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HomeMy WebLinkAbout23001_Estul Tools _Final_Notice of Brownfields Property_12.23.2019 23001-19-060/ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) 1 Property Owner: Ames Station, LLC Recorded in Book ____, Page ____ Associated plat recorded in Plat Book ____, Page ____ NOTICE OF BROWNFIELDS PROPERTY Site Name: ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing Brownfields Project Number: 23001-19-060 This documentary component of a Notice of Brownfields Property (“Notice”), as well as the plat component, have been filed this _____ day of __________________, 201_ by Ames Station, LLC (“Prospective Developer”). This Notice concerns contaminated property. A copy of this Notice certified by the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (“DEQ”) is required to be filed in the Register of Deeds’ Office in the county or counties in which the land is located, pursuant to North Carolina General Statutes (“NCGS”), § 130A-310.35(b). This Notice is required by NCGS § 130A-310.35(a), in order to reduce or eliminate the danger to public health or the environment posed by environmental contamination at a property (“Brownfields Property”) being addressed under the Brownfields Property Reuse Act of 1997, NCGS § 130A, Article 9, Part 5 (“Act”). Pursuant to NCGS § 130A-310.35(b), the Prospective Developer must file a certified copy of this Notice within 15 days of Prospective Developer’s receipt of DEQ’s approval of the Notice or Prospective Developer’s entry into the Brownfields Agreement required by the Act, whichever is later. The copy of the Notice certified by DEQ must be recorded in the grantor index under the names of the owners of the land and, if Prospective Developer is not the owner, also under the Prospective Developer’s name. The Brownfields Property is located at 215 North Ames Street, Matthews, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina and consists of one parcel totaling 2.15 acres with an approximately 33,000 square foot industrial warehouse building. Historically, the Brownfields Property was either residential property or vacant land until a small commercial warehouse was constructed by ESTUL Tools & 23001-19-060/ESTUL Tool & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) 2 Manufacturing (ESTUL) in 1954 when they began metal stamping and fabrication operations at the property. During the fabrication process, cutting oils were used to lubricate and cool metal components. Scrap metal generated during this process was placed in an uncovered dumpster located outside of the northwest corner of the warehouse. ESTUL continued to operate at the Brownfields Property until an unknown date in the 2000s. The Brownfields Property was then utilized as a motorcycle dealership (Estridge Motorsports) until December 2016 and a storage facility through February 2017. Groundwater, soil-gas, and indoor air at the Brownfields Property are known to have been impacted with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and soil contains metals. The Brownfields Agreement between Prospective Developer and DEQ is attached hereto as Exhibit A. It sets forth the use that may be made of the Brownfields Property and the measures to be taken to protect public health and the environment, and is required by NCGS § 130A-310.32. The Brownfields Agreement’s Exhibit 2 consists of one or more data tables reflecting the concentrations of and other information regarding the Brownfields Property’s regulated substances and contaminants. Attached as Exhibit B to this Notice is a reduction, to 8 1/2" x 11", of the survey plat component of this Notice. This plat shows areas designated by DEQ, has been prepared and certified by a professional land surveyor