA FORM 2070 1 J (7-811
t^-
POTENTIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE
^FRA PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT ^^•—1 #—^ PART 2-WASTE INFORMATION
1. IDENTIFICATION J
01 STATE NC 02 SaE NUMBER 1
D095470332 |
1
II. WASTE STATES, QUANTITIES, AND CHARACTERISTICS |
01 PHYSICAL STATES ICr<aca al mal aaolrl
LXA SOLID O E SLURRY
U fe. POWDER, FINES fi F LlOUlO
l?C SLUDGE i..-GGAS
i '. n OTHER
02 WASTE OOANTTTY AT SITE
Tfia^-i
.„..Y.on. unknown
03 WASTE CHARACTERISTICS (C-c. «.«. aM,!
^A. TOXIC C E SOLUBLE C 1. HIGHLY VOLATILE
G B. CORROSIVE G F INFECTIOUS C J. EXPLOSIVE
C C. RADIOACTIVE D G FLAMMABLE D K. REACTIVE
LXO. PERSJSTENT LJ4K. IGNITABLE C L. INCOMPATIBLE
C M. NOT APPUCABUE
IH. WASTE TYPE j
CATEGORY
SLU
OLW
SOL
PSO
OCC
OC
ACD
BAS
MES
SUBSTANCE NAME
SLUDGE
OILY WASTE
SOLVENTS
PESTICIOES
OTHER ORGANIC CHEMICALS
INORGANIC CHEMICALS
ACIDS
BASES
HEAVY METALS
01 GROSS AMOUNT
unknown
vinJcnown
unknown
02 UNIT OF MEASURE 03 COMMENTS
No reported releases
IV. HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCESfS..A«».fa tor .««>.«.,«, MM CA5i««Mnu . |
01 CATEGORY
SOL
MES
02 SUBSTANCE NAME
THINNER. ETC.
MISC. HEAVY METALS IN
PAINT WASTES
OaCASNUtylBER 04 STORAGEAJISPOSAL METHOD
Stored in drums
prior to being
marafested off-site
OS CONCENTRATION 06 MEASURE OF CONCENTRATXJN
•i\
V. FEEDSTOCKS (SM ««>.«*. teCASMMMo;) - 1
CATEGORY
FDS
FDS
FOS
FOS
01 FEEDSTOCK NAME
N/A
. 02CASNUMSER CATEQORY
FOS
FDS
FOS
FOS
01 FEEDSTOCK NAME 02CAS»4UMeER
VL SOURCES OF INFORMATION <Caa <<>K<« -«...-H:,,. . » . u«« «.I. ««* »-^«.. aaeom 1
1) RCRA Inspection Report, 9-23-82
2) Abco Industries analytical report, 4-30-82
3) Sam Betts of Simmons Hpalthccire, personal conmunication, 8-26-87.
EPAFOBM 2070 12 <7.ei)
•^FER.IY
I r-
C^a
1 ''£>.
ki
''v^'T •'•
'.IXf
— '. ^*_Sy ZSM
RLOtTT
ELUOI ACRES
\ LUtQn
%
C49
SPRINGFIELD.
^NSJNT
THONIT A. SIMMONS/SIMMONS HEALTHCARE
NC D095470332
11900 Steele Creek Road/NC Highway 16(
Charlotte, NC 28217
3^ i: THORNEn'croa,
^^A
"luii H;
^Ifi ^Z, ' <in
\ss\iwBwmv
A—
CD«
i'^
9.%. \
\^ \<&' \>fecoi
'^c*! .^ ** *
M vV:
-A^
•fA*
(jjcLCAd^"^-^^^
September 1, 1987
TO: File
FROM: D. Mark Durway ^^'Jy^
RE; Telephone conversation with Sam Betts of Siitinons Healthcare
(NC D095470332), Charlotte, NC
In a telef^one conversation on August 26, 1987, Mr. Betts (t:el. 704/588-2750)
told me that Sinmons Healtihcare is a RCRA generator which manufactures
hospital beds and cribs. Mr. Betts, v^o is maintienance superintendent at
the. plant, said t±iat Simmons generates waste paint booth filters and dust,
thinner, and solvent, which they store in drums.
Mr. Betts reported t±at 1±ie plant consists of a 125,000 square foot building
situated on a three to five acre site which iihey lease. He said that the
plant was built in 1973 for use by a grocerty distributor, and taken over
by Simnons in 1977.
Mr. Betts kncws of no releases of hazardous subs1:ances vrfiich have occurred on-site,
and indicated that there are/have been no outside drum storage areas or undergroimd
t:anks.
OUdoUiMsCi^t^ 1^
THCaSHT A. SIMyiONS/SIMMCNS HEALTHCARE D. Mark Durway
NC D095470332 NC S&H^*4GMr
Charlotte, NC . 9-1-87
RCRA STATUS
Sirtmons Healt±icare is a RCRA large generator vdiich has operated at their
Charlotte plant since 1977. No incidents of on-site hazardous waste disposal
or releases are known to have occurred at this facility. Based on a 9-23-82
RCRA inspection report, this facility stored waste on-site for greater than
90 days after 11-19-80.
(j(jJ^(A. (^A VK-CO^ 3 'H-i-r^
RBGION IV RCRA/t^npL POLICY QUE:STIO^'^y\IR£ TOR INITIAL SO^iENING
Site Name _
City nff/»^L(?rr/
Ti-K3AJ.r A- •S/A^/»7g>t/^ / 5// a^ fViO /Vi /^. >^r/^/^^Z-
Stiate Z/^-
SIDP HERE IF ALL ANSt«RS TO QUESTIONS IN SECTION I ARE NO
no
Facility I.D. Number \i(. I C^tS-^lQJSZ-
Type of Facility: Generator X. Transporter TSD
I- RCRA APPLICABILITY
yes m
Daes the facility have RCRA interim status? "^
Does the facility have a final or post-closure \
permit? If so, date issued
Is the facility a non-notif ier that has been ^
identified by States or EPA?
i^ -i
Is the facility a known or possible protective filer? X
Hctve RCRA wastes been stored onsite for longer than • ^ -
90 days since November 19, 1980?
Bave RCRA viastes been disposed onsite sinoe Noveinber Y
19, 1980?
II- FINANCIAL STATUS
Is the facility ovaied by an entity that has filed
for bankruptcy under federad. laws (Chapter 7 or 11)
or State laws?
yes
If yes, what has it filed under?
Chapter 7 Chapter 11 Other
no
\
HI. ENFXDRCET'CNT
RCRA Status yes no
Has tl\e facLiity lost authorLzation to operate via \
LOIS, 3065(c) permit denial, 3008(h) IS termination,
3005(d) permit revocation?
Has the facilities interim status been terminated via X.
another mechanism (i.e. administrative tennination)?
IV, CERCIA STATUS
What CE3?CLA financed remedial or reraovcil activities have been initiated
at the site? (RI/ES, RE/RA, O&M, forward planning, and renoval; does not
include enforoeroent or^PA/SI activities).
V. Enforcement Status yes no
m general, would ycxj chciracterize the f5K:ility as X
deinonstxating an unwillingness to undertake corrective -^
action based on fMrior State, CERCLA or RCRA actions?
If yes, please describe and cite the authorities exercised.
yes no
Is the owner/operator a party to any enforcement action X
at the site?
If not, why not?
Are any PRps (including owner/operators) undert:aking remedial studies or
action in response to CERCLA enforcement authorities? What is the extent/
type of vork that has been completed (RI/FS, etc.) and who (generators,
owner/operator, etc.) is conducting the wDck?
MO
OM^LIA^&^ ^
THONIT A. SIMMCNS/SIMOJS HEALTHCARE D. Mark Durway
NC D095470332 NC S&HWyOOT
Charlotte, NC 9-1-87
HRS TARGET INFORMATION
Simtions Healthcare is located southwest of Charlotte in an area which is
predcminantly residential and industirial. Many persons living within
three miles of the site have access to city sewer and water; however, many
also depend on private ground water sources. Determining how many persons
use ground water within IJuree jpiles of 1±ie site would require inspec1d.on
of the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Utilities Department water line distuributJ.on
maps, v^ch are on file in Charlotte. Since no release has been documented
at Simtons Healthcare, inspection of 1±iese maps is not deemed necessary at
the present time.
The site area is drained by Neal Branch, v^ch flews to Lake Wylie. Lake
Wylie, v^ch is used for fishing, swirmiing, and boating, is located 1.2 ^ , .
stiream miles downgradient fron Sinmons Healt±icare. u
Surface water and ground water are not known to be used for irrigation within
three miles of the site, and t±iere are no known wetlands within t±ie site vicinity.
Qjd^CLO^YfiLr^ ^
THC^IIT A SIMMC»JS CO/SIMMONS HEALTHCARE (NC D095470332) Facility name:
Location: Charlotte, NC
EPA Region; IV
Person(s) in charge of the facility: Sam Betts, maintenence superintendent
'9.0. Box 7424
Charlotte, NC 28217
M.^>,fa^ D. Mark Dufwav n.>.. September 1, 1987
General description of the facility:
(For example: landfill, surface iinpoundmam. pile, container; types of hazardous sutjstances: location of ttie
facility; contamination route of major concem; types of information needed for rating; agency action, etc.)
Simtons Healthcare has operated since 1977 as a manufacturer
of hospital beds and cribs. The facility generates waste
thinner and sealer, and paint booth filters and dust, which
t±iey store in dnjms. No releases or incidents of on-site
disposal are known to have occurred at this facility.
Facility is a RCRA generator.
Scores: S^ = 0 (Sgw = 0 Sj^
SpE = Not scored
^DC = Not scored
0 )
RGURE1
HRS COVER SHEET
Thonit 'A. Siitnons Co/Simmons Ifealthcare
NC D095470332
Charlotte, NC
.. ' . Grouna Wa;er Route Work Sheet
Rating Factor Assigned Vaiue
(Circle One)
UJ Observed Release (g) 45
Multi-
plier
1
Score
O
Max.
Score
15
Ref.
(Section)
,
3.1
If observed release is given a score of 45. proceed to line Q.
If observed release is given a score of 0. proceed to line [Tj.
tl] Route Characteristics
Depth to Aquifer of 0 1 (£) 3
Concern
Net Precipitation 0 1 @ 3
Permeability of the ^ 0 1^3
Unsaturated Zone
Physical State 0 1 2 (5}
2
1
1
1
Total Route Characteristics Score
lli Containment (Of T 2 3
S Waste Characteris
Toxiclty/Persist*
Hazardous Wast
Quantity
lU Targets
Ground Water U
Distance to Nea
Well/Populatioi
Served
•'.• ^ '•
tics
jnce ©3 6 9 12 15 18
e ©12345678
1
1
1
Total Waste Characteristics Score
se 6 1 2 (p
rest 0^6 8 10
1 12 W6) 18 20
24 30 32 35 40
3
1
Total Targets Score
HI If Hrw Q 'S *5. multiply Q] x [7] x [s]
If line [T] is 0. multiply [D x [3] x [7] x [?]
Q Divide line [e] by 57,330 and multiply by 100 Sgw*
2.
7,
2
h
o
0
/6
25-
0
0
6
3
3
3
15
3
18
8
26
9
40
49
57.330
3.2
3-35
3.4 j
3.5
^f-
Conf
FIGURE 2
GROUND WATER ROUTE WORK SHEET
THONIT A. SIMMONS/SIMMOSIS HEALTHCARE
NC D095470332
Charlotte, NC
Surface Water Route Work Sneet
Rating Factor Assigned Value
(Circle One)
Ll! Observed Release (U) 45
Multi-
plier
1
Score
0
Max.
Score
45
Ref.
(Section)
4.1
If observed release is given a value of 45, proceed to line [^.
If observed release is given a value of 0, proceed to line [2].
L^ Route Characteristics
Facility Slope and Intervening (o) i 2 3
Terrain
1-yr. 24-hr. Rainfall 0 1 @ 3
Distance tb Nearest Surfacd 0 (D 2 3
Water
Physical State 0 12(3)
1
1
2
1
Total Route Characteristics Score
[U ConUinment (o} 1 2 3
0 Waste Characteris
Toxicity/Persist*
Hazardous Wast
Quantity
LIJ Targets
Surface Water U
Distance to a Se
Environment
Population Serv«
to Water Intake
Downstream
• .-"'
tics
jnce (Q) 3 6 9 12 15 18
e (^12345678
1
1
1
Total Waste Characteristics Score
se 0 1 (2? 3
nsltive (g) 1 2 3
>d/Distance \ (S) ^ 6 8 10
I 12 16 18 20
) 24 30 32 35 40
3
2
1
Total Targets Score
[5] If line Q] is 45. muUiply Q] x 0 x [5]
If line [Tj is 0. multiply [2] x [3] x (4] x [s]
[U Divide line [s] by 64.350 and multiply by 100 Ssw "
0
2.
Z
3
J
0
0
0
c
0
0
(0
0
0
3
3
6
3
15
3
18
8
26
9
6
40
55
64.350
4.2
4.3'
4.4 .
4.5
c
^
FIGURE 7
SURFACE WATER ROUTE WORK SHEET
THMCT A SlMMCWS/SIMMra^S HEALTHCARE
NC D095470332
Charlotte, NC
Groundwater Route Score (Sgy^)
Surface Water Route Score (Ssw)
Air Route Score (Sa)
s2 .s2 .s^
gw SW a
\/s2 .s2 .s2 ^
" gw SW a
V S^ + S^ + S^ /1.73 - Sw-gw SW a / ^
S
0
0
0 p i 1^
m 3 m
i i i^
S2
0
0
0
0
0
0
FIGURE 10
WORKSHEET FOR COMPUTING S M
66MrcccA/\w\er^^
September 1, 1987
TO: File
FROM: D. Mark Durway >>H<b-
RE: Telephone conversation with Neal Cameron regarding the Sinrnons
Healthcare(NC D095470332) vicinity in Charlotte, NC
Mr. Cameron of t±>e Mecklenburg County Agricultural Extension Service
(tel [phone]) told me that the land within three miles of Sinmons
Healthcare is largely industrial and residenticil with very little farming.
Mr. Cameron kncws of no irrigation within 1±u:ee miles of the site, but
indicated that tihe branch vrtiich drains t±ie site area (Neal Branch) flews
to Lake Wylie. Lake Wylie, located approximately 1.2 stnream miles down-
gradient fron l±ie site, is used for recreational purposes including boating,
fishing, and swimming. Mr. Cameron said that a large percentage of the area
within three miles of tihe site has access to city sewer and water.
^^^^t^ Ui^^^ - J
September 1, 1987
TO: File
FROM: D. Mark Durway Ty^^
RE: Telephone conversation with Dennis Gwaltney regarding water supply
in the vicinity of Sinmons Healthcare (NC D095470332) in Charlotte, NC
Mr. Gwaltney of the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Utility Department (tel [phone]),
informed me that many persons living within three miles of Sinmons HealtJicare
are supplied with city water. He said, however, that seme persons in that area
also relied upon private ground water systems. Mr. Gwalt:ney was not able
to tell me how many persons used ground water wi1±iin three miles of Simmons
Healthcare, but he did invite me to review their water distribution maps for rj
myself next time I visited Charlotte. ^ | .
-v::r.-r!aOC'-:
IDEM
iREFEREUtt • gi Mmi»Aecn.^M
HOTEi This fonn !• complated for each potei. oo^ .!" < ;rr~..-t ^ jr alte inspecUon. The iafbniation
•ubmltted oa thla form la baaad on avaUable recoraa ana may oe upaated on aubaectuent (otma aa a reault of additional inqoltlaa and OD^Ua inapectiona.
CtNERAL INSTRUCTiOHSs Complata Sactiona I and m throu(h Z aa completely aa poaaible before Section II (Prelimlnaty AMm»»m»nt), FUa thia form U the Regional Hasardoua Waate Log File and submit a copy to: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agancy; Site Tracking Sfttmrni Hasardoua Waate Enforcement Task Force (EN-335); 401 M St., SW; Washineton, OC 20460.
I. SITE IDENTIFICATION
A. sire NAME
.1
B. STREETiCor otfwr Idmtltlmr)
ftlcro >^jtuZ C^-UCJC^ ^.
C. CITY
CJ^^CL'^.^Cc-t^tli^
0. STATE E. ZIP CODE F. COUNTY NAME
C. OWNER/OP.£RATOR (H known)
1. NAME
•<>t/tM-'1<ly .
2. TELEPHONE NUMBER
M. TYPE OF OWNERSHIP
I |l. FEDERAL CUZ- STATE [II]3. COUNTY ^4. MUNICIPAL |^S. PRIVATE [^6 UNKNOWN
I. SITE DESCRIPTION
'pa.U^ ''•''^•V^
. HOW IDENTIFIED (l>e., citizen'* compiainis, OSHA citations, Bi£.) . .•)
US VOL.. Jiesitly^ - (:^i<^<^^u^^ Ci.^^c£y<^\yt-eiyx^^
K, DATE IDENTIFIED
fmo,, day. * y.)
L. PRINCIPAL STATE CONTACT
1 . NAME
V^x^ Pu 2. TELEPHONE NUMBER'.
y^^/6^<^-¥^z-7
II.I PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT Tcomp/efe this secUon last)
A. APPARENT SERIOUSNESS OF PROBLEM
I ll. HIGH r^2. MEDIUM Qs. LOW •« NONE I Is. UNKNOWN
B. RECOMMENDATION
I I 1. MO ACTION NEEDED (no hmsard)
I I 9. SITE INSPECTION NCEDeO
• . TeNTATtVk.L> >CHaOULeD FOR:
b. WII.I. aa paRroRMKD av:
^2. IMMEDIATE SITE INSPECTION NEEDED "^ m. TENTATVELY SCHEDULED FOR;
b. WILL BE PERFORMED BY:
I I 4. SITE INSPECTION NEEDED (7oir priorii)';
¥s
C. PREPARER INFORMATION
I. NAME 2. TELEPHONE NUMBER S. DATE (mo., day, A yr.).
III. SITE INFORMATION
A. SITE STATUS
Pq 1. (ACTIVE rrhoa* Imftmfrlal «r
•ntfiiclpai •<(•• MPfiJeh ara babtg aa*d
lot wmat* tflMmil, ateragt, or ditpomat
on a eenUmtbtg batla, awoa If llnfra—
tirO
rn a. INACTIVE fTho»«
•!(•• Witleh no longor nemlvo
waata a.). a s. OTHER (tpeellr): . .
o»e mitet Ihal Include luch Incldanit Ilka "midnlghl dtmtpint" whara no ragutar or continuing uaa ot lha alia lor waala diapoaal haa oecurrad.)
B. 18 GENERATOR ON (ITET
• l. MO r^2. YES (apaclly generaior'a lour-dlgli siC Code): 2.J^^^/
C. AREA OF SITE (ia aewaa) 0. IF APPARENT SERIOUSNESS OF SITE IS HIGH, SPECIFY COORDINATES
1. LATITUOe Cdog.-min.-aee.J 2. LONGITUDE ('</•<—«''"—•«•.)
E. ARE THERE BUILDINGS ON THE SITET
a 1. NO • r VEf Cpoeltr): ^y»t^ . ^H^V^v^^^-^-
TaoTO-Joo-r*) Continue On Revcr.si-
'flt7TVTtfttl''ftF ^ITf-orTlmi iBf --^^j^f-^^^g'^^'S^Af^p^-^c^Kvris^-sx^^.—v-:.;.!.^^;
^ *'^j^'<*'
A. TRANSPORTER B. STORER C. TREATER
% 0. DISPOSER
1 . FILTRA TION I. LANDFILL
2. SURFACE IMPOUNDMENT 2. INCINCRA.T-IOM-'^--. ti. bAWOFAWM -S,^-if*?«ffiV
3. BARSE 3. DRUMS 3. VOLUME REDUCTION >. OPEN DUMP
*. TRUC K 4. TANK. ABOVE GROUND 4. RECYCLING/RECOVERY 4. SURFACE IMPOUNDMENT
5. PIPELINE 9. TANK. BELOW GROUND S. CHEM./PHYS. TREATMENT B. MIONISHT DUMPING
e. OTHER (apecHy): B. OTHER (apaclly): 9. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT B. INCINERATION
7. WASTE OIL REPROCESSING r. UNDERGROUND INJECTION ^^
8. SOLVENT RECOVERY
9. OTHER (spacily):
7^ I- OTHER (a^clly):
:«-••
E. SPECIFY DETAILS OF SITE ACTIVITIES AS NEEOED
iJL>CAX^ "C^C^i"*^
(xJ^tyiy^ c<U^dL. ^ytuJ^ .^^-^
'^,^^ayijz.aJ^ ^^^'^fi^^^ Cr^^-^^^^ ;;^^L^_
T r^^.
V. WASTE RELATED INFORMATION
A. WASTE TYPE
• ' UNKNOWN EJ2. LIQUID Qs. SOLID •4. SLUDGE • 5. GAS '*T': 6<^--
B. WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
r~|l. UNKNOWN [Z]2, CORROSIVE Os. IGNITABLE [II|4 RADIOACTIVE CIlS HIGHLY VOLATILE
P^6. TOXIC 5^7 REACTIVE CI|8 INERT ^9 FLAMMABLE
I |10. OTHER (apaclly):
C. WASTE CATEGORIES
1. Ar« records of wastes available? Specify items such as manifests, inventories, etc. below.
2. Estimate the amountfspeci/y linif of measure)of waste by category; mark 'X' to indicate which wastes are present.
a. SLUDGE b. OIL c.SOLVENTS d. CHEMICALS e. SOLIDS f. OTHER
AMOUNT AMOUNT AMOUNT AMOUNT
UNIT OF MEASURE UNIT OF MEASURE UNIT OF MEASURE UNIT OF MEASURE UNIT OF MEASURE UNIT OF MEASURE
y
(I) PAINT.
PIGMENTS X.
(11 OIL Y
WASTES
II I HALOGENATED
SOLVENTS 111 FLYASH LABORA TORY
PHARMACEUT.
(21 METALS
SLUDGES
(2) OTHERC»peci7yJ
>^
(2INON-HALOGNTD
SOLVENTS
(2) PICKLING LIQUORS (21 ASBESTOS 121 HOSPITAL
(31 OTHERCspeci/y;.-(31 CAUSTICS (31 MILLING/
MINE TAILINGS (31 RADIOACTIVE
(41 ALUMINUM
SLUDGE (41 PESTICIDES FERROUS ' SMLTG. WASTES I4IMUNICIPAL
(51 OTHERCepecify;; (SI DYES/IN KS NON.FERROUS
SMLTG. WASTES
(81 OTHERfapoci/yJ.
(8) OTHERr«pec;7y;:
(81 CYANIDE
(71 PHENOLS
(81 HALOGENS
(91 PCS
(IOI ME TALS
a 111 9 THBRfspecify;
Jid.
EPA Form T2070-2 (10.79) PAGE 2 OF 4 Continue On Page 3
AiSE^MGfnUitQaHaertfin.PMie.2-
^SS ^ iM5Bl}...^-fTOja3S-'C.:zi';*:.iir«*V"-^~ vflws , ....^ , ....-.^fi?^^^
""-= — v.^STE REUtfedlHFORMATiOlhl
3. LIST SUBSTANCES OF GREATEST CONCERN WHICH MAY BE ON THE SITE fplaco liHtU^i^iJordarot^l^aMfL:^:^^ 'EST CONCERN WHICH MAY BE ON THE SITE
^••
4. ADDITIONAL COMMENTS OR NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION OF SITUATION KNOWN OR REPORTED TO E^IST AT THE SITE.
^ VI. HAfA
x^t.^gt^e^fc'C <g^ A/'l/^<S^ j^'-c^Kyjl/.. /^-T^ ^4>Ci-><!^ '
ly
A.TYPE OF HAZARD
t . NO HAZARD
B.
POTEN-
TIAL
HAZARD
(mark 'X')
^^^,
X
VI. HAi^ARP DESCRIPTION ..^C^ ^ZLc A-L£^^J^^ .
c.
ALLEGED INCIDENT Cmari^ 'X')
D. DATE OF INCIDENT (a\o.,day,yt.) E. REMARKS
..T^.'.^^'
2. HUMAN HEALTH •. ::-:::^.:.-ctj.
NON-WORKER
INJURY/EXPOSURE
4. WORKER INJURY
•.•xsss.
CONTAMINATION
OF WATER SUPPLY / X Q'C^iAX^UUU^
CONTAMINATION OF FOOD CHAIN
CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER / /
CONTAMINATION
OF SURFACE WATER y t
DAMAGE TO FLORA/FAUNA i^ /•
10. FISH KILL i(.
CONTAMINATION
OF AIR
12. NOTICEABLE ODORS
ts. CONTAMINATION OF SOIL X X
14. PROPERTY DAMAGE
IB. FIRE OR EXPLOSION
SPILLS/LEAKING CONTAINERS/
RUNOFF/STANDING LIQUIDS Y K
SewER,STORM DRAIN PROBLEMS
IS. EROSION PROBLEMS
It. INAOECrUATE SECURITY ± K.
20. INCOMPATIBLE WASTES
21. MIDNIGHT DUMPING
2 2. orHE.n (apa^tly):
/ X
EPA Form T2070-2 (10-79) PAGE 3 OF 4 Continue On Reverse
l^potinoecf'FVooi FrdnlZ- •..sTJS^sessSiS.i
A. INDICATE ALL APPLICABLE PERMITS HELD BY THE SITE.
• 1. NPDES PERMIT • 2. SPCC PLAN • 3. STATE PERIIITf«p«e/fyJ.-
1 I 4. AIR PERMITS • 5. LOCAL PERMIT • 6. RCRA TRANSPORTER -;
I I 7. RCRA STORER • 8. RCRA TREATER • 9 RCRA DISPOSER
(^ 10. OTHER (apaclly): ^jH/lA Js-^ . — I • ' • T- a Ti , :Vr."^j_D- "*!i>"?!3 B. IN COMPLtANCET
• 1. YES • 2. NO r^ 3. UNKNOWN
4. WITH RESPECT TO (Hat ragulatlon name t, number):
^?^^^^^
{^ A. NONE
VIII. PAST REGULATORY ACTIONS
[ i B, YES (summarize below)
IX. INSPECTION ACTIVITY (past or on-Hoinij)
• A. NONE ^°-YES rcooiploto Itama 1,2,3. A 4 balow) .. •-'::i.~^^^J^ii^^< i^|s-
1.TYPE OF ACTIVITY
2 DATE OF
PAST ACTION (mo., day, & yr,)
S PERFORMED
BY: f£PA/S(oie; . 4. DESCRIPTION
^^ <^Hcu,a U^^^-^tL^T^^^^^^t- g/^>f/^ ::^z i^ \~//tA.^d^tlt^!XoCy—' ys^^iuiy^A^ y^^^i^tL^
X. REMEDIAL ACTIVITY (past or on-tfoinSJ
I I A. NONE I I B. YES Ccompfete items 1, 3,3, it 4 below)
I. TYPE OF ACTIVITY
2. DATE OF
PAST ACTION
(mo., day, t* yr.).
3.PERFORMED
BY:
(BPA/Stale)
4. DESCRIPTION
NOTE: Based on the infonnation in Sections ni through X, 611 out the Preliminary Assessment (Section ll)
information on the first page of this form.
EPA Form T2070.2 (10-79) PAGE 4 OF 4
REFERENCE t- 3; Wo- ^i
FACILITY INFORMATION
Gulf & Western Healthcare
11900 Steele Creek Road
P. 0. Box 7247
Charlotte, NC 28217
Mecklenburg County
EPA ID //NCD000616235
RESPONSIBLE OFFICIAL
Oscar R. Ochoa, Plant Supt.
704/588-2750
SURVEY PARTICIPANTS
Oscar R. Ochoa
Sam Betts
Larry Fox ^
DATE OF INSPECTION
September 23, 1982
11 am - 1 pm
APPLICABLE REGULATIONS
40 CFR 262, 263 *•
PURPOSE OF SURVEY
An RCRA inspection was conducted at this site in Charlotte by the
N. C. Solid & Hazardous Waste Mgt. Branch. The inspection included a site
survey and record review. Regulatory requirements covered those contained
in 40 CFR Part 262, Generator Standards and 263, Transporter Standards.
FACILITY DESCRIPTION
The Gulf & Western Healthcare facility is located off Hwy. 160,
Steele Creek Road, Charlotte. This facility is a manufacturer of hospital
beds, stainless steel baby beds and metal cabinets. Gulf & Western Health-
care is a division of Thonet Industries.
The hazardous waste generated comes from the spray painting of the
metal beds and cabinets using polyTirethane paint which is mixed with an
activator prior to dally use. Once the activator is mixed with the poly-
urethane paint, the paint has to be used up that day or be discarded. The
paint that Is not sssed after adding the activator is discarded by pouring
into a 55-gallon drum until enough is accumulated to haul by their truck to
^SCA Services, Pinewood, SC, EPA ID #SCD070375985. According to Gulf &
Western, hazardous waste manifests their last shipment of 32 drums, l^^'fW^ffiS.
was made July 30, 1981. Two drums of waste paint are now onsite and. six
drums of waste paint thinner which is used to clean paint spray guns and
equipment.
The facility generates about 1-2 drums per month of paint waste and
1 drum waste thinner about every four months.
Page 2
However, Gulf & Western Healthcare has not been marking the accumu-
lation date on the drums and they are storing the hazardous waste longer
than 90 days without a storer's permit.
Gulf & Western was told to either get rid of the hazardous waste
material within 90 days or they would have to get a storer's permit. Also,
accumulation time needs to be put on each drum at time of first amount is
placed in the drum of hazardous waste.
Gulf & Western said they did not think the paint waste was hazardous;
therefore , they were told to have the paint waste analyzed to determine
if it is a hazardous waste. They are using Sherwin & Williams Polane T
Brown Z99NA392 and the activator or catalyst #V66V27 500-1326.
An analytical report from ABCO Industries dated 4/30/82, submitted
by Gulf & Western to Caldwell- Systems showed a Pl-conc. in ppm of 301
(see attachment A). ^
Carolina Container picks up and haOls to the county landfill all
domestic trash and the scrap metal is picked up by Republic Alloy.
DOCUMENTATION OF SITE DEFICIENCIES i
265.16 -!
262.34(a)(3)
265.37
265.50-265.56
COMPLIANCE SCHEDULE/RECOMMENDATIONS
November 23, 19i82 compliance schedule was agreed upon by
Mr. Ochoa.
Recommended that Gulf & Western either remove their hazardous
waste material to a disposal facility within the 90-day accumulation
time period or obtain a storer's permit for hazardous waste.
Also recommended that containers holding hazardous waste must always
be closed during storage, except when it is necessary to add or remove
waste.
M.iMuiactofifg /
Tcclmic.^l Sofvico ^.,
IHRdMAL OXIDATION
"^
[phone] TWX 810-232 2079 • P. O. Box 335
:t.-.
Vx Analytical Report
INITIAL DATE: 4-30-82 .SAMPLE NO- 209
Pre Shipment
Inbound
Spfecial
Other
CUSTOMER NO.: ._1M
Roebuck. S. C. 29376
X
CSI
SAMPLE FROM:. Caldwell Systems, Inc./ GULF WESTERM HEALTHCARE - CHARLOTTE, N,
DESCRIPTION: WASTE PAINT ^D SLUDGES
SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
•i-'
S".
1.055
YDRO: X2L
.ALKA. (As NaOH): XX
-LlPO: » yy
I
.COLOR: __»H^i
.ACID (As HCL):
.BTU's per LB.:.
k
\
8,775 WS:^
Metal
Pb
Sb
Cu
Co
Ni
^Z
As
Cd
Or
Cone,
in ppm
301
X
12
X
X
ND
ND
X
X
COMMENTS: DISCLAIMER
Ions
Cl
N
S
•/"
_Ash
Cone
/ in ppm
t
'' 9,944
X
1 .^7%
By submission of this analytica] report
to Caldwell Systems, Inc., ABCO Industries,
Inc. makes no approval or recomi'iendations
of any kind with respect to tlie trnnspnrtation,
storage, treatment or disposal of the analyzed
waste.
^^^
Chemist Conipletcci Date
MUS CORPORATION ANL
lEtJCE a^ '5;^,, i" 7
CONTROL NO. DATE: December 19,1989 TIME: 1:35 p.m.
DISTRIBUTIOM: North Carolina Files
BETWEEN: Jim Edwards, Compliance | OF: Hazardous Waste Compliance
Officer j Program, NCDHR, Raleigh, N.C.
PHONE: [phone]
AND: Joan Dupont, NUS Corporation
Q#^'v ft^^vpr^^ ^^
DISCUSSION:
Mr.Edwards checked North Carolina's RCRA compliance records to see whether the following sites are currently
classified as RCRA facilities: ^•:
I New Ville Sock Property v
Hildebran, Burke Co. ~~--,^
NCD981023732 ^~^^^- ^
j Not listed as a RCRA facility.
Milan Yard Landfill
Fayetteville, Cumberland Co.
NCD980503031
Not listed as a RCRA facility.
North Buffalo Pollution Control
Greensboro, Guilford County
NCD980503064
Not listed as a RCRA facility.
Pfizer Inc.
Greensboro, Guilford County.
NCD980503098 -
Not listed as a RCRA.fadlity.
Royal Development Co: Inc.
High Point, Guilford County
NCD003521960
This facility was owned by Thomasville Buses. It became an active RCRA facility on August 18, 1980. The facility
withdrew from interim status and was classified as a generator and transporter. It is currently not classified as a
RCRA facility.
NUS 067 REVISED ous
NUS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES TELECON NOTE
CONTROL NO. DATE: December 19, 1989 TIME: 1:35 p.m.
DISTRIBUTION: North Carolina Files
BETWEEN: Jim Edwards, Compliance
Officer
OF: Hazardous Waste Compliance
Program, NCDHR, Raleigh, N.C.
PHONE: [phone]
AND: Joan Dupont, NUS Corporation
^4^-ry^ ii\^t^^i^^y<^
DISCUSSION:
Union Camp Corp. ^
Jamestown, Guilford Co. .^il -
NCD003216959 i
This facility became an active RCRA facility on August 18, 1980. It was a small generator at one time. The"facility
withdrew from interim status and ceased being a RCRA facility on January 30,1985.
Pfizer Inc.
Sanford, Lee County
NCD057037178
This EPA ID number was not listed as a RCRA facility. However, Mr. Edwards verified that Pfizer Inc. Coty Division
at Cox's Mill Road and Hwy. 42 East in Sanford (NCD990883175) is listed as a small generator.
Siemans - Allis Inc. Switchgear
Sanford, Lee County
NCD067428821
This facility became an active RCRA facility on August 1, 1980. At ome time it was classified as a generator. The
facility withdrew from interim status and is currently not classified as a RCRA facility.
Singer Co. Furniture Division Sanford
Sanford, Lee County . . ^
NCD053490462 : - .
Not listed as a RCRA facility. *
Phoenix Resources
Charlotte, Mecklenburg Co.
NCD980558779
The facility was deleted as a RCRA facility on August 29,1984 and currently is not classified as a RCRA facility.
NUS 067 REVISED 0685
NUS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES TELECON NOTE
CONTROL NO. DATE: December 19,1989 TIME: 1:35 p.m.
DISTRIBUTION: North Carolina Files
BETWEEN: Jim Edwards, Compliance
Officer
OF: Hazardous Waste Compliance
Program, NCDHR, Raleigh, N.C.
PHONE: [phone]
AND: Joan Dupont, NUS Corporation
yBO-yy-^ %Ju^,^ rdr
DISCUSSION:
Smith Metal & Iron Co. v
Charlotte, Mecklenburg County ^ ; .
NCD024488025 v
The facility was deleted as a RCRA facility on October 18,1984 and is currently not classified as a RCRA facility.
Southeastern Pollution Control
Pineville, Mecklenburg County
NCD980728620
Not listed as a RCRA facility.
Texas City Refining Co.
Paw Creek, Mecklenburg County
NCD000770016
The facility was formerly known as American Petrofina Marketing. The facility was deleted as a RCRA facility on
November 2, 1984 and is currently not classified as a RCRA facility.
as«ffiiOc:sKnw«flscgr^
Charlotte, Mecklenburg County
NCD095470332
This EPA ID nurrfber is not currently listed as an active RCRA facility. However, Simmons Healthcare, at 11900 Steel
Creek Road is currently dasstf^d as a generator with the EPA ID number NCD980602189. The facility was first
classified as a RCRA facility.on Xugust 18,1980.
Union Oil Co. SE Terminal
Paw Creek, Mecklenburg County
NCD000609982
The facility did submit a Part A application but is currently classified as a generator only. It is owned by B.P. Oil Inc.,
Unocal.
NUS 067 REVISED 068S
NUS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES TELECON NOTE
CONTROL NO. DATE: December 19, 1989 TIME: 1:35 p.m.
DISTRIBUTION: North Carolina Files
BETWEEN: Jim Edwards, Compliance
Officer
OF: Hazardous Waste Compliance
Program, NCDHR, Raleigh, N.C.
PHONE: [phone]
AND: Joan Dupont, NUS Corporation
'^I^CL^W ^^.-^f^-^^
DISCUSSION:
N.C. Memorial Hospital
Chapel Hill, Orange County
NCD991277757
Not currently an active RCRA facility.
Tungsten Queen Mine
Townsville, Vance County
NCD082362989
The facility withdrew from interim status and became an inactive RCRA facility on July 26,1982.
Livewire Electric Co.
Goldsboro, Wayne County
NCD980557631
Not listed as a RCRA facility.
NUS 067 REVISED 068S
NUS CORPORA TION ANf
CONTROL NO: OAv
REFERENCE I 5
3;{ iri ^0
•LECONNOTE
"^ C/V '/}-facO
DISTniBUTION:
"TK^^^^^t fl' ^im y7i\i->n ^
BETWEEN:
^ I rr\ t<^u:)iU"6^ C^JWi 1^ 1 \<L^(ji_
VTD^*
PHONE:
{^/^p33-ane'
"/"rv-i.
DISCUSSION:
^
^J^u:^ (JL<1_ CL -r*r }n%^^4'ir^ — "frx^ytTyTg^-
g^n^ ^(i^^- /<^ci€)4 /.^n^:0<- -4-f^ n^c^^y^
^\/VM^crv^^ H^g I 4-ln^^^^e^ ^^O /Uo, llJCL^g'^)C,5A j5^
^^v^^ i-^-e^ "TVg^ ^iJ nai^ -^n!:^-c-
1\AW'\VV^ ^^^-W4-U><L ClA Mo v/<2-y7ric;^-^c- I^W,
^YW^< u;^ c c:^ . _Ct^^c<n^<^ ^
r}^jOvMz^>g.Ui[^ <^^^J (^j/iOH-^g^ humk2jz<—
c<^/^cail u^c^xr- C-^y?CLLA- l^ "Qe^Ae^^Jj-oc
\0\%^. -^ 'TV^ lOj^c^KZ^ --fi7>r-
uA^ ^^^ ^^^ /^y^g-^^
(^i^-^g^^ -rkt2-r<g <^ no
..AT^ 33<) Mo. /\icDnD/:)(^//:.Q.,^.rc
^^^ IAO-^ <^le^ P^L^4^ f^
gy^Qif.^-^ ^J^^ <frr - -1^ ^ IV /^ C jn; <^
^^J\^SaAA t'K Moi/^^U<r 1^^.
NUS 087 REVISED 0685
%
REFERENCE t &
a
>^,ypt^
ALL-WEATHER
LEVEL
Notebook No. 311
r^-i^CCS'
"TTioni'f-y^. Sinnmon.!: Cti.-
C]rsr.rir^Hr . rVlrrlClr^hi yr> />r-^ Cnn^i'ra
m ir)i^krhri^sm^R':^:^
^Oj^Qt n((mqrr ' fdvdj/ (jdrloj
m
••','
t
•I
LOGtOOK REQUIREMENTS
REVISED - NbVEMIER 29, IMI
NOTE: ALL LANGUAGE SHOULD SE FACTUAL AND OUECTIVE
RKord on front cover of th* Logbook: TDD No., Sit* N«m*.
Sit* Location. Project Manag*r.
All entries ar* made u«nq ink. Draw a tingle lin* through
errors. Initial and dat* corractioni.
Statement of Work Plan, Study Plan, and Safaty Plan
discussion and distribution to fi*ld t*am with t*am m*mb*rs'
signatures.
Record vveather conditions and general site information.
Sign and date each page Project Manager is to review and
sign off on each iogbcxsk daily.
6. Document alt calibration and pre-operational checks of
equipment. Provide serial numbers of *quipm*nt used ontite.
7 Provide reference to Sampling Field Sheets for detailed
sampling information.
8. Describe sampling locations in d*t«il and docum*nt all
chang*s from project planning documents.
9 Provide a site sketch with sample locations and photo
locations. < .
10. Maintain photo log by completing th* stamp*d information
at th* (nd of th* logbook.
II If no tit* r*pr*i«ntativ* it on hand to •cc*trt th* r*c*ipt for
sampi*!, an (ntry to that *ff*ct must b* placad in th*
logbook.
12. R*<ord 10 numb*rt of COC and r*c*ipt for tampi* formt
ut*d. Alto r*cord Humbert of d*ftroy*d dO(um*ntt.
13 Compl*t* SMO information in th*ipac*provid*d.
'7r-(WrC
AJr-jl/rmi-: ::CJI-
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_/3lL
^:rf fr/r^//A,v( i^W- hni/e f-r^-n
iijcdi
lfe._£ tC-
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.a-SSOCLQi-SC
•pi"«p
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cccaicnoz
2^
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a^'jaadn
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uiill Ac\ ~ncld in -fhr
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'fzxx-co^a—Q^ nQ.oOc.£)LS_:
i
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P/-
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£^m.
XO
_ihr!:
Wi^k xo. faet/Q
DDCCjDheCr:'^
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'HEPORr DATE 12/1 ^/?0 H03PRT07
rAClLITV XO
JNCD982082521
|NCP081331U2
[ilCtOd3l47390
!NC»08599^432
NCb981922602
MCiO1>7606O16
NC098214S781
NCP982140311
'f
NC00S3490652
NCP986177012
i''
iiC»982133373
%: i •••;
Ht»982093908
NCP9B2088445
i' • - :'•:;'•.; •/':U\ .
iit»982103038
k#oii> 678631
N.C. DiPT. OF LNVIRONMENT^ HEALTH t NATURAL RESOURCES
HAIAi<DOJS WASTE SECTION AL=H^-icTU LIST DF HAZARDOUS WASTE FACILITIES
PAGE 227
FACILITY N4MC
CONTACT
SHUTTER iHOP
H0LL1FIELD<'
SltCOfi CORP. R
STEARNS/ MAR
SIECOR CORP. R
bIGGS/ 3P.END
SIECOR HICKORT
WOLFORD/ DcN
SIECOR TELEPHO
WOULFORD/ DE
SIEMENS ENERGY SPAHN# JOE
SIEMENS ENERGY
nbNUCALr GUS
SIGN ART
BROUN# JACK
SIGNAL DELIVER
GOLOSr MARTI
SIGNATEIH INC
l>ANGL£.^/ EDJ
SILKWORM SCREE
DUNCAN/ TO:^
SILVERS AUTO
AOKINS/ JULI
SILVERS AUTO H
SILVER/. DE?R
LARRY C
ESEARCH 4 OEVELO IAN
OCKY MOUNT PLANT
A
SPECIALTY CABLE NIS
NY CABLE DIVISIO
NNIS
ft AUTOMATION/ I
& AUTOMATION/ 1
Y SERVICE
N W.
IN
H PRINTERS
E L.
OUSE
A
SIMMONS HE ALTHCAPE SAM/ BcTTS
Soi-
)6;{ $68035
SIMPSON E3UIPM
S FRICKLAND/
SINCLAIR S VAL
BARKER/ JOHN
SINGER CO FURN
MCDONALD/ RI
r-.NT CO-ip.
wli. 6.
tNTINE/ L. P.
C.
ITURE DIV 5 6 7 CHARD
FACILITY ADDRESS
ZDli SOUTH
CHARLOTTE
.3LVD
4
19i8 MAIN AV5 SE
HICKORY
HI5HWAY 301 NORTH
KOCKY MOUNT
1928 MAIN AVE SE HICKORY
STATE ROAD HICKORY
HIGHWAY 6« WENDELL
2308
ST RD
28203
2860 J
27802
28601
28601
2300
27591
312 RALEIGH STi^EET
WILMINIJTON
6225 OLD CONCORD ROAD
CHARLOTTE
28U2 ELECTRA DRIVE
(jRiENSdORO
1501 MORRIS ROAD
wlLMINiiTON
U701-C STOCKHOLM CT
CHARLOTTE
(,1,0 HAYWOOD ROAD
ASHttf ILL-.
^0 UOONALD
ASHI;V1LL-ROAO
11 ^UO STEELE
CH AHLOTTE
HluHJAY
WlLbJN
CREfK
301 SOOTH
515 TURNER AVE
CHARLOTTE
28412
D
28256
27405
28405
28217
28306
28806
ROAD
28217
27892
28266
MAILING ADDRESS
PO BOX 11382
CHARLOTTE NC
489 SIECOR PARK
HICKORY NC
PO BOX 1237 ROCKT MOUNT NC
489 SIECOR PARK
HICKORY NC
489 SIE
HICKORY
COR PARK
NC
SS S TR"« TR ST OS
X 28209
X 28603
X ^
27801
X 28603
X
28603
PO BOX 29503 RALEIGH NC 2762<
28li CAROLINA BEAtN t
WILMINGTON
PO BOX 560648
CHARLOTTE
NC 28412
NC
2802 ELECTRA DRIVE
GREENSBORO NC
1501 MORRIS ROAD
WILMINGTON NC
PO BOX 1225 NT PLEASANT
24^4-2450 NORWOOD ST SH
LENOIR 28645
SC
448 NAVHOOD ROAD
ASHEVILLE NC
40 ODONALD ROAD
ASHEVILLE NC
POuijibx 7247
CHXRLOTTE NC
>i*lijx 2229 WILSON NC
pq BOX 668546
CHARLOTTE NC
PO BOX t588 "'.' LENOIR ,NC
X 28256
27405
E
28405
X
29465
X
28806
E
28806
X
28217
27893
• X
28266 III
2864 V:*
TELEPHONE
AREA NUMBER
704 334-8031
704 323-6254
919 446-8113
704 327-5609
704 527-5609
^ 9t9 345-6660
919 392-0400
704 597-9801
919 375-4586
919 799-0005
704 556-0931
704 252-4201
704 253-5818
704 588-2750
9^9 291-4105
704 «3-9083
'•r^^ic^ •;•
704 ttiheU^
S6 OS
SMALL SNTY.
DISPOSER;
GENERATOR; G - (iENERATOW;
ST - STORRER;
TRN
TR -- TRANSPORTER;
TREATOR
Ui
TE 88/01/05
ID
H»
FACILITY LIST
BY NAME
FACILITY NAME
CONTACT
V-078
1
?f. 530
10
^'.856
i II
• <is>1221
• ' *> **4
t£ji;ri867
' •••=>.13
^03232428
^927550
NCD058S200I6
91929609)1
•NCOS'8 0702189
7045882750
NCO067437400
9196971353
NCD003467594
7044645560
NCO077839652
9196872611
NCD0247S6868
9198323691
QTE PRODUCTS CORP
MOULES LEON
GTE PRODUCTS CORP
EBERHARD WALTER S SITE *
NOTIF
DATE
801103
MAllj STREET
LOC STREET
1704 BARNES ST
1704 BARNES ST
PO BOX 887
811005 SR2350 MURDOCK RD
QTE PRODUCTS CORP/ASHEVILLE PLA*
WITTE PAUL L PLANT MANA* 800723
GTE SYLVANIA INC
BUTLER KENT ENVIRONMENT*
GUARDSMAN PRODUCTS, INC.
CHALMERS, STEVE
800819
PO BOX 15125
US HIGHWAY 25-A SOUTH
1-95
1-95
PO BOX 1029
800818 2147 BREVARD ROAO
GUILFORD COUNTY SCHOOLS BUS QA
MICHAUX DON SUPERVISOR 860915
120 FRANKLIN BLVO
131 FRANKLIN BLVD
GUILFORD MILLS INC
BROOKS ANDREW PERCHASING
PO BOX U-4
800818 4925 WEST HARKET STREET
GUILFORD M:.LLS, INC EAST DIV.
FLYNN, BERIilE 871030
GULF 6 WESTERN HEALTHCARE
BETTS SAM 800818
HWY 11 NORTH BOX 498
HYW 11 7 MILES NORTH
PO BOX 7247
11900 STEELE CREEK RD
GULF OIL CORPORATION
BOTHWRIGHT GENE PLANT S*
PO BOX 183
840507 ROCK QUARRY RD
GULF STATES PAPER CORPORATION
CLARKE ROBERT RESIDENT * 800811
GULTON INDUSTRIES INC FEMCO DIV*
HANEHAN RICHARD MFQ ENG* 800714
GUS RUSSOS CLEANERS
RUSSOS OUS N 860811
PO BOX 775
212 CONOVER BOULEVARD SE
PO BOX 33
2000 BETHEL DRIVE
122 WEST MARTIN STREET
122 WEST MARTIN STREET
NCD981858459 HCL AUTO PARTS SERV INC 532 SOUTH FEILLY RO
870202 532 SOUTH REILLY RO
NC0982097693
7042795186
HSU WOOD PRESERVING INC
HAMMILL JOHN 870604
PO BOX 367
ZION CHURCH RO
MAIL CITY
LOC CITY
REIDSVILLE
REIDSVILLE
TROUTMAN
TROUTMAN
ASHEVILLE
ARDEN
SMITHFIELD
SMITHFIELD
HIGH POINT
HIGH POINT
GREENSBORO
GREENSBORO
GREENSBORO
GREENSBORO
KENNANSVILLE
KENNANSVILLE
CHARLOTTE
CHARLOTTE
MCLEANSVILLE
MCLEANSVILLE
CONOVER
CONOVER
HIGH POINT
HIGH POINT
RALEIGH
RALEIGH
FAYETTEVILLE
FAYETTEVILLE
GOLD HILL
QOLO HILL
PAGE 103
G T T U I CO DC
ST MZIP E R S I N NF FACIL. PERMIT ID
ST LZIP N N 0 C T IN STATUS STATUS SE
N 00 C119-1 C1105-6
00
W 00 C119-1 C1105-6
W 00 C119-1 cno5-6
C119-2
00 cr"»-i
Cli«>-2
W 00 C119-1 C1105-6
00
00
C1I9-2
CI 19-2
I
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
27320
27320
28166
28166
28813
28704
27577
27577
27261
27623
27401
27401
27402
27407
28349
28349
28217
28217
27301
27301
28613
28613
27260
27260
27601
^7601
28304
28304
28071
28071
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
^\\^JUr\ 3
.FINITICN OF STATUS CCDES
.UNN
G
e
N
T
R
N
- I-f 1, ganerata at least lOiJO kg/mo o-f hazarcious waste
I-f 2, generate 100 kg/ma but less than 1000
I-f -T, generate lass than 10'.") kg/mo
- li in coluiTin, -facility is a transporter
T
S
D
- If in column, -facility is a treater, starer, or disposer'
U
I
c
- I-f in column, -facility has undergrounci injection
I - I-? "Y" in column, -facility obta.^ned interim status
N 1+ "E" in column, facility did not quali-fy -for interim status
T but has btr-en given en-rar-camen t discretion to operate
If "W" in column, facility filed a Fart A application but has
w I thdrawn it ;•
I-f "D" in column, -facility has been denied interim status '-f "
CO - 00 in column - -facility did not request con-f ident ial i ty
"=• - 01 in column - -facility requested not i-f ica t ion to be con-f ident i al^
- 02 in coiumn - facility requested Fart A to be con-f iden t ia 1
FACILITY
STATUS C.303 - Pertains to Not i-f icat ion
'•3-1 - Inciicatas facility is a non-handler
-Z.- - In--: : :=i tas -f ac i I i.'r-/ is a small quant it-y generator
)^-7 - Inci-ates faciliV/ is out o-f business
C.302 - Ferta-'is to Commercial Facility
C.302-1 - Indicates -facilif:-. is commercial facilit'-/
CU? - Pertains to Part A
C119-1 - Indicates facilic.^
factli ty
Cli"-2 - Indicates facility -t^ile-J
lied a Fart A far an e:;-i sting
Fart A iar a new facili
PERMIT
STATUS C1103 - RCRA Application or permit status
Cl 105-1 r- Indtcataa intar';m status fscility yet to be permitted
CllOS-2 - Indicates per'm: t has been issued
Cl 105-3 - Indicates per^mit iy rule
Cl 105-4 - Indicates facii:"// has requested withdrawal
Cl 103-5 - Indicates wi tnd,-'.-.wr, neve.»' had interim status
(p r'ecaut i ona.'^v - •. '. "- ."ig ^
Cl 105-6 - Part A w i thd.-'5un -v.t interim status not terminated
Cll';5-7 - Fart A w. thd;-=...:- .-.-t :.".*:.3r-im status term ina tad
C'. '.• :Z-~! - G :•'=:-: -Si-i-•;'•-: T-nri- - :. ic •'•?•: i. cn to cper'r. "e i.n 1 : au
.cn f'_ ~ - J ^-z
^""CiK .*'.'.".'7.Z' /'• •"",T-'.'
STATE COUNTY STATE NA. '
REFERENCE t 9
-..-j / 71 North Ci •
1 9 North Cai-D] in a.
91 South.Carol ina
INTY NAME
-ron Co
M /;;;. ;-• :.;; j ^:. •;-. [) :J \- r.
CENTER POINT AT STATE : 37 North Caroliru
COUNTY ; 119 Mecklenburg Cc
; RETUF^N kfi::'Y to ;:ont :• r;i.u-., . ,
REGION OF" THE COUNTRY
...r..: : \.i: i .-I
rrATE CITY NAME
,MC PINEVILLE
. F' ;:i c Q ':•• E L A •!•• 1" T :j J E L. •:: -AG i T U I: • i;
37119 35.0S33 80.3783
pCVT! Ipf',! !:'f:v,-. .• •it .L Mi. it
CENSUS DATA
.-. K I T •
..Jl',' i.
.... ,. ..p. .
'MMilMn
.ATITUDt ON:;; !: I'L.I5 '-^^1.
^ c).?
LATIQN
:: N C). C' O - . -^h (j 0 , .ij ;:> O - „ 810 .SIC) -- .1 , 6 C) 1 „ 6 C) - 3 . Z'. 0 3 . S 0 -''-t. 3 C) U .Q O -h .^ &•
ti
:;; FI
"GTALS
o
0
0
o
,-..)
'J
0-
0
0
•0-
0
-_
-,
^
•- .•
f.J
0 •
~ 0
0
0
0
.....
•..i
•..?
/•;i
(j
1 1 B^
„_ „
A
SECTOR
TOTALS
0
0
0
0
0
fl
3
i
P ;'•.
'••ii")
••••#•
i.i
L^
.8^-
1.,.,.,.U'...,.
"es5 RETURN key to conti-nue ,
,.>' .•
REFEKiCn -io ' '^3.
•.>;•••.
07/05/89 Psae
NflTURflL HER I TORE PROGRfiM NflTUROL flRGfiS DOTfl&flSE
•'00
PROVIDENCE FLATS SWAMP
COUNTYNAMEI NCQECK
QUADNAME: WEDDINGTON
DIRECTIONS: ON SOUTH SIDE DF PROVIDENCE ROOD (SR 3A7&), 1.1. MILE WEST
OF ITS .JUNCTION WITH NC 1ft. ON SE OUTSKIRTS OF CHPIRL.OTTE,
OWNER:
SITEDESC;
LARGE, FLAT UPLAND SURFACE ON GABBRO. CLAY HARDPAN SOIL PONDS WATER. HIGH
QUALITY UPLAND {DEPRESSION SWAMP FOREST DOMINATED BY WILLOW DAK AND OVERCUP OAK-
MOST EXTENSIVE ^EXAMPLE KNOWN.
SIZE: '• 0 PRIORITY: &
RANKCOMM; HIGH-QUALITY RARE NATURAL COMMUNITY.
PROTSTAT: NO PROTECTION STATUS,
NOLICHUCKY RIVER GORGE
V. COUNTYNAME: NCMITC NCYANC
QUADNAME: CHESTOA. HUNTDPl.E
DIRECTIONS! NOLICHUCKY RIVER FORMS THE BORDER BETWEEN MITCHELL AND
YANCEY COS.
OWNER: USFS-PISGAH NF
SITEDESC:
NO DATA ON VEGETATION. HARDWOOD SLOPE AND COVE FORESTS PREDOMINATE. SURVEY WORK
NEEDED.
SIZE:
RANKCOMM:
PRIORITY;
PROTSTAT: BEING STUDIED FOR NATIONAL WILD & SCENIC STATUS.
ROAN MOUNTAIN HIGHLANDS MEGASITE
roUNTVNPME I NCM.I TC NCAVE R
QUADNAME.; "
OIRECTIpNSj,
OWNER r ,V^'
SITEDESCi -•••••
SIZE:
RANKCOMMi
PRIORITY:
PROTSTATj
07/03/89 Page 199
NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM NATURAL AREAS DATABASE
WOODS MOUNTAIN-SINGECAT RIDGE
LOT AT JCT. OF NC 80 AND BLUE RIDGE PKY,
HA;^ELNUr GAP, RIGHT ON WOODS MTN. TRAIL.
COUNTYNAME: NCCJCDO
QUADNAME: CELO
DIRECTIONS: FROM PARKING
DIRT ROAD ro
OWNER: USFS-PISGAH NF
SITEDESC:
PINE/OAK HEATH NATURAL COMMUNITY ON N-FA.CING OUTCROPS
FEET ELEV. ) 3URP0RTING HUDSONIA MONTANA POPULATION IS
PINUS-PUNGENS, '-kALMIA LATIFOLIA WITH CASTANEA PUMILA.
LYTRICHUM .JUN IPER INUM. CLADINA...
SIZE: [- 0 PRIORITY: A
RANKCOMM: FEDERALLY THREATENED P1..ANT SPECIES—MOUNTAIN GOLDEN
-ONLY POPULATION KNOWN OUTSIDE OF LINVILLE GORGE
PROTSTAT: NEEDS PROTECTION. HUDSONIA SUB.JECT ro TRAMPLING
FOLLOW
OF N-S RUNNING RIDGE (350)'
MAIN FEATURE. PLANTS INCL
POTENTILLA TRIDENTATA-. PO
HEATHER-
BACK CREEK SWAMP
COUNTYNAME: NCMECK
QUADNAME: HARRISBURG
DIRECTIONS; W SIDE OF SR SaS'7, 1/^ MI S OF NC 49
OWNER: PRIVATE
SITEDESC:
FREQUENTLY FLOODED BOTTOMLAND FOREST DOMINATED BY TULIP POPLAR, SWEETGUM, RED
MAPLE, SLIPPERY ELM, WILLOW OAK, AND SYCAMORE. LUSH HERBACEOUS GROWTH INCLUDES
12 FERN SPECIES, INCLUDING RARE WOOD FERN (DRYOPTERIS SPINULOSA). SURROUNDED BY
DRYER OAK-HICKORY-PINE FORESTS AND FARMLAND.
SIZE: 60 ' PRIORITY: C
RANKCOMM:
PROTSTAT: NO PROTECTION STATUS
GAR CREEK SCHWEINITZ'S SUNFLOWER SITE
BD) ON SAMPLE ROAD: SOUTH
BACK EDGE OF PASTURE.
COUNTVNAMEi NCMECK ^
QUADNAMEJ MODNTAIN ISLAND LAKE
DIRECTIONS! 1/A MI W OF SR .%07A (BEATTY'S FORD
•;•'. SIDE OF RD, BEHIND PUCKETT HOME AT
OWNER» MR.. E. M. PUCKETT
SITEDESCi
LARGEST INTACT POPULATION OF ENDANGERED SCHWEINITZ'S SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS
SCHWEINITZII)(SI,Gl) KNOWN AT THIS TIME. EDGE OF PINE-MIXED HARDWOOD UPLAND
ABOVE SLOPE TO CREEK. PLANTS AT INTERFACE WITH OLD PASTURE—CEDAR, LOBLOLLY
PRIVET. LIGUSTRUM INVADING. GOOD SUNFLOWER REPRODUCTION.
SIZE: 4 PRIORITY: B
RANKCOMM; STATE ENDANGERED AND POTENTIAL FEDERAL ENDANGERED -SPECIES.
.JUS!
P I Nr
PROTSTAT: 4A. MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT WITH TNC.
TRY,
ALSO PROPOSED FOR REGIS-
EXPLANATION OF NC NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM DATABASE OUTPUT
Probably the most important database kept by the N.C.
Natural Heritage Program is the one that tracks occurrences of
elements of natural diversity (rare animals, rare plants,
geologic features, special animal habitats). The output '
(printout T you have received is a subset of this very large
database. Each record (an occurrence) is printed out in a
particular format, the structure of which is explained below.
EOCODE: - internal coding for the element occurrence. The first
letter indicates the kind of element:
A=veftebrate animal . N=nonvascular plant
G=ge6logic feature P=vascular plant
I=invertebrate animal S=special animal habitat
For vertebrates, the second letter indicates the order
(taxonomic), with A=amphibians, B=birds, F=fish, etc. For
vascular plants, the second letter indicates whether the plant is
a monocot (M), dicot (D), pteridophyte (P), or gymnosperm (G).
For nonvascular plants, the second letter indicates whether the
plant is a bryophyte (B) or lichen (L).
The last 3 digits, following the decimal point, are the—f^-
number of that occurrence of the species irt the database. For;^
plants, numbers with an H are occurrences reported from before^
1935 which have not been found since. In some cases, H has also
been used to indicate very vague records, or populations known to
have been extirpated.
NAME: Scientific name of the element.
COMNAME: Common name of the element.
FEDSTAT: Federal status of the species, from Endaingered &
Threatened Wildlife and Plants, April 10, 1987. 50 CFR 17.11 &
17.12. Department of Interior. Established by the Endangered
Species Act of 1973, as amended.
LE = Teuca currently listed as Endangered
LT = Tiaxa currently listed as Threatened
PE = Taxa <Hirrently proposed for listing as Endangered
PT - Taxa currently proposed for listing as Threatened
Taxa under review for possible listing ("candidate species"):
Cl = Taxa with sufficient information to support listing
C2 = Tauca without sufficient information to support listing
STATESTAT: Status of the species in North Carolina. For plants,
from Sutter, R.D., L. Mansberg, and J.H. Moore. 1983» Endangered,
threatened, and rare plant species of North Carolina: a revised
J.XSC . rtCJO QUxXCU^ll JW. , -•
Heritage and Plauit conservation Programs. _
E = Endangered
T = Threatened
SC = Special Concern
PP = Primary Proposed
SR = Significantly Rare
E,T,and-SC species are protected by state law (the Plant Protection an
Conservation Act, 1979); the other two categories indicate rarity and
the need for population monitoring, as determined by the Plant Conserv
tion and Natural Heritage Progrcuns.
For animals, from Cooper, J.E., S.S. Robinson, and J.B. Funderbui
(Eds.). 1977. Endangered and Threatened Plants and Animals of North
CarolihaV N.C. Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, NC. 444 pages + i-
xvi. "
E =i.- Endangered
T = Threatened
SR = Sifnificantly Rare
SC = Special Concern
UNK = Undetermined
EX = Extirpated
GRANK: Nature Conservancy "global rank."
Gl = Critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity or
otherwise very vulnerable to exinction throughout its range
G2 = Imperiled globally because of rarity or otherwise ^/ulnerabl
to extinction throughout its range. ;
G3 = Either very rare and local throughout its range, •«?•found.
locally in a restricted area. f
G4 = Apparently secure globally, though it may be quite- rare in
parts of its range (especially at the periphery-).
GS = Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare :
parts of its range (especially at the periphery) .
GU = Possibly in peril but status uncertain; need more informat.
GX = Believed to be extinct throughout range.
Q = a suffix attached to the Global Rank indicating questionab
tcLxonomic status.
T_ = an additional status for the subspecies or variety; the G
then refers only to the species as a whole.
SRANK: Nature Conservancy state rank. Coding similar to global
ranks.
COUNTYNAIffi: Acronym for the county. In general, this is the
first four letters of the county name.
QUADNAME:. USGS quad map name, at 7.5 minute scale when
available.
PRECISION: The precision with which the location can be mapped
from the available information: S=seconds (hundreds of feet),
M=rainutes (up to 1.5 mile radius), G=general (to a place name
only, or up to 5 mile radius).
LAT, LONG; Latituae ana i^uiiy-L^-
the occurrence.
LASTOBS: Year, month, and day the element was last observed.
DIRECTIONS: How to find the site.
GENDESC: - General description,
describing the habitat.
A word picture of the site.
ELEV, SIZE: Elevation and size of the occurrence.
EODATA: Information on number, size, condition, and other
relevant information on the element occurrence.
.i
COMMENTS: Additional information on the occurrence, the site, or
sources gf information.
SITENAME: Name of the site as standardized by the Natural
Heritage Program for internal use. Many sites do not have a name.
OWNER: Name of owner of the site (some eibbreviations used)
SPECSTAT: Codes indicating special status of the site.
AEC=Area of Environmental Concern
DED=Dedicated State Nature Preserve
ESN=National Estuarine Sanctuary
EWA=Established Wilderness Area
EAN=Conservation Easement
NNL=National Natural Landmark
NPK=National Park
NPY=National Parkway
NSH=:National Seashore
RHA=Registered Natural Heritage Area
RNA=Research Natural Area (USFS)
SPK=State Park (incl. State Natural Areas)
ORW=Outstanding Resource Water
WSR=Wild and Scenic River
— and a few others, infrequently used
OWNERCOM: Comments on ownership.
PROTCOMM: Comments on need for additional protection for the
element *
MGMTCOMH:, ConSnents on need for management of the site for the
element.
SOURCE: Best source of information on the element occurrence.
ENDANGERED AND THREATEN REFERENCE i 11 •
)
I
V
U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
REGION 4 - ATLANTA
#•• }-'
•••a->
PREFACE
The materials In this notebook are provided as an aid to anyone having
a continuing need for current Information on Federally listed endangered
and threatened species found within Region 4 of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. This area Includes the CarolInas, Georgia,. Florida, Alabama,
Tennessee, Kentucky, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Puerto Rico, and
the Virgin Islands.
Recipients of the notebook are placed on a permanent mailing list and
Mill automatically receive updated information whenever listing or other
changes occur. Questions or comments pertaining to the notebook should
be directed to the Endangered Species Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Richard B. Russell Federal Building, 75 Spring St., S.W., Atlanta,
Georgia 30303; telephone [phone] or FTS 242-3583. Other questions
pertaining to endangered species matters should be addressed to one of the
Service field stations listed at the end of this Preface.
The notebook is divided into two primary sections. Materials in the
first section provide quick reference as to what species are listed,
proposed, or under review, the states where they occur, the location
of critical habitat areas, and other related Information. The second
part of the notebook contains species accounts which briefly discuss such
things as the status, range, life history, and management needs of 1 lifted
species. Please note that the range maps for these species generally
reflect current distribution, but In many cases they reflect distribution
rather broadly and should only be Interpreted In relation to other
information Included In the species account.
The Endangered Species Act - General
Passage of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 gave the United States one
of the most far-reaching laws ever enected by any country to prevent the
extinction of Imperiled animals and plants. Under the law, the Secretary
of the Interior (acting through the U.S. Fish and Ulldllfe Service) has
broad powers to protect and conserve all forms of wildlife and plants
he finds in serious jeopardy. The Secretary of Comaerce, acting through
the National Marine Fisheries Service, has s1«11ar authority for protecting
and conserving most atrlne life.
Congress addressed the question of why we should save endangered species
in the prtMblft to tht Endangered Species Act, holding that endangered
and threatantd species of fish, wildlife and plants "are of esthetic,
ecological, educational, historical, recreational, and scientific value
to the Nation and Its people." In making this statement. Congress was
sunmarlzlng a number of convincing arguments advanced by thoughtful
scientists, conservationists, and others who are greatly concerned by
the disappearance of wildlife.
Protecting endangered species and restoring them to the point where
their existence Is no longer Jeopardized Is the primary objective of
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Endangered Species Program.
It should be emphasized, however, that not all Federal actions will
necessarily be detrimental to critical habitat. There may be many kinds
of actions which can be carried out within a critical habitat area with-
out reducing the species' numbers or distribution, or otherwise posing
jeopardy to it.
In summary, the designation of critical habitat does not create a nature
preserve or refuge. It does not affect private, local, or state projects
unless Federal funds or permits are involved. It does provide a means
by which listed species can be protected from adverse impacts resulting
from Federal action.
Consultation
Section 7 of the Act requires all Federal agencies to review their actions,
and if they determine that their actions may affect a listed species or
its habitat, they must enter into consultation with the Fish and Wildlife
Service. During the course of such consultation the Involved agency and
the Fish and Wildlife Service will try to determine a course of action
which will allow for completion of the agency's project and at the same
time not jeopardize the species. Most consultations accomplish this goal.
In the case of a conflict, the Act provides a means whereby under certain
conditions the affected Federal agency may be exempted from the requirements
of Section 7. Exemption applications must be submitted to the Secretary
of the Interior for consideration. If the Secretary decides the application
meets exemption criteria, it Is then passed on to a seven-member cabinet-
level Endangered Species Committee for a final decision.
Conservation and Recovery
A main aim of the Service's Endangered Species Program Is to restore
populations of listed species to a point where they are no longer in
danger of extinction and are again self-sustaining members of their
ecosystem. Recovery plans for a nuaber of these species are already
being carried out. Tht plans may recomonnd the acquisition of land,
new research, captive breeding, or may call for special wildlife and
habitat management techniques.
In addltfOR to overseeing the development and implementation of recovery
plans, tba Flsb and Wildlife Service utilizes the authorities and
funding provided undtr the Act to provide for technical assistance,
management, law enforcement, land acquisition, research, status surveys,
and financial assistance to state agencies which have entered into a
cooperative agreement with the Service.
Permits
The Service's Wildlife Permit Office can issue permits for certain
activities involving endangered or threatened species. Permits for
12/87
Federally Listed Species by State
NORTH CAROLINA
(E'Endangered; T>Threatened; CH«Critical Habitat determined)
Manmals General Distribution
E
E
Sat, gray (Myotis qrisescens)
Bat, IndianaTHyotis sodaiis)
Bat, Virginia big-eari3
(Plecotus townsendll vlrqinianus) - E
Cougar, eastern (^eTT7 ooncoior cougar) - E
Manatee. West Indian (Trichechus"manarus) -
Shrew, Dismal Swamp southeastern
(Sorex lonqirostris fisherl) - T
Squirrel, Carolina northern flying
(Slaucomys sabrlnus coloratus) - E
Whale, finback (Balatnoptera physalus) • E
Whale, humpback (Htqapura nbvaeangnat) - E
Whale, rl^t (Balatna gtaclans) - £
Whale, sel (Balatnoptera Doreails) - E
Whale, sotrm (PhystMr catodon) - E
Extreme Southwest
West
Avery County
Entire statt
Coastal waters
Dismal Swamp; Camden, Gates
Pasquotank and Perquimans
Counties
Western mountains
(Yancy County)
Coastal waters
Coastal wattrs
Coastal wattrs
Coastal wattrs
Coastal wattrs
Birds
Eaglt, bald (Hallatttui Itucoctphalus) •
Falcon, American ptrtgrlnt
(Falco ptrtorlnus anatui) - E
Falcon, Arctfc ptrt^rint
(Falco ptrtgriwus tuadrlus) - T
Plovtr. oitiwg (cnaradrius mtlodus) - T
Stork, wood (Hfcttna atncana; - E
Warbltr, Bufws (Ytniivora Sachmanll)
Warbltr, K|fC1and*s
(Ptndroffci Mrtlandll) • E
Woodptcktr, Ivory-bllltd
(Camptphllus. principalis) • E
Woodptcktr, red-cockadtd
(Picoldts (•Otndrocopos) boreal is) - E
C Entire state
Western mountains
Ehtirt Statt
Coast
Coast
- E East
Northwtst, Central,
Southeast
Southeast
East
NORTH CAROLINA (Cont'd) State Lists 12/87
Liatris hellerl (Heller's blazing
star) TJ
Lindera melissifolia (pondberry) - E
Lysimachia asperuiaTfolia
(rough-leaved loosestrife) - E
Oxypolis canbyl (Canby's dropwort)
Saqtttaria fasciculate
(Dunched arrowhead) - E
- E
Sarracenia oreophila
(green pitcher plant)
Soljdaqo spithamaea
(Blue Kioge goldenrod)
Ashe, Avery, Caldwell,
Burke Counties
Bladen County
Carteret, Scotland,
Cumberland/Bladen,
Brunswick, Pender, and
Hoke Counties
Scotland County
Henderson County
Clay County
Avery and Mitchell Counties
-.-^m^^^SM^^i^^fr'fm
L2/37
NORTH CAaOLIMA - Crlclcal Hablcac
No crop la awkiatocholaa, '*Cap« Fear shiner"
(1) ChachaiB Couney. Approzlaataly 4.1 alias of cha Rocky Rlvar from North
Carollaa Scace Highway 902 Bridge downaeream co Chatham County Road 1010
Bridge;
(2) Chatham and Lea Counties. Approxlaately 0.3 river oLle of Bear
Creek, from Chathaa County Road 2136 Bridge downaeream co the Rocky River,
Chen downstream la the Rocky River (approxlaately 4.2 river miles) co che
Deep River, Chen downstream in the Deep River (approximately 2.6 river
miles) CO a point 0.3 river mile below the Moneure, North Carolina^
U.S. Geological Survey Gaging Station; and
(3) Randolph and Moors Counties. Approximately l.S miles of Fork Creek,
from a point 0.1 river mile upstream of Randolph County Road 2873 Bridge
downstream to the Deep River then downstream approximately 4.1 river miles
of the Deep River in Randolph and Moore Counties, North Carolina, to a point
2.3 river miles below Moore County Road 1436 Bridge.
Constituent elements Include clean streams with gravel, cobble, and
boulder substrates with pools, riffles, shallow runs and slackwmter arei
with large rock outcrops aad side channels and pools with water of good
quality with relatively low sile loads.
1
^873))
s^^^^y
V-..v^f/
/"^^ ©/
CO
o o
\ « o
\
J**
J^^k'-^ 1
\
V
MOORC CO.
N/^,
^V uo«o
&i
^^
y y 0
y
(
>^
^
SL^
n v(y^ ^^i^
V vi|i/
9 »««y\^ 3ANF0R0
11/80
NORTH CAROLINA - Critical Habitat
Hudsonia montana, "^nountaln golden heather"
Burke County. The area bounded by the following: on the west by the
2200' contour; on the east by the Linville Gorge Wilderness Boundary
north from the intersection of the 2200' contour and the Shortoff Mountain
Trail to where it intersects the 3400' contour at "The Chimneys"—then
follow the 3400* contour north until it relntersects the Wilderness
Boundary—then follow the Wilderness Boundary again northward until it
intersects the 3200' contour extending west from its intersection with
the Wilderness Boundary until it begins to turn south—at this point the
Boundary extends due east until It Intersects the 2200' contour.
5/78
NQRm oaaLDA - ontical Habitat
Hvfaopsia monacha, "spotfin chub"
Maconand Swain Counties. Uttlt Tennessee Rivmr, main channel fron
rtJtS'lSS ^c«*«* LaJ« upstream to the Ndrth Carolina-Georgia
/^^J7^ J'/J/y
r
•-^^
<;'^.^ ^.r-^^ • v^ /^^-^^
a«y ir». -"^
TewwCe.
r-^
r
k
1
(S)"
FramkUm^^
r^ ju! / f *^ \f
»»^_ M«—e €•. \)
7«kM <^«'~ir
@
j\ ®v ?s 7
/ «
H
\
>
!10tTH CAIOUNA
GKOtClA
1 •
NORTH CAROLINA - Critical Habicac
Menldla extansa, "Waccamaw silverslde"
Columbus County. Lake Vaccamaw In its entirety co oean high vacer level,
and Big Creek from its oouth at Lake Waccamaw upstream approxlaately 0.6
kilometer (0.4 mile) to where che creek is crossed by County Road 1947.
Conscicuenc elements Include high quality clear open vater, vich a neucrai
pH and clean sand subscrace.
N
A
LAKE
WACCAMAW
s
DEPARTMENT Ot^'I^TURAL RESOURCES
Freshwater Uetlandff & Heritage Inventory
Database - July, 1990
For MECKLENBURG COUNTY
Scientific Name;
Cownon Name
Last
Otiserved
1948-08-1
1990-12-0
Precision
G
G
U
S
Global
Rank
G7
G3
G4
G7
GAGS
State
Rank
S1S2
S3
S4
SI
SI
County;
Quad
Mecklenburg
NOORESVILLE
Mecklenburg
CORNELIUS
Mecklenburg
Mecklenburg
CORNELIUS
Mecklenburg
TORTULA PROPAGULOSA
BUDDING TORTULA
ETHEOSTOMA COLL IS
CAROLINA DARTER
PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUS
GINSENG
ASTER GEORGIANUS
GEORGIA ASTER
ECHINACEA PURPUREA
PURPLE CONEFLOWER
HELIANTHUS SCHWEINITZII
SCHWEINITZ'S SUNFLOWER
1988-10-1 Gl SI Mecklerburg
MOUNTAIN ISLAND LAKE
HELIANTHUS SCHWEINITZII
SCHWEINITZ'S SUNFLOWER
1988-10-1 Gl SI Mecklenburg
NOUNTAlk ISLAND LAKE
HELIANTHUS SCHWEINITZII
SCHWEINITZ'S SUNFLOWER
1990-12-0 Gl SI Mecklenburg
CORNELIUS
CARDAMINE DISSECTA
DISSECTED TOOTHWORT
1977-03 G7 SI Mecklenburg
HARRISBURG
LOTUS PURSHIANUS VAR HELLERI
HELLER'S TREFOIL
G4G5T7 Mecklenburg
'^(r^^^^^^^f^:
DEPARTMENT OF NAtURAL RESOURCES
Freshwater Wetlands & Heritage Inventory
Database - July, 1990
For MECKLENBURG COUNTY
Scientific Name;
CoinBun Natne
Last
Observed
1951-08-2
1972-03
1980-
1976-05
1972-05
1958-08-0
1936-09
Precision
M
M
M
M
M
M
G
Global
Rank
G4G5T7
G3G5Q
G3G5Q
G3G4
G5
G3G4
G3G4
State
Rank
S2
SI
SI
S3
SI
S2
SI
County;
Quad
Mecklenburg
MINT HILL
Mecklenburg
HARRISBURG
Mecklenburg
HARRISBURG
Mecklenburg
HARRISBURG
Mecklenburg
HARRISBURG
Mecklenburg
NINt HILL
Mecklenburg
• 1
LOTUS PURSHIANUS VAR HELLERI
HELLER'S TREFOIL
ANEMONE BERLANDIERI
SOUTHERN THIMBLEWEED
ANEMONE BERLANDIERI
SOUTHERN THIMBLEWEED
NESTRONIA UMBELLULA
NESTRONIA
CAREX PROJECTA
NECKLACE SEDGE
HEXALECTRIS SPICATA
CRESTED CORALROOT
BOTRYCHIUM JENMANII
ALABAMA GRAPE FERN
fj^sj
-1-
Codes for wetlands and Heritage Database
I. Precision Codes
Code Description
SC Seconds Confirmed
Seconds
M
U
Minute
General
Unmappable
Accuracy of locality is mappable within a
three-second radius (roughly the area covered
by the dot). The site has been visited and
the element is known to occur precisely there.
Accuracy of locality is mappable within a
three-second radius (roughly the area covered
by the dot). The place as described in
source(s) is precisely mappable, whether or
not the element is known to occur precisely
there.
Accurate within a one-minute radius
(approximately 2km or 1.5 mi. from the
centerpoint of the dot).
Quad or place name precision only (precision
within about 8 km or 5 mi.). '^C^
Cannot be mapped due to incomplete or f
inaccurate information.
-2-
II. Global Element Ranking Codes
code Description
Gl critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or
fewer occurrences or very few remaining individuals or acres)
or because of some factor(s) making it expecially vulnerable to
extinction.
G2 Imperiled globally because of rarity (6 to 2 0 occurrences or
few remaining individuals or acres) or because of some
factor(s) making it expecially vulnerable to extinction
throughout its range.
G3 Either very rare and local throughout its range or found
locally (even aboundantly at some of its locations) in a
restricted range (e.g., a single western state, a physiographic
region in the East) or because of other factors making it
vulnerable to extinction throughout its range; in terias of
occurrences, in the range of 21 to 100. \
G4 Apparently secure globally, though it may be quite raire in
parts of its range, expecially at the periphery.
65 Demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in
parts of its range, especially at the periphery.
GH Of historical occurrence throughout its range, i.e., formerly
part of the established biota, with the expectation that it may
be rediscovered (e.g., Bachman's Warbler).
GU Possibly in peril range-wide but status uncertain; need more
information. NOTE: This rank should be used sparingly.
Whenever possible, assign the most likely rank and add a
question mark (e.g., 62?) to express uncertainty, or use a
range (e.g., 6263) to delineate the limits (range) of
uncertainty.
6X Believed, to be extinct throughout range (e.g.. Passenger
Pi^on) with virtually no likelihood that it will be
rediscovered ^
-3-
III. State Element Ranking codes
code Description
51 critically imperiled in state because of extreme rarity (5 or
fewer occurrences or very few remaining individuals or acres)
or because of some factor(s) making it expecially vulnerable to
52 Imperiled in state because of rarity (6 to 2 0 occurrences or
few remaining individuals or acres) or because of some
factor(s) making it expecially vulnerable to
extirpation from the state.
53 Rare or uncommon in state (on the order of 21 to 100
occurrences).
54 Apparently secure in state, with many occurrences.
Vr
55 Demonstrably secure in state, and essentially ineradicable
under present conditions. "^f.'
SA Accidental in state, including species (usually birds or
butterflies) recorded once or twice or only at very greate
intervals, hundreds or even thousands of miles outside their
usual range; a few of these species may even have bred on the
one or two occasions they were recorded; examples include
European strays or western birds on the East Coast and vice-
versa.
SH Of historical occurrence in the state, perhaps having not been
verified in the past 2 0 years, and suspected to be still
extant. Naturally, an element would become SH without such a
20-year delay if the only known occurrences in a state were
destroyed or if it had been extensively and unsuccessfully
looked for. Upon verification of an extant occurrence, SH-
ranked elements would typically receive an Sl rank. The SH
rank should be reserved for elements for which some effort has
been ma^e to relocate occurrences, rather thatn simply ranking
alX elements not known from verified extant occurrences with
this rank.
J
III. State Element Ranking Codes (cont.)
code Description
SN
SR
SRF
SU
Regularly occurring, usually migratory and typically
nonbreeding species for which no significant or effective
habitat conservation measures can be taken in the state; this
category includes migratory birds (concentration sites for
migratory birds are grouped in the "other" category and ranked
accordingly - bats, sea turtles, and cetaceans which do not
breed in a given state but pass through twice a year or may
remain in the winter (or, in a few cases, the siimmer); included
also are certain lepidoptera which regularly migrate to a state
where they reproduce, but then completely die out every year
with no return migration. Species in this categorty are so
widely and unreliably distributed during migration or in winter
that no small set of sites could be set aside with the hope of
significantly furthering globally-ranked species (such as the
bald eagle, whooping crane or some seal species) which
regularly spend some portion of the year at definite localities
(and therefore have a valid conservation need in the^ Estate)
should NOT be ranked SN, but rahter Sl, S2, etc. This rank
is also not for "lost causes", which in someone's opinion
cannot be saved. The reasons for assigning the SN rank
may not be apparent from the fact pattern on the Element State
Ranking Form, since there may be low numbers, etc.
Therefore, the reasons must be carefully set out in SREASONS
under SRANK.
Reported from the state, but without persuasive documentation
whice would provide a basis for either accepting or rejecting
(e.g., misidentifled specimen) the report. Some of these are
very recent discoveries for which the program hasn't yet
received first-hand information; others are old^, obscure
reports that are hard to dismiss because the habitat is
destroyed.
Reported falsely (in error)
persisting in the literature.
from state but this error
Possibly in peril in state but status uncertain; need more
information. NOTE:
Whenever possible,
question mark (e.g.,
range (e.g., 6263)
uncertainty.
This rank should be used sparingly.
assign the most likely rank and add a
62?) to express uncertainty, or use a
to delineate the limits (range) of
SX Apparently extirpated from state.
~- r^HJa*^^?)*:' - - ••-• -
Soil survey of REFERENCE f 13
Mecklenburg Count};,
North CaroUna
United States Department of Agriculture
Soil Conservation Service
in cooperation with
Mecklenburg County Board of Commissioners and
North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station
SOIL SURVEY
in the county Cornelius, in the extreme northern part, is
slightly more than 830 feet above sea level. The lowest
is 520 feet at the State line south of Pineville. The
Catawba River, with the impounded waters of three hy-
droelectric dams, forms the western boundary and drains
approximately three-fourths of the county. The eastern
side of the county is drained by tributaries of the Rocky
River. The divide is a broad ridge extending generally
from Davidson southward through Derita to Mint Hill.
Three large creeks—Irwin, Little Sugar, and Briar-
drain most of the urban area of the city of Chariotte.
These tributaries flow southward through the county and
converge into Sugar Creek before it enters the Catawba
River in Lancaster County, South Carolina. Rapid runoff
from the urban areas during rainstorms has caused
flooding and resulting property damage in low-lying
areas. It has become increasingly severe in recent years.
Water supply
A valuable resource of Mecklenburg County is an
abundant supply of good water. Most water used for
municipal and industrial purposes is supplied by the Ca-
tawba River. This water, flowing from the southeastern
slopes of the Blue Ridge Mountains, is of excellent qual-
ity.
Municipal water for most towns is obtained from lakes
on the river. Lake Norman supplies Davidson, Cornelius,
and Huntersville. Mountain Island Lake supplies Char-
lotte, Pineville, and Matthews. The amount of water
taken from the lakes is less than 1 percent of the daily
flow of the Catawba River.
Water for the town of Mint Hill is supplied by wells.
Water to all other areas also is supplied by private or
community wells. This ground water is of good quality.
Growing degree days, shown in table 1, are equivalent
to "heat units." During the month, growing degree days
accumulate by the amount that the average temperature
each day exceeds a base temperature (50 degrees F).
The normal monthly accumulation is used to schedule
single or successive plantings of a crop between the last
freeze in spring and the first freeze in fall.
Of the total annual precipitation, 22 inches, or 50 per-
cent, usually falls in April through September, which in-
cludes the growing season for most crops. In 2 years out
of 10, the rainfall in April through September is less than
19 inches. The heaviest rainfall during a 24 hour period
was 5.41 inches at Charlotte on October 8 and 9, 1976.
Thunderstorms occur on about 42 days each year, and
most occur in summer.
Average seasonal snowfall is 6 inches. The greatest
snow depth at any one time during the period of record
was 12 inches. On the average, 2 days have at least 1
inch of snow on the ground, but the number of such
days varies greatly from year to year.
The average relative humidity in midafternoon is about
60 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the average
at dawn is about 85 percent. The percentage of possible
sunshine is 70 in summer and 60 in winter. The prevail-
ing wind is from the southwest. Average windspeed is
highest, 9 miles per hour, in spring. ^
Every few years in winter, heavy snow covers the
ground for a few days to a week. Every few years late in
summer or in autumn, a tropical storm moving inland
from the Atlantic Ocean causes extremely heavy rain for
1 to 3 days.
Climatic data in this section were specially prepared
for the Soil Conservation Service by the National Climat-
ic Center, Asheville, North Carolina.
Climate
Mecklenburg County is hot and is generally humid in
summer. Winter is moderately cold but short because
the mountains to the west protect the county against
many cold waves. Precipitation is evenly distributed
throughout the year and is adequate for all crops.
Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation
for the survey area, as recorded at Charlotte, North
Carolina for the periodH951 to 1975. Table 2 shows
probable dates of the first freeze in fail and the last
freeze in spring, Table 3 provides data on length of the
growing season.
In winter the average temperature is 43 degrees F,
and the average daily minimum temperature is 32 de-
grees. The lowest temperature on record, which oc-
curred at Chariotte on December 13, 1962, is 2 degrees.
In summer the average temperature is 77 degrees, and
the average daily maximum temperature is 88 degrees.
The highest recorded temperature, which occurred on
September 6, 1954, is 104 degrees.
How this survey was made
Soil scientists- made this survey to learn what kinds of
soil are in the survey area, where they are, and how they
can be used. The soil scientists went into the area know-
ing they likely would locate many soils they already knew
something about and perhaps identify some they had
never seen before. They observed the steepness, length,
and shape of slopes; the size of streams and the general
pattern of drainage; the kinds of native plants or crops:
the kinds of rock; and many facts about the soils. The>
dug many holes to expose soil profiles. A profile is the
sequence' of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil; it ex
tends from the surface down into the parent material
which has been changed very little by leaching or by the
action of plant roots.
The soil scientists recorded the characteristics of tht
profiles they studied, and they compared those profiles
with others in counties nearby and in places more dia
tant. Thus, through correlation, they classified ant
14 SOIL SURVEY
effluent in septic tank absorption fields. This limitation
can be overcome by modifying.the field or by increasing
the size of the absorption area, or both. Strengthening
the footings and foundations and.removing the excess
moisture are measures for shrink-swell. The potential is
dominantly moderate for recreation because of the wet-
ness and the slow permeability.
The capability subclass is llle. The woodland group is
3w.
HuB—Helena-Urban land complex, 2 to 8 percent
slopes. This map unit consists of areas of Helena soils
and areas of Urban land primarily in the suburban areas
of Charlotte. These areas are too small and too Intricate-
ly mixed to be mapped separately. The undisturbed
Helena soil makes up 50 to 70 percent of each area,
and Urban land makes up 15 to 35 percent. The rest of
this unit consists of areas where most of the natural soil
has been altered or covered as the result of grading and
digging.
The undisturbed Helena soil is well drained. Typically,
the surface layer is light olive brown sandy loam about 8
inches thick. The subsoil is 32 inches thick. The upper
part is brownish yellow sandy clay loam, the middle part
Is brownish yellow and yellowish brown clay, and the
lower part is mottled yellowish brown, light gray, and
reddish brown clay loam. The underlying material to a
depth of 50 inches is light gray sandy clay. Below that, it
Is light gray sandy clay loam.
The organic matter content is low in the surface layer
of this Helena soil. Permeability is slow, the available
water capacity is low, the shrink-swell potential is high,
and surface runoff is medium. The subsoil is very strong-
ly acid or strongly acid. Depth to rippable bedrock is 40
to 60 Inches. The seasonal perched water table is 1 to
2.5 feet below the surface.
The Urban land part of this unit Is covered mostly with
closely spaced houses, paved streets, parking lots, drive-
ways, small shopping centers, industrial buildings,
schools, churches, and apartment complexes.
In some altered, or disturbed, areas the Helena soil is
covered with more than;;20 iriches of fill material. In
others, more than two-thirasL;Oftf>©- natural soil has been
removed by cutting andgrading?.'• -
Included with this coniijiexin mapping are small areas
of Appling, Enon, Monacan,'and Vance soils.
Surface runoff from robftops and paved'surfaces in-
creases the hazard of flooding in low-lying areas down-
stream. The clayey subsoil is a limitation in landscaping.
The slow permeability, the wetness, and the high shrink-
swell potential are limitations for most urban uses.
Onsite investigation is generally needed before plan-
ning the use and management of this unit.
This unit is not assigned to a capability subclass or to
a woodland group.
IrA—Iredell fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes.
This moderately well drained soil is on broad, flat areas
on the uplands. Mapped areas range from 5 to several
hundred acres.
Typically, the surface layer is olive brown fine sandy
loam about 6 Inches thick. The subsoil is light olive
brown clay and clay loam 22 inches thick. The underly-
ing material to a depth of 65 inches is light olive brown
and olive loam.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas
where water is ponded in flats and depressions in winter
and a few areas of similar soils that have slopes of more
than 1 percent. Also included are small areas of Enon,
Mecklenburg, and Wilkes soils. The included soils make
up about 15 to 35 percent of this map unit.
The organic matter content is low in the surface layer
of this Iredell soil. Permeability is slow, the available
water capacity is medium, the shrink-swell potential is
very high, and surface runoff is slow. The subsoil is
slightly acid to mildly alkaline. Depth to bedrock is more
than 60 inches. Seasonally the perched water table is
only 1 to 2 feet below the surface.
Most of the acreage is used for crops, hay, orjj^sture.
Some areas are forested. *" \
This soil has moderately high potential for most-?crops.
Small wet areas and slow permeability are the main
limitations in the use and management of this soil. Tilth
can be improved by returning crop residue to the soil
and by not tilling the soil when wet. Erosion is a slight
hazard. This soil has high potential for pasture forages
(fig. 4).
The potential is moderate for broadleaf and needleleaf
trees. The dominant trees are loblolly pine, shortleaf
pine, post oak, and white oak. The dominant understory
species are dogwood, redbud, holly, sourwood, and
black cherry. The clayey subsoil is the main limitation in
woodland use and management.
The potential is low for most urban uses because of
the very high shrink-swell potential, the wetness, and the
slow permeability. The slow permeability significantly
limits the absorption of effluent in septic tank absorption
fields. This limitation generally can be partly overcome
by modifying the fields or by increasing the size of the
absorption area, or both. Corrective measures for the
shrink-swell limitation include strengthening the footings
and foundations and removing the excess moisture. Cor-
rective measures for wetness are surface drainage, tile
drainage, and land grading. The potential is dominantly
moderate or low for recreation because of wetness.
The capability subclass is llw. The woodland group is
4c.
IrB—Iredell fine sandy loam, 1 to 8 percent slopes.
This moderately well drained soil is on broad ridges and
broad gentle side slopes of the uplands. Mapped areas
range from 5 to several hundred acres.
16 SOIL SURVEY
ranges from 48 to 72 .inches.- The water table is below 5
feet, but there is a perched water table at 1 to 2.5 feet
during wet seasons. '.
Most of the acreage is used as" woodland. Some areas
are used for hay, pasture, or crops.
This soil has high potential for corn, soybeans, small
grain, hay, and pasture. Minimum tillage, the return of
crop residue to the soil, and the use of cover crops,
including grasses and legumes, reduce runoff and help
to control erosion.
This soil has moderately high potential for broadleaf
and needleleaf trees. The dominant trees are red oak,
shortleaf pine, loblolly pine, and Virginia pine. The main
understory species are dogwood, redbud, and holly. Wet-
ness is the main limitation in woodland use and manage-
ment.
The potential is low for most urban uses because of
wetness, the slow permeability, and low strength. The
slow permeability significantly limits the absorption of
effluent in septic tank absorption fields. This limitation
generally can be overcome by modifying the field or by
increasing the size of the absorption area, or both. Cor-
rective measures to overcome low strength are increas-
ing the size of the footings and, where appropriate, plac-
ing structures on slabs.. Surface drainage, tile drainage,
and land grading are commonly used to reduce wetness.
The potential is dominantly moderate for recreation be-
cause of the slow permeability and wetness.
The capability subclass Is lie. The woodland group is
3w.
MeB—Mecklenburg fine sandy loam, 2 to 8 percent
slopes. This well drained soil is on broad ridges on the
uplands. Mapped areas are commonly oblong and range
from 5 to more than 500 acres.
Typically, the surface layer is dark reddish brown fine
sandy loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish
red clay 27 inches thick. The underiying material to a
aeptn of 45 inches is mottled strong brown and yellowish
red clay loam. Below this to a depth of 65 inches it is
very dark grayish brown and light olive brown loam.
Included with this soij.dn.;.mapping are a few small
eroded areas where, the: surface layer, is clay loam, a few
areas where the; sub'soil'jsoiiark'red, and a few areas
where the subsoij is-thicker than 32 inches. Also includ-
ed are a few intiBrrningled .ar.eas- of. Cecil, Enon, Iredell,
and Wilkes soils. The included'areas,' each less than 5
acres, make up 10 ta-20|iercentof'this map unit.
The organic matter content is low in the surface layer
of this Mecklenburg soil. Permeability is slow, the availa-
ble water capacity is medium, the shrink-swell potential
is moderate, and surface runoff is medium. The subsoil
is medium acid to neutral. Depth to bedrock ranges from
48 to 60 inches. The water table is below 6 feet.
Most of the acreage is used as cropland and pasture.
The rest is forested.
This soil has moderately high potential for corn, soy-
beans, pasture, hay, small grain, and most horticultural
crops. Erosion is a hazard if cultivated crops are grown.
This loss of the original surface layer reduces tilth. Mini-
mum tillage, the return of crop residue to the soil, and
the use of cover crops, including grasses and legumes,
reduce runoff and help to control erosion.
The potential is moderate for broadleaf and needleleaf
trees. The dominant trees are loblolly pine. Virginia pine,
shortleaf pine, eastern redcedar, white oak and red oak,
hickory, yellow-poplar, sweetgum, and sycamore. The
dominant understory species are dogwood, redbud, holly,
sourwood, and black cherry. There are no significant
limitations in woodland use or management.
This soil has low potential for most urban uses be-
cause of the slow permeability, the moderate shrink-
swell potential, the low strength, and the depth to bed-
rock. The slow permeability significantly limits the ab-
sorption of effluent in septic tank absorption fields. This
limitation generally can be overcome by modifying the
field or by increasing the size of the absorption area, or
both. Corrective measures commonly used for low
strength include increasing the size of the footings and
where appropriate placing structures on slabs. Strength-
ening the footings and foundations and removing excess
moisture are corrective measures for shrinl< swell. The
potential is only moderate for camp areas and play-
grounds because of the slow permeability. It is high for
most other kinds of recreation.
The capability subclass is lie. The woodland group is
40.
MeD—Mecklenburg fine sandy loam, 8 to 15 per-
cent slopes. This well drained soil is on side slopes on
the uplands. Mapped areas are narrow, oblong bands
that range from 5 to more than 100 acres.
Typically, the surface layer is dark reddish brown fine
sandy loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish
red clay 27 inches thick. The underlying material to a
depth of 45 inches is mottled strong brown and yellowish
red clay loam. Below this to a depth of 65 inches it is
very dark grayish brown and light olive brown loam.
Included with this soil in mapping are a few small
eroded areas where the surface layer is clay loam, a few
areas where the subsoil is dark red, and a few areas
where the subsoil is thicker than 32 inches. Also includ-
ed are a few intermingled areas of Cecil, Enon, and
Wilkes soils. The included areas, each less than 5 acres,
make up 10 to 20 percent of this map unit.
The organic matter content is low in the surface layer
of this Mecklenburg soil. Permeability is slow, the availa-
ble water capacity is medium, the shrink-swell potential
is moderate, and surface runoff is rapid. Reaction in the
subsoil ranges from medium acid to neutral. Depth to
bedrock ranges trom 48 to 60 inches. The water table is
below 6 feet.
^..'-~,; .5 \ m-
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itai Science Services Administration • Environmental Data Si
KAIMlab Uh I LIVimiXMi oiv. V I ;r w.
NORMAL DAILY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (**F) , JANUARY
i.o».oiJfI!73 *=^-.
P:^
HOTE.—CAUTION SHOULD Bl
USED IN INTEaPOLATINC OR
THESE GENERALIZED HAPS.
SHARP CHANCES HAT OCCUR
IN SB08T DISTANCES, PAB-
TICUURLY IN MOUNTAINOUS
AREAS,DUI TO DIFTERDICSS
IN ALTITUDE, SLOPE OF
LAND, TTPE OT SOIL,
VBGETATIVB COVER, BODIES
or lATER, AIB DRAINAGE,
URBAN BIAT ETFBCTS, ETC.
PATTERN TOO COHPLEX IN
HAIAII TO INDICATE ON
SHALL SCALE HAPS.
THESE CHARTS ARE BASED
ON THE PERIOD 1931-60.
i.-a .... (in 6^CO *wo "ttO'w 111** *NM **** »*i.iL,«H
(f^^"-yUi.^^ ^^~7 NORMAL DAILY RANGE OF TEMPERATURE (^F), JANUARY
"^(P^'^i ( / \ '"~""p:;„— L_.
:.i.ia. tor** J^^
E, AND RANGE OF TEMPERATURE (T), JULY
ORMAL DAILY RANGE OF TEMPERATURE ("F), JULY
0 50 100 500 MILES
;OUAL AREA PROJECTION - STANDARD PARALLELS 29V4 AND 45'A
BASED ON PERIOD 1931-60
00
Caution should be uaed In
interpolating on these gen-
eralized maps, particularly
in mountainous areas.
87*00 •••OOlSO
tt 00
PUERTO RICO AND VIRGIfJ'TSlANDS *L«x. H*M"LTON FLO.
I I .sn-TT?Ho I L^—
6«'30 «5'30 64*30
\KE EVAPORATION
E T • T J ^ ^ 1
MEAN MAY-OCTOBER EVAPORATION IN PERCENT OF ANNUAL
7 ^
^
!
I . uM'AiiiMKNT OF <:i»MMi:it<:i-: v KAnilOlt IIIIUKAI,
':'.»^ :•. ll<tlH;». Srrrrlarjr 1. W. IIMI ii.i ;*i in t H. < i:!i (
TICCIINICAL l»Ain:i{ NO. 40
KAINFALL FREQUKNCY AILAS OF THE lllNII FD SVXVKS
for Durations from 3(1 Minnies lo 24 llonrs iunl
Relurii Perioils from 1 lo 100 Years
rrr,..,rd I.,
IM\lll H. IIKIISIIHH.II
l!«N*|irrall*r SliMlIrn Sri'lUill, ll)ilr»lit||lf- St-rtli-m INtlniiin
fw
^Iniilnrcrinii Oi.Ui«»n, SM4I i 'atum-taathtn SrraUr
l.S. Ilr|*arliiii Ml wf iiirl^'ullurr
\ /
I
I
1 K^ M\ B PRCPERTY OF
FIT IV ^ M
Ir
^€fe*'!
c
c
c
It
[
c
c
t
c
c
c
DEM» LATITUDE
:v-.;':5:jr---'^ai',M>''''-^>7'i".>;" :..••-.,•• • •
North .Carolina,Surface.Hater Intakif»s4 '
LONGITUDE COUNTY RIVBK DEM-CLAS
•;?'*••
"SETS 33 27 09.61 83 4B 11.44 Qrahan^-;
^^|» -16 46133' 93'--l9-02.»T^ qrafiaiii^^--'^
57.3
58.0
39.0
t>6.l)
61 l-l-
61 li;
35 19
35 26
36 10
44.47
36.53
01 .77
83
83
7S
48
56
4G
.93
.56
.99
36 07
36' 17
36li5
46.69
39.OB
29.69
78
78
7g'
42
40 •9?
.87
Gr aham ,
Graham
Granville
N-y?^ ^i^ltlljf^
Granville
Cheoah River
Yellow Hammer Branch US-I
Holt Lalile US-I
'^m uranvllle •
r^-^^B
62.1
62.2
63.1
36 10
36 11
35 59
21.37
21.07
30.00
79
79
79
19,
56,
45,
77
05
00
&3;S
64:6
6li.O
3& CO
35 58
36 09
41.49
45.01
10.71
79
79
77
"irr
55
41
:3T'
,86
Qui Iford
GuiIford
GuiIford
Guilfbr.d
GuiIford
Hal jfa>:
LaKe Brandt US-II
Lake Toiinsend US-II
Hish Point Lake US-III
66.1
66.2
67.0
36 28
36 28
36 28
69.6
70.1
3S 19
35 24
35 35
41.00
51.60
48.01
77
77
77
21.
50.
41.
00
82
15
Halifax
Halifax
Halifax
Pak^^Hol]
beep Ri
EishinajiCreek
L»ka~
44rrr
33.79
17.40
"TT
78
83
77"
49
SO
777"
.06
.10
Harnett
Harnett
Haywood
Koanoke Rapids Lake
Roanoke Fiver
Roanoke iliiver
70.2
71.1
71.2
3 b 3 J.
35 30
35 31
72:0
,73;"X
_73l2_
35 2S
35 25
35 22
27.40
56.09
12.17
83
C3
50
05
06
.42
.05
.06
28 .11"-
10.92
14.92
^3
82
92
40
40
•3T;
29.
16.
81
10
Haywood
Haywood
Haywood
Cape Fe«r River
Cape Eiiit. River
Rough cfifak
US-III
US-III
US-III . •
WSTIII -.4
U8-I •• ^,'^ fe#^-.-
Pi3eori River US-II
Campbells Creek US-I
Johnathan Creek
Haywood
Henderson
Henderson
Uaynesvtliie Res.
Hills Rtfier
Bradley'Creek
US-
US-
73.3
76.0
77.1
77.2
35 23
35 36
35 53
31.31
59.47
17 . J. 0
80
80
03.
27,
81
25
40
H e ri d e r s o n
Iredell
Iredell
Mill^ River US-II
Lake Norman US-III
S. Yadkin River US-III
35 48
35 25
35 25
49.00
11.00
38.02
80
83
B3
56
15,
29.
00
00
44
Iredell
Jackson
Jackson
Fourth Creek
Dills C^iiek .%
Fisher ,Cr. #2
US-I
US-I
HS-I
II
73.A
80.0
81.0 m B^ifO
35 25
35 18
35 31
35.00
54.19
06.07
83
83
7S
11.
35,
57.
00
95
31
Jackson
Jackson
Johnston
Fisher Cr. #3 US-I
luckaseegee River US-I
Neuse River US-III
'^y'- ••: B3-.0
35 32
35. 33
35 .28
54.45
28.62
54.28
79
79
81
83.1
B4.0
85.1
35 31
35 47
35 42
39.08
38.03
32.88
01
14
1^ 59
01
07
,56
,13
t52_
^ M.6
35 41:
35:" 09
TfTTT i6.ii
50.:92
83"
83
,84
,60
49
Lee "
••fce».-,v.;... Lincoln'
tor
39
Lincoln
hcDowell
McPowel1
Cape FeiiH River .
Deep>8tyi^rv..;;vf..". .^t.',
S.F. Catkwba"!Rlver
US,-11 i' •; .;v;;;;;;^r:gi|0,:.;v.;;^;;-;;-^
US-1 It- V0'/^-'''^^.f»y''?: ^' •'^':'"--
87.1
87.2
87.3
35 06
35 04
35 03
ficDouell
fHcSbweili
Hacon
Lake Noman US-III
Armstrong Creek US-II
Hackey Cr. US- I
8B.0
89.0
90.0
35 54
3556
35 20
13.02
15.45
54.00
83
83
83
28.
00.
13.
28.44
50.55
13
90
00
Macon
Hacon
Hacon
Cleat. QCfBK^jij,.!; , ;..
Caftooqlaye .Creefc.-
.•••:=i-'t{-«i.;<^!'. •X,i-y?::i-
83
90
11.
17.
•37"
49
53
Houston cBranch
Big Cretk
Big CreiV.
US-
US-
91.0 35 30 i;
Madison
Madison
Mecklenburg
Cascade rBranch US- I
Big LaiJr'^l Creek US-I
Mt. Island Lake US-III
80 53 54.98 Meek 1 eriDur g Ciit. Riv/L-ake Ncirnan US-II 1
r
•I ^
4ft
_ 4»
49
• I ^
- 91
n ^
)
7/11/90 PAGE
Ffti'saeface'Uiti 'mM0^-^W0fi •'^•'^Wl
r*-
DEM* LATITUDE LONGITUDE COUNTY
•••• ^-^-'^i^^^'
RIVER DEM-CLAS
1
95.0 35 12 41.85
96.1 35 14 59.87
96.2 35 19 54^6^
'f'-*^^'-:**9,2"3|ffl3ci;55l?
80 03 52.26
79 25 01.03
79 24 40.34 m
fflpiHltehiiii'r-:,--,.^' ^^°^f'®;Bi^^v•f'-«eek.•.•',•'rT«iJ'•••Sf•,l»fl^l ;'
Montgomery
Hoore
Moore
100.6 35>-lV?3y^;S7
Lake Tillery
Nicks Creek
Killets Creek
Ji.
eras
ver '
US-III
US-II
US-1
^1*6-1 r-
:MI6-II
'"fiy;.-'-g -"IJS^i^/. '"••)iij3
IB J
IK 101 .
101.
101 .
TlfT.
102.
102.
103,
104.
104.
1 35 53
2 35 53
3 35 57
34 24
34, IS
Ji 16
36 04
35 53
35 57
56.00 77 53 09.
56.001 '77 53 08.
10.50 ,77 49 07.
32.49 11.33
10 744
44.43
14.41
00 Nash
00 Nash
73 Nash
,99 j\Blad«n: ,:
Sai,;JN'aw. Hanover
17 New Hanover
City Reservoir
Tar River
Tar River
US
US
I
-I
(!ape Fear. River ~ US-II I
Cape Feair River US-III
Toomers Creek US-T11
Lake Ben .Juhnsun US-II
Univ. Lake US-I
Cane Creek US-I
77'"S9'lI SSP
1 35 55
0 36 OS
1 36 08
79 07 55.
79 OS 36.
79 14 14.
42.00 TTTJFT
03.34 79*^9^|V
45.02 79 08 SB.
97 Orange
35 Orange
40 Orange
00 Orange
16? Grange
77 Orange
Morgan C|. -S.Quarr
,.'Eno:-Rlve|-Corp. La
Lake Orange
104.
105.
105.
y- US-
ke US-
US-
I
II
II
105.
106.
107
;^, •• }07.
2 36 08
0 36 19
0 36
45.10 79 08 57,
5S.01 76 13 11.
6.81 79 01 06.
:i57IT 7
i3i66 7:
16.38 7
92 Orange
14 P.asquotank
07 Person
Lake Orange US-II
Pasquotank River US-II
Issac Ualton Lake US-II
Htj-^-'-•• • •^- "^^^•-'Har'lftvg' y?'r^^-^y^US-III
'T.'^'l.''^**
5^
">•
OlyiStOM OF HEALTH ScRVICES » cNKTgnwH6HT*L HEALTH SECTION - H«TE» SIIPPI t. BBiWCH n«TF OP aiiw <
um^
Ll.»j^<tI?PUBLIC,:tl*tEr:=.SUFPLt,.0*T»... SHEET,,,. *.*,»0>ltti,5U«MC^S0M*5E...,. .... i.v•^^\t••••>liX,,.-^.i:^HiKif^9^Mi^
01-60-010
CODE
03 NAME OF PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM RESPONSIBLE PERSON ADDRESS
9100 BELHA¥EN HLMD
• '^ i " ;1
9N; CJ.TT , ,.,•,• .'.-.ci^^ijita'-., -s STATE , ZIP- CODCiS •jM'K-^A-^,PH0HE--AREA,>,C0pE/NO
LOCATION OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY UPDATE COOE
KiiSTREET" ADDIESS C:;^.^^;-;?
too'i TRADi ST -——i—ii-tiUi:*:
02 OWNERS CITT
CHARUOTTE,
STATE
-UC—
ZIP CODE
?B202
OWNER TYPE
SERVICE AREi'CHARACllRisflCS
s6a»so tOOi^—RES RtS cot RJiC now INS SCH HOT RET SST CAC PIC "LOC HgB SKI BAT ¥TS MMV ATR OTHFR
CHARLOTTE
06 NO. rONS'^rilTTyF
060 000
TMTCB'iTATC PUS PnPHI AT THM MQ. SERVICE MUMBPR CnNSFCUTIVE
IR|IERS>.:. ••.-tY»E.,v.„, .:f>$eBVEO.
' MiS;.''i.^C*C^?^ ••^i'>0W43381.
CONNECTIONS; VxHETEBS. INDICATOR,
07 AVERAGE PRODUCTION
GAL/DAY
-. n04ft&nnnnn
DESIGN
GAL/OAY
00B4744n0n
EMERGENCY
GAL/DAY
nn1'>'»999qq
STORAGE
CAPACITY/GALS.
MAXlnUN PRODUCTION
GAL/DAY
007Q00QQO0
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COHPLIAHCE CYCLE IMDTCATOtf
'^.-i- "OEACTIVATION li
DATE •IfASnil
*CT1»ITT' .IJ;a^: 'i.. ::9
06/77 OB/Za/SS
as POST KFC STITP 5TATC
01 00/00/00 0I0B90
BACTI MOM THI Y NimfliJR SEASIIM 'JFA'inM nATi Y SAHPLE HCL CK CHLORINE TURBIPXTT
.iqpryf
.^£ ftAG MONITOR SANPtiES BECIN .iENOV CHECKS ;);fMQ:pi;vWl«Pte^^ '*»/?;«»; f LAO ;UNITS .
16 SOURCE
HvmBm RIVFR I ATT Time inHfilTUDF PMST-TO,, .,,.,r y.wma ,,;,T»EATBENTS
03 LAKE NORMAN OAV S ^ 00
0<i LAKt ^lOitMAN S 00
Bfadi^'Ewti-s •Aw',iA$i»i'• ..oEc-fliN; SEC DEB,BIN:SEC .^'irMiSELtERSiMftattjj^^ «
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P 0003
0 0003
03S 30 IS 080 33 36
033 26 39 080 34 U9
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01-02. Alexander
01-03 Alle^iany
03-04 Anson
01-05 Ashe .
01-06 Avery
04-07 Beaufort
04-08 Bertie
03-09 Bladen
04-10 Brunswick
01-11 Buncombe
01-12 Burke
;5.^^13 Cabarrus
01-14 Caldwell
04-15 Camden
04-16. Carteret
02-17 CasweU
01-18 - Catawba
' 03-19• Chatham
01-20 Gierokee
04-21 Chowan
01-22 Clay
• 01-23 Cleveland
04-24 Columbus
04-25 Craven
03-26
04=27^
04-28
02-29
02-30
04-31
. 03-32
04-33
02-34
02-35
01-36
04-37
01-38
02-39
04-40
02-41
04-42
03-43
01-44
01-45
04-46
03-47
04-48"
01-49
01-50
KBGION
Cumberland
=^ Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Edgecombe
Forsyth ..
Rranklin
Gaston
Gates
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
IredeU
Jackson
AND couwry CODES .
03-51 Johnstcxi
04-52 Jones '
03-53
04-54
01-55
01-56
01-57
01-58
04-59
01-60
01-61
03-62
03-63
. 04-64
04-65
04-66
04-67
03-68
04-69
04-70
04-71
04-72
02-73
04-74
01-75
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
McDowell
Macon
Madison
Martin
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Mxnre
Nash
New Hanover
Northamptooa
Onslow
Orange
Panllco
Pasquotank
Pender
Persm
Pitt
PoUc
02-76
03-77
03-78
02-79
01-81
03-82
03-83
J.®-84 .
02-85
02-86
01-87
01-88
04-89
„2@-90 •
02-91
03-92
02-93
04-94
01-95
04-96
01-97
04-98
02-99
01-00
Sandolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rocking^
Rowan
Rutherford
Samps oa
Scotland •
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Ttansylvania
lyrirell
Union'
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
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:-^^^^'^• • n't 'Mkanif'-Tr^yriL •-^•"K.JB^^:: •~^.:':Sieii--'-:a^'-
NUS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES „^^^, . .,
ncFfcRtnCE t 17
ELECONNOTE 1
1
CONTROL NO. DATE: 4-2-91 TIME: 1112
DISTRIBUTION:
F4-9009-16
BETWEEN: Jim Reiman OF: Carolina Crossing Marina PHONE: [phone] j
AND: Cindy Gurley, NUS Corporation
DISCUSSION:
There is no boating from the south dam of Lake Wylie to approximately 10 miles down the Catawba River.
However, recreaitonal fishing ^the banks of the Catawba River is allowed.
off C6).
NUS 0«7 REVISED 068S
The Occurrence of Ground Water
in the United States
With a Discussion of Principl
Hy OSCAR tlUVARO MKINZI K
es
« K o I. o c: I C .A I. W A T K R - s I. P P ,. V p A P H R 4 s •>
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l> S'D-A'I'ES SIBOWING MA.JOU l*iflYS10(JKAi''180f; iJiVlSiONS AND FllYSI0(JllAl'8iDC i'liOVlNOKS
<l on nia|i preiiart'd by a cummilUe of Ihe Associaliun of American (Geographers, N. M. Kennenian, chairman -•:Ji
0 19
^^»IV*'S^'i! •^*'?^vw^^"!' :?.:
jrdiiedSvtti
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Glen Hackstt
MatioiisI Water WelUl^ociaiioxi
Dublin, Omo 43017
CooparativQ Agreement CS:-810718-01
Jen^ ThomijUl
Applications and Assistance Br^3cli
Bobert S. Kerr* Environmental ^search L^3oratoiy
ROBERT S. KERR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
-U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
.,, "^ ADA, OKLAHOMA 74820
8. PIEmONT BLUE RIIXZ GROUND-WATER REGION
l\ '"•••—.—.-^.^
"^i »
\^"^>
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8A
8B
8C
80
8E
8F
8G
Mountain Slop**
Alluvial Mountain Valley*
Mountain Flanks
Regolith
River Alluvlua
Mountain Crest*
Swamp/Marsh
251
•'-r:': '•-•7"^#^J^^^^w^:^W-C'
8. PIEDMONT BLUE RIDGE REGION
: ..y•v^i:i>\v:^-i:^^:•^'•••\•::^:-••
{^)^i,c'\s. regolith over fractured crystralUiie and aetamorphosed
sedimentary cocksX
The Piedmont and Blue Ridge region isr an area of about 247,000 km2
extending from Alabama on the south to Pennsylvania: on the north. The Piedmont
part of the region consists of low, rounded hills and. long, rolling,
northeast-southwest trending ridges whose summlta range from about a hundred
meters above sea level along its eastem. boundary with the Coastal Plain to 500
to 600 m along its boundary with the Blue Ridge area to the west. The Blue
Ridge is mountainous and Includes the highest: peaks east of the Mississippi.
The mountains, some of which reach altitudes^ o£ more than 2,000 m, have
smooth-rounded outlines and are bordered by weLL-graded streams flowing in
relatively narrow valleys.
The Piedmont and Blue Ridge region la underlaia by bedrock of Precambrlan
and Paleozoic age consisting of igneous and metamorphosed igneous and •
sedimentary rocks. These include granite, gaelss,; schist,, quartzite, slate,
marble, and phylllte. The land surface in the Fiednont and Blue Ridge is
underlain by clay-rich, unconsolidated oaterlal derived from in situ weathering
of the underlying bedrock. This material,, which averages about 10 to 20 m in
thickness and may be as much as 100 m thick oa some ridges, is referred to as
saprolite. In many valleys, especially those o£ larger streams, flood plains
are underlain by thin, moderately well-socted'alluviuB dieposlted by the
streams. When the distinction between saprolite and alluvium is not important,
the term regolith is used to refer to the layer of unconsolidated deposits.
The regolith contains water in pore spaces between rock particles. The
bedrock, on the other hand, does not have any-significant intergranular
porosity. It contains water. Instead, in. sheetlike openings formed along
fractures (that is, breaks in the otherwise "isolid"' rock). The hydraulic
conductivities of the regolith and the bedrock: are similar and range from about
0.001 to I m day'I. The major difference iSL their water-bearing
characteristics is their porosities, that: of regolith being about 20 to 30
percent and-that of the bedrock about O.OL to: 21 percent^ Saall supplies of
water adequate for domestic needs can be obtained from the regolith through
large-diameter bMsred or dug wells. However,, most: wells, especially those where
moderate supplies of water are needed, are relatively small in diameter and are
cased through the regolith and finished with open holes in the bedrock.
Although^ as noted, the hydraulic conductivity of the bedrock is similar to
that of the regolitti, bedrock wells generally^ have much larger yields than
regolith wells because, being deeper, they have. a. much, larger availble
drawdown.
252
ft All ground-vater systems fimctioa both aa' reservoirs that, store water-and
as; pipelines (or conduite) thar transmit: water- from recharge areas to discharge
areaa. The yield of' bedrock, wells in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge region,
depends on the nuaber and size of ftactures penetrated by the open hole and on
the replenishment of the fractures by seepage into them from the overlying
%-, regolith. ;!Dtos» the ground-water system in this region can be viewed, from the
standpoint, of' groiind-water development, as a terrane In which the reservoir and
^ pipeline fimctions are effectively separated. Because of its larger porosity,
1 the regolith^ functions as a reservoir which slowly feeds water downward into
V the fractures in the bedrock. The fractures serve as an intricate
|j interconnected network of pipelines that transmit water either to springs or
£• streams or to wells.
Recharge of the ground-water system occurs on the areas above the flood
W plains of streams, and natural discharge occurs as seepage springs that are
common near the bases of slopes and as seepage Into streams. With respect to
recharge conditions, it is important to note that forested areas, which include
most of the Blue Ridge and much of the Piedmont, have thick and very permeable
soils overlain by a thick layer of forest litter. In these areas, even on
^ steep slopes, most of the precipitation seeps into the soil zone, and most of
this moves laterally through the soil in a thin, temporary, saturated zone to
.^ surface depressions or streams to discharge. The remainder seeps into the
'^ regolith below the soil zone, and much of this ultimately seeps into the
underlying bedrock.
Al
Because the yield of bedrock wells depends on the number of fractures
^- penetrated by the well, the key element in selecting well sites is recognizing
the relation between the present surface topography and the location of
^ fractures in the bedrock. Most of the valleys, draws, and other surface -
depressions indicate the presence of more Intensely fractured zones in the
bedrock which are more susceptible to weathering and erosion than are the
intervening areas. Because fractures in the bedrock are the principal avenues
along which ground water moves, the best well sites appear to be in draws on
the sides of the valleys of perennial streams where the bordering ridges are
underlain by substantial thicknesses of regolith. Wells located at such sites
seem to be most effective in penetrating oi>en %»ter-bearing fractures and In
intercepting ground water draining from the regolith. Chances of success seem
to be somewhat less for wells on the flood plains of perennial streams,
possibly because the alluvium obscures the topographic expression of bedrock
fractures. The poorest sites for wells are on the tops of ridges and mountains
where the regolith cover is thin or absent and the bedrock is sparsely
fractured.
As ^e general' rule, fractures near the bedrock surface are most numerous
and have the>tlai*gest openings, so that the yield of most wells is not increased
by drilling,-, tbrdepths greater than about 100 m. Exceptions to this occur In
Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina and some other areas where
uater-bearing, low-^ngle faults or fractured zones are present at depths as
great as 200 to 300 m.
aVfe
253
'}
KS'i.t.Jri-
--;;|»ME known: aa: an. area The Piedmont and Blue Ridge regloir'iiP
generally unfavorable for ground ^terr^^Oavmeicmn£areont,LiL±ana^a^
have resulted both from the small teportedJ rfS& Sl ™^1 ^ ^ *'°
wells in use in the region that -ererSS^rg^^^TIIt^VoT"'*^
convenience and from a failure to apply- axi«tin^^«»^nT>i»;, ^« I-K- ir ,
selection.of well sites where «derlSV^^':£^2!'"J^wa't':r^::ds"'ia
5?Lf*«tr.^°*'L"r *°^ " "servoir sites oa streama become increasingly more
difficult, to obtain, it will be necessary^ to makemore intensive use of gclZl
water
254
i
REFERENCE t 20
NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT
GEORGE R. ROSS, Director
fY]BCKL£WeuRG
DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
JASPER L. STUCKEY, State Geologist
BULLETIN NUMBER 63
GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER
IN THE
Charlotte Area, North Carolina
By
H. E. LEGRAND r.nd M. J. MUNDORFF
Geologists, U. S. Geological Survey
PREPARED COOPERATIVELY BY THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
1952
GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE CHARLOTTE
AREA, NORTH CAROLINA
By H. E. LEGRAND and M. J. MUNDORFF
ABSTRACT
The Charlotte area is in the southwestern part of North Carolina and comprises Cabarrus, Cleveland,
Gaston, Lincoln, Mecklenburg, Polk, and Rutherford Counties. It includes 2,834 square miles and accord-
ing to the 1950 census has a population of 505,638. The area lies in the Piedmont province, the western part
extending to the Mountain province. The undulant topography of the Piedmont represents an alternation
of valleys and rounded hills. In the western part of the area the topography is mountainous and relief fea-
tures are sharp and commonly precipitous. The major streams have high but decreasing gradients to the
southeast. Streams and the resultant topography have adjusted themselves to the underlying structure in
many places, but in a part of the area the drainage and structure have discordant relations.
The area is underlain by igneous and metamorphic rocks, consisting chiefly of schists, gneisses, gran-
ites, and slates. The slates and volcanic rocks to which they are related have a restricted occurrence in the
extreme eastern part of the area. The mica schists and the mica and hornblende gneisses represent the
chief country rocks which have been pervaded by, s^ranite. Local variations in types of rocks are common,
and large homogeneous masses of a single type of rock are rare. The rocks trend northeastward and^are
tipped on edge.
Ground-water supplies are obtained through drilled wells, which get water from fractures in the bed-
rock, and through dug wells, which get water from the weathered material above bedrock.
Wells drilled in schist have a slightly higher average yield than wells in other rock units. The average
yield of municipal and industrial wells in this rock is 31 gallons a minute; in the remainder of the rocks it
is about 28 gallons a minute.
Topographic location has an important bearing on the amount of water yioldod by wells. Tho uvcniKc
yield of wells drilled in valleys and draws in more than twice as much as that of wells drilled on hill.s.
The amount of water contained in the rocks decrea.ses with depth. The yield per foot of well generally
decreases with depth to a point—perhaps at 250 or 300 feet—below which it is not advisable to drill if the
desired yield has not been approached.
Included in the report are several tables showing the relation of yield to type of rock, to topographic
location, and to depth of wells. The report contains a discussion of the ground-water resources of each of
the seven counties, with tables of well data and chemical analyses. Also included is a geologic map of each
county.
INTRODUCTION
This report, one of'a series on the ground-water resources of the State, gives the results of an investiga-
tion in a part of the south^central Piedmont of North Carolina.
The investigations are being made through a,.continuing cooperative agreement between the North
Carolina Department of Conservation and Development and the Geological Survey, United States Depart-
ment of the Interior. The program is under the direction of Dr. J. L. Stuckey, State Geologist, and Dr. A.
N. Sayre, Chief, Ground Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.
The first report of these cooperative investigations, published as Bulletin 47 of the North Carolina De-
partment of Conservation and Development, is a progress report giving general information on ground-
water resources of the entire State, with particular emphasis on the Coastal Plain.
The second report, published as Bulletin 51, gives the results of an investigation of the ground-water
resources of Edgecombe, Halifax, Nash, Northampton, and Wilson Counties.
The third report, Bulletin 55, covers the investigation of the ground-water resources of Alamance, Cas-
well, Forsyth, Guilford, Rockingham, and Stokes Counties.
} 10 GBOLOOY AND GROUND WATER IN THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NORTH CAROLINA
The slates are generally regarded as being of pre-Cambrlan age. Detailed studies of local areas in
the slate belt by Laney," Pogue,'* and Stuckey,'' and regional Investigations by King" indicate that the
age is conjectural.
Greenstone schist.—The greenstone schist crops out In a thin belt extending northeastward through
the eastern parts of Mecklenburg and Cabarrus Counties. The greenstone includes an assemblage of rocks
that were mapped together because it is difficult to separate them in the field. All are green In color,
are slightly to highly schistose, and are mafic rocks of igneous origin. The typical greenstone is fine-
grained and in the more massive fades" phenocrysts of dark-green hornblende and greenish-yellow epi-
dotlzed feldspars are distinguishable. The rock probably represents a basic lava flow. Along Its western
border the greenstone is coarser and is similar to the schistose diorite with which it is in contact on the
west side. The contact was not observed, chiefly because of the thick cover of decomposed rock.
Insofar as the capacity to yield ground water is concerned, the greenstone is similar to the rocks of
the slate belt in structure, showing strong schistosity and prominent joints transverse to the schistosity.
It is similar to the diorite in general chemical composition and in the quality of ground water that it
yields. Both the greenstone and diorite are intruded by granite, whereas the slate is not.
GROUND WATER
Ground water in the Charlotte area is derived from precipitation as rain or snow. The average an-
nual precipitation of the area is about 47 Inches.
The surflcial materials at many places are relatively impermeable clays, and the fraction of^ precip-
itation that reaches the water table may be somewhat le^ than one-third. Thus, recharge to the ground-
water reservoir probably is between 10 and 15 inches per year. Seasonal fluctuations of the water table
are considerable, and there may be considerable change In water level between dry and wet years. How-
ever, over a period of many years the net change In water level is small. Indicating that the average an-
nual discharge of ground water Is about equal to the average annual recharge.
Ground water Is discharged by springs and seeps, by evaporation and transpiration, and by wells.
Most of the water discharged by springs and seeps enters the streams and maintains their flow during
periods of fair weather.
OCCURRENCE AND MOVEMENT
Large quantities of water are contained below the land surface in the openings or interstices in the
rocks. These range In size from the minute pores In clays to large tunnels and caverns in lavas and
limestones. The Interstices in unconsolidated sedimentary rocks, such as gravel, sand, and clay, are pri-
mary interstices consisting of pores or openings between the sand or clay particles. Crystalline rocks,
such as granite, diorite, gneiss, and schist, have little primary pore space between the component grains.
The Important interstices in these rocks are the joints, fractures, cleavage planes, planes of schistosity,
bedding planes, and solution channels. Consolidated sedimentary rocks have had their primary openings
reduced by compaction an* cementation. However, in these rocks jointing and fracturing have produced
secondary interstices in which water may accumulate.
The porosity of a rock is the percentage of the total volume that is occupied by the interstices. The
porosity of the different rock materials covers a wide range, that of some clays, for example, may be more
than 50 percent, whereas that of some crystalline rocks may be less than 1 percent. The porosity of clean
sands and gravels generally is between 20 and 40 percent. Sands and clays that are cemented and com-
pacted to form sandstones and shales have a much lower porosity.
"Laney, P. B., Op. cit., p. 74.
"Pogue. J. E.. Jr., Cld mining district of Davidson County: North Carolina Oeol. and Econ, Survey Bull. 22, p. 95, 1910.
"Stuckey, J. L., The pyrophylllte depoalts ot North Carolina: North Carolina Dept Cons, and Dev. Bull. 37. p. 26, 1928.
"King, P. B., Tectonic framework of the Southeastern States: Proc. Symposium on the mineral resources of the SoutliettHiein
United States, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxvllle, p. 18, 1949.
'"Laney, F. B., Op. cit., p. 43.
12 GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER IN THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NORTH CAROLINA
FLUCTUATIONS OF THE WATER TABLE
As the source of ground water is precipitation, the water table fluctuates in re.sponse to rainfall. How-
ever, correlation of the fluctuations with the rainfall is complicated by a number of factors.
The intensity and duration of the rainfall have a considerable effect on the proportion of water that
reaches the water table. A heavy rainfall of short duration may result in a large percentage of surface
runoff because of the inability of the soil to transmit the water rapidly to the water table. The same amount
of rain, falling during a longer period, may result in a much larger proportion of water reaching the water
table. However, during the longer period of rainfall there may be an increa.se in the total amount of water
evaporated, reducing to that extent the amount of water reaching the water table.
The evaporation capacity of the air which is dependent upon temperature, humidity, and rate of air
movement, determines the rate of evaporation and thus has considerable bearing on the proportion of rain-
fall that may reach the water table. Evaporation records are available for a floating pan on Lake Michie,
near Durham.^' Average monthly evaporation ranges from 1.44 inches in January to 6.39 inches in July.
Transpiration is an important factor with respect to recharge and di.scharge of ground-water. Dur-
ing spring and summer months large quantities of water are used by plants and a considerable part of the
rainfall is taken from the soil before it can reach the water table. Also, large quantities of ground water
are withdrawn by plants growing in lowlands and swamps. During fall and winter months vegetation re-
quires much less water. Transpiration probably has greater effect on the proportion of rainfall that
reaches the water table at various seasons than any other factor in this area.
The porosity and permeability of the soil differs from place to place and thus variously affects the pro-
portion of rainfall that recharges the ground-water reservoir. The porosity and permeability may bu
changed by rainfall, heavy rains beating down and ctfrtlpatting the soils. Type of vegetation and land u.sage
also have considerable effect on the porosity and permeability; intensive cultivation usually reduces both.
In the Charlotte area water levels begin to decline in April or May, owing to the increasing amount of
evaporation and transpiration by plants. Generally this decline continues, interrupted only by minor rises
due to heavy rainfall, through summer and early autumn, in spite of the fact that the greatest average
monthly rainfall occurs in July and August. In late autumn, generally in November or December, when
most of the vegetation is dormant and the evaporative capacity of the air is low, the water levels begin to ri.se.
The winter rains generally are slow and steady in comparison with the summer rains and are more favor-
able for infiltration than the summer rainstorms. The first rains in winter often do not have aa much effect
on the water table as the later winter and spring rains because of the general deficiency in soil moi.sture
prevailing by late autumn. Soil, which consists of varying proportions of fine sand, silt, and clay, huki.s
considerable amounts of water in its pore space by molecular attraction of the particles, and this water does
not percolate downward to the water table. After a long dry period this moi.sture is depleted, perhap.s for
many feet below the surface, by evaporation and transpiration. Before any water can reach the water table,
this soil-moisture deficiency must be made up, and sometimes .several weeks of winter rains are needed.
UTILIZATION OF GROUND WATER
In the Charlotte argg water is obtained through dug, bored, or drilled wells or springs.
Diiif >vells.—Dug wells listed in this re])ort range in depth from 17 to 100 feet, although the majority
are from 25 to 60,feet. The diameter of the curbed wells ranges from IS to 36 inches, and the diaineter
of uncurbed wells is somewhat larger. The well with the largest diameter, 120 inches, was dug as a
shaft for a mine. /
Many dug wells are curbed with stone, brick, clay, or concrete tile, and occasionally wood. Many are
not curbed or lined In any way, and others have only a few joints of tile placed in the bottom, generally
extending a short distance above the water table.
The chief advantage of a dug well is its large storage capacity, which helps to afford an adequate sup-
ply for domestic use If the yield Is low.
"Hydrologic data on the Neuse River basin, 1866-1945, North Carolina Oept. Cons, and Devel., 1947.
GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER IN THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NORTH CAROLINA 13
Dug wells have certain disadvantages. Because of the difficulty of digging below the water table, or
because rock or hard subsoil Is encountered, most wells are not dug many feet below the water table.
Therefore, In long periods of fair weather the water table may fall below the bottom of a well, in which
case the well becomes dry. Another disadvantage is their susceptibility to pollution, caused by the en-
trance of contaminated surface material and water.
Several precautions can be taken to decrease the danger of contamination of dug wells. The well
should be curbed with tile or concrete pipe or similar material and the joints should be cemented, prefer-
ably to a point a few feet below the water table, but certainly to a depth of 10 feet below the land surface.
The space between the earth wall and the curbing, in that portion above the water table, should be filled
with clay, and a tight cover should be placed over the mouth of the well. Dug wells should be located
several hundred feet from any source of contamination, and up the ground-water slope from any nearby
source of contamination. -
Bored wells.—Bored wells are similar to dug wells, but instead of being dug by hand the material is
removed with an earth auger operated by a machine. They are quickly constructed and are relatively
inexpensive. They are almost always cased with terra cotta or concrete pipe and tightly covered. In the
Charlotte area they range from about 30 to 60 feet In depth and from 12 to 24 Inches In diameter. Bored
wells are not so likely to go dry as dug wells because they usually are deeper. They are less susceptible to
contamination because they are cased and are tightly covered. Wells cannot be bored In material con-
taining boulders or rocks; therefore flat uplands, where weathering of the soil Is fairly deep and the water
table is not too far below the surface, are best suited to this type of well construction. Many wells have
been bored In the Charlotte area in recent years.
Drilled wells.—Two methods of drilling wells are used In the Charlotte area. The cable-tool^percusr
sion) method is used for drilling the larger wells, usually 4 to 10 inches In diameter. The smaller, wells,
2 to 4 Inches In diameter, are drilled by coring with chilled shot. These two methods of drilling are de-
scribed In the report on the Greensboro area.'" Nearly all drilled wells are cased, and usually the casing is
driven to solid rock to prevent caving of the well and settling of the casing. Proper placement of casing
also prevents surface or shallow ground water from running down the outside of the casing Into the well.
Most domestic wells that are drilled by the cable-tool method are 5 to 6 Inches In diameter, although
there are a few 4-lnch wells. Most industrial and municipal wells are 5% to 8 Inches In diameter; a few
10-inch wells have been drilled. The majority of shot-drilled wells are 2 or 3 Inches in diameter; a few
4- and 6-lnch wells also have been drilled by this method.
For domestic uses a supply of a few hundred to a thousand gallons of water a day per family Is gen-
erally sufficient. However, as the demand is not distributed uniformly throughout the day a well of
larger capacity than would otherwise be necessary is required.
Springs.—Springs occur at all levels above the valley floors except within several tens of feet of the
hilltops. They are fairly common In the Charlotte area because the slope of the ground in many places is
steeper than the slope of the water table and transects It.. The outstanding feature of these springs is the
fact that practically all of ;them yield less than 10 gallons a minute and the majority yield 1 to 3 gallons a
minute. Most of these springs, show little fluctuation in yield although some springs emerging from the
upper slopes of the hills ah<j^ a diminution in yield during dry seasons.
In addition to. springs naturally present, others may be developed from seeps at numerous places In
hills where the surface slope is close to the water table. Joints In the otherwise Impermeable rocks at the
junction of the water table and the surface slope penult the discharge of ground water as springs or dif-
fuse seepage. If the soil zone is extremely thin or absent at this junction the flow of water from the frac-
tures is concentrated, and a spring occurs. However, a moderately thin layer of soil permits water emerg-
ing from the fractures to spread through it and it is quickly lost by evaporation. Most springs occur in
the coves at the heads of valleys where the ground is steep and emerging ground water will have less
chance of being dispersed. Springs would probably be larger and more common in these coves If It were
not for the fact that soil migrates toward them and tends to cover the apertures through which springs
might otherwise Issue.
''Mundorff, M. J., Ground water In the Greensboro area, N. C: North Carolina Dept. Cons, and Devel. Bull. 65, pp. 24-25, 1946.
66 GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER IN THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NORTH CAROUNA
MECKLENBURG COUNTY
(Area 542 square miles; population In 1950, 197,052)
Geography and physiography..—Mecklenburg County, In the southeast part of the Charlotte area, is
the most densely populated county In the area. Charlotte, the only city, is the county seat; it Is the largest
city In the State and had a population of 133,219 according to the 1950 U. S. census. The county Is the
center of the textile Industry of the State, many of the mills lying in the close environs of Charlotte.
That part of the Piedmont Province that Includes Mecklenburg County consists of a series of mod-
erately level Interstream areas which are appreciably hilly near the larger streams. No hills stand out
prominently above the general level of the upland. The highest land in the county is near Davidson, iu
the extreme northern part of the county, where the altitude Is slightly more than 850 feet above sea level,
and the lowest land Is on the Catawba River at the South Carolina line, where the altitude is about 520
feet.
The western part of Mecklenburg County Is drained by the Catawba River, whereas the eastern part
is drained by small streams tributary to Rocky River, which itself is In the drainage basin of the Pee Dee
River. The major divide formed by these drainage systems extends from Davidson In the north through
Derita to the vicinity of Matthews. The Catawba River flows southward along the western border of the
county, whereas the Rocky River flows along the northeast part. These rivers are only 10 miles apart in
the northern part of the county, and as a consequence the interstream area Is narrow and much dissected.
On the other hand, Catawba and Rocky Rivers In the southern part of the county are more widely spaced
which results In longer tributaries of lower gradients extending to the major divide. Thus, the topogra-
phy in the southern part is rather gentle. f
Geology.—The most striking feature of the geology of Mecklenburg County is the near absence of
schistose rocks (flg. 17). With the exception of a thin belt of slaty rocks In the extreme east, the rocks
of the county are, for the most part, massive and are generally lacking in regional structural trends.
Rocks of the Carolina slate belt occur In the southeastern part of the county where they extend south-
ward from Cabarrus County. Although several types of rock occur within the belt only two are shown on
the accompanying geologic map; they are the greenstone' and undifferentiated rocks. Including slates and
associated volcanic rocks. The slates are generally composed of dense, flne-gralned siliceous material.
At least a part of the slate is well bedded and resembles the slate at Monroe,-"* which is a distinctive part
of the Carolina slate belt. The slates, as a rule, are well jointed and possess a gentler dip than other
rocks In the Charlotte area.
With the exception of the rocks of the Carolina slate belt In the east, the rocks of Mecklenburg County
belong to the diorite-granite complex or are believed to be associated with it. Gabbro-diorite is widely ex-
posed along N. C. Route 49 south of Shopton in the southwest part of the county. It is a massive medium-
to coarse-grained dark colored igneous rock composed mostly of pyroxene or hornblende and plagloclase
feldspars. It is exposed In a few road cuts and as Isolated boulders above the generally flat land surface.
It Is locally referred to as "blackjack" and Is the source of the Mecklenburg soil type.-" The extent of the
gabbro-diorite to the south in South Carolina Is not known, but it is bounded in Mecklenburg County by
rocks of the diorite-granitejlcompliex.
The diorite-granite complex proper covers a large area around Charlotte. Bodies of diorite are local-
ly separate from bodiies.of granite, but as a whole the two rocks are too closely Intermixed to map sepa-
rately. Outcrops are hotcommoh enough to ascertain the predominance of one type over the other except
In a general way. However, the granite component is everywhere conspicuous and appears to make up
the greater part of the complex. It appears to be subordinate to the diorite in a band bordering the gab-
bro-diorite In the south and along the Cabarrus County line In the northeast.
Rocks In the northern part of the county do not fall easily Into the classiflcatlon of rocks designed for
the Charlotte area. They are granitic but contain considerable hornblende and blotite in places. They
i
^"Stuckey, J. L., Personal communication.
-•"Report on Mecklenburg County Soils, Agriculture, and Industry: North Carollnn Dept. Agriculture County Soil Report No. 1,
vol. 38, no, 4, p. 32, 1917.
> M : - &::
GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER IN THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NORTH CAROLINA-67
HfureiT
FIGURE 17.—GEOLOGIC MAP OF MECKLENBURG COUNTY.
68
ri i'
GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER IN THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NORTH CAROLINA
I
I
I
I
!
i
1
I
i
I
I
\ MAP OF.MECKLENBURG COUNTY
SHOWING LOCATION OF WELLS
FIGURE 18.—MAP OF MECKLENBURG C:OUNTY SHOWING LOCATION OF WELLS.
GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER IN THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NORTH CAROUNA 69
are shown on the geologic map of Mecklenburg County as predominantly granite although they contain a
greater quantity o< black minerals than other granites In the Charlotte area. These rocks appear to have
the same composition as those of the diorite-granite complex If a complete mixing of diorite and granite
had occurred. Thus this approximate equivalence and the juxtaposition of these rocks suggest that they
may be genetically related and that the hornblende-blotlte granite in the northern part of the county may
represent a nearly complete mixing of the diorite and granite components.
The soil derived from the homblende-biotite granite has a deeper color than soils from other gran-
ites of the Charlotte area and contains many yellow flakes of vermiculite.
The rock weathers deeply, owing to the sharp relief tn its area of outcrop, thus allowing a thick zone
of weathering above the general water table.
Gronnd water.—Nearly all domestic water supplies and: three municipal water supplies are obtained
from wells (flg. 18). •
Dug wells are extensively used for domestic supplies In rural districts. Normally they are from about
15 to 50 feet deep and 214 to 4 feet in diameter. As these wells cannot easily penetrate hard rock, they
generally yield adequate water as long as the water table does not fall below the surface of the hard rock,
or more specifically as long as the water table does not fall below the bottom of the well. Where the
bedrock lies at or near the surface, as in much of the area underlain by diorite and gabbro in the south-
western part of the county, wells may not be dug deep enough to prevent them from going dry during long
periods of dry weather.
Records of more than 246 drilled wells are given in the tables of well data for Mecklenburg County,
Many of these, especially in the rural areas, were core-drilled with chilled shot and are 2 oir 3 inches in
diameter. Their cheapness makes them suitable for domestic use, but inasmuch as 7 or 8 gallons a min-
ute Is the maximum rate at which water can be removed from a 2-lnch well by a deep-well pump they are
not generally used where large supplies of water are desired. Most Industrial and public-supply wells are
drilled with a percussion drill and are from 4 to 8 Inches in diameter. The large-diametar wells might
encounter fractures and cracks than missed by small-diameter wells. Also, more water can be pumped
from a large-diameter well. Also, pumps with greater capacities can be installed in the larger wells.
The rocks penetrated by wells in Mecklenburg County are chiefly granite and diorite. The gabbroid
rocks, occurring mostly In the southwestern part of the county, are Included, for the purposes of ground-
water description, with the diorite. A few wells in the eastem part of the county are drilled in slate but
complete data on these wells are lacking. As the diorite and granite are rather closely Intermingled, some
wells doubtless penetrate both rocks. Table 13 preaenu characteristics of the wells as related to rock
types and topographic locations.
TABUC 1).—SUMXABT OP DATA o:t WRLU I.X MECSIXUBUBO COOHTT
AOOOROINO TO BOOK TYPC
—
.' .TmwaocB
Di«M*
niurtt ,
AS Mk
HmibattI
wtIk
41
M
M
dtpU
117
1:1
m
nttltiatmtmmita)
l-7>
>-U
l-7«
A^
17.S
ll.t
144
O.IM
.on
.!»
tBtnM«r
bo.
J
0
1
lOriliii
GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER IN THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NORTH CAROUNA 71
Well 236, at Pineville, drilled in a large area of dark-colored gabbroid rocks, yields water containing
396 parts per million dissolved solids. Although this water is considered more or less typical of that in
gabbro-diorite, it is doubtful if any of the ground waters in the county greatly exceed this in mineral mat-
ter; most of the ground waters should contain much less.
Temperatures range from 59* to 63* F and average 61* F.
Knnicipal supplies.—Huntersville, population 763 (1940 census), obtains its supply from deep wells.
Four deep wells have been drilled for the municipal supply and yields of 5, 9, 22, and 35 gallons a minute
are reported for individual wells. The well yielding 5 gallons a minute originally yielded 20, and the
well yielding 9 gallons a minute originally yielded 40. The decline in yields in these two wells may be due
to interference of wells. In 1946 the average daily use was 30,000 gallons. The water is not treated. The
chemical quality of the water, as shown by the analysis of well 27, is good.
Matthews, population 486 (1940 census), obtains its water from a deep well drilled in greenstone,
which yields 20 gallons a minute. The water is not treated.
WeU
110.
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72 GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER IN THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NORTH CAROUNA
RcoowM or WRLU IM MECXLLIBUBO COVKTT—Continued
Wad
QO.
LOUTM* Owna Dtiu
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Trptofl alwtt
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m ailao N. o( HntaranVr.
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41
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1 GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER IN THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NORTH CAROLINA
RnOTM or WF.I.LS 1:1 MKcxLcztBURO CouifTT—Continued
73
WaU
no.
73
74
71
71
77
71
71
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3
10
31
Toltlktr4.
nan (ItU
tatW
u
u
21
iO
31
33
n
w
u
u
7i
170
Tl
40
40
M
IW
w
u
w
4W
Biatiu
Modantitytottwucr. Draw,
SariMr kord woiar. Drtw.
Goaili. Hard wttar. lliU.
Ortoht. Oopr.
Ofooito. Draw.
Diorito. HUL
HO.
nklMH dika IU* P 'i.Jt
wotar. WcB wco dimtaitad
HiB.
HiB.
Diarila. HilL
No wotar Mtd wall waa Orna.
miloB.
D& Oopo.
U* P. Wafl It pltoi 3 up.
pta hoik photo tod tekool.
DiOTw
Oo( *aft oaoriir wool drr io
IMI-IOU. HiO.
SoAaMir. HiB.
fll*P rilMaoi lit 1 Dnw
OiaOoiywaBa. Sopo.
aM*P. Cttoop weU 4.
Onv.
it*P. OoapovwaBL Ten.
Iiiitlai lokM tfior pomp-
IV U •joptu T/l7/4t.
Dnw.
II*P. Oinpoor wad 1.Pump.
Ia« laaot 171 flat kalsw wr-
(Mtialt4«. Draw.
IIH'P. CoapHrwtt7.Ten.
paiolit oftar punpint 20
1%MPMT wcB 1 Nnt io iioa
On*.
ConptWVoBl .N'mrnod
Wolvlwkord.
CoBPMT waB L Not nad.
Dnv.
IIH*P. On*.
n*P. On*.
I1*P. Skpi.
MX* p. Qroor af 1 wdta.
volir.
QroiBtab Hia
a_:ii rht.
Idavoitt Titir nirpir Mt
•otih Fht.
tlH*P. OtoaMo "nod".
BMpBn 11 koMOL Soft
woltr. UIB.
illW*P IrthonHrr tMi
74 GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER IN THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NORTH CAROUNA
REOOBD or Wnxa !.•« MKCKI.EXBIRO COUXTT—Continued
Wal
00.
113
114
111
III
117
111
U9
130
121
la
in
134
IU
121
127
131
l»
IW
111
la
la
114
IU
IM
137
IU
in
140
141
143
143
144
141
141
147
141
14t
IW
III
IU
IU
IM
IU
IU
117
IU
Laettisv
IW BilcB W, ot Cktrlatlo
IW Biln W. af Cktrlotto
....do
iMlaaW.af Cktrlotto
7HMlnW.ofCkwlotta
7Wai>nW.af Cktrlotto
IWBninW.afCkorlotlo
a niln W. of Cktrloiu
IW Bilaa W, of Cktrlatlo
1 mika W. of Cktrlatt*
fWailnW.afCtalalto
tailnW.ofCkodotto
3W Mia V. «< Cktrlotto
3 BiikoW.af Cktrlotto
3H niln W. of Cktrlouo
•
3Hauln8W.afCkor«tu
....do-
Ckwtotlo ,
. do-
do-
....do-
....do—
....do
....ao
ao
3WMlaB.o(Cttrlttlt.
4W Miaafcrfctoihia
4WMla«l.olCkoriotlo .:.
....do
....do
4H adtcaB. af Cfcalalto...;.-.
4l4aulnkB.afCkorlBtlo
IH auko BB. of Ckorlttto-....
4W aulaB.afClMla«a„.....
....do-
iWMia£.o(Ctetatio-
., do. .
1 Bdn B. af '"'-jtnH
....do
8 mika B. af CWiatta
IHMlaB.afCWIatto.
....do.
7 BiilnB.af CkorMlo
....do-
0*nB
K. U. Bnir
PtalTkoaiiaoa
C. E. Barrykiil
OUo Batter.
(WBtatatio Pork)
B.A.aallla
B.B.WUBUM
E.LBItak
Barrykil Hi«k Bdwol..
Daofka Airport
J. L. Todd
Phl»PrinHi(k
AaciitM Cirauaidt
COL
CtrolknOalfCoana.-
Co_
W, W. DOT*
OlotnodPoiot
Oroaarr
SkatntkCMdjCo....
CkMlotto Flpo aod
FoBodryCOL
Air Bodoetia Stko
Co.
Nottaool WeUioi
Hopplr Cob
HUlMd Fork MIt.
Ck.fkotl
Hickkod Park Hit.
Co,
....do
do-
1.1. HiroMI.
A.&BIMIIII
fiMoOBCh.
V.W.CMiVlM
;LaWohM
toW.Yiodb
d*
Sia WoBno—
W. T. Haik—.
P » •»—
C B. Uarrk.
a.M. Ooi«
1. A, fMtk
HlckorrUrwn
Irhiil
Diiuaa
Hrhn
W.A Kirkhr
EranitMallia
Aherotiky
RohtoM
RnMiM
W.A.lQfUey
....do
i.S.HinM
Hytm
W.A.ICrkley
....do
do
W.A.iarklor
BilttBHIlii—.
R Mrib
W.A.Birklty
W.A.KirUrr
CkjtMCkoko
JijJ^^
do
l^ncokhra
Rilpfc Biddaoi
fin Ako
W. A. MaKo.
Typo of
wall
Duo
O-Dr
Cr-Dr
Dr
Cr-Or
Dr
O-Dr
Cr-Dr
Dr
Dr
Cr-Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dut
O-Dr
O-Dr
Dot
Dr
Dr
Cr-Dr
O-Or
Dr
Dr
Cr-Dr
Or
O-Or
Dr
Dr
O-Or
O-Dr
Cr-Dr
Cr-Or
Do«
Cr-Or
O-Or
Cr-Or
C^Or
O-Or
Cr-Dr
Cr-Dr
Dr
Cr-Dr
Cr-Dr
Cr-Dr
Daptk
of wet
aaat)
39H
111
121
W
IU
M
130
110
300
III
90
149
;o
43H|
31
W
2U
110
IM
200
IW
WtoW
71
87
30toW
IW
71
a
IW u
u
91
to
30
in
200
U
U
U
190
91
IMH
I9«
IU
141
OioMtar
ofwiB
(iockn)
11
3
2
a
1
a
2
a
a
2
1
1
i i/t
U
3
4
73
1
1
3
1
a
«
2
a
4
1
1
i
3
4
3
21.
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
ii/(
3
2-
3
Drptk
(faet)
39H
W
u
40
31
W
u
H
U
U
30
M
I3S
100
Water Imi
(faatkabw
turtin)
34.7
10 to 11
1.1
4
ll.»
20
30
36
11
11
18
7
19.1
1
It
20 »
33.1
18
Totoitert.
y.„ oaaodaU
tMtat
1
4-1
l-l
II
u
17
i
13
40
40
41
91
U
]
20
21
21
a
10
lO-M
w
It
11
14
9
40
u
»
a
1
9
li
4-4
7-1
IH
iW
1
4H
13
4-i »
I
1
43
U
40
w
40
10*
113
U
a
u
40
u
30 »
41
w
u
u
Gnaito. daft water. >1iL
Onoito. Oopoi
dtirr. HUL
Mil.
Gnoita. HiB.
eapply. Fltt.
Not oced. fliept.
Sooo.
Shpob
Diorito.
Dnw.
1 feed fir oookoc Dnw.
Adeoooto aoogtr: eoft water.
aapa. ^
M*P. 8b«o>
oiMlkoft. StopO.
«H*P- SOB*
al* P. Aotlptit io ttUoi
Wtltr Mtd for eeoboo.
Dn*.
a I* P. GrMiU. Uied lor
eooio» Dnw.
Oroo* ef 13 wcBt rieU li
|.p.a. On*.
Sbpo.
SIopo.
•nuniiuofi^wi eilk MIII.
• iBkioid riiU 40 |.p«.
Dnw.
al*HP. Cniito, Skipa.
Oiiria Oopo.
al*P. On*.
Staoo.
''-rt'- Slopa.
Stapa.
|1W*F. Grooito. Draw.
Walootnad. Fltt.
Dn*.
HO.
On*.
gotl voter. Dn*.
Orooilk aiopo.
HiB.
Softwstar. Sbpo.
HO.
nu.
OtooMo. On*.
GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER IN THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NORTH CAROLINA
RnctiKUB 4ir WKI.LB IN MKCKLKMIIKII Covyrr—Continued
75
Well
no.
in
ItO
103
163
164
161
Itl
169
170
Loetmir
3H Biln NW. ot Mitt UiO.—
3W Mia NW. of Mkit HI!..
4 miln NW. of Mlol HIB
IW Bika N8. af MUt Ilil
3HnulnNE.ofMiotHiB
3W miin NE. of Miot HiB
Jo
IW mile £.o( tiiat HiO
....do
Miot HiB - ............
....do
do __
171 [ Jo ..
\:2 i Jo
j::i 1 .Jo
IT4 i IWoiikoSW. of Mint Hill
i;| I lUmUit NE. of Matt^wa
ITI
179
I79t
IT9b
ISO
III
183
IWnilaB.ofMtttkawa
Uttlkowt
io-
....do
do
....do
do,
.. .do
d«
M2tl Jo ............
|.H:I 1 IWrailnNW. of .Mtttkawe....
\M 1 3iniln NVV.of Mtltkewa
ini j ftUiai^HP llf niiiiaila
I8«
117
iSI
1S9
....do
....do
7 aikvBB. of CWIatto-.
. _:i_ IU -/ U...k_
IM ••••' -=^ " -' "-"k—
IOI
193
19.1
l»4
10$
Jo
(1 iiiiko II llf niMlolla '•
1 aim a of Ckailolto.;:r.
IU Bilea H. irf CWIaiO-1.'...^.
191 1 1 mite a. afCtarlan. .'....:'
197
i IM ? 1
• 199
200i
lot 1
k 101 1
[7 iOI
1 IM
tWaitaNCotnatttk
SMiaNB-ofPtaotlBo.-
do-
d«
3HodlaN.ofFtar<iBo
4W ania H. of PlorTiBi
4 ailco N. af riMidlo
L Owwn Daituo
Ckor Creak .Netra
Sffcnl 1
Mn Maoi4 I,WM ..
, .MaaMWaUaet
LletrOcekUifk
aekool
AUco tad Brooke
UlaoafCo.
do
MiUn
A. E.BnTfr
CC. AUeo :
T.S.Hooe«o«
R.C. Bntar
nxcnlt HoMrr
Mil
CJ.MeEwao
B.J.McEwB«*iJao..
C.J. MeEwao
W. F. llti«irr
.MnJ.W. .MeCwao...
E.M.(inr
LH.Yttdle
D.B.ll«crT...
E.H.It<ofi«o
LiLYtadlt
.—do
....do
C. L..Vetl
B. 0. FvadcTtok
....do-
Mtttktvelckool.
Ctrlyle Tkonnoa
J. U. Fowler
i,J. Akcn
JokaUlluat*
T. W. Mtckci^.......
- — i
EBB.Briiia
do
CILrrdRm
(THt COIBM
....do-
jflanoBckool
HiilipiliPoirT
H»k«rBroi.X«nry
too.
Or.A.M.Wlk^el...
....do
....do
do 1
Un.BaunB.taitk..
Or.T..X. Read
H n trtk
GIOMO
ErerMt MuUe
Thmrta
tt. C. .MuUit
E. .Mullia
imwr
.Moilv
^ MuDir
,Stti AUn
tt'. Doatlteo
AbcTMIky
n^nMiUk
U'tharAbcrMikr...
BnAyeoek
W.Afarrnotkr
....do
....do
Bm Areock
:jwa Allen
Rtlpk RolMao
n-.A.Krklrr
KtlpkRoMtM
Ifao Arrork
W.A. KirklcT
Rtlpk ROIMM
UeoAircaek
R-Mn
Rtlpk RoMina
\V.A.Kirkhr
Vr.A.OHiler
! 1 Deptk
•Type of 1 of weU
! wll 1 (fcei)
1 Dr
O-Dr
Cr-Or
Tr-Or
CV-Dr
, I'f-Or
1 O-Dr
Cr-Dr
Du,
Cr-Dr
O-Dr
Cr-Or
Out
. Cr-Dr
O-Or
Cr-Dr
O-Dr
O-Dr
Cr-Dr
Cr-Dr
Cr-Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Dr
Cr-Dr
Cr-Dr
Dr
(•r-l)r
Cr-Dr
Or
^ Dr
Cr-Or
Doc
Cr-Dr
Cr-Dr
Dr
O-Dr 1
Og« 1
O-Or
O-Or
91
2U
in
UO
ITS
134
100
1004
43
110
IM
:i3
Iii
210
101
93
IM
IU
74
TS
117
ST
200
IU
IH
271
10
91
IU
N
147
IU
IQO
190
liO
1W>
M
100
u
137
U
IU
20t
3tl
U
300
140
1 Ditaetcr
1 or weU
(jiichn)
a
2
2
.1
4 .'
•>
2
30
3
2
2
30
>
•J
2
1
2
3
3
a
4
3
1
3
0
:i
il/t
3
Ii/t
2
3
II
:i
i
il
a
1
1
30 -
3
3
1 im
4-3
41
1
1 DepU
i (feet)
1
.1.1
too
TO
w
40
110
no
30
.......
a
u
1
u' 1
NVtterWnli
1 (feet below 1 Yield
1 lurftea) i If.p.m.)
39.07
13
21
IS
IWR
11
U.7t
I7I0W
l!l.00
.1
ii.a
41
47.0
** 1
1
1 M
1 3
i 3-3
, 12-11
i 13
i
4
1
i !
i T
i
'. i-l
i
1 i
1 a
j 3H
10-11
I 20
1 u
4}
18
7
7
20
i
U
It
»
i
'i
i
II
11
a
4
l-IO
20 1
11 1
1
Tetolkai4.
nae(teld
Intel
1 (p.p.ak.)
1
iO
31
ii
10
u
tl
u
60 u
41
U
IW
M
4t
4t
u u
Rsiuut
On*.
Soft wttar. Hill.
Gnoilo.- tloft wairr. Hill
HUL
Sltto. Not it uar. .'^luiir
FItL
Sltta. Bofi water. K'at
HiU.
HH.
Stopo.
On*.
HUL
Soft wttar. iilofv.
Dytioniiod YrU lo mrn'^tiv
yiaU. Skpt.
Stopa.
HUL
stopT
Soft wotar. dbpt.
Do.
WcBtitero.
Uiad (er doauaie uin ami
IwiMOiot peoL Creen*
•tooo. Dnw.
GracoataM. UtrH (<» linmra
tit •• tad ewitiitiei pool.
Dn*.
AoalirBi ia Itklt. duiiplin
a bMBMMtad lour lamiiirt.
OnoMo. Dnw.
Wcl tt ettkie. (Irmniir.
Dn*.
yickt
yetiacttdtd. aloiw.
Grtoilo. HUL
HilL
Diorito. Son.
OieeMa. FItL
Onalt. dbpo.
Dnw.
Giiiaoleoe K.al
Diorito. HiU.
aiopo.
Oohkro. Dnw.
Fht.
aoAwotar. Skipo.
Oiiiwliill Flat.
OMIk Ataoadoaed:Boieudl.
doM voter. HiU.
OWto. Alaodoocd; pumpod
nod. HiU.
Diorito. Dnw,
DIarito. Sopo.
Soft wotor. HiB.
Oroidlo. HO.
UL
76 GBOLOOY AND GROUND WATER IN THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NORTH CAROLINA
RaoOBo OF Wnxs IR MBCXLOBUBO Cocirrr—ConHiwcd
W«U
to.
30t
201
207
201
200
210
211
213
213
314
311
211
217
211
219
220
ai
211
213
ai
231
21t
ar
331
ai
3IB
ai
sn
331
214
231
211
237
2U
23t
240
241
243
LoetTIO*
iWMtaoaW.ofOMtMto
.., do
4WaaBW.ofCkorlatU
4W«uln8W.ofaMlallt
4W>ila8W.af Cktrlotto
IWMtaBW.ofCteriotto
..^ do—
IWaiteBW. of Cktrlotto
iBdnBW.tfClorlotto
tWMtaoBW.ofCkorlotlt
IWoiilaBW.efCkorlott*
IWaitaSW, of Cktrlotto
IWBitatN.ifFlarriilt
iMlnNW.atFiaatiBa
3WMlaNW,o(nnaTUIc
.„ do— -
7Bila8W.afCkorlotto
7WMfao8W.ofCtelotlo
... do
IWoolaBW.afCkariotlo
IHMlnNW.ofFiooriBB
H<MiaNW. af Ptaarilb.. .
iMlaNW.ofFfaaTiilt
tW^kpNW.afFioonBi
tBBaMW.ainooriBo
1 Biln W. of rhaiiBe
H< Mia W. of noarilo
1 aiht W. of FteofiB*
FlacTiit
... do—..
4aula8t.ofFtaoTiHt
4W MinBB. ef FlaeeiBo
3Wodho8B.afFlaeTiBa
IWMkoBW.otMtttkowo
SWMlaBW.ofMottkooo
SWauinBW.afMtttfctwa
3WMlnBW.efMttlkawt
Owm
Ckorak. -
H R MtMtT
Cf.atker
J. H. Hoatlcr
MnL.J. EBer
F. 0. HcmpkiB
E.Ltaikao
A. Y. Deol
EdwIaBrulM
R.fl.flonik
H R Hwttr
J.N. HerrM
J. T. Graeawaod
Arrewimd . . .
U. S. Kubfaer Co.
SkeB Laodio« Fltal..
do-
MieiAnadoCoBer-.
R. A.Criw
Mn P. K. Urrvm
.S. M. Bord
0 H Kmn
bta^nMOBb
a.&8eeilk
i, R.fliritk
W.C.Stcoop
H M flhikeilfci
J. B.M. Donapen...
TOwo
JtaalLHtl
R.O.Hr»tat
.Sire. B. B. .Nieta
J.J. Oricr
1. M, Kata
W. N, MeKn.
DolLLOt
W. A.KirklMr
W.A. KirklcT
tt. A. Kirklry
Ilurter Hebna
\r.A,Kirklty
E.MnUia
»-.A.Kirkler
MMtoowrr
W,A.Kirklo»
.Moatfooerr
Aliaraatkr
n'.A.ICirUey
....do
Ton AUra
CkarlaMoat.
...Ido.
Bo^BokUoo.
do
RobkiaekWiboa...
Abaratlkr
CC. MoaltaoMnr..
Typo of
waU
Ci-Or
Cr-Dr
Cr-Dr
Du«
O-Dr
Cr-Dr
Cr-Dr
O-Or
O-Or
O-Dr
Cr-Dr
O-Dr
Out
Cr-Dr
Dr
Cr-Dr
Cr-Dr
Cr-Dr
C^Or
Cr-Dr
Duo
DUI
Dot
O-Dr
Cr-Dr
Or
Boead
O-Dr
O-Dr
Dr
Or
Or
Cr-Dr
Duo
Bored
Otti
O-Or
O-Dr
Deptk
o( wed
(feet)
IU
IU
93
21
141
M
93
U
lot
lot
204
ir^i
41
333
2M
IM
141
111
100
20
21
I7.i
110
100
111
a
171
la
134
M
113
31
33
n
3U
u
Ditoater
ofweU
(iockn)
4
31
"24
10
il/t
13
3
1
J
31
13
U
3-3
Dept
ctaiiif
(teat)
»±
u
20
«
n u w
90
111
13
IU
71
Wilorlitol
(ractkoiow
wrloeo)
30
14
43.71
12
13
14.U
lO.U
ll.7»
43.0t
20
13
13
42
31 .U
23.74 ».»
Yidd
(I.PJB.)
1
2J
II
i
10
1
7-1
3
T-I
11
40
30
1
1
3
3
U
li
3-4
71
Tl
»
S
l-IO
Totolkaid.
nca(iekl
Inti)
(»«JL)
u
u
30
30
21
41
41
U
to u
211
w u
IU
IU
30
101
u
30
214
31
20
21
41
U*P. abpe.
Taolod ot 10 |.p.a. HiU
HUL
aopo.
SIopo.
Dn*.
Diorite FbU
Oiarito. Dnw.
OWto. Hik.
11* P. Dierita. IliU.
HIL
OMIo. HUL
Sbpa.
Dnw.
GtkteOk WaU nppcd: not
uaed. Fltt.
Ookteo. fht.
11* P. A -^
OUma.rrai.
ritldoo' UUL
riciikii"
rialiii' Ha tiwin fornek.
DiaitOb HiB.
Do.
Do.
OiMda
aH*P. Ofoaitc IliU.
Qroiito. HiB.
SIH* P MiiMn d i n r 11 t
AMkm. Dnw.
GroMo. HUL
Do.
lileiiMiciiekl Draw.
HiB.
Wafl OHn Ikoa M rrara oU;
kM ooftr ICM drr. Klti.
QiMn. HUL
Orooito.
TO C
REFEREHCE I 21
G WELL tJEL
nCES AND S2oi
OF WELLS IN THE PIEDMONT AND BLUE RID
PROVINCES OF NORTH CAROLIN*A
•
.. U.S. GtOLOGir/Vt-.^URi'EY- > ->;-
WATER RESOURCES INVES^ATIONS REPOR.'T-«6.-41:32-
Prepared in coupttrvtlofuWitfl tlfe ^
Norfh Carolina Department of Natural.Resoucces.
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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS RELATING WELL YIELD TO CONSTRUCTION
PRACTICES AND SITING OF WELLS IN THE PIEDMONT AND
BLUE RIDGE PROVINCES OF NORTH CAROLINA
By Charles C. Daniel III
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Water Resources Investigations Report 86-4132
Prepared in cooperation with the
NORTH CAROLINA; DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Raleigh, North Carolina
1987
rr:
CONTENTS
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
Abstract 1
Introduction 2
Purpose and scope 4
Previous investigations 5
Description of the study area 5
Physiography 5
Geology 9
Hydrogeologic units 10
Geologic belts and terranes 18
Compilation of the data base and statistical procedures 18
Information categories in the data base 18
Statistical procedures 24
Relation of well yield to construction practices and siting of wells . 26
Results of the analysis 26
Well yields by hydrogeologic unit 41
Well yields by geologic belts and terranes 45
Summary and conclusions 47
References 51
Page
Figure 1.
2.
Map of North Carolina showing area of investigation,
counties, and physiographic provinces 3
Index map of North Carolina showing study areas of
reconnaissance ground-water investigations that were
the sources of well data for this study 6
Map and geologic cross section showing the physical
setting of the ground-water system in North Carolina . . 7
Index map of North Carolina showing areas of geologic
maps used in compilation of the hydrogeologic unit
map of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge provinces 16
Hydrogeologic unit map of Guilford and Alamance Counties
and vicinity in the north-central Piedmont of
North Carolina 17
Map, showing geologic belts, terranes, and some major
' structural features within the Piedmont and
"Blue Ridge provinces of North Carolina 19
Graph showing variation of average yield, average depth,
and average yield per foot of well depth
with wellbore diameter 34
8-10. Contour plots of trend surfaces showing:
8. Relation between well yield, total well depth, and well
diameter for wells located in draws and valleys. . . . 36
iii
Page
Figure 9. Relation between well yield, total well depth, and well
diameter for wells located on slopes and flats 37
10. Relation between well yield, total well depth, and well
diameter for wells located on hills and ridges 38
11. Graph showing variation of average yield and yield per
foot of well depth with depth for wells having
diameters between 5.5 and 6.5 inches 39
12. Contour plot of trend surface showing relation between
yield per foot of well depth, total well depth,
and well diameter 42
13-14. Graphs showing:
13. Average yield of wells of average construction in the
hydrogeologic units of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge
provinces of North Carolina 46
14. Average yield of wells of average construction in the
geologic belts and terranes of the Piedmont and '"
Blue Ridge provinces of North Carolina 48
TABLES
Page
Table 1. Classification and lithologic description of hydrogeologic
units in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge provinces
of North Carolina 11
2. Geologic belts and terranes of the Blue Ridge, Piedmont,
and Coastal Plain provinces of North Carolina 20
3. Total number of entries for each variable in the
water-well data base 22
4. Average and median values of selected well characteristics
according to topographic setting compared to
statistics for all wells 27
5. Summary .r-Stat is tics defining depth to water, casing depth,
and- S;B.tiirated thickness of regolith according to
topographic group in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont
physiographic provinces 30
6. Relation of selected well characteristics to
the use of the well 32
7. Relation of well yields to hydrogeologic unit
and topography 43
COVER PHOTOGRAPH: Drilling of a test well in Guilford County near the
Greensboro-High Point Regional Airport, December 16,
1982. Yield at time of photograph approximately 50
gallons per minute. (Photograph by Charles C. Daniel,
U.S. Geological Survey.)
iv
Table 5.--Susmiary.statistics defining depth to water, casing depth, and saturated thickness of regolith
according to topographic group in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont physiographic provinces
[Statistics for wells penetrating bedrock beneath the western edge ,'
'.-:•;::}/ :;\-./y iof the Coastal Plain sediments are given for comparison.]
. ./:'••••':<•':-•.'.• T7
- ' Blue Sldge Piedoiont Coaotal Plain ^
Well characteristic-. 'J. "^.'
"''^-j;^praws and. Slopes and Hills and All Number Draws and Slopes Hills and All Number All Nuaber
-'?<ir ', valleys ' flats ridges wells of wells valleys' and flats ridges wells of wells wells of wells
Average water level 23.4 37.5 62.9 37.1 S07 22.1 29.3 36.8 31.3 2,326 18.8 IAS
(feet below land surface)
Median water level 18 3S SO 30 507 20 25 32 27 2,326 IS IAS
(feet below land surface)
LO Average casing SO.l 57.7 66.6 56.8 698 52.7 S3.2 SO.O 52.0 2.685 71.7 293
O (feet)
Median casing 43 SS 60 53.5 698 4S 46 41 44 2,685 63 293
(feet)
Average saturated thickness 32.2 27.6 20.8 28.0 422 33.6 24.6 20.4 24.0 1,749 47.7 112
of regolith (feet)
Median saturated thickness 28 20 10 20 422 28 15 9 13 1,749 44.5 112
of regolith (feet)
- Topography of bedrock surface cannot be determined. Influence ol topography on well yield in Coastal Plain Is unknown.
REFEREHCE I 22
wm
R. Allan Freeze
Department of GecJogical Sciences
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, British Columbia
John A. Cherry
Department of Earth Sciences
University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario
QROUMIMATER
Promice-Hall, Inc.
Englewood Cliffs, Naw Jersey 07632
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NUS CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES REFERENCE « 23 ELECONNOTE
CONTROL NO. DATE: 4-3-91 TIME: 1417
DISTRIBUTION:
F4-9009-16
BETWEEN: Jay BosVManager OF: Charlotte Utilities Department PHONE: [phone]
AND: Cindy Gurley, NUS Corporation
r.^'H. r-..„i.H +^-q'
DISCUSSION:
Mr. Bost confirmed that Westinghouse Boulevard and parts of Highway 160 are on the city water system. The area
north, west, and south of Thonit A. Simmons is on private groundwater wells.
NUS 067 REVISED 068S
Reference No. 24
NUS CORPORATION
SUPERFUND DIVISION PROJECT NOTES
TO: Ben Bentowski and Ken Mallary DATE: December 12,1989
FROM: Loften Carr Q/^^yC (^—^ COPIES:
SUBJECT: Groundwater Use in Chariotte, N.C: Carolina-Mecklenburg Utilities
REFERENCES: TDD's F4-8801-14, F4-8801-16, F4-8808-07
At. 9:00 a.m. December 17, 1988,1 talked to Barry M. Gullet, Assistant Chief Engineer at Charlotte-Mecklenburg
Utility Department (CMUD) Regarding private and community groundwater well use in Charlotte both within and
outside of the area serviced by CMUD water lines within the respective 4 mile radii of the above TDD numbered
sites. He provided me a map showing all of the 12 inch or greater water mains in the city (attached). Stated that
everything within the city limits has potential to tie into a water line. There is some private well use within the city
but it is isolated and the well users have not chosen to connect to CMUD because of the cost involved. Mr. Gullet
showed me the acres where there were no water lines as well as the areas he knew of that were on private or
community well systems. (See map, the following areas are marked and labeled.)
Coulwood Has new water lines in area. People in the area are poor and cannot afford the CMUD
hook up price of $800. Mr. Gullet estimated 70% of the residents are still on private
wells.
Rockwell and Hemphill - Newwaterlinesalso, low income area high well use percentage in area. Somehouses
may not even have indoor plumbing. Mr. Gullet estimates 90 - 95% well use in area.
Cranden Park
Hyde & Trinity Park
Oakdale Community
Statesvilie Elementary
School area
Neal & Rumple Road
area
Small private water company services area. SEE Proj. Notes for Mecklenburg County
Dept. of Environmental Health (MCDEH) w/Ray Tilly for number of groundwater
users.
"Private" (not CMUD) community well use. (SEE proj. notes and map for Carolina
Water Services (CWS) w/ Lee Kiser).
Has "private" community system run by CWS, (SEE proj. notes for Carolina Water
Services).
Private wells or private system (SEE Mecklenburg County Dept. Env. Health Proj. Notes
on Juniper system.)
Community and private well use (SEE MCDEH proj. notes for Mineral Springs Road
Mobile Home Park community well use).
Private well use areas w/out water lines are marked in Pink west of town and north of town
CMUD gets all water from Mtn. Island Lake and services 126,000 connections.
NUS443ASSn82
/-
*
"557"
SYSTEM NAMf
"APPLECREEK
• DEC. 19861
97
D«c-a7
97
JAN-SEPT 88 ADD SEPT. TOTAL no
97
586 iBAHi.^BAV 125 129 3 132
: ••
551 BAINBRIDGE 53 53 53 __
•
575
538
BEACON HILLS
iBEAHIESFORD
TRINITY PARK
: TOTAL
544 :
389 '
99
488
546
389
99
488
1
1
I
547
390
99
489
552 iBEECHBROOK 33 33
390 'BLACK HORSE RUN 103 112
550 'BRANPONWOOD 13
553 'CABARRUS WOODS/ 248 248
VICTORIA PARK 51 14
TOTAL 248 299
554 'COLLEGE PARK 68 70
556 'COUNTRY HILLS 52 53
549 COURTNEY/ 129 164 23
GLEN DEVON
588 : DANBY 165
588 LAMPLIGHTER SOUTH/ 88
J37_
90
49
33
117
18
248
70
316
75
55
187
295
90
: 588
583
.WOODSIDE FALLS
TOTAL
EASTWOOD FOREST
253
128
32
359
128
23
67
10
15
65
441
123
sa? EMERALD POINT 36 34 34
580 FARMINGTON 43 43 43
1 i
557 FARMWOODSEC. 15-17; 126 128 128
i
557 FARMW00DSEC.20-21; 38 56 9 3 68
I . .
557 'FARnW00D A 1 173 173 173
• '• 1
557
539
FARMWOOD B
FORESTBROOK
1
196
139
200
139
-200
139
568 FOREST RIDGE 184 185 185 1
558 HARBOR HOUSE 59 59 59
557
559
HIDDEN HILLS
HOLLY ACRES
: 50 50
3 3 6
50
582 HUNTINGTON FOREST 73 73 73 1
593 HUNTWICK 90 92 92
560
544
IDLEWILD
KINGSGRANT
! '
91
169
91
169
91
169
' 1 548 LAWYERS STATION 267 268 268 1
1
587 LAMPLIGHTER EAST 197 197 197 1
561 McCLURE CIRCLE 21 21 21 I
II-
' SYSTEM NAME Oec-86 Dec-87 JAN-SEPT.88 AOD OCT. TOTAL YTD
504 :MALUS?CROSSING 63 63
:
562 lOAKDALE 117 117 117
•
539 OLDE LAMP PLACE 35 37 37
591 TARK3FARM 184 277 54 7 338
596 QUEENS HARBOR 10 10 1
1
563 iPROVIDENCE RIDGE 156 156 1 157
• • 1
460 iRIYERHILLS/
^^ FOREST OAKS
'TOTAL
1166 1192 9
3
2 1203
3
1206
1
503 SAOOLEBROOK 57 57 1
1
502 'SADDLEWOODS/ 92 1 93 1
OAK HOLLOW
568 SOUTHWOODS 1 1
546 STEEPLECHASE 132 132 132 1
1
565 SUBURBAN HEIGHTS 64 65 1 66 1
1
566 iSUBURBAN WOODS 91 93 93 !
1
357 TARAWOODS 71 75 1 76 1
1
567 TREXLERPARK 44 45 __ 45
1
534 WE3TW00D FOREST 1Z9 129 129 1
1
585 : WILDWOOD GREEN 262 262 2 264 1
i
GRAND TOTAL 5730 i 7112 420 47 7579 1
rttRTLABO
; '
!0l ; MARLBORO 842 • 896 28 2 926 1
1
:20 OCanUAN FOREST 167 192 12 3 207 1
1
:25 MASSANUnEN 577 702 58 9 769 1
1
GRAND TOTAL-MD 1586 1790 98 14 1902 1
1
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ALPHADETICAL WITHIN COUNTY LISTING, OF ACTIV
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J L KISEk JR MANAGER
"MAfcVTN TfcETEK"""Oir"MGR
JEKRY t^OOLcRY UR PAS
«EV RICHMRD SHAW Ok
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GEURGE BENSON DR MGR
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WILHAM bLANTON OR P
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HAZEL HUDSON OR MAST
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DONYOS^TOR MGR
LAMBROS NAKOS UR MGR
UILLIAM T. CURRIE OR
WILLIAM C. C00i<e OR
HAkRcLL DAVIS OR MGR
CITY OF CHARLOTTE WA
GENECOOLINS OR~HGR" "
CHUCKS GRILL
GENE HALE OR PASTOR
OR. JOHN HANSIL OR M
JIMMY BARBEE OR PAST
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MARY RUDOLPH OR MGR
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R/ DEARLS
RICH BARETTO OR MGR
ADLIRESS
LAWYERS ROAD
"12924 c INOEPENDENC
8803 ALBEMARLE RD
6740 ALBEMARLE ROAD
6127 HILKERSON RLVO
1460U MALLARD CREEK
415 OAKDALE ROAD
9801"ARLINGTON CHUR
PO SOX 102t)
RT 1 BOX 852
BOX 395 HHY 115
PO BOX 146
3103 WILKINSON BLVO
"PO BOX 25558 JOHN R
6300 N. TRYON STREE
7438 OLD DOWD ROAD
"3103 WILKINSON BLVO
RT 1
6237 RUMPLE RO
"400 RADIO RD
9135 BIAIR RO
P 0 aOX 26S*00
AUDREY - KELL" RD '
4200 S 185
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400 RADIO ROAD
2048 CARMEL RD
4312 HASHANLI PLACE
B0X26665 STATESVILC
10518 ALBEMARLE ROA
10010 IDLEWILD RO
"6iEi33 PkOVIDENCE RD"
5901 NORTH TRYON ST
600 c TRADE
6060 BELHAVEN BLVO;'
RT 2 BOX 74.
9512 FERGESON RD
3103 WILKLCNBURG BO
1800 MCLEAN
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5923 WILKINSON BLVD
5100 INDEPENDENCE B
"327 COULWOOD DR
7601 WILKINSON BLVD
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PO BOX 23107
9601 MONROE RD
SUHFLY tKANCn
£ NON-CCMM PwS
CITY
CHARLOTTE
MATTHEWS "
CMARLOTTE
6740 AL8EMAR
CHARLOTTE
CMARLOTTE
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MATTHEWS
HUNTERSVILLE
CORNELIUS
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CHARLOTTE
"CHARLOTTE
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DAVIDSON
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MINT HILL
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PHONE
704-543-4318
"704-64 7-9090
704-537-1097
704-537-1204
704-399=96 36
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704-336-2241
"704=393=3000
704-59 7^-1588
70 4-54 5-6608
"704=394=737r
704-596-9471
-
704=399=77 39
704-392-2240
704-53 7-8044
"704-39 4-=309r
704-392-9230
704-39 4-1674
704 = 596-8066"
704-545>4640
704-84 7-96 01
B2 .
SS E
^7 REFERENCE § B5
CRT (JATF Qir^iil'^Q REPORT
DMR - ENVIRONMENTAL
ALPHABETICAL WITHIN
W0415NCP-ALPHA
HEALTH SECTION
COUNTY LISTING
(WAf^G)
- WATER SUPPLY BRANCH
OF ACTIVE NON-COMM PWS
W0415NCP PAGE 53
PWS NAME Pfflff
DERITA AMOCO 0160664
n£5UA DRUG STOkE 0160(566
DERITA PLAZA 0160667
DOMINO'S PIZZA 0160786
DRUM MANUFACTURINGC07 0160560"
nuHN GROVE ADVANT CHRIS 0160457
nULLINS GROVE DAY CARE 0160614
nwYERS UNION 76" 01605&8.'
fLLIDTS REST HOrtF 0160787
"FAIRGROUND 3NACK HAK 0160595
PAST FARE I KENNY'S REST D160«0""
FESTIVAL ON MINT HiLL 0160832
FIRST PENTACnSTAL HULINE 0160621
FIRST UNION BANK " 01605(05
FISH NFT FISH CAMP 0160452
FLOkOIA STEEL CORP 0160401
FOX DR IVF-IN"TFrEAT"ER 0160790
C.I9fa0N SHOPPING CENTER 0160672
GIBSONS FOOD STORE 0160792
GILEAD ARP CHURCH " " 0160653
GLOkYLAND BAPTIST ChUkCH 0160686
GRIER GROCERY STORE 0160793
GRIFFIN FISH-CSHP 0160734
GUS PURCELL BBQ £ FISH C 0160520
GUS'S 49EK 0160562
HANDY DAMDY PQDD STORE S 0160778
HANDY PANTP.Y 0160434
HANDY PAMTRY 0160418
HARBOR LIGHTS"RESTAURANT 0160794
HARRISON UNITED METHDOIS 0160464
MARwnOD LN. MISSIONARY B 0160714
HELENS GROCERY 0160406
HEREFORD BARN 0160647
HICKORY GROVE CHILD DtVE 0160536
HICKORY GROVE"METHOD 1ST 0160412
HICKORY GROVE PRESBYTERI 0160410
HILLSIDE BAPTIST CH. 01605o9
^INSD:^IS DRIVE IN ' 0160448
HOLIDAY HARbOR ASSOCIATE 0160681
HOODS CROSS RD. SHOPPING 0160795
HOPEWELL AMEriON CHURCH" 0160796
HOPEWELL BAPTIST CHURCH 0160637
HOPEWELL PREB CH 0160650
HORSIN ARDU'>;n LOUNGE 0I608Z3
1-85 TAVERN 0160736
I-<)5 WEIGH STATION SOUTH 0160542
1-85 WEIGHT STATION NDRT - 0160523
IDLEWILD COUNTRY CLU^i 0160504
IDLEWILD PtKK ^ 0160B34
—RES "NAME" •
CHARLES HOVIS OR MGR
HAC ERwiN OR HGR
RONNIE SORRELL OR MG
MARTY WATERS Ok MGR
"LARRY PRESTOMONICO 0
DAVID MCLAkTHY OR PA
CAROLE PYLE OR MGR
"EDSSRb' F DWYER OR HG
MIKE ELLIOT OR MGR N
HENERV WELL'S OR MGR
'"DUNEH-OR-flSNAGER"
CARROLL WEBER UR MGR
BILL PHIPPS OR PASTO
"SOB "JOHNSON "OR "MGR"
COSTAS PANOU OR MGR
RALPH BUNN OR MGR NO
LIS«-»t:EXANDER" OR MG
T.B. ALLEN OR MGR
S W GIBSON OR MGR
WILLIAM "HEAVLAYORP'
SAMMY CASE Ok PASTOR
MR. GRIEk OR MGR
"RRGRIFFIN "OR"HGR
GUS PURCELL OR MGR N
DEAN KOKENES OR MGR
HOWARD BARBER OR MGR
MR JOHN MOORE OR MGR
PAUL REA OR MGR
JACK BENNETT OR MGR "
J.A. DOUALL OR MGR
REV. STEVE MCCAMERON
HELEN F; RSY"OR MGR
ANDY SULLIVAN OR MGR
JENNELE GARDNER OR 0
-REV -. X.X. OTD" HUN SO CtC ER~
REV. W. A. MCCUTEHEN
THETUS ABERCROMBIE 0
DONALD"HINSON OR"MGR"
A.k. HENDERSON} KR.
C H TOUCH BERRY OR M
PARRISO HUNTLEVOR
H J JONES UR CURRENT
EDDIE MOSS OR PASTOR
MR'MARSHALL PAOUETTE
JIM HOOPER OR MGR
LT FEATHERSTUNE OR M
"LT B"E AIKEN"OR"HGR
0 KEN IVEY OR MGR
BILL WARREN OR CHIEF
ADDRESS
2600 W. SUGAR CREEK
2410 BEST SUG4R CRE
2817 WEST SUGAR CRE
BOX 604
P 0 BOX 23154
11200 ARLINGTON CHU
11200 ARLINGTON CHU
2932 GIBBON RD
9809 BLAIR RO
BOX 9241 STATESVILL
6173 E. INOEPENDENC
RT 1 BOX 127
7501 CITYVIEW DRIVE
2610 SUGAR CREEK RD
11501 E INOEPENDENC
PO BOX 31067
RT13
2929 GIBBON RD
2422 SUGAR CREEK RO
RT 4 BOX 410 BEATTI
3001 GLORYLAND RD
10636 PROVIDENCE RD
-8222CHESIRE ROAD —
7601 E INDEPENDENCE
10008 UNIVERSITY CI
RT 5
212 PROVIDENCE RD
1620 CARMEL RD
-RT 2 BOX 400
RT I BOX 4 74
RT 6 BOX 747X2
RT 4 BOX 422- NBIO
4320 N 1-85
7218 NEWELL-HICKQRY
"6301 HICKORY GROVE"
7500 NEWELL HICKORY
RT 10 BOX 263-K
12900 E ENDEPENOENC
6404 CARMEL RD SUIT
IDLEWILD NC51 NORTH
BEATTIES FURD RO
RT 1 BOX 1624
RT 3 BOX 875
8909 E INDEPtNOFNCE
2900 SAM WILSON RD
PO BOX 668132
PO BOX 668132
10141 IDLEWILD RD.
1200 BLYTHE BLVD i-
- CITT zir T—A—?xivr%vrr-
CHARLOTTE 28213 N A 25
DERITA 28213 N A 50
DERITA 28213 N A 60
NEWHILL 28126 N A 45
MINT HILL 28212 N A "80 "
MINT HILL 28212 N A 225
CHARLOTTE 28212 N A 40
CHARLOTTE 28213 N A " 50
MINT HILL 28212 N A 26
CHARLOTTE 28299 N A 13,000
CHARLOTTE" - 28212 N A "125"
SHERRILL FOR 26673 N A 100
CHARLOTTE 26205 N A 150
CHARLOTTE 2B213 N A - 25
MATTHEWS 28105 N A 150
CHARLOTTE 28231 N A 35
"CHARLOTTE 28213 "N A" 600"
CHARLOTTE 26213 N A 30
DERITA 28213 N A 60
HUNTERSVILLE 26078 N A 160
CHARLOTTE 28208 N A 150
MATTHEWS 28106 N A 100
DERITA 28213 "N" A— "90^
MATTHEWS 28105 N A 270
CHARLOTTE 28213 N A 150
CHARLOTTE 28209 N A "35
CHARLOTTE 28203 N A 200
CHARLOTTE 28211 N A 30
DAVIDSON 28036 N A "30"
PINEVILLE 28134 N A 100
CHARLOTTE 28208 N A 200
CHARLOTTE 28208 N A" "46"
CHARLOTTE 26213 N A 240
CHARLOTTE 26215 N A 110
—CHARLOTTE 26215 N A 500 ~
CHARLOTTE 26215 N A IQO
CHARLOTTE 28213 N A 40
MATTHEWS 28105 N A 45
CHARLOTTE 28226 N A 100
MINT HILL 28207 N A 150
HUNTERSVILLE 28076 N A "25
DAVIDSON 26036 N A 200
HUNTERSVILLE 26078 N A 730
CHARLOTTE 28103 N A 50
CHARLOTTE 28032 N A 30
CHARLOTTE 28266 N A 357
CHARLOTTE 28266 N A 319
t MATTHEWS 26105 N A 300
CHARLOTTE 26203 N A 25
G 704-596-2083
G 70^596-rO^l
6 704-596-49 77
G 704-54 7-08 30
G—70^=545=S577
G 704-54 5-5893
G 704«545-96 60
X—TiPP^9B=95 5 8
G 704-54 5-58 3 3
G 704-596-4643
GT-70Sf=53 5^=027 5
704-478-2785
704-536-9449
70«=374=^725
704-84 7-4010
704-396-0361
70^f=596^(ni5-
704-596-0655
704-596-0121
704=875=2617
704-596-0383
704-64 7-9137
6 70^^596=^140
G 704-537-8371
G 704-596-0256
G 704=394=1581
704-332-1546
704-366-7631
7ar'==^92=0561
704-541-0137
704-394-5962
70^=394=1975
'•••9-'
• ••« *
G
G
G-
G
G
G-
G
G
G"
G
G
G 704-596-0854
G 704-568-0450
"G 70^=53 7^*6^86"
704-53 7-0710
704-54 7-0154
704=84 7=9506
704-54 1-6741
704-333-0171
G 701=373=0661"
G 704^892-1210
704-875-2291
70^=84 7=00 72
704-392-1929
704-392-6960
G 70^=39 2=6909
G 704-545-5797
G 704-336-3854
m
.;^:^:^-
•-': •;*>.
'%-'
^,! ORT OATF 07/26/90 REPORT W04i5NCP-ALPHA (WANG)
DHR - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SECTION - WATER SUPPLY BRANCH
ALPHABETICAL WITHIN COUNTY LISTING OF ACTIVE NON-COMM PWS
W0415NCP PAGE 54
PWS NAME -pwiu -RES"HiHF^ ADDRESS "CITY TIP "T"" A PIJF^yR^ S PHDHE"
IDLEWILD PLAZA DAY CARE
INDEPENDENCE HILL"BAPT!I
INDEPENDENCE SR HIGH SCH
J H GUNN ELEMENTARY SCHU
JAMISON "lEHTS "
JONAHSVILLF AME ZION CHU
JONESVILLE AME ZION CHUR
JORDAN BUS!NESS"FT3RMS
JOYNERS RESTAURANT
KING001 HALL OF JEHUVH'S
KNOX'S GRILL
L B SMITH INC
LA PETITE ACADEMY
LAKEHOOSF "RESTiORiSNT
LANDMARK BAPTIST CHURCH
LARKHAVEN GOLF CLU8
LATTA PLANTATIO?r"PAHK
LATTA PLANTATION PARK
LAURA'S ROZZFLLE HOUSE
LEE "BOY MFG CD"
LEE'S ^EST HOME
LITTLE GFNERAL STORE
LITTLE PFOPLEr-STFlDUL
LIVE WIRE SALES
LIVING FAITH WORSHIP CEN
LuNi; COVE YACHT CLUB
LONG CREEK bAPTlST CH
LONG CREEK ELEM SCHUOL
LYNN"HAVEN MOTEL—
lALLARO CREEK PRESBYTERI
>1ARANTHA BAPTIST CHURCH
MARTIN MAkitTTA' " '
1CCALL BROS
MCDOWELL PARK
MC5WEN ASSOCISTES~SHaPT>T
MCGUIRE NUCLEAR STATION
MCKEE ROAD BAPTIST CHURC
l-lbAbOWVlFW STEAK HOUSK"
'lECKLENBURG SHRINE CLUB
MEMORIAL FOuR SQUARE CHU
MINT HILL 9APTIST"CHaRtH
MINT HILL CHURCH OF GOD
MOBILE SERVICE
•100RES C4APcL "UNITED HET
MORNING STArt BAPTIST CHU
nORNINGSTAR LUTHERAN CHU
•10RNINGSTAR LUTHERAN "CHO
'U HARMONY bAP.TIST CHURC
"IT. OLIVF RtiPTIST CHUCH
0160503 BESSIE BRYANT OR DIR
5160664 w.R." WHifttQw DR "PAST" "
0160422 OR. JOHN HANSIL OR M
01607b2 OR. JOHN HANSIL OR M
" "D^l60777 A JAfllSON"Oir-fTGR
0160798 ROLLINS GRAHAM OR PA
016050JB JAMES- R PHIFER OR PA
Diet? JO JnriTECflDNT-DRCORRE"
0160799 GEORGIA JOYNER OR MG
0160707 JOHN KAMTHIUS OR PAS
"DIBXTBDO L^DPffRIJ-KNOX-^DR-flGR
0160601' 'JOHN BOST OR NGR NOW
ANN WILLIAMS OR DIRE
DtJGHDDITRESTRNT" HOTE
LANDMARK BAPTIST CH
A B CQNNELL OR NGR
r-BOHLES OR"0TRErTDR—
0160B16
0160^0?"
0160711
0160409
"T[ri60705-
0160757
0160665
0160B2B
0160656
0160497
0r&0BI7-
0160629
0160627
0160531
0160677
0160430
0160802-
0160669
0160616
0160539
0160673
0160603
0160753
0160726
0160B22
0160522
0160662
0160622
0160514"
0160700
0160740
0160633
0160687
0160904
0160825
0160742
0160668
C BOWLES OR DIRECTOR
MAkGIE LINGERFELT OR
BILL" LEE OR CURRENT
ANNIE HAGEk OR MGR
SHIRLEY CHECK OR MGR
HIGENERAPPE "OR" CURR~
T B KEEN OR MGR
REV VAN H WILLIS OR
3DHN'GftUflERiH0FF OR H
REV B C BEAL JR OR P
J CARTER OR MAINT SU
GtaDyS""JETER"OR-HGR"~
KENNETH P. CRAIG OR
A. JOHNSON OR PASTOR
JiMES~HSRRICR OR HGR"
GARMON MCCALL OR MGR
MECK CO PKS fc REC DP
";iE AN "CSHffE BETTY HC~
J S CARTER OR MANAGE
A B FOWLER OR TREASU
GEORGE "ATHANS OR MGR
C L SNUGTS OR MGR
MEMORIAL FOUR SQUARE
LEE PROCTOROR" PASTO
KEV. JAMES STEWART 0
NANCY CALDWELL OR MG
BL"AIR"^S""DRUH OR PAST
REV. ABRAHAM LOCKHAR
STEVE PLONK OR PASTO
JAMES E; -ROGERS-QRP
OAVIO F WILSON OR PA
kEV M 6 MCILWAIN OR
4901 LAILWOOD CIRCL
RT 7 ffDx"642
3103 WILKINSON BLVD
3103 WILKINSON BLVD
72r3-L7SHTERS RD
RT 1 BOX 5 84
PROVIDENCE RD WEST
6306 PERFORMACE DR7
RT 1 BOX 122
1900 TOM SADLER
RT'T ~"
P.O. BOX 26725
13001 IDLEWILD RD.
RT 2" ""
300 TOM HUNTER RO
4801 CAMP STEWART R
RT-3 BOX 882 "
RT 3 BOX 862
RT 14 BOX 635
RT 14 BOX 672
9108 REAMES RD
2635 LITTLE ROCK RD
8714 TUCKASEEGEE RD
6350 BELHAVEN BLVD
3330 MARGARET—WALL
PO BOX 7367
BOX 9432 MT. HOLLY-
3103 WILKINSON BLVD
6411" BELHAVEN BLVD-
1600 MALLARD CREEK
RT 8 BOX 9 IE
B0X16468"BEATTIES"
6700 BELHAVEN BLVD
1200 BLYTHE BLVD
PO BOX 23070
PO BOX 33189 422 S
4300 MCKEE RO
11100 E INOEPENDENC
PO BOX 5413
8427 MT HOLLY ROAD
7835"nATTHEWS HINT"
12411 BAIN SCHOOL R
I 85 SAM WILSON RD
10601 MOORES CHAPEL
5726 PHILLIPS ST.
12509 ILDEWILD RD
12509 IDLEWILDRD"
2817 MT HARMONY RD
RT 3 BOX 265 ' ' '
CHARLOTTE 28212 N A 150
"CHARLOTTE— 28213 R "4 160"
CHARLUTTE 28208 N A 2,155
CHARLUTTE 28208 N A 680
"CHARLOTTE 2B?I2 " N A 30"
HUNTERSVILLE 26078 N A 50
MATTHEWS 26106 N A 130
CHARLOTTE " 28266 "N A"" 135^"
PINEVILLE 26134 N A 50
CHARLOTTE 28206 N A 90
"DISVIDSDN" 28036 N" A 25"
CHARLOTTE 28221 N A 26
MATTHEWS 28212 N A 115
"HUNTERSVILLE "2807B N A 125
CHARLOTTE 26213 N A 60
CHARLOTTE 28212 N A 25
" HUNTERSVILLE-280 78 - N" A 45"
HUNTERSVILLE 26078 N A 600
CHARLOTTE 26208 N A 120
CHARLOTTE 28214 "N A -25"
CHARLOTTE 28213 N A 66
CHARLOTTE 28214 N A 25
"CHARLOTTE 2 8214 " N ~ A 75"
CHARLOTTE 26216 N A 25
MATTHEWS 26106 N A 50
CHARLOTTE" - 2B217 N A " 125
HUNTERSVILLE 28078 N A 635
CHARLUTTE 2820H N A 635
CHARLOTTE 28216 "" N" A —30"
CHARLOTTE 26213 N A 700
CHARLOTTE 26212 N A 25
CHARLOTTE"28216 N A "42"
CHARLOTTE 26203 N A 30
CHARLOTTE 26203 N A 822
"HINT HILL 28212" N" A 120"
CHARLOTTE 28242 N A 75
MATTHEWS 28105 N A 150
MATTHEWS 28105 N A TOO
CHARLOTTE 26226 N A 400
CHARLOTTE 26130 N A 75
HINT HILL 28212 -N A 250"
HINT HILL 28212 N A 25
CHARLOTTE 28208 N A 30
CHARLOTTE 28214 N A 100"
CHARLOTTE 28213 N A 110
CHARLUTTE 26106 N A 160
MATTHEWS "26105 N A 1"60~
I MATTHEWS 26105 N A 250
DAVIDSON 26018 N A 246
G 704-545-3349
~G—70A-596-212r
G 704-394-7371
G 704-39 4-73 71
-704-iJ 7-*i93"
704T3i72-9663
704-588-02 74
704-39 2-9931
"G": .-.-•;-
G . 704-596-8283
G 704-84 7-5814
G—70^=192^288-
G 704-597-8102
G 704-54 5-4693
-G 704-875-1391"
G 704-875-1391
G 704-392-7561
"G—704 = 39 4=6145
G 704-597-7575
G 704-392-4570
"G 704=39^=16^2-
G 704-394-9361
G 704-537-4341
G 70*=5Bff=r467-
G 704-392-9622
G 704-394-7371
G"-704=392=*353-
G 704-596-0749
G 704-596-6220
G-"704-392=1334"
G 704-399-1506
G 704-336-3854
G—70 4=54^=6461"
704-373-4011
704-84 7-4121
704=84^7=6853
704-535-2954
704-394-9997
"G 70 4=54"5=9T51"
G 704-54 5-0550
704-393-7460
704=399=1632"
704-597-87t)l
704-84 7-4502
704=8S7=S502~
704-84 7-9068
704-675-2324
'•'•'Y: 1
m\
m
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•QPT OAIF U7/^&/9u kEPOHT W0Ai6NCH-ALPHA (WANG)
DHR - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SECTION - WATER SUPPLY BRANCH
ALPHABETICAL WITHIN COUNTY LISTING OF ACTIVE NON-COMM PWS
W0416NCP PAGE 56
PWS" NA.1E
N . S . S . I .
NEW HA MP
KEWELL B
NEWELL t
NEWELL G
NEWELL H
NORTH 29
NDRTHUAL
NORTHEAS
SQRTHWES
TAK GSOV
OAK HILL
OAKDALE
TAKDALE
OLD TIME
PHID
GULF SERVICE ST
TON UNITED PRES3
APTIST CH/CHILD
LEMENTAkY SCHUOL
ROCE?T-E-GRrCC"'
REStjYTERIAN CH
BOWLING LANES
c BAPTIST CMURCH
T JUNIOR HIGH SC
T AJTO AUCTION
F BAPTIST CHURCH
GOLF COURSE
BAPTIST CHURCH
SWIi1 CLUB
RS
nUTRIGGER HARBOR "
PARADISE VALLEY GOLF CLU
PEDRO'S MEXICAN FOOD
PENNY'S PLACE "
PHILADELPHIA PRfcSbYTERIA
PILGRIM UNITED CHURCH OF
PINE ISLAND GOLF-CLOff
PINE LAKE COUNTRY CLUB
PINES MOTfcL
PINEVILLF CHURCHDFNAZA
0160748
0I6066I
0160613
0160431
0160615^
0160614
0160592
0160555'
0150604
0160763
016D6DB-
016()540
0160660
0160627
0160476
016058?
0160569
0160807
0160*62
0160512
0160633
01605 27
0160461
0160608
0160534
-RES NAME
KEN SPRY OR MGR
"REV ISIAH PHINIESS 0
HANK THOMAS OR DIREC
DR. JOHN HANSIL OR M
DDRTHT-MANUS OR HGR"
REVERAND KEN HOODARD
BOB BATES OR MGR
UdRTHDlSLE BAPTIST CH
DR. JOHN HANSIL OR M
BILL NANCE OR MGR
"KEV^;~BENN IS "THUR HAN
odNtiLD WARREN OR MGR
JIMMY POWELL OR PAST
" MlfeE"BARNETT Oft MGR
FRANK STARNES OR MGR
ADDRESS
950 UNIVE
201 HAHPT
PO BOX 17
3103 WILK
7811 OLD
PO BOX 66
6900 N TR
8104 SXTA
3103 WILK
6100 BELH
P.O; BOX
RT 9 BOX
6440 PLEA
WATTS OR
2216 E. JOHN ST MAT
RSITY CITY
DN CH RD
6
INSON BLVD
CONCORD RD"
YUN ST
TESVILLE A
EkSON BLVD
AVEN BLVD
604
421-C
SENT GPOVE
CITY-
CHARLOTTE
CHARLOTTE
NbWELL
CHARLOTTE
CHARLOTTE
NEWELL
CHARLOTTE
CHARLOTTE
CHARLOTTE
CHARLOTTE
PAM"CREEK
CHARLOTTE
CHARLOTTE
CHARLOTTE
MATTHEWS
"ZIP —T- A POF >HON£
28213 N A 1,266 G 704-596-9252
26213 N A 200"~G—704=596=7904"
28126 N A 375 6 704-596-0184
28208 N A 780 G 704-394-7371
23223 N A - -50"-(;—70^=598=6839"
26226 N A 300 G 704-596-2329
26213 N A 500 G 704-596-4736
28208 N A -"85 G70^=399=7862-
28208 N A 1,213 G 704-394-7371
28216 N A 37 G 704-394-0326
"28130- N" A - - 70-"G 704-39 4-50 75-
28231 N A 35 G 204-394-2834
28216 N A 120 G 704-394-7295
2 6216 N A 25 G" .704=399=9566
26106 N A 60 G 704-82 1-9498
rip I
»lBi IHLILlUiiiH BLfU CHJIBLtJTTt^
"3TEVr"SIflPS0N-DR-HGR
CLYDE HOLLAR OR HGR
PEDRO OSTORNIA OR HG
"TOHMf"HDLLIS Oft MGR
VICTOR H. WILSON OR
JAMES HUMPHREY OK PA
DOr tEGRANDE-DEAN WA
SAM KADI OR MGR
NETTIE PERRY OR HGR
REV MAX MURPHY OR"PA
PO BOX 596
10026 N TRYON
7404 E. INDEPE
7917 FAlftVJ.Fw
BOX 23016
6161 SHARON RD
RT 6 BOX 648 MT HOL
LEBANON RD
6616 NORTH TRY
6614 PINEVILLE
ST
NDENC
ROAD
rON ST
MATT
DAVIDSON
CHARLUTTE
MATTHEWS
MINTHILL
MINT HILL
CHARLOTTE
"CHARLOTTE
CHARLOTTE
CHARLOTTE
CHARLOTTE
-28031
28213
26106
28212
28212
28210
-2 82 08"
26211
26223
28134
"N
N
N
N
N
N
"N
N
N
N
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
"25—G
100 G
80
100
300
30
"100
30
30
200
G
G
G
G
"G"
G
G
G"
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PLAINS BAPTIST 0160476
TY ARPCHURCH"- 0160703
CE PRES. CHURCH 0160535
OLE LOUNGE 0160507
FK FOODS " 0160454
ESPYTERIAN CHURC 01606b0
REEK PARK 0160833
RODJCTS""CORP " 0160696
01605U1
CLU3 0160440
EEK FLEMENTARY S 0160572
EW INN 0160472
EXPRESS 0160464
PRESBYTERIAN CH 0150408
AGES BAPTIST CH 0160681
0150791
OUNGF " 0160732
LL bAPTlST CH 0160526
TAVERN 01606o4
OUK BAPTIST CHUR" 0160624
COKE DAY CAKE 0160819
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iUldkH1i.V UK. Mki m L HM llf PlWfeVlLtTE-mmh N T: •75irrr REV JIM RICHARDSON 0 3320 PLE
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HARK ROWELL OR HGR 6505 LAW
BOBBY CAHPBELL OR HG 11201 EA
TOM SWEETS OR PASTOR RT 2 BOX
BILL WARREN OR CHIEF 1200 BLY
STERLING-HACC OR MGR "THOU I=B
E W HORTUN OR MGR 2845 GAR
BETH SELLERS OR MGR RT 1 BOX
DR."JOHN HANSIL OR H 3103 WIL
LWNER OR MANAGER RT 5
MAX DEESt OR HGR 6201 SUN
nS PAT DOSIER OR PAS 9424 HAR
CAkL KING OR PASTOR 4428 H16
ROBERT PARKS OR MGR 10400 NO
GFNE ANTHONY DR HGR" 3001 LIT
KEV. WILLIAM P. MYER P.O. BOX
CALVIK' SANFORD OR MG 6408 N T
"SHADY BROOK "BAP CH RT 6
ALICE HANGUS OR MGR RT 6
J.R. PURSER UR PASTO 4001 SHE
ASANT PLAIN
669-P
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MATTHEWS 26105 N A 210 G
CHARLOTTE 26208 N A 150 G"
CHARLOTTE 26106 N A 300 G
CHARLOTTE 28212 N A 100 G
MATTHEWS 28105 N A "25 G"
HUNTERSVILLE 26078 N A 176 G
CHARLOTTE 28203 N A 25 G
CHARLOTTE 28206" N A 52"-6"
CHARLOTTE 28208 N A 120 G
PINEVILLE 28134 N A 100 G
CHARLOTTE 28206 N A 470 C
CHARLOTTE 28209 N A 1,000 G
CHARLOTTE 26213 N A 75 G
CHARLOTTE 28515 N A 350 G"
CHARLUTTE 26213 N A 50 G
CHARLOTTE 26223 N A 25 G
CHARLOTTE 28208 N A 25 G
MATTHEWS 28105 N A 50 G
CHARLOTTE 28213 N A 45 G
CHARLOTTE " 28214 N A leQ-G"
CHARLOTTE 28208 N A 60 G
CHARLOTTE 26206 N A 1,000 G
704-64 7-9237
704=82 5-12 42"
704-84 7-9585
704-54 5-9944
704=847=7210"
704-875-6683
704-336-3854
704=39 4"=0322"
704-334-7335
704-588-0574
704=394=7371"
704-399-3385
704-596-6370
704=53 7=5506"
704-596-9489
704-596-0090
704-847-5500
704-596-4222
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704-596-9998
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DHR - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SECTION - WATER SUPPLY BRANCH
ALPHABETICAL WITHIN COUNTY LISTING OF ACTIVE NON-COMH PWS
W0415NCP PAGE 56
PWS NAMt 'TliUTT "
SHIRLEYS CHILD CARE 0160702
SHOPTON RD BAPTIST" CH 0160442"
SHUFFLFTON 6PILL 0160517
SILVER MOUNT BAPT 0160709
SILVER"HOONT BIPTI^T "CHCT 0X60722"
SIMFIELO METHODIST CH 0150578
SKARLET'S LUUNGE 0160826
SOUTH 21 "" (516^718"
SOUTHERN DYE CO 0150553
SOUTHERN PUMP fc TANK CO 0160599
ST; JOHNS EPISCDPiL XmiR -0160^
ST. MARKS EPISCOPAL CHUR 0160718
ST. PAUL UNITED PRESBYTE 01606^3
STATE SVILLF ROAD cLEMftJT 016046?
STEELbERRY UNITED METHO 0160621
STEELE CREEK BAPTIST CHU 0160693
STDHE CHAPEL BHPTTST-CWO"" 01606^r
SUNSET HILLS GOLF PRO SH 0160575
SUNSET RO PAPIST CHURCH 0160617
TABOR INN 016DEI0"
TEKMATEX 0160697
THE FISH FARM 0160465
THE LITTLE SUPER"ffaRKFT— 0160471"
THRIFT ROAD CHRISTIAN CH 0160717
TIPTON'S REST HOME 0160560
TORRENCE GROVE"AME "ZION 0160611
TRINITY BAPTIST CHURCH 0160607
TUCKER MHP 0160192
UNION GROVE 3APTIST~CHUR^^ 0150648"
VINEYARD POINT MARINA 0160560
W.T. HILL SAND CO 0160450
WALDRJP5 GRILL 0160537
WAVERLY SWIM CLUB 0160439
WESTSIDE BAPTIST CHURCH 0160691
WHER-ENA MARINA 0160744"
WHER-RENA MARINA INC 0160199
HILSON GROVE BAPTIST CHU 0160723^
WILSON MEMORIAL BAPTIST "0160676
WINCHESTER 1-86 GULF STA 0160646
WINDROW SWIPI CLUB 0160579
WPCQ TV STATION 0160754
ITES tiJME
H B MAFEY OR MGR
REV. w. CLARK THUMP?
JOHN fiOZZELLE OR MGR
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BURGESS HCDANIELS OR
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BILL GLYTHE OR PASTO
^EV. ROBERTL. WALTO^
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KEV DIXON ADAMS OR P
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"5TDHE-CHATEC-BPT
HAROLD HERRIOTT OR H
REV CECIL BALLARD UR
SILL Ti"BJR aR"MGR~
JOHN RAMAND OR HGR
DOTTIE CONRAD OR HGR
DAVI0"flAS5 OR^-flGR
A. HAYWOOD OR PASTOR
GRACE SHUHACKER OR H
RE4. ^ONNY B:-TURNER
REV. DON W. bOWER OR
LUKE TUCKER
RDGERSTEISDHSN OR P*
MARTIN REDUNDO OR HG
GRADY HILL OR HGR
EXAI WALDROP OR HGR
MANAGER
HR. DODGEN OR CURREN
WILLISH-IRBIN DRMGR
WILLIAM A IRVIN
VERNON BRASWELL OR P
TED BURR"rS"DR~PASTOR
BOB WINCHESTER OR MG
TOM AUSTIN OR HGR
HARLAND" nOHHE OR "HGR
"stn)ffE"ss
BOX 1352 BOULDER^O
414 1 SHDPTON RO
10300 BELHAVEN BLVD
BOX 26142
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SIHFIELD CHURCH RD
6031 WILKENSON BLVD
BOX 634 '
HWY 27 BOX 10098
4800 N GRAHAH ST
1623-CSRnEL ROAD
RT 3 BOX 1234
RT 8 BOX 241t
3103 WILKINSON BLVD
RT 14 BOX 276
RT 3 BOX 203
RTIO BOX 257
600 RADIO ROAD
2317 SUNSET RD
HIGHWAY 21 BOX 364
3601 PERFORMANCE RO
P 0 BOX 15b
6330 WILKINSON BLVD
6414 FREEDOM DR
11515 ELM LANE
NEWELL POST OFFICE"
RT 2
RT 5 BOX 988A
CA5HIDR RD
RT. 2 BOX 626-K
12309 E INOEPENDENC
5535 STATESVILLE RD
6205 ALBEMARLE PQAD
RT 9 BOX 169C
RT 2 BOX 622
KT 2 BOX 622
6624 WILGROVE HINTH
4530 BEATTIES FORD
2700 LITTLE ROCK RO
BOX 186
PO BOX 18666
TTITY TIP T
CHARLOTTE 28213 N
CHARLOTTE 26210 "N
CHARLOTTE 26208 N
CHARLOTTE 26213 N
PINEVILLE 2813* N
HATTHEWS 28106 N
CHARLOTTE 28214 N
CHARLOTTE " 28216 N
CHARLOTTE 26237 N
CHARLOTTE 26213 N
"CHARLOTTE 2 82II "N
HUNTERSVILLE 28078 N
CHARLOTTE 28215 N
CHAftL()TTE " 26208 N
CHARLOTTE 28210 N
CHARLOTTE 28210 N
CHARLOTTE 28213-"N
CHARLOTTE 26216 N
CHARLOTTE 28208 N
HUNTERSVILLE 28078 N
CHARLOTTE 28208 N
HATTHEWS 28106 N
CHARLOTTE 2B214 N
CHARLOTTE 26214 N
CHARLOTTE 28105 N
NEWELL 2B126 N
CHARLOTTE 28210 N
CHARLOTTE 28208 N
HUNTERSVILLE" 2 80 78 N~
HUNTERSVILLE 28078 N
HATTHEWS 28106 N
CHARLOTTE 28213 N
CHARLOTTE 28212 N
HR. DODGEN 26216 N
HUNTE R S VI LLE" "2 80 78 ^N
HUNTERSVILLE 26078 N
HINT HILL 28272 N
CHARLOTTE 26216 N
CHARLOTTE 28208 N
HATTHEWS 26105 N
CHARLOTTE "" 28218 U
COUNTY =0^0 NUH3ER OF RECORDS «= 237 TOTAL POPULATION 58,864
A PDP.SRV
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65
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60
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704-88 9-9014
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704-r 342-2787
704-399-U78
704-627-4351
704-596-4373
704-36b-r3034
704-39 2-3268
704-342-9353
70+-394-73 71
704-586-1469
704-568-0801
— • 204-399-0980
704-394-8287
"704-875-2578
704-394-5131
704-84 7-8578
704-J99-07J9
704-39 2-6650
704-542-1766
70^597=0291 704-52 5-5247
-
704=675=6862
704-372-0068
704-283-6015
704=596-9968 704-568-9628
704-392-1505
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REFERENCE t 26
KIRK-OTHMER
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
THIRD EDITION
VOLUME 17
PEROXIDES AND PEROXY COMPOUNDS, INORGANIC
TO
PIPING SYSTEMS
i8o7]S/fi982
^^Sii^
A WILEY-INTERSCIENa PUBUCATION
John Wiley & Sons
NEW YORK • CHICHESTER • BRISBANE • TORO^f^O • SINGAPORE
788 PIGMENTS (INORGANIC)
PIGMENTS
INORGANIC
bwrganic. 788
nrgjnir. 8 ^6
Onpened, 871
Vol. 17 PIGMENTS (INORGANKT) 789
Inorganic pigments are an integral part of numerouB decorative, protective, and
functional coating gystems, eg, automotive fmishes, marine paints, industrial coatings,
traffic paints, maintenance paints, and exterior and interior oil, alkyd or latex house
paints (see Coatings; Paint). In addition, they provide mass coloration for fibers,
plastics, paper, rubber, elastomers, glass, cement, glazes, and porcelain enamels. They
are colorants in printing inks, cosmetics, and markers, eg, crayons (see Colorants).
Some are used for pigmentation of magnetic tape (qv) and others as fillers (qv) for
paper products. A few pigments that were used prior to the discovery of Prussian blue
in 1704 were cinnabar [l9l22-79-3\, malachite \I3l9-53-,5\, Egyptian blue \I0279-60-4\,
lapis lazuli \l302-85-8l white lead \l344-36-l\, and carbon [7440-44-0] (1-5).
Inorganic pigments belong to numerous chemical classes including elements,
oxides, sulfides, chromates, silicates, phosphates, and carbonates. Available pigments
are whites, eg, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and zinc sulfide; reds, eg, cadmium sulfide
selenide [12214-12-9], and iron oxide ]1345-25-1]; yellows, eg, cadmium sulfide, lead
. chromate [7758-97-6], and iron oxide; greens, eg, chromium oxide green; blues, eg, iron,
ultramarine, and cobalt blues; and blacks, eg, carbon black. There also are metallic
flakes and many natural and synthetic extender pigments, eg, kaolinite, mica, calcium
carbonate, silica, barium sulfate, and talc.
Pigments can be colored, colorless, black, white, or metallic. Generally they are
solids of small particle size and remain insoluble or relatively so in the medium or
binder in which they are dispersed. Color production results from the pigment's se-
lective absorption of visible light; large pigment particles also may scatter light and
thereby influence the opacity of the binder. Pigments provide protective functions:
by absorbing uv and other radiation, they prevent degradation and embrittlement
of film or substrate; by changing film permeability, they increase durability; or, by
chemical interactions with substrates, they can retard corrosion (see Corrosion and
corrosion inhibitors). They can act as fungistets and antistatic agents (qv) or can be
used to control rheological properties (see Fungicides; Rheological measurements).
Properties and characteristics that are factors in pigment selection include hue,
tint, or undertone hue; Unctorial strength; brightness; texture; dispersibility; opacity;
transparency; oil absorption; lightfastness; weatherability; solvent, chemical, heat,
moisture, bleed, and migration resistance; flow, leveling, and other rheological prop-
erties; and binder reactivity. Properties of pigments are not only a function of the
chemical composition but are related to other physical and chemical characteristics
such as particle size, particle shape, particle size distribution, and the nature of the
pigment's surface. In addition, surface contaminants, eg, water and/or water solubles,
can influence the behavior of pigmented systems. Unless otherwise noted, most
property values given in the tables and in the text are listed in ref 6.
Various inorganic pigments and their Colour Index names and numbers, CAS
Registry Numbers, chemical compositions, and specifications are listed alphabetically
in Table 1. More specifications and trade designations are given in ref 7. Descriptions
of chemical and physical tests as applied to pigments are published by ASTM as well
as in refs. 7 and 8.
Properties
Color. Clean, bright, intense, reproducible hues are most important for all pig-
ments. The basic hue of a pigment is fixed by its chemical constitution, but modifi-
cations of brightness, cleanliness, and intensity are affected by refractive index dif-
ferences between the pigment and the medium in which it is dispersed. Other in-
fluencing factors include particle size, shape, and size distribution, and crystal
habit.
The two most commonly used systems to describe color quantitetively are the
Munsell and CIE systems. With the CIE system, a spectral reflectence curve is de-
termined for the dispersed pigment. The general shape of the curve does not vary if
the pigment is dispersed with different binders. Normally, the pigment manufacturer
evaluates the self color as a masstone in a given binder and the color as a tint when
reduced with white. From juxteposition comparisons, evaluations against a stendard
provide infor^nation on hue shifts, depth of shade, brightness, cleanness, bronzing,
oil absorption, flatness, texture, and strength (see Color).
When inorganic and organic compounds are exposed to a wide energy range of
electromagnetic radiation, electronic transitions within the compounds occur, ie,
electrons are activated from ground stete energy levels to higher', excited, permissible
energy levels by selective absorption of known frequencies of the radiation, and those
frequencies that are not absorbed are reflected. Selective absorption of energies of
1.72-3.1 eV, ie, the energies of visible light, produce color.
Color development in many inorganic pigments involves transition metals and
bonding between metal ions with surrounding, geometrically arranged molecules and
anions.or ligands. The arrangement of the ligands about a central metellic ion causes
electronic (crystal field) transitions. The color of pigments, eg, the iron oxides and
chromium oxide green, results from such crystal field transitions (see Coordination
compounds). , |
A different structural model characterizes color development in pigments con-
taining nontransition elements. For example, in lead chrbniate, the intense yellow color
results from a charge-transfer process, by whiich an electron from the oxygen atom
is involved in a transition to the chromium atom withibCrOi'. The lead atom also
must contribute to color production because lead chromate is yellow, whereas silver
chromate is red.
The color of iron blue, Fe(ni)NH4|Fe(II)(CN)e|, results from the presence of iron
in two different oxidation sUtes in the molecule and the resulUnt charge transfer
between them. The color of cadmium sulfide is based on its semiconductor properties
and the charge-transfer transitions between the valence band and the conductance
band (see Semiconductors). The color of ultramarine blue results from electronic
transitions within SJ, which is contained in the zeolite structure of this complex sodium
Tahiti lirt>igo«lnoiganteflginefrti.Colo«>fcidt«NiiiwjndNi«<)w.C«IsgteryNi«<w,jnd5p«dflcatfaw
^
Colonnt
•lumiBa hydrats
aiuminuiD flaks
aniunony oxids
aibeaUM
barium metaborat«°
barywt
barium suifat*. natural
bismuth oxychiortde
black iron oxide
natural
synthetic
blanc fixe
barium sulfate, synthetic
bone black
bronze powders
cadmium sulfide
cadmium sulfide
lithopone
cadmium orange
pure and lithopone
cadmium red
pure and lithopone
calcium carbonate
natural and synthetic
calcium molybdate
calcium plumbatc
calcium silicate
carbon black
chrome green
CI
name and number
Pigment White 24. CI 77002
Pigment Metal 1, CI 77000
Pigment White 11, Cl 77052
Pigment White 22, CI 77120
Pigment Black 11
Pigment Black 11, CI 77499
Pigment White 21. CI 77120
Pigment Black 9. CI 77267
Pigment Metal 2, Cl 77400
Pigment YeUow 37, CI 77199
Pigment Yellow 35, CI 77117
Pigment Orange 20, CI 77196
Pigment Red 108. CI 77202
Pigment White 18, CI 77220
Pigment Black 7, CI 77266
Pigment Green 15, CI 77510/
77603
CAS
Registry Number
\l332-73-6]
[7429-90-5]
{1309-64-4]
]12001-29-5]
{13701-59-2]
{7727-43-7]
{7787-59-9]
{1317-61-9]
{12227-89-3]
17727-43-7|
[8021-99-6\
[7440-50-8]
{1306-23-6]
{8048-07-5]
[12656-57-4]
[58339-34-7]
[471-34-1]
[7789-82-4]
[12013-69-3]
[13U-9S-2]
(1333-86-4)
l;308-38-9|
(1344-37-21
Chemical compoeition
AlHOj
Al
SbjOj
3MgO.2Si0j.2H,O
BaB^.HjO
BaSO,
BiOCI
FC3O4
FejO.
BaSO,
C
Cu/Zn
CdS
CdS/ZnS/BaS04, CdS/BaSO.
CdS/CdSe, CdS/CdSe/BaSO,
CdSe/CdS. CdSe/CdS/BaSO,
CaCO,
CaMoO,
2CaO.PbO,
C
mixture of iron blue and
chrome yellow
Speciflcations
TT-P.320C
ASTM D 962-66
TT-P-325a
MIL-P-151+4A
MIL-E-17970C
ASTM D 602-42
TTP-390
ASTM D 769-48
ASTM D 602-42
ASTM D 267-41
TT-P-342
TTP-342
TT-P-341a
TT-P-341a
ASTM D 1199-69
Maritime 52-MA-524b
MIL-C-15198A
British Standard 3699 ^
*"•
TT-P-345
ASTM D 212-47; D 213-47
chrome orange
chrome yellow
medium
primrose, light, lemon
chromium oxide green •
dihydrata
cobalt blue
copper chromite black
cuproua oxide
ferrite yellow
gloea white
2 graphite
ironblu*
iron oxida, micaeoua
kaolin, aluminum ailicata
lampblack
lead carbooata, bcaic
lead phoaphita, dibaaic
lead tilicata, baaic
lead sulfate, baaic
lithopone
manganeae violet
Pigment Orange 21. CI 77601
Pigment Yellow 34,
CI 77600
Pigment Yellow 34. CI 77603
Pigment Green 17, CI 77288
Pigment Green 18, CI 77289
Pigment Blue 28. CI 77346
Pigment Yellow 42.
CI 77492
Pigment White 23, CI 77122
Pigment Black 10. CI 7726S
Pigmoit Blua 27, CI 77S10
Pigment White 19, CI 77006
Pigment Black 6, CI 77266
Pigment White 1. CI 77597
Pigment White 16, CI 7762S
Pigment White 2.
CI 77633
Pigment White 5, CI 77115
Pigment Violet 16, CI 77742
(J344-3S-3I
(J344-37-2I
(7758-97-61
[;344-37-2l
[1308-38-9]
(;2001-99-9|
(;345-;6-0|
[;2o;8-;o-9|
(;3i7.39-;|
(J 1274-00-; I
(;; 100-07-5]
[8049-83-0]
[7782-42-5]
(;4038~<3-8|
11309-37-/1
i;318-74-7i
(/333-86-4I
(;344-36-l|
(24824-7;-3|
(10099-76-01
(7446-;4-2i
(1344-42-9i
(1345-05-71
(;010/-66-3)
PbCrO«.PbO
PbCrO,
PbCr04.PbS0,
Crrf),
Crj03.2H]0
CoO.AljOj
Cu(CrOi)j
CuiO
iron oxide hydrate
3BaS04jU(OH)3
C
FeNH4 Fe<CN)«
FeiOj
Al]0,.2SiO,.2H,0
C
2PbC0j.Pb(0H),
2PbO PbHPOs.MiHjO
PbSC-PbSCPbO
BaSO«.ZnS
NKiMnFjOr
British Standard 303:1963
TT-P-346b
ASTMD211-67T
TT-P-346b
ASTMD211-67T
TT-P-346b
ASTMD211-67T
TT-P-347
ASTM D 263-48
MIL-P-I5169B
MIL-P-15166B
ASTM D 912-65
TT-P-548a
ASTM D 768-47
U.S. Government SS-G-659a
MIL-G-67n
MIL-G-155a
TT-P-38S
ASTM D 261-47
ASTM D 603-66
TT-W.251g
ASTM D 81-43
Britiafa Standard 239
TT-W-261C
ASTM D 82-44
TT-L-426
TT-P-400
ASTM D 477-45
British Standard 239. 296
llttaUrontinued)
Colorant
Mercadium orange,
mercury-cadmium orange
.Mercadium red,
mercury-cadmium red
CI
name and number
CAS
Registry Number Chemical compoeition Speciricatioiu
Pigment Orange 23, CI 77201,
Pigment Red 113, CI 77201
[1345-09-1] CdS/HgS
[1345-09-11 CdS/KgS
mercuric oxide
red
yellow
metallic brown.
brown iron oxide
mica.
aluminum potassium silicate
molybdate orange
nepheline syenite
^ nickel titanate
N» novaculite
pumice
red iron oxide.
natural and synthetic
red lead
satin white
siennaa.
natural
silica.
aerogel and hydrogel
amorphous
crystalline
diatomaceous
sodium aiumino silicate
strontium chromate
Pigment Brown 6. CI 7
Pigment White 20. CI
Pigment Red 104.
CI 77605
Pigment Yellow 53. Cl
Pigment White 27. cr
Pigment Red 101. CI 7
Pigment Red 105, Cl 7
Pigment Brown 7, CI 7
Pigment White 27. CI
Pigment White 27. CI'
Pigment White 27. CI'
Pigment Yellow 32, Cl
7499
7019
77788
7811
•491
-.i78
7499
7811
7811
7811
77839
[21908-5:1-2]
[l2227-S9-3[
[1-2001-26->\
(126.5fi-*5-8|
112709-98-7]
[37244-96-5]
[8007-l8-9[
[7631-86-9]
[i:i32-09-8[
[8011-97-0]
[l3l4-4l-6\
[12344-48-8]
[12227-89-3]
[7631-86-9]
[7631-86-9]
1763;-86-9i
(r631-86-9|
[1344-00-9]
[12677-00-8]
HgO
:iA|.jOn.K20.6SiO.;.2H20
25PbCr0..4PbMoO4.PbS0<
NiO.Sb2O3.20TiO7
SiO^
Fe^Oj, variable composition
Pbr,04
iron oxides (varying percent-
ages FeO) (;J45-27-3|
SiOj
SiO,
SiO,
SiO,
SrCrO,
.ASTM D 911-65
MIL-M-15177A
TT-P-405
A.STM D84-.il
ASTM D 607
MIL.M.l.il76
MILP.15176
TTP.410
.ASTM D 2213-67
TTP.405
.ASTM D 84-51
TT-R-I91d
ASTM D 83-41
TT.p.438
ASTM D 765-48
ASTM D 604-42
Maritime 52-MA-522a
MIL-D-20550B
British Standard 1795
MIL-P-23377^ * .
ASTM D 1649-65-:
strontium molybdate
talc, magnesium silicate
titanium dioxide
ultramarine blue
ultramarine Ttolat
umban.
natural ' ~ - .
vermilion ^a
woUaatonit*
zinc chromiM*, Guie
\
zincduBt
zinc ferrite
zinc molybdate
zinc molybdata, baaic
zinc oxide
zinc phosphate
zinc sulfide
zinc yellow
zircon
zirconium oxide
Pigment White 26. CI 77718
Pigment WhiU 6.
CI 77891
anatat*
rutile
Pigment Blua 29. CI 77007
PIgmant Violet 15. CI 77007
Pigment Brown 7, CI 77499
Pigmmt Red 106, CI 77766
Pigmant YeUow 36. CI 779S5
Pigmant Metal 6. CI 77945
Pigmant Black 16. CI 7794S
Pigment Brown 11, CI 77496
Pigmant White 4. CI 77947
Pigment White 32. CI 77964
Pigment White 7. CI 7797S
Pigment Yellow 36. CI 77955
Pigment White 12. CI 77990
(13470-04-7)
114807-96-6)
(62338-64-;)
(13463-67-7)
(;3;7-7o-oi
|;3;7-«o-o)
(13; 7-97-;)
l;2789-96-9)
(;2227-89-3l
[;344-4«-5)
(;4567-5;-2)
(50922-29-71
(7440-66-6)
(7440-66-6)
(;20S3-/9L3|
(13767-32-3)
(6;583-60-6)
(;3;4-;3-2)
(7779-90-0)
(13;4-98-3)
(37300-23-51
[14940-68-2]
[1314-23-4[
SrMoO,
3MgO.4SiO5.H2O
TiO,
Na,s-«>Al«SieOMS,j_„
H,N,4^,Al,Si,0,A
iron oxidea (varying percent-
ages FeO) (1345-27-3)
HgS
4Zn(OH)3.ZnCrO«
Zo
Zn
ZnCFeiOs
ZnMoO,
xZnO.ZnMoO,
ZnO
Zn3(PO,)j.2H20
ZnS
4Zn0.Kj0.4CrO3.3H,0
ZrSiO,
ZrO,
TT-P.403a
ASTM D 605-69
Maritime 52-MA-523b
MIL-P15173A
British Standard 1795
TT-P-442
ASTM D 476
British Standard 851
TT.U-450
ASTM D 262-47
FDA 21CFR Part 121
TT-P.455
ASTM D 763-48
MIL-C-85UC
MIL-P15328C
MIL-P15930B
TTP-480
ASTM D 250
TT-P-460
ASTM D 250
TTP-463a
ASTM D 79-44
British Standard 254, 2876
TT-P-400
ASTM D 477.45
TT-P-465
ASTM D 478-49
" Modified.
B38 PtGMEIsrrS (INORGANIC)
Opnerat Hrferprxcnt
Ref. 6 is also a general reference. -ji-^.. -.i -•••(..^
H. P. Preuss. Pigmertla in Paint. Noyes Data Corporation. Park Ridge, New .Jersey. 1974. a
H. H. Murray, ed., Paper Coating Pigmrnta, TAPPI Monograph Series No. ,10, New York, 19S6. '
W. H. Madwm. "White Hiding and Ritender Pigments," (Unit Seven), Frd. .Sf r Coal. TrchnnI (Oct. I9B7);
W. R. Fuller and C. H. I.ove. "Inorgsnic Color Pigments," (Unit Right). Frd. Ser. Cool. Tnhnnl. (Msr.
1968); W. .Stoy. K. T. Usowski, \.. P. Ijir^nn, I), rassigli. W. H. Byler. R. Rvdn. and W. V. Fischer, "BIsrk
and Metallic Pigments," (Unit Ten), Frd .Srr. Cool. TrchnnI (.)an. 1969).
R. R. Myers and .1. .S. Ixing, eds., 7"rfa(M<- on Cnoling.., Vol. 3, Marcel Dekker, New Ytirk, 1975.
G. D. Parfitt and K. S. W. Ring, eds.. C.hararlrriialinn nf Powder Surfarra, Academic Press, New York.
1976.
D. H. Parker, Principlen ol Surface Coating Technology, Wiley-Inlerscience, a division nf .Tohn Wiley *
Sons. Inc.. New York, I96.S.
The Colour /ndrx, ,1rd ed.. Society of Dyers and Colourists, Bradford, Rng., and American Assncistinn of
Textile Chemists and Coiorisls, Durham, N.C, Vol. 3, 1971. Vols. 5 (revised) and 6, 1975.
ROBERT C. SCHIEK
CIBA-GEIGY Corporation
ORGANIC
Pigments are colored, colorless, or fluorescent particulate solids that usually are
insoluble in and essentially are physically and chemically unaffected by the vehicle
OT medium in which they are incorporated. They alter appearance either by selective
absorption or by scattering of light. Pigments may be organic or inorganic chemicals.
They usually are dispersed in vehicles for application, eg, in inks (qv) or paints (see
Paint). In some cases, the substrate may serve as a vehicle, eg, in the mass coloration
of a polymeric material (see also Colorants).
Pigments and dyes differ in solubility characteristics and in the method of ap-
plication (see Dyes, evaluation and application). When a pigment is used to color or
opacify a substrate, the finely divided, insoluble solid remains insoluble throughout
the coloration process. Flavanthrone |475-7J-8) behaves as either a yellow dye or
pigment.
O
flavanthrone
As a pigment, flavanthrone is a particulate, insoluble solid and is dispersed directly
Vol. 17 PIGMENTS (ORGANIC) 839
into a vehicle, eg, oil or plastic. Such a dual-function compound is characterized by
one Colour Index (CI) number but two CI names, depending on application, eg, ("I
42040: Basic Green 1 or Pigment Green 1.
Commercially significant organic pigments are listed in Table 1.
Prior to the discovery of Perkin's Mauve [6373-22-4] in IB-W, color was obtained
from natural sources, eg, madder, indigo, cochineal, and logwood (see Dyes, natural).
The development of synthetic coloring matters followed with the discovery of Fuchsine
[632-99-5[ in 1858 and of other triphenylmethane dyes, eg, Alkali Blue, Methyl
Violet, and Malachite Green (see Triphenylmethane and related dyes). Lakes of these
dyes were used as the first synthetic organic pigments.
The initial synthetic developments were concemed principally with dyestuffs
for the textile industry, and the period up to the early 190QB was characterized by the
discovery and development of many dyes derived from coal-tar intermediates (see
Dyes and dye intermediates). Rapid advances in color chemistry were initiated by the
discovery of diazo compounds and of azo derivatives (see Azo dyes). The color potential
of this class of compounds and their ease of preparation led to the development of azo
colors, which represent the largest fraction of organic pigments. Azo dyes for pigment
use, ie, azo-pigment dyes, became significant commercially with the discovery of the
LitholRedsin 1899(1).
Many late nineteenth-century U.S. pigment manufacturers produced dyestuff-
derived lakes, eg, Peacock Bhie, Persian Orange (633-96- 5|, yellow lakes, and scarlets.
Such synthetic products generally replaced the natural products because of the for-
mers' superior characteristics, including uniformity, intensity or brilliance of shade,
and resistance to light and other chemical and physical agents.
Among the first pigments produced in the United States subsequent lo World
War I were Phloxine Red [1326-05-2] (see Xanthene dyes) and Peacock Blue. The nrst
synthetic azos included Toluidine Red, Lake Red C, Para Red, Hansa Yellow, and
Lithol Red.
The development in 1913 of the brilliant lakes of complex heteropoly acids of
phosphorus, molybdenum, and tungsten with basic dyes, eg, Rhodamine [81-88-9],
Victoria Blue, and Methyl Violet, led to the production of pigments with fastnesses
that were superior to the tannin tartar emetic precipitations of the same dyes. These
products, however, were deficient in their resistance to solvents and alkali and were
not sufTiciently durable for outdoor use. The largest single advance in pigment tech-
nology after World War I and prior to 1933 was the discovery of the phthalocyanines
(see Phthalocyanine compounds). These blue and green pigments were characterized
by excellent intensity, strength, bleed resistance, and lightfastness.
Color and ComHtiitlon. Color in organic compounds is associated with the pres-
ence of multiple bonds; the groups responsible for color are chromophores. The un-
saturated, conjugated double bonds in chromophores contribute to the selective ab-
sorption of visible tight. Chromophores that are common in colored organic materials
include
—N—0
nitroeo
— N—N—
axo
<
nitro
_N—N —
\ 0
aioxy
>->
cartxmyl
H
1
—C—N—
axomethiite
>-s
thtocarbonyl
>-<
ethenyl
tec 20
KIRK-OTHMER
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
THIRD EDITION
VOLUME 18
PLANT-GROWTH SUBSTANCES
TO
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS
•.^•^JJUSs
1807 W1982
^^IILJ^^
A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBUCATION
John Wiley & Sons
NEW YORK . CHICHESTER • BRISBANE • TORONTO • SINGAPORE
Copyright © 1982 by John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada.
Reproduction or translation of any part of this work
beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the
1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission
of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for
permission or further Information should be addressed to
the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data:
Main entry under title:
Encyclopedia of chemical technology.
At head of title: Kirk-Othmer.
"A Wiley-lntcrscience publication."
Includes bibKegraphies.
I. Chemistry,Technical—Dictionaries. I. Kirk. Raymond
Eller, 1890-1957. II. Othmer, Donald Fredericic, 1904—
III. Grayson, Martin. IV. Eckroth, David. V. Title:
Kirk-Othm<;r encyclopedia of chemical technology.
TP9.E685 1978 660'.03
ISBN 0-471-02071-0
77-15820
Printed in the United States of America
Hi
110 PLASTIC BUILDING PRODUCTS
37. R. S. Hallas, Piatt. Eng. Sl(2), 36 (1975).
38. R. A. Kolakowski, H. G. Nadeau, and H. E. Reynolds, Jr., 35th Annual Technical Conference of Society
of PUutic Engineen, Vol. 23, Montreal, Canada, 1977, p. 171.
39. R. Martino, Mod. Plast. 5S(B), 52 (1976).
40. Plastici Design Forum 4(5), 83 (1979).
41. Mod. Piatt. 84(9), 76 (1977).
42. Mod. Piatt. 5«(9), 18 (1979).
43. Piatt. Det. Proceat. 18(1), 61 (1978).
44. R. R. Divis.P/ojl. Eng. 32(2), 19 (1976).
46. A.S. Wood, Mod. Piatt. 52(3), 40 (1975).
48. A. S. Wood, Mod. Piatt. 54(5), 52 (1977).
47. Mod. PIMI. 54(8), 50 (1977).
48. R Martino. Mod. Plait. 54(12), 34 (1977).
49. R. Martino, Mod. Piatt. 55(1), 38 (1978).
60. L. J. Kovach and L. H. Barnett. Mod. Piatt. 56(9), 106 (1979).
61. R. Martino, Mod. Plojl. 56(11), 50 (1979).
52. M. H. Navitone, Plast. Technol. 22(13), 50 (1976).
53. W. Neubert and W. A. Mack, Plast. Eng. 29(8), 40 (1973).
54. R. B. Seymour, Plant. Eng. 29(9), 40 (1973).
55. Piatt. Eng. 29(12), 26 (1973).
66. R. F. Heilmayr, Piatt. Eng. 32(1), 26 (1976).
57. E. C. Sxaniboraki and R. A. Marcelli, Pfosl. £n;. 32(11), 49 (1976).
B8. D. V. Rosato, Plast. World 34(4), 22 (1976).
59. Plait. World 37(5), 10(1979).
60. P(a«l. Technol. 21(4),9 (1975).
61. C. J. Hilado, H. J. Cumming, and C. J. Casey, Uod. Plast. 55(4), 92 (1978).
LAWRENCE H. DUNLAP
Consultant
ROBERT DESCH
Armstrong World Industry
PLASTICS, ENVIRONMENTALLY DEGRADABLE. See Supplement Volume.
PLASTISOLS. See Vinyl polymers. poly(vinyl chloride).
Vol. 18 PLASTICIZERS 111
PLASTICIZERS
Nomenctature, 112
Mechanism of pUslicizef action, 112
Compatibily. 121
General-purpose plasticizers, 128
Specialty plasticizers. 129
Misceiianeous resins and materiak, 133
PoMvinyl chtoride), 133
Other thermoplastic resins. 152
Specialized resin systems, 165
Rubber and related polymers, 167
Thermosetting resins, 170
Pofymerizable plasticizers, 171
Plasticization by fBer. pigment, salts, or air, 172
Miscellaneous materials, 174
Economic aspects. 175
Health and safely factors, 176
A plasticizer is incorporated in a material to increase its workability, flexibility,
or distensibility (1). Addition of plasticizer may lower the melt viscosity, the second-
order transition temperature, or the elastic modulus of the plastic. Water for clay to
make pottery, and lime for easier working of cements are two examples of ancient use
of inorganic plasticizers.
For a plasticizer to be effective with any polymeric material, the two must be
intimately mixed. With organic resins, this is done most commonly by heating until
the resin dissolves in the plasticizer or the plasticizer dissolves in the resin. The material
is then formed and cooled. Alternatively, resin and plasticizer may be mixed by dis-
solution in a common solvent without heat, followed by removal of the solvent by
evaporation. Plasticizer effects are apparent when a high molecular weight poly(vinyl
chloride) homopolymer without plasticizer or stabilizer is fluxed on a hot two-roll mill
(see Vinyl polymers). At 160°C, the.resin particles are unchanged and fall like sand
between the rolls. If the temperature is raised, the resin softens and eventually forms
a tough sheet around one of the rolls. While it is softening and sheeting-out on the mill,
it also is decomposing from excessive heat. When the sheet is removed and cooled, it
is brown to black, horny to brittle, corrosive from liberated hydrogen chloride, and
worthless. If, on the other hand, a small 4nount of a plasticizer such as bis(2-ethyl-
hexyl) phthalate (dioctyl phthalate, DOP) is added when the resin is poured onto the
roll mill at 160°C, the resin softens and fuses; the mass becomes homogeneous and
forms a sheet around the hotter or the faster moving of the two rolls. If the sheet is
removed quickly and cooled, it is clear, colorless to faintly yellow, noncorrosive, and
semirigid to very flexible, depending on the amount of plasticizer used.
Thermosetting resins such as phenolics are sometimes made with small amounts
of plasticizers for ease in forming during an intermediate processing stage and for
improved impact resistance of the final product (see Plastics processing). These uses
are small compared to those in the field of surface coatings, where plasticizers affect
flow and leveling during application, and impact and check-resistance of the dried
film. The principal use of plasticizers is in thermoplastic resins. Because of its unique
molecular structure, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is especially suited for beneficial
modirication by plasticizers and reflects the largest use area of organic plasticizers.
112 PLASTICIZERS
Organic plasticizers usually are moderately high molecular weight liquids, or,
occasionally, low melting solids. Most commonly, they are esters of carboxylic acids
or phosphoric acid. Other types include hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons,
ethers, polyglycols, and sulfonamides.
Early recognized plasticizers include Neat's foot oil [8002-64-0] and sperm oil
[8004-24-2] which were applied to soften leather (qv). One of the oldest uses of plas-
ticizers is in surface coatings. In 1870, cellulose nitrate which could not be molded until
that time, was modified by adding ca ,50 parts per hundred of resin (phr) of camphor
and molding two powdered materials with heat and pressure to obtain a substitute
for horn, ivory, bone, etc (2).
Celluloid remained the principal thermoplastic material until shortly before
World War II. Objections to the odor, volatility, and high price of Japanese camphor
motivated research for other plasticizers for cellulose nitrate. Triphenyl phosphate
became a reasonably successful replacement and waa succeeded by other phosphates,
eg, tricresyl phosphate. The use of phthalates as plasticizers began in the early 1920s,
although bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, now the principal plasticizer used, was not
patented until 19,33 (3).
Poly(vinyl chloride) appeared at first to be the most unpromising of modern
resins. It is Insoluble in the common solvents, can not be molded without thermal
decomposition, and turns black on a few days' exposure to sunlight. However, it is
unusually tough and it is inert to most solvents. PVC forms rubberlike compositions
when dissolved hot in solvents, eg, phenyl o-nitrophenyl ether [22/6-/2-8], chloro-
naphthalene [790-13-1], dibutyl phthalate, or tricresyl phosphate, and allowed to gel
on cooling.
Nomenclature
Iso- denotes a highly branched radical; in some cases, mixtures of isomers are
referred to. The rules of chemical nomenclature do not lend themselves to convenient
ways of designating mixtures of isomers. The name7V-ethyl-(o,p)-toluene3ulfonam-
ide refers to a mixture of ortho and para isomers. A name such as (n-octyl, n-decyl)
phthalate denotes the statistical mixture obtained when phthalic anhydride is com-
pletely esterified with approximately equal molecular quantities of n-octyl and n-decyl
alcohols.
Chemical Abstracts' Registry Numbers, properties, and compatibilities are listed
in Table 1. Registry Numbers of other plasticizers are written after first mention of
the plasticizer in one of the tables, or, if they are not listed in any table, after first
mention in the text.
Mechanism of Plasticizer Action
Four general theories have been proposed to account for the effects that plasti-
cizers have on certain resins (5). According to the lubricity theory, the rigidity or the
resistance of a resin to deformation results from intermolecular friction. The plasticizer
acts as a lubricant to facilitate movement of the resin macromolecules over each other
and provides internal lubricity. A slow gradation between such internal lubricants
and external lubricants prohibits sticking of the resin to metal equipment and facili-
tates processing. If onlv improved processing is desired, the lubricants can be graded
(6).
Table 1. Plaslidzer Properties and CompatRiirrty''
Plnliriirm
Aiiipic arid drritiatw..
diJMibutyl adipalc
din-hrxylaflipatc
h*ply1 nonyl adipate
bi«(3'7thylh«iyl) adipatr (POAI
diinrxtHyl eHipatr
biB(2 hutoxyelhyl) .dipala
Azetaic arid drritvlit'e
bra(2'VlhyIhaxyh aiftatr (DOZ)
Banroir arid drrii-ativa.
diethylenr ulyrol dihanroalK
dipropylrnf ilyml dibenxnau
2,Z4-trinirthyl-1 ..1-pentanrdinl-
ianbutyrat* bpntnatr
Citrir arid drrivatiiir.
Ui-n-butylciUaU
Ui-n-butylacttylntrau
Kpoxyderiuativa.
apoxidind aoybetn oil (ESQ)
2-«thylheiyl cpoiy ultal*
biiphrnol A dtf lycidyl fiber
Glycol drrii<atifrn
dinhyl*ne llyml dipelanrnnau
lri«lhylcm|1yct>ldi-2-
ethylbutyratc
poly<aUiyln» ilycoll (200) di-2-
Glyralalt.
mathyl phtbalyl Khvl KlycnUtr
butyl phlhalyl butyl glycolalc
Hydmrarbnm
hvdrrvenatMl tarpbfnyli HR-40
polylalkyi naphlhalanali PanaRiT
aliphatic aroinalica Lammnll
chloHnatnl parafTin (52 wt % CD,
Carachr S-52
Lnphthalir arid
drrii'aliia.
di-2-athylhexyl isnphthalatf
Olrir arid deriualivat
butyl oleaU
trihutyl pboapbaU
lril)utoi.v»thyl phmphalp
tripbenyl phoaphata
chlorinated diphoaphair, Phnanard
2XC20
trirmyl phnaphatc (TCP)
iimprrvylphanyl diphen.vl
1 -buvylpbMtyl diph«i^yl pbtnphata,
Santicitar IM
2-ettiyIhriyl diphenyl phtwiphBte (2
EHDPI')
iaodwyl diphenyl phiwphala
Fhrutphnnir arid drrii'atii-r
Plwntard C.22-R
Phthalir arid drrivalifa.
dimrthyl phtltalala (DMP)
dibutvl phthaUta (DRPI
butyl octyl phthalate (POP)
diiaoheiyl phthalate
hcplyl nonyl phthalate
CAS
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-33
CA
P
P
1
P
P
P
C
P
P 1
c p
1
p
1
1 1
1
c c
1
p
1
)
c p c c
p
p c c
c
p
p
c
c c 1 p 1
Compatibility with plastia
CAR
c c C
C
C
C
C
C
C C
C
P
P
c c
c p
p
c c
c p
c
c
c
c p p
c
c
c c c
c
c
c
c
c c c c c
CN EC PM
C
c c c c c
c
c c c
c c
c c c
c c
c
c c
c p
c
c
c
c c c c
c
c c c
c
c
c
c
c c c c c
c
c c c c
c
c c p
c c
c p c
c c
c
c c
c c
c
c
c c c c
c
c c c
c
c
c
c
c c c c c
c c p p
p
c
c c
1
p
1
c
p
c c
p c c
p
c 1
c c
c
p
c
c
c
c
c
c c p
c
PS
c
c c p
c
c c c
c c
1
I
1
c c
c c c c
c
c
c
p c
c
c c c
c
c
c
p
c c c c c
VA
c p
1 p p
p
p
c c c
c c
1
1
1
p
c
p
c c
c
c c
1
c
c 1
c c
p
c c c
c
c
c
p
c c p c
'
' VH
c p p
p
c
1
c c
c c
I
1
c c
c c.
1
c c
c
c
c
c c c c
c
c c c
c
r
c
p
c c c c c
vc
c c c c c c
c
c c c
c c
c c c c
c c
p
c c
c p
c c
c
p
c c p
p
p
c c c
r.
c
c
p
c c c c c
113
Table 1 iconlinuedl
PUatJdnn
heptyl nonyl undecyl phthalate
diiaooctyl phthalaU (DlOP)
bl>(2.ethylheiyl) phthalate (POP)
(n-haxyl. n.octyl, n.decyl)
phthalaU, DNODP.OIO
(n-octyl. n-dec^l) phthalate.
DNODP-810
diiandacrl phthalate (DIDP)
ditildacTi phlbilata (DTDPI
butyl cjfdoheqrl phUtaUte
butyl bnuyl phthalaU (BBPI
261
7-(2,6,63-tetranwthy|.4.0ia-
3-oxo-nonyl)ben-
tyl phUialata. SuUcinr r 8
biX2.butoiyethyl) phthalaU
(DBOEP)
diphenyl phthaUte (DPP)» Potyaalan
•dipic add polreaur (mol wt 6000).
Pvaplex G.40
•dipic add polyeater (mol wt 2000).
SaMidzaT334F
anlaic acid potyeatar (nMl wt 860).
PUatolain 97201
aielaic acid polyeaur (tool wt
2200). Plaatolelii 9750
aeb*cic tcid polycater (mol wt
8000). Paraplei G 26
Ririnottic arid derivatittt
methyl ricinoleau
caatorotl(90wt%|lyceryl
ricinolcwu)
S.baric arid drrivotiort
bi«(2ethylbe«yl) aebacat, (DOS)
Slearir acid deriuativei
n-butylit«srau
butyl acatoxyitearaU
Sucroae darivativr.
Bucroae aceute-iaobutyrau (SAIB)
Sullrmie acid derivalii?e.
amUa
•Idahyth rain. Santoliu MHP
•Bd oool. Miunxill
rortonc ond dem<oIitv dibutyl tartnu
Terepttthatit aeii darivatiua
(DOrP)
(TOTM)
IwfHyl nonyl undecyl trimelliUU
tiiiaodeerl trimelliUU
CAS
Retiltty
No-
|68579-<4.«
68575470
68575424
6857545 7 6S375.4J-5
3648-20-2
12755426-3
1777-87-7
|6a576-37.5'
Spfta
26'C
, 0969
0966' 0986*
0.987'
157977-52-51 0969'
126767-40-0
13648-20.2
1(79-06-2
184-64-0
185-68-7
168575-402
|l6883-«3.3
1777-83-9
18467-7
|84^^2.8
I39363-9J-3
168583-85-7
|50(W9-07-3
1391376-47-7
17705-99-9
1740-04-5
|722.«2-3
|723-«-5
1726-73-6
188-79.7
170.55-3
17077-56-7
180-39.7
125035-77-6
18064-70.81
187-92-31
16422-86-21
(3379-37-71
168575-60-6)
16857558-21
(366.77-30 81
0964
0.964
0.952
1.076 1.115
1.070
1.097
1.063
1.29'
1.28
1.15
1.06
103
1.06
1.06
0.926
0.928
0963
0911
0659
0922
1.146
1.190
1.36
1.06
1090
0.964
0.967
0.984
0972
0.987
Boilinf
ranee.
•C/kPa'
262/1.11
22S-239/0.66
231/0.66
177-2S9/0.63
235-267/O.M
256A>ee
262/1.33
2e6A).47
370/101
J70/I0I
252/1.33
243/1.33
210-2S3A)63
212-218/0.66
260-257/1.87
170^.13
195/0.13
266/0.66
220-225/3.33
214/1.33
340/101
292-312/101
383/101
260/0.13
263/133
Pour
point
and/or
mp'.
•c
<-50'
<-50'
-48'
-48
-30
-48
2
-37'
-46'
-46/
-6.6'
6e-«»
69»
<-25/.
4'
-8'
3/
.13-15'
-30/
-30
-12
-48
16
-7
105*
caOO
62
-10
20
-48
-46'
-60'
-.17'
CA
I
P
C
c
c
c
1
c
1
c
1
CAR CN EC PM PS
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
c
c
c
C
c
I
C
c p
p
C
C
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
C
C
c
C
C
C
c
C
c
C
C
C
C
c
c
C
c
c
C
c p
c
p
c
c
C
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c c c
c
c c c c c c
c
c
p
c
p
p
1
I
I
c c c
c
c c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c c c
c
p
p
p
c c
c
c
c c
I
1
1
p
p p
c
1
1
c
c
c
c
I
c
c
c
c
c
c c c
c
c c c c c c
c
c
p
c
c
[
1
p
c
p p
c
p
c
p
c
p
c
p
c
i
VA VB vc
1
c
p
c c c
c
c
c c
c
c
p
p
p
c c
p
1 p
c
c
c
c
1
c
p
1
1
1
p
p
p
c
c
c c c c c c
c
c
p
1
1
p
p
p
p
c c c
p
1
p
p
c
c
c
c
c
p
c
c
c c c
c
c c c c c c
c
c
p p
c
c
c
c
c
1
c c
c
p
p
1
p
p
p
c
p
c
c
c c c
114
Vol. 18 puAsnazHRS 115
TaWe 11continuettl
PUaUciiera
Trrprnr. and drriivlitpri
camphor
Harcolyn D
CAS Beniitry
No.
1464.49-3| 18060-13-3|
Spfiat
26'C
0.990 1.02
Bdlini ranfa.
•C/kPa'
200 (.jh) 362/101
POUT
poiirt
aid/ot mp'.
•c
174»
^.
Cflnpatilnlitrwltfa phttkt'
CA CAB CN E!C PM PS VA VB VC
C C C C C 1 C C C C C C C
* Ref. 4. DaU fw comiiMroal pniducta.
^ To c«iv«rt kPa to mn Hf. multiply by 7 J.
' Tha liUrature at timaa <lo« Dot tjifTcTtntiau liafa«» pour poinu and mtltinfl points.
' Reaina uaed: CA. ceUukoe acaUte; CAB. cdhlbm acetote-butyraU; CN. ceOuloae nitrate: EC. ethykalhljaar, PM, polylnHthyl meUMcrylaU);
PS, polyityrene; VA, polylvinyl aceUU); VB. poly(vinyl bulyral); VC, poly(vinyl chloride). Code for conpatibiiity: C. compatiUe; P. partially
ONnpatible: and I, incompatible.
* Maaauremenu made at 20*C. ' Pour point
< Double mcitinf point.
' CryaUlline eolid. Ite performarwe aa the aole pltfUciMr In PVC variea with iU iagraa ot cryaullinity in the rcaln.
The gel theory, which was devised for amorphous polymers, contends that their
resistance to deformation results from an internal, three-dimensional honeycomb
structure or gel. This gel is formed by loose attachments, which occur at intervals along
the polymer chains. The dimensions of the cells in a stiff or brittle resin are small be-
cause the points of attachment are close. Any attempt to deform the specimen cannot
be readily accommodated by movement within the mass. Its limit of elasticity is low.
A thermoplastic or even a thermosetting resin with widely separated points of at-
tachment between macromolecules is flexible without plasticization, eg, unvulcanized
and lightly vulcanized natural rubber (see Rubber, natural).
The action of a plasticizer on a resin with many points of attachment along the
polymer chains is breakage of the attachment and masking the centers of force, which
hold the polymer chains together, by selectively solvating the polymer at these points.
This produces much the same result as if fewer points for attachment were provided
on the macromolecules in the first place.
It is assumed that solvents or plasticizers of different classes are attracted to the
resin macromolecule by forces of different magnitudes and that none of them are bound
permanently when they are attached. Instead, there is a continuous exchange whereby
one plasticizer molecule becomes attached to a given active group or force center only
to be dislodged and to be replaced by another. This results in a dynamic equilibrium
between solvation and desolvation, by which a certain fraction of the force centers
of the polymer chains are masked by solvent or plasticizer under a given set of condi-
tions such as plasticizer concentration, temperature, and pressure. This solvation-
desolvation with accompanying aggregation-disgregation of resin molecules is basically
the mechanistic theory. More than 30 years after the theory was propoeed, nmr studies
indicated that dibutyl phthalate-plastid^ PVC contains no complete free DBP, even
up to concentrations as high as 52 wt % (108 phr), but that all of the DBP is at least
partly restricted or bound. Above the glass-transition temperature Tg, the lifetime
of the PVC/DBP solvate is 10-"-10-s s (7).
The free-volume theory is related to the ^uilecular theory, which assumes that there
is nothing but free space between molecules. Curve A of Figure 1 shows the typical
thermal expansion of an amorphous material from a rigid glass at low temperatures
past Tg to a second phase with a higher coefficient of thermal expansion, which is
shown by a steeper slope. For polymers, the second phase is rubbery; for plasticizers
168 PLASTICIZERS
£
S
.M
>
5
too 1
90
SO
70
80
50
40
30
30
in
(
-
K
l\
-
)
-
\^^ :
•^^7 'Z
\sS^^~--— -
1 1 1 1 1—
4 8 12 16 20 24
Milling time, min
Figure 19. Plasticization by maaticalion. Effect of milling on viscosity of various elastomers: 1,
pnlybutadiene (mostly cis): 2. pnlybittailiene (medium cis); .1, natural rubber, 4, SBR LWD; 5, butyl rubber;
6, ethylene-propylene elaalomer; 7, neoprene W; 8, polybutadiene (low cis): 9, polyisoprene (219).
Peptizers or Chemical Pbslicizers. Traces of free-radical acceptors in the absence
of oxygen and oxidation promoters in the presence of oxygen increase the rate of
plasticization during milling. Among commercial materials used for this purpose are
zinc thiobcnzoate, pentachlorothiophenol and its zinc salt, phenylhydrazine, and
thio-/3-naphthol (220), Such chemical plasticizers induce plasticization by chemical
changes, Pentachlorothiophenol quickly causes breakdown or peptization of sty-
rene-butadiene rubber (SBR), as shown in Figure 20. Petroleum oils that are used
as extenders frequently contain aromatic nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen compounds
and trace metals, which can act as peptizers. Unless these are inhibited by antioxidants,
they may continue to work after processing lo produce unwanted plasticization during
storage.
I
0 5 10
Millirig time (at 135°C1. min
Figure 20. Plasticization of SBR as facilitated by addition of pentachlornthitiphenol (219).
Vol. 18 piAsnazERs 169
External Plasticizers. Addition of external plasticizers during milling can reduce
hot-melt viscosity and retard chain cleavage. Because most elastomers are comprised
of long hydrocarbon segments and are largely amorphous, they accept heavy peti^leum
oils, coal tars, and olher predominantly hydrocarbon products, which are less expensive
than the esters that commonly are used with PVC. Ester plasticizers, eg, linear dialkyl
phthalates, adipates, and sebacates, impart unusually good low temperature properties
in SBR; thus, they are used, eg, in tires designed for arctic regions. For most other uses
they are too expensive. With increasing concentration of polar functional groups in
the elastomer, the elastomer becomes more restrictive in its acceptance of plasti-
cizers.
If economics dictate that a petroleum fraction must be used as an extender oil,
the choice usually is among types of petroleum fractions. The proportion of paraffinic,
alicyclic, and aromatic compounds is important. Sweat-out or exudation is most likely
to occur with oils that are high in paraffinic content. Oils that are high in aromatic or
naphthenic content benefit from more rapid oil takeup, ie, they fuse more quickly than
paraffinic oils. Compatibilities and performance of various esters and polyesters of
carboxylic acids and phosphates in SBR, nitrile, and vinyl-nitrile rubbers, Neoprene,
chlorinated rubber, and polysulfide rubbers are described in refs. 171 and 221.
Effects of Plaslkizalion. The first noticeable effect of plasticizer addition is re-
duction of viscosity. Plasticizing oils are rated according to their extender index, ie,
an efficiency factor, which is the amount of oil in phr required to lower a rubber
polymer's Mooney viscosity to 53.0. Figure 21 illustrates the effect of concentration
of oil on Mooney viscosity and how the extender index is determined from laboratory
evaluations at three or four concentrations. Similar plots can be used to obtain effi-
ciency factors of plasticizers for other resins. Typical variations, which may be ex-
pected from different types of extender oils in an SBR rubber are given in ref 219.
The composition of the processing oil or plasticizer influences cure time when
the rubber is vulcanized. Hydrocarbons in the oil produce little effect, but aromatic
compounds containing nitrogen and sulfur tend to accelerate cross-linking; they may
decrease the time to optimum cure by a factor of two.
Physical properties of the formulated, vulcanized rubber vary with the type and
concentration of extender oil used. Correlations of the effect on physical properties
with the type of oil are based on viscosity and specific gravity. These strongly reflect
the proportions of aromatic, alicyclic, and paraffinic compounds in the oil. Variation
0 10 20 30 40 50 80 70 80
Oil ciTncentrstion. ptir
Figure 21. Graphic method of determining extender index (219).
170 PLASTiaZERS
in molecular weight is a complicating factor; however, at loadings of equal weight of
oil and as aromaticity increases, hardness, modulus, and tensile strength' increase
slightly. At equal-volume loadings and because of the low density of paraffins, in-
creased aromaticity decreases hardness, modulus, and tensile strength. Ultimate
elongation increases as oil viscosity increases. The retardation time for rubber polymer
segments corresponds to flex frequencies in an automobile tire in use. Reducing the
size of the polymer segmenta by further cross-linking reduces heat buildup; conversely,
addition of plasticizer acts to increase polymer segments and heat buildup. Plasticizers
may lower modulus and increase elongation, which improves flex-crack resistance.
Increased aromaticity may impart improved flex-crack resistance.
The glass-transition temperature of SBR rubber can be lowered 30°C or more
by use of very low viscosity, volatile oils, which are high in paraffin content; ordinary
processing oils have little effect. Esters, eg, bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, sebacate, or
phthalate, can lower Tg by 25-40°C; the aliphatic esters are the most effective.
However, with lowering of the glass-transition temperature by plasticization, the true
melting point of the elastomer may be changed only little.
Tack or blocking action, which is necessary in fabrication of automobile tires,
is virtually absent from raw rubber except at freshly cut surfaces where chain cleavage
occurs. Mechanical plasticization or addition of suitable external plasticizers or
tackifiers can increase tack lo the required extent.
Thermosetting Resins
As there is no sharp distinction between thermoplastic and thermosetting resins,
there is no discontinuity in plasticizer technology between them, A resin that is highly
cross-linked with many primary valence bonds is rigid, insoluble, and infusible; as such,
it cannot be plasticized, but plasticizer can be added prior to extensive cross-linking.
Among the more important effects of plasticizers on thermosets are increased potlife
and improved wetting and penetration of fillers, laminating papers, and fabrics.
Phenolics. Condensation of phenol and formaldehyde results in short-chain
segments with a very high degree of cross-linking. There is little opportunity for the
polymer to deform under load, particularly under impact, without separating resin
domains or breaking primary valence bonds. Addition of either reactive or nonreactive
plasticizers initially or at an intermediate stage can facilitate processing and can alter
final physical properties beneficially. Higher aldehydes, particularly furfural [98-01-1],
are used to give an intermediate-stage resin which is thermoplastic enough to blend
quickly with fillers and pigments with brief milling. They also facilitate flow during
transfer molding or injection molding. (o,p)-Toluenesulfonamide and substituted
sulfonamides are incorporated in resins as reactive plasticizers at ca 5-10 phr to im-
prove flow properties by reducing the viscosity of phenolic-resin compositions used
in brake linings (qv), clutch faces, and grinding wheels (see Abrasives). They facilitate
wetting of the fillers and abrasives (see Phenolic resins).
Nonreactive plasticizers also are used to facilitate flow properties, Alkyl aryl
hydrocarbons are particularly good for increased pot life. TViaryl phosphates add flame
retardance. Dialkyl phthalates and, especially, alkyl benzyl phthalates promote suf-
ficient additional flexibility to phenolic sheets and laminates for more effective hot-
or cold-punching. Nonreactive plasticizers at 5-10 phr permit production of
foundry-shell molds that yield more precise castings. The sulfonamides improve the
flow properties of phenolic surface coatings and printing inks.
Vol. 18 PlASnaZERS 171
Epoxy Resins. Modifiers, diluents, or plasticizers for e|X>xy resins (qv), like those
for phenolics, lower the viscosity of the uncross-linked resin for greater ease in ap-
plication of surface coatings and adhesives and production of prepregnated resin-
coated cloth. They accelerate casting and potting. They also may add moderate flex-
ibility to the final product by either internal or external plasticization. Nonreactive
plasticizers, eg, phosphates and phthalates at 25 phr, can reduce viscosity from 12.8
Pa-s (128 P) to 1.5-3.0 Pa-s (15-30 P). The final resin is softer but is characterized by
poorer impact resistance. The nonreactive plasticizers lower the extraction resistance
and chemical resistance of epoxy resins. They promote resin acceptance of larger
amounts of filler.
Reactive plasticizers or diluents are low molecular weight epoxy compounds
usually with one epoxy group per molecule. As such, they are difunctional rather than
polyfunctional, eg, the resin epoxides. They lengthen the polymer segments between
croes-links and produce a slight softening and flexibilizing effect with improved impact
strength. Among those used are phenyl glycidyl ether [122-60-1], butyl glycidyl ether
[2426-08-6], allyl glycidyl ether [i06-92-3l, styrene oxide [96-09-3], and epichlorohydrin
[106-89-8]. Some of these tend to be skin irritants (222). Other nonepoxy reactive
diluents or plasticizers provide specific advantages (171). JV-Ethyl-o,p-toluene8ul-
fonamide is a reactive diluent that does not deactivate the amine curing agent. The
curing agent can be blended with the sulfonamide for easier handling and metering
to help prevent undercuring or overcuring as a result of variation in concentration.
Triaryl phosphites react by transesterification thereby replacing part of the curing
agent (223-224). They reduce resin viscosity, permit a higher solids content in epoxy
coatings, and give better wetting and flowout. They also facilitate rapid cure at lower
temperatures. At 5-25 phr and at 25-60 phr, respectively, the final product's hardness,
heat-distortion point, and compressive strength can be increased noticeably or lowered
slightly. A study of the dynamic mechanical properties of epoxy resins plasticized with
up to 70 phr of a reactive polysulfide is described in ref. 225.
Polyurethane Foams. Plasticizers such as phthalates improve elasticity, com-
pression, and recovery properties of flexible polyurethane foam (see Urethane poly-
mers). In rigid polyurethane foams, these changes are undesirable. However, small
additions, ie, 2-5 phr, of BBP can produce a foam of equal density with higher com-
pressive strength, finer cell structure, and tougher cell wall. The resulting foam is
stronger, insulates better, and is resistant to environmental degradation (226).
Olher. Other thermosetting resins, eg, polyesters and melamine resins, may
benefit from typical plasticizers used for reasons other than plasticization. o,p-Tol-
uenesulfonamide reduces shrinkage of melamine resins in the mold but also imparts
flexibility to laminates for ease of installation. BBP at ca 10 phr promotes elongation
to thermoset polyesters to give them extra toughness. Phosphate plasticizers and
Phosgard add flame retardance to pol)^e9ier8.'Organic phosphates plus ammonium
phosphates are used in intumescent melamine^uTea coatings.
Polymerizable Plasticizers
Emphasis has been placed on the manufacture of a polymerizable plasticizer that
would permit use of plastisol techniques to make rigid products. Polyglycol di-
methacrylates, eg. MG-1, were among the first to appear promising, followed by
1,3-butylene glycol dimethacrylate [ / 789-08-8] and trimethylolpropane bis(methac-
172 PLASTICIZERS
rylate) [19727-16-3] (2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-l,3-propanediol dimethacrylate) and
other cross-linkable esters. All of these can be used with paste PVC resins to'yield'
satisfactory plastisols. Formulation and processing of PVC with polymerizabl4plas-
ticizers requires unusual expertise to develop the best possible properties. Plastisol
stability depends on plasticizer structure and concentration as well as on the peroxide
and PVC resin selected. Improved, ie, lowered, viscosity and increased hardness,
modulus, and tensile strength can be achieved by replacing increasing amounts of
primary plasticizer, DOP, or polyester. Tear and abrasion resistance first increase and
then decrease with increasing methacrylate content (227). A peroxide, eg, di-t-butyl
peroxide, usually is required at about 1 phr to polymerize the plasticizer as the resin
fuses. The resin requires stabilization, and the stabilizers are at least somewhat an-
tagonistic to the polymerization initiator. Improper processing can result in severe
odor and color problems as well as poor hardness or low impact strength. Polymerizable
plasticizers are especially useful in coatings where their use permits production of 100%
solids coating materials (no volatile solvents) for application to steel, cloth, wood, paper
or as a top coat for vinyl tile to improve stain and abrasion resistance,
Plastisol coatings with improved resistance to solvent swelling and extraction
have been prepared by use of butylene glycol dimethacrylate to replace part of the
DOP plasticizer. Polymerization by dicumyl peroxide progressed only to 60% of
completion and further cross-linking was effected by 7-irradiation. Increasing the
amounts of acrylate increased film strength and decreased solvent swelling. At ca 15-20
wt % acrylate, permeability and tear strength began to deteriorate again, perhaps
signifying two phases (228).
Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate [3290-92-4] at ca 10 phr and without added
peroxide is incorporated in plastisol laminating adhesives that are intended for bonding
PVC sheet to polyester cloth and other synthetic fabrics. Replacement of 10 phr of
DOP can double the peel strength, but more effective compositions also contain a
carboxyl-modified PVC as part of the resin and a moderate amount of a fast-fusing
benzyl phthalate (229).
Plasticization by Fillers, Pigments, Salts, or Air
In a resin, nonreinforcing fillers, eg, precipitated calcium carbonate [471-34-1],
chalk, kaolin [1332-58-7], silica, etc, usually are wet by the resin molecules, and sec-
ondary bonds form belween them as do resin-resin and resin-plasticizer bonds (see
Fillers). The normal effect of the filler is to stiffen the resin systems, ie, increase
modulus and hardness. With increasing filler concentration, the tensile strength and
ultimate elongation drops as the binder, ie, resin and plasticizer, becomes severely
diluted with solid filler particles. However, small amounts of filler may behave ab-
normally yielding a product that has been softened as if by a liquid plasticizer. Only
after additional filler is added to immobilize the polymer chains is the normal effect
of the filler seen. This filler threshold is not as frequently documented in the literature
as the plasticization threshold, nor is it clear how broad il is with regard to the resins
and filler types that show the effect (230). A decrease in hardness of PVC floor-tile
compositions consequent lo incorporation of small amounts of calcium carbonate has
been reported (9). It is probable that this effect results from some disruption of the
crystallite structure of the PVC with an increase in free volume. Calcium carbonate
fillers that are treated on the surface with fatty acids improve PVC physical prop-
Vol. 18 PlASTiaZERS 173
erties, particularly flex life and elongation al break (231-233). These effecU might
result from organic matter on the filler particles; however, micaceous-talc fillers in
PVC that have been polyblended with acrylonitrile rubber (NBR), exhibit aii ab-
normal effect, since small arnounts improve elongation, energy to break, and fatigue
resistance (see Fig. 22) (234). In nylon that is characterized by low amorphous content,
pigments can exert a measurable softening influence.
Conventional plasticizers in a filled resin system tend to cause dewetting of the
filler by the resin as the plasticizer competes with the resin-forming bonds of the filler.
This contributes to early whitening or blush during tensile tests as the resin is pulled
away from the filler, leaving vacuoles. Similarly, in creep tests, strain rate and set in-
crease with plasticizer concentration al constant filler content (230),
Inorganic salts react with many highly polar polymers and some hydrophilic
polymers are more soluble in salt solutions than in pure water. Related to this salting
in effect is the plasticization of polyethylene oxide by potassium iodide |768/-;7-0].
The salt is milled into the polymer and subsequently lowers its crystalline melting
point, thereby reducing its modulus until, at 30-40 wt % KI, the product is elastomeric
at room temperature. This effect is interpreted as an ion-dipole interaction and
probably involves the iodide ion (235).
Air, which is deliberately incorporated, eg, in vinyl foam, or inadvertently in-
corporated into resin systems, can produce a noticeable plasticizing action, eg, the
[I '°
—-1 1 1 1 r—^
30
20
10
1
7^—•
I ' 1
1 . 1
' -
-
. ~_
1000
,•? 800
|S 600 i -
ill 200
E
V
(
?-
1
,1 ,.
' 1
\4
—1
^
10. »
Fillw, %
Figure 22. Plasticization of PVC/NBR blends with small amounts of talc filler. Curves 1, 2, and 3
were obUined with PVC/NBR 88/12: Curve 4 with PVC/NBR 70/30 (234). To convert J/cm' to in.lbf/in.',
multiply by 145.
i
174 PLASTiaZERS
moderate amounts of air included with asbestos fibers in vinyl floor tile. The air im-
parts to the tile sufficient softness and flexibility for installation at reduced plasticizer
content. If the compoimd is reprocessed so that air is removed, il becomes morc\lense,
much harder, and too brittle for installation. On the macroscale, this is similar lo the
free-volume theory of plasticization.
Miscellaneous Materials
Many materials nol commonly considered to be plastics are frequently plasticized
by suitable additives. These range from recognized natural and synthetic polymeric
materials to high melting inorganic substances. Nitrated cotton of 13,4 wt % nitrogen
is guncollon, ie, a cellulose nitrate. It burns rapidly and detonates under certain
conditions, but its fibrous nature originally precluded its use as a controllable explosive.
Plasticizers or gelatinizing or colloiding agents, eg, diethyl or dibutyl phthalate, permit
fabrication of grains of various sizes and shapes for smokeless gun powder and
small-arms propellants. The rate of burning must be carefully controlled for different
types of propellants; slow-burning plasticizers added to the surface of the grains retard
gas evolution. Moderate or high explosive plasticizers, eg, 2,4-dinilrololuene [121-14-2],
ethylene glycol dinilrate [628-96-6[, or glyceryl trinitrate [55-63-0], plasticize cellulose
nitrate and mcxlify its burning rale for use in propellants and explosives (see Explosives
and propellants). Tricresyl phosphate, which is relatively nonflammable, has been
used for controlled burning of rocket propellants.
Other plasticized high explosives, eg, Cydonite (bexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-tri-
azine), can be formed readily by hand into any desired shape for controlled detonation,
eg, in demolition work. Plasticizers for Composition C-4, one of the Cydonite plastics,
include bis(2-elhylhexyl) adipate or sebacate, beeswax, petroleum oils, and polyiso-
bulylene [9003-27-4] (236-237).
Natural fibers, eg, cotton, wool, and silk, are plasticized by water (33). Keratin
from wool may be plasticized by ethanol [64-17-5]. In the presence of water vapor, the
system exhibits humidity incompatibility as the alcohol exudes (238),
Human hair, after a short induction period In cold (15°C) water, swells at a rate
that is linear with the square root of time, indicating that swelling is diffusion-con-
trolled. At 40°C, the rate is much faster and the induction period is eliminated. When
shaving creams are used at 15°C, swelling is very rapid in the first quarter of a minute.
Surface area rather than diffusion rate probably is the limiting factor. Swelling then
becomes diffusion-controlled at rates lower than in pure water. Surfactants in the
creams, especially those with high pH values, wet and penetrate the hair surface (239)
(see Cosmetics; Hair preparations).
Cellulose, in paper is plasticized by water; alcohols; polyols, eg, glycerol; and
poly(alkylene oxide)s. The latter two remain for longer periods in the cellulose and
are beneficial in reducing curl in paper (240). Wood, which used to be plasticized by
steani'treatment for shaping into ship timbers, is plasticized far more efficiently by
liquid ammonia, or liquid ammonia plus other solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide,
low molecular weight ethers, poly(ethylene glycol), and tetrahydrofuran (241-244).
Wood plasticized in this way is flexible enough to be tied into knots. On evaporation
of ammonia, the wood regains essentially all of its original properties unless higher
boiling solvents are included as more permanent plasticizers.
In complex biochemical polymers, Including living organisms, plasticization is
Vol. 18 PLASnaZERS 175
of critical importance, eg, the solid-gel transformation of amoeba movement involves
plasticization. Muscle protein requires 20-50 pph water for complete hydration, yet
in living tissue, muscle protein requires 200-300 pph water, most of which is considered
free or unbound. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies indicate that this water acts as
if it were intermediate between water and ice (245), The young living tissue is well
plasticized. As aging progresses, tissue changes occur and include crystallization and
cross-linking, and water is excluded from the cells. Probably more complex changes
also occur, since fatty compounds invade the tissue in place of water (246). As an
oversimplification, aging seems to involve polymeric changes which exclude much of
the essential plasticizer, ie, water, and permit its partial replacement with less satis-
factory lipids (see Memory-enhancing agents and antiaging drugs).
The inorganic high polymer, quartz, is plasticized by water, possibly with hy-
drolysis of Si—O—Si bonds and formation of weaker Si—OH...HO—Si bonds at
dislocation lines. In synthetic quartz, the water content is ca 0.1 wt% compared with
about 0.01 wt % in natural quartz. This permits synthetic quartz to be deformed
without fracture at temperatures as low as 400''C. Without water, it is characterized
by high strength up to 1000"'C. Under appropriate conditions, synthetic quartz crystals
can be molded like putty. Natural quartz, with its lower water content, is more difficult
to work. These observations imply the possibility of great weakness resulting from
plasticization in the earth's deeper crust and outer mantle at temperatures far below
their melting points (247),
Diffusion ot water into glass at temperatures just below that at which it may be
readily worked results in a more flexible product. The replacement of sodium ion near
the surface of glass by larger potassium ions or smaller lithium ions during post-
treatment should add free volume and does result in chemically strengthened glass.
The much greater flexibility of glass treated in these ways usually is assumed to result
from surface compression, eg, in physically tempered glass which has been
quenched-cooled (248). The phenomenon also is explained as plasticization even
though the modulus does not decrease, and there is no permanent deformation prior
to rupture. However, because the so-called plasticization occurs only at the surface,
counteracting much of the effect of Griffith flaws, these results are as expected. Thus,
2-mm-thick glass can be bent repeatedly over a radius of curvature of 1.27 m.
Economic Aspects
Approximately 450 plasticizers are available commercially (4), The rate of in-
troduction into the market of new plastilizers has decreased significantly in the last
two decades and is characteristic of maturing plasticizer developments. Of the 450
available plasticizers, perhaps 100 we of significant commercial value. Annual plas-
ticizer production reached 5 X 10^ metric tons in 1966 and 9 X lO^ t in 1978 (Table 16).
The rapid growth of the plasticizer industry has resulted from its symbiotic relationship
with the poly(vinyl chloride) industry. Their unique compatibility and the low cost
of plasticizers influenced PVC production to expand to over 0.9 X 10* in 1966 and 2,7
X 10^ in 1979, Table 16 reflects recent production of the more common plasticizer types
manufactured in the United States.
176 PLASTICIZERS
Table 16. U.S. Pbstkizer Produclion, Thousands of Metric Tons'*
phthalates
phosphates
adipates
polymeries
trimellitates
others'
ro(a(
196,";
308
30
22
18
1
108
487
1975
421
44
22
17
9
113
626
1978
.')72
5n
31
24
15
252
947
' Bef. 249.
'' Includes epoxy plasticizers, citrates, stearates, benzoales, and glycol deriva-
tives.
Health and Safety Factors, Toxicology
In plasticized PVC, the resin, its stabilizer, and the plasticizer must be essentially
nontoxic when used, for example, in film or bottles for food packaging or in tubing for
maple syrup, milk, or carbonated water. It also must be nonsensltizing to skin, eg, when
used for disposable hospital aprons and sheets.
In the United States, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1958 and as-
sociated amendments regulate materials used in food packaging or handling (250).
Plasticizers that have been approved for use as adhesives are DOP, diethyl phthalate,
BBP, dicyclohexyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, di-n-hexyl azelate, butyl
phtbalyl butyl glycolate, tributy! citrate, tributyl acetylcitrate, glyceryl triacetate
[102-76-1], ESO, N-ethyl-(o,p)-toluenesulfonamide, methyl acetylricinoleate, hy-
drogenated terphenyl hydrocarbons, and certain polyesters (250). The list is much
more restricted for coatings that come directly into contact with foods. A small, select
number of plasticizers is among materials exempted from requirements of a tolerance
by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodentlcide Act (FIFRA) for proper use
on raw agricultural commodities, including food animals, ie. cattle, chicken, etc
(152).
Most plasticizers used in PVC are characterized by low skin sensitization, eye
irritation, and other untoward effects, but certain chlorinated and nitrated plasticizers
and o-cresyl phosphates have been removed from the market because of their irritating
or toxic effects, DBP tends to induce allergic reactions in those people who respond
allergically tobacterial allergens or to dust allergens. Certain higher dialkyl phthalates
and BBP appear to be essentially free of such skin Irritation and allergic effects (251).
Metabolism of ingested dialkyl phthalates occurs in a few minutes in the small intestine
of rats, yielding monoalkylphthalates, which are excreted in the bile. Any toxic effects
ofaeerv^ appear to result from these half-esters, particularly from the lower phthalates
(252). Extensive studies of neurotoxicity and phosphate ester structure show that the
toxic species are those with ortho alkyl groups with at least one hydrogen on the alkyl
group. By proper choice of structure, eg, that ol p-tert- butylphenyl diphenyl phos-
phate, a triaryl phosphate plasticizer is produced and is not characterized by delayed
neurotoxicity (253).
DOP and (heptyl, nonyl, undecyl) phthalates are degraded quickly in the river
die-away test and the semlcontinuous activated sludge test, though not as quickly as
Vol. 18 PLASTICIZERS 177
the control, which is a biodegradable sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate. BBP and butyl
phtbalyl butyl glycolate are biodegraded more rapidly than the control in these testa
(255) Methods for evaluation of environmental persistence, bioconcentration, and
aquatic toxicity are becoming more advanced, BBP tends to partition to soil, sediment,
and biota in aqueous environments and appears not to bioconcentrate. Biodegradation
is rapid such that environmental levels are 0.1-1 fig/h. Chronic and acute toxicity
to various algae, invertebrates, eg, Daphnia, and fat-head minnows requires from
1000 to 5 X 10" times these concentrations.
Nomenclature
ABS = poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-Blyrene)
AWM «= appliance wiring materials
BBP "• butyl benzyl phthalate
CAB = celluloee aceUte bulyrate
CED =• cohesive energy density
CPE - chlorinated polyethylene
CTFF, = chlorotrifluorethylene
DBP = dibutyl phthalate
DBS - dibutyl sebacate
DIDA •• diisodecyl adipate
DIDP = diisodecyl phthalate
DOA = bi8(2-ethylbeiyl) adipate
DOP = bis(2-ethylheiyl) phthalate
DOS = biB(2-ethylheiyl) sebacate
DOTP = bi8(2-ethylheiyl) lerepbthalate
DOZ •= bis(2-etbylhexyl) azelate
DTDP = bis(tridecyl) phthalate
ELO = epoxidized linseed oil
ESO = epojidized soya oil, Paraplex G-62
EVA = polylethylene-co-vinyl acetate)
AC = free energy of mixing
AW •=• heat (of mixing)
AWu = heat of fusion
AH„ = heal of vaporization
NBR = nitrile-butadiene rubbers
PETT = polyethylene terephtbalate
phr = parts per hundred of resin
PMMA = polylmethyl methacrylate)
pph " parts per hundred
PTFE = polytetrafluoroethylene
PVA = polylvinyl acetate)
PVBu = polylvinyl butyral)
PVC = polylvinyl chloride) • , • I . ^
PVC/VA = poly(vinylchloride-co-vinyl acetate)
PVOH = polylvinyl alcohol)
AS = entropy (of mixing) ' '.'-
SAN = styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer
SBR = styrene-butadiene-rubber
TCP =• tricresyl phosphate
Tf = low temperature flex point
T, = glass-transition temperature
Tm " depressed melting point
Tm = melting temperature
TOF = tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate
178 PLASTICIZERS
V,
V,
V,
v„
y
i
h
«2
*2
X
« volume fraction of solvent
« volume fraction of solute
^ molar volume of plasticizer
= molar volume of the repeating unit
* hydrogen bonding
== Hildebrond solubility parameter
« iiolubility parameter of solvent
^ solubility parameter of nolut«
•= dielectric constant
« dipole moment
= volume fraction of solute
=* FIory-Huggins interaction parameter
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T. J. Dudek and J. J. Ixthr, J. Appl Polym. Sci. 9, .379.5 (1965).
U.S. Pal ,3,220.971 (Nov. 30, 196.5), F. Barillet and M. Genier (Ui Manufactures de Produita Chimiques
du Nord F.tabli88ement8 Kuhlman).
U.S. Pat. 3,201,364 (Aug. 17, 1965), I. O. Salycr (to Monsanto Co.).
U.S. Pol. 3,n8„186 (Apr. 13,1965), R. J. Hickman (to General Motors Corp.).
U.S. Pat. 3,281,390 (Oct. 26, 1966). ,1. M. O'Uary (to Container Corp. of America).
U.S. Pal. 3,281,601 (Oct. 25, 1966), G. M. Coals, A. J. Pas.sannanle, G. Karoly, .1. M. Kelly, and W.
E. Heumann (to Esso Research & Kngineering Co.).
V. E. Gul'and E.G. Lyubeshkina, .Son. Plast. 8,67(1967).
R. B. Taylor and A. V. Tobolsky, J. Appl. Polym. Sci 8, 1,563 (1964).
A. Davidsohn and B. M. Milwidsky, Polishes, CRC Press, Cleveland, Oh., 1968, p. 166.
W. Brenner, D. I,um, and M. W. Riley. Hifh Temperature Plastics. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New
Vork.ChapihaniHsll.Ltd, Ltmdon, Eng., 1%2, pp. 112-1,59.
P.T. Delasaus and D, J. Grie.sser. J. Vin.rl Technol. 2,195 (.Sept. 1980).
PVPPolyvinylPyrrolidiinhnc: Physical. Chemical. Physiological and Functional Proprrties.Tech.
Bull. 7543-113, GAF Corp., New York, 1964.
Plasticizers in Synthetic-Resin Adhesives. PL-307, Monsanto Co., Dec. 19.59.
1. Skeiat, ed.. Handbook of Adhesives. 1st ed., Reinhold Publishing Corp.. New York. Chapman &
Hall, London, Eng.. 1962; 2nd ed.. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.. New York, 1977.
C. N. Keeney and P. W. May, paper presented al Ihe Adhesive and .fcalanls Council Seminar.
Washington, DC., Oct. 23-25, 1978, pp. 23-43.
R. H. Young. CntJafctK/r of Hot Melts: Their Future, Their Prohlrms. TAPPI, Atlanta, Ga., 1977,
pp. 25-31.
M. R. Rifi, Cavalcade nf lint Melts: Thrir Future. Their I'rohlems. TAPPI. Atlanta, Oa.. 1977, pp.
17-23.
C. DeWall, Adhes. Age 13(3), 38 (1970).
H. F. Payne, Organic Coatings Technology. Vol. ), Oi/.i, Rr.iins. Varnishes and Polymers. John Wiley
t Sons, Inc., New York, Chapman & Hall, Ltd., 1964, Chapt. 10.
Plasticizers in Protective Coatingt, PL-327, Monsanto Company, Sl. Louis, Mo., 1963.
Y. C Chae, J. Paint Technnl. 38, 28.5 0966).
S. S. Kurtz, Jr., J. S. Sweely. and W. J. Stout in Ref. 5, Chapt. 2.
B. Pickup inC. M. Blow, cd.. Rubber Technology and Monufarlure, CRC Press, Cleveland, Oh., 1971.
pp. 198-203.
Monsanto Modifiers (or the Rubber Industry, Tech. Bulletin IC/PL-369, Monsanto Co., St. l.«uis,
Mo., April, 1973.
H. Lee and K. Neville, Epoiy Resins: Their Applications and Technology. McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
Inc., New York, London, Eng., 1957.
H. D. BamstorfT, H. D. Cummings, J. A. Cannon, and A. Y. Coran, SPE J. 15,873 (1959).
H. D. Barnstorff, D. P. Amer, and D. H. Chadwick, "Chemislry of Triphenyl Phoephite-Modified
Epoxy Resins," 136th Notional American Chemical Society Meeting, Sept. 1969.
N. A. Paipetis, P. S. Theocaria, and A. Marchine, CoHoid Paiym. Sci. 257,478 (1979).
D. S. T. Wang, J Cellular Piatt. 15,144 (May/June 1979).
G. F. Ccmperlhwaile. SPE J. 29(2), 66 (1973).
P. F. Khodzhevanov, M. A. Riskina, Yu. M. Al'ter, G. I. Chekanova. S. P. Novikova, and G. R. .Spel-
manis, Plast. Massy 5(12), 28 (1978); Int. Polym. Sci. Technol. «(4), T/6 (1979).
S. F. Joyce and J. T. Renshaw, J. Vinyl Technol. 2.106 (June 1980).
, R. Sabia and F. R. Eirich, J. Polym. Sci. Part A 2.1909 (1964).
. Rubber Piatt. Age W, 365 (1965).
. K. K. Mathur and J. E. Greenweig. Plast. Eng. 35(5), 63 (197B).
. Ref. 76, p. 45.
. C. C. Lee. W. Rovatti, S. M. Skinner, and E. G. Bobaiek, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 9,2047 (1965).
R. D.Lundberg, F.E.Bailey, and RWCallard, J. Polym. Sci. ftirl A-/(4), 1663(1966).
R. T. Holzman. Advanced Prvpellant Chemittry (Advances in Chemistry Ser. No. 54). American
Chemical Society, Washington, D.C, 1966. p. 94.
F. A. Warren, fiocliet PropcKanIs, Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1958, p. 31.
I. C. Watte, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 8,2835 (1964).
Z. Nidzovic and M. Danilovic, Cosmet. Toiletries 94,39 (Sept 1979).
U.S. Pat 3,301,680 (Jan. 31,1967), O. B. O. Nycandet and S. N. Carlsson (to Mo Och Domsjo Aktie-
bolag).
C. Schuerch. Ind. Eng. Chem. K, .19 (Oct 1963).
P.R.Hir8ch,J.Chem.E<J. 41,605(1964).
C. Schuerch, M. P. Burdick, and M. Mandalik, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 5,101 (1966).
R. E. Pentoney, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dtv. 5,106 (1966).
F. Haurowitz, The Chemittry and Function of Proteint, 2nd ed.. Academic Press, Inc., New York,
1963, p. 120.
E. J. Stieglili, Ceriolric Medicine; TTie Care of the Aging and the Aged, 2nd ed., W. B. Saunders Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa., 1949.
D. T. Griggs and J. D. Blade, Science 147,292 (1965).
. J.S.OIcottScience 140,1189(1963).
Synthetic Organic Chemicali: Plasticizeri, U.S. Intemational Trade Commission, annual.
Code of Federal Regulationt, Title 21, Food and Drugs. Office of the Federal Register, U.S. Govern
menlPrintingOfTice, Washington, Dp.jrevised annually, April 1; Fed. Regist.. Part 121 (Fotxl Ad
ditives section).
251. N.A.BRida,D.P.Kachalai.andS.I.YaIkut,^Herx(ya 1,42(1980).
252. H. Kaneshima, T. Yamaguchi. and K. Itoh,'Bu((. Environ. Contom. Toxicof. 20,726 (1978).
2.W. F. R Jobannsen, P. L. Wright D. E. Gardon, G. W. Levinskas, R. W. Radue, and P. R. Graham, Toiiool
i4pp( Phormaco/. 41,291 (1977).
254. V.W.Saeger and E. S.Tucker, P(a«(. Eng. 29(8),46 (197,1). .. „
J, K. SEAR.S
N,W. TOUCHETTE
Monsanto Company
21.5.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
2.10.
231.
232.
233.
234.
236.
236.
i37.
238.
239.
240.
241.
242.
243.
244.
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
260,
IIEFEHEIICE I 28
KIRK-OTHMER
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
THIRD EDITION
VOLUME 6
CHOCOLATE AND COCOA
TO
COPPER
A WILEY-INTERSaENCE PUBLICATION
John Wiley & Sons
NEW YORK . CHICHESTER • BRISBANE • TORONTO
/Tjjfig
COATINGS, INDUSTMIAL 427
COATINGS, INDUSTRIAL
Industrial coatings production in 1978 for the U.S. market was about 1.4 X 10^
L (3.7 X 10^ gal) valued at $2.2 X 10^ and was about equal to the production of trade
sales coatings (see Paint). The industry is a mature one, growing little in volume
yearly.
Coatings are available as liquid or fusible compositions. Table 1 gives a classifi-
cation of coatings formulations. The liquids are usually aqueous or organic solutions.
The coatings are applied by the user to the substrates, allowed to flow out smoothly
chiefly by forces of surface tension, and then cured to the final solid form.
An industrial organic coating usually consists of an organic binder, pigments, a
carrier liquid (sometimes omitted), £md various additives. The binder is a polymer
of high molecular weight which may or may not be cross-linked. The pigments, which
may be organic or inorganic, contribute primarily to opacity and color, in addition to
durability, hardness, adhesion, and particular rheological properties of the coating
in fluid form. If the pigment content of a coating exceeds a critical value, the coating
will become F>orous and brittle (an advantage when sanding is required). The relative
volume concentration of pigment to binder at which p>orosity begins is called the critical
pigment volume (see Pigments).
Lacquers contain high molecular weight binders that may be linear or branched
but not cross-linked and do not change upon application and further treatment.
Lacquers that have the binder in solution also have high viscosity tmd are usually
applied by spraying with a volume of solvent five to eight times that of the coating.
Lacquers in which the molecules are dispersed as multimolecular particles are lower
in viscosity and can be sprayed at higher concentrations.
When lacquers are dissolved in a volatile solvent their molecules are loosely in-
tertwined and in constant motion. As the solvent evaporates, the polymer molecules
draw closer to each other and, after sufficient evaporation, the film will be dry and
hard.
When lacquers are dispersed (as opposed to dissolved) in a volatile solvent, the
polymer particles (each particle containing many molecules closely packed) float freely
in the fluid medium. As the solvent evaporates the particles move closer together; when
sufficient solvent is evaporated, the particles touch and may coalesce if they are soft
enough. At this stage they must flow sufficiently to cover the pigment particles and
to form smooth films if high gloss is desired.
For lacquers applied from solution, the lowest molecular weight material is used
that will yield an acceptable coating. When the lacquers are applied from dispersion
in organic liquids or water, the effect of high molecular weight upon viscosity may be
negligible. However, it^educes flow after the dispersion has coalesced. Therefore, high
molecular weight material in a dispersed lacquer reduces gloss.
The binder can be incorporated into the coating composition in the form of low
molecular weight materials that react after application to form a high molecular weight
barrier. Such coating compositions are known as enamels. Enamel binders can be
dissolved or dispersed in water or in an organic solvent.
After application of a smooth coating, the solvents are removed by heating. In
the case of enamels, polymerization is then initiated by heat, atmospheric oxygen, water
vapor, or exposure to an electron beam or ultraviolet radiation depending on the
binder.
COATINCS, INDUSTRIAL
Appfance Finishes. Refrigenlors and Freezers. About 9 million refrigerators and
era are made in the United States per year consuming about 6.8 ML (1.8 million
of coating. Generally, a one-coat organic solvent-based finish is applied electro-
cally over a conversion coating of iron phosphate; some two-coat systems are also
I for the outer surface. The most popular topcoats are thermoset acrylics based
opolymers containing some styrene, simple acrylate and methacrylate esters,
roxyl-functional acrylates, acrylic or methacrylic acid, and alkyl ethers of
lylecrylamide or melamine-formaldehyde resins. White is the predominant color,
illy a composition of about 90 parts of titanium dioxide pigment to 100 parts of
er. Primers are based on polyester-melamine-formaldehyde.
When refrigerators and freezers are assembled, a polyurethane foam is injected
I he insulation space. Excess foam that comes in contact with the topcoat should
idhere strongly or mar the coating.
Wjehfng Macfiines. About 5 million washing machines are built in the United
es annually using ca 1.4 ML (370,000 gal) of coating. Resistance to water and de-
nt solutions is a requirement that makes a primer especially important. Epoxy-
'I materials are generally used for primers with a zinc phosphate or iron phosphate
orsion coating. Electrodeposited epoxy primer coatings are becoming more
liar. The topcoats are sprayed thermoset acrylics or oil-free polyesters cross-linked
melamine-formaldehyde and baked typically for 20 min at 176°C.
Ofchtrasfiers. About four million dishwashers are produced annually using ca
I - (ca 260,000 gal) of coating. Many of these have no side panels and slide under
inter.
The inside linings are often a thick (3(X) fm) layer of poly (vinyl chloride) plastisol
iilkali resistance) applied over epoxy-phenolic primer. Powder coatings are also
for these thick layers.
Outer surfaces are coated like washing machines with a thermosetting acrylic
m applied over an epoxy primer.
^fecelaneous bdushiai Coalings for Metal. A considerable quantity of sheet metal
•<t bent into shape and then painted with coatings that do not require high levels
distance to water and long-term exterior durability; eg, shelving, closets, metal
e furniture, and lighting reflectors. Usually a single coat of an alkyd-urea-form-
liyde based finish is applied. The oil-acid part of the alkyd may be derived from
oil, dehydrated castor oil, coconut oil, or tall oil, depending on heat discoloration
ncteristics, cost, and other qualities (see Alkyd resins). Application may be by
I or automatic spray and may be electrostatic for reduced losses.
Wood Coatings. Rafsfodk. The market for industrial wood coatings can be di-
(1 into preflnished flat stock, ie, wood fashioned into large, flat sheets by a variety
(icesses, and wood furniture usually coated after assembly (see Wood; Laminated
reinforced wood). Preflnished flat stock consists largely of plywood made of
Iwood accounting for about 50% of the coatings used, hardboard (eg, Masonite)
tinting for 20%, and particle-board, ie, compacted and cemented wood chips that
or may not hi overlaid with a wood veneer accounting for only 10%.
The annual United States market for flat stock coatings is estimated at about
I million for a consumption of ca 120 ML (ca 32 million gal) of which about half
ed for wall panelling. Coatings for hardboard and particle-board account for about
million.
The coating of flat slock is characterized by high line speeds of 60-90 m/min.
Vol. 6 COATINCS, INDUSTRIAL 443
extensive automation, and the predominance of curtain and roller coaling. Spray
methods are used less.
Alkyd-urea-formaldehyde finishes are the most commonly used (40%) topcoats
for prefinished flat stock. Nitrocellulose accounts for only about 20% (see Cellulose
derivatives). Both of these are being replaced by water-based latexes of ncrylic co-
polymers, amounting to 10% of the market in 1973 and 50% in 1978.
Alkyd-urea finishes typically contain 50-60% oil-modified alkyd resin and 40-50%
urea-formaldehyde resin dissolved in hydrocarbon solvents at a concentrnlion of 480
g/L (4 lb/gal).
' The aqueous finishes are largely latex types, dispersions of copolymer of acrylates
and methacrylate esters and their acids in water, and are made by emulsion poly-
merization. Such dispersions are usually stabilized by ammonia and surface-active
agents. The latex particles coalesce as water and amine are evaporated, a slow process
when relative humidity is high. Heat is often applied to hasten evaporation (see
Emulsions; Latex technology).
Interior plywood panels may be subjected to n long series of automated steps,
including sanding and shaping, adding highly pigmented filler, coating with a tinted
sealer (to fill pores and protect the filler), printing with a suitable pattern (often a
wood-grain pattern), and finally coating with an alkyd-urea clear enamel.
Fillers for particle board include ultraviolet-cured styrene-polyesters, acrylic,
and polyurethane resins. Most particle board is supplied uncoated and only a small
percentage is filled (see Fillers).
About 40% of hardboard is supplied prefinished either by a prime coat or with
a suitable topcoat. Grains resembling wood are printed on before the final clear top-
coat.
IVood Furniture. The market for wood furniture finishes amounts lo about $200
million annually and consumes ca 20 ML (ca 53 million gal) of finishes, about 75% of
which is based primarily on nitrocellulose. In contrast to flat stock coating, furniture
coating is characterized by many manual operations. Furniture is coated in many small
factories and a great variety of procedures and formulas are used.
Finishes often rely for their decorative effect on the appearance of the fibrous
structure of the wood itself. T^is appearartce is enhanced by the addition of transparent
coatings that penetrate pores, and pigments that fill and color pores and also improve
the color uniformity of the wood. Nitrocelluloee has advantages over other vehicles
in its ease of application and drying, and in the degree to which it emphasizes the
natural wood patterns.
In general, the wood is sUined to a unifbrm desired color (bleaching may be a
necessary first step); stains may be applied (raib Irater or sohreiit A typical stain would
contain about 1% of a dye mixture in methanol and might contain a small amount of
less volatile solvent.
A sealer coat is then applied and sanded. The sealer might be a 15% nitrocellu-
lose-based vehicle (eg, 0.25 s nitrocellulose, maleinized acid rosin, coconut oil alkyd,
dioctyl phthalate); 1% colloidal silica (for filling, flatting, and transparency); 1% zinc
stearate (for easy sanding); and mixtures of alcohol, ester and hydrocarbon solvents
appropriate for the spray system and ambient temperature in the factory.
A wiping stain may be applied instead of the sefuirate stain and sealer. The wiping
stain may contain mixture of iron oxide pigments and others to produce the appro-
priate color, 1% aluminum silicate, 2% pigment, and 0,5% linseed oil, and hydrocarbon
solvents. This stain is applied and the excess wiped off.
444 COATINGS, INDUSTRIAL
Shellac-type sealers may contain 10% binder (50% shellac and 50% other film
formers such as nitrocellulose or poly(vinyl butyral) and 90% solvent. Transparent
pigments such as silica or zinc stearate can be added lo improve sanding proper-
ties. "•"" ' •'•'^•^
The finish coat is usually nitrocellulose based. The binder may contain abodt 35%
nitrocellulose and 66% of a mixture of nitrocellulose (0.5 s) and plasticizers, which may
include simple esters, polyesters, and esters of rosin.
Urea-formaldehyde resins, acid catalyzed to permit low-temperature drying, are
second to nitrocellulose in the market. A typical formulation would consist of 45%
butylated urea-formaldehyde resin, and 5.')% plasticizers (nonvolatile basis) dissolved
in aromatic hydrocarbon, alcohol, and ketone solvents. Butyl dihydrogen phosphate
is a favored catalyst permitting the resin to become cross-linked at 60°C.
An important requirement of the finishing system is that repairs can be made
to the coating without revealing damage and repair through a change of color or gloss
where the repaired area abuts on Ihe undamaged area.
HBUOCRAPHY
"Coatings (IndiistrinI)" In ECT 1st ed.. Vol. 4, pp. M5-I89, by H. C. Payne, American Cyanamid Co.;
"Coatings, Industrial" in ECT 2nd ed., Vol .S, pp. 690-716, by William von Fischer, Consultant, and Edward
G. Bobaiek, University of Maine.
General References
H. F. Payne, Organic Coating Technology, Vols. I and II, John Wiley ft Sons, Inc., New York, 1954.
A. G. Roberts, Organic Coatingt, Properties, Selection and Use. Building Science Series, Vol. 7, National
Bureau of Standards, U.S. Govt Printing OfHce, Washington, DC, 1968.
E. Singer, Fundamentals of Paint, Varniih and Lacquer Technology, The American Paint Journal Co.,
St. Louis, Mo., 1957.
W. von Fischer and E. tt. Bobaiek, Organic Protective Coatings, Reinhold Publishing Co., New York,
1953.
R. R. Myers and J. S. Long, Treatise on Coatings, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. 1967-1975.
T. C. Patton, Paint Flow and Pigment Dispersion, Interscience Publishers Inc., a division of John Wiley
A Sons, Inc., New York. 1964.
R. D. Deanin, Polymer Structure, Properties and Applications, Cahner's Books, Boston, Mass. 1972.
F. W. Billmeyer, Jr., and M. Saltzman, Principles of Color Technology, Interscience Publishers Inc., a di-
vision of John Wiley ft Sons, Inc., New York, 1966.
F. W. Billmeyer, Jr., and J. G. Davidson,"(Julor and Appearance ot Metallized Paint Films-Characterization"
in J. Paint Tech 46(693), 31 (1974).
Federation Series on Coatings Technology. Federation of Societies for Coalings Technology, Philadelphia,
Pa,
Baiic Coatings Technology Program, Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Philadelphia, Pa.,
1973.
A. S. Gardon and J. W. Prane, eds., Nnnl'niluting Coatings and Coating Processes, Plenum Press, New
York, 1973.
Guide to U.S. Gov't Sprcifications, National Paint and Coatings Association, Washington, DC
Indtx of Federal Specificationt and Slundards, General Services Administration, U.S. Government
Printing Oflice. Washington, DC
Journals
Am. Paint Coatings J., American Paint .Inurnal Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Mod. Paint Coatings. Palmerton Publishing Co., New York, NY.
Color Eng., Technology Publishing Corp.. I^os Angeles, Calif
Chem. Mar*. Rep., Schnell Publishing Cc, New York, NY.
Vol. 6 COATINCS, MARINE 445
Chem. Week, McGraw-Hill Publications, New York, NY.
Chem. Eng. News, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
J. Coatings Tech., Federation of Societies for Coating Technology, Philadelphia, Pa.
J. Am. Oil Chem. .Soc., American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign, III.
Ind. Finish., Hitchcock Publishing Co., Wheaton, III.
Mater. Perform., National Assoc, of Corrosion Engineers, Houston. Texas.
Mel. Finish., MeUls ft Plastics Publications, Inc., Hackensack, NJ.
Finish. Highlightt, Special Technical Publications, Oxnard, Calif.
Abit. Rev.. National Paint and Coatings Assoc., Washington, D.C.
World Surface Coat. Abtlr., Paint Research Assoc., Teddington, Middlesex, England.
Prod. Finish., Gardner Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Appl. Manuf., Cahner's Publishing Co., Denver, O>lo.
Automot. Ind., Chilton Co., Radnor, Pa.
Current Induttrial Reports M 28 F—Paint Varnish A lacquer, U.S. Bureau of Census, Washington, D.C,
Code 28516.
Census o/Monu/oc(ure», U.S. Bureau of Census, Washington, DC, Code 28517,1947, 1954,1958. 1963,
1967, and 1972.
Annuo! Survey o^ Manufactures, U.S. Bureau of Census, Washington, D.C, C^ode 28519.
Annual Sales Survey, National Paint and Coatings Assoc., Washir\gton, D.C.
Coatingt II, Skeist Labs., Inc., Livington, N.J„ Nov. 1974.
Water-Borne Coalings and Non-Aqueous Dispersitm Coofingt, DeBell and Richardson, Inc., in collabo-
ration with H. S. Holappa and Associates, Linfield, Mass, 1974.
Kline's Guide (o the Paint Industry, 4th ed., C. H. Kline ft Co., Fairfield, N.J., 1975.
SevMORE HOCHBERG
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
COATINGS, MARIhJE
Ships, ofCshore working platfonns, and onshore waterfront structures are damaged
by contact with the harsh marine environment. This damage results in shutdown of
operations^ dry-docking of vessels, and costly repairs (see Corrosion). Control of this
destructive action is best achieved through a program of (/) selection of the materials
most resistant to deterioTation| (2) design to minimize conditions favorable to corro-
sion, and (3) effective utUiiation of protective coatings and/or cathodic protection
(an electrical method of preventing metal corrosion in a conductive medium by placing
a charge on the item to be pratwtod) to deter corrosion. Protective (anticorrosive)
coatings impart protection to the nibstrate by forming a barrier to the water, salt, and
oxygen which accelerate corrosion. Thus, the thickness, impermeability, and integrity
of a film of coating are of prime importance in its ability to provide corrosion control.
Although protection of steel is of top priority, appearance of the coating may also be
important. Therefore, naval vessels are given a color to provide camouflage and
coatings on fixed offshore structures should provide optimum visual detection.
The attachment and growth of marine fouling organisms (mostly barnacles.
NUS
CORPORATION
1 aSV LAKESIDE PARKWAY
SUITE 61-3
TUCKER. GEORGIA 3QOB-4
404-333-771 O
C-586-8-1-9
Augusts, 1991
Mr. A.R. Hanke
Waste Programs Branch
Waste Management Division
Environmental Protection Agency
345 Courtland Street, N. E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30365
Subject: Draft Site Inspection Report
ThonitA. Simmons Company
Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina
TDDNo. F4-9009-16
EPA ID No.: NCD095470332
Revision 0
Dear Mr. Hanke:
Enclosed please find one (1) unbound copy of t^e Draft Site Inspection Report, Revision 0, for Thonit
A. Simmons Company in Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina.
If you have any questions or comments concerning this site, please contact me at HALLIBURTON NUS
Environmental Corporation.
Very truly yours. Approved:
Kenneth D. Sanders ^T^ J-^JL^lg-
Project Manager / ~^^
KDS/kat
Enclosure (1)
cc: Debbie Vaughn-Wright
^J A Halliburton Company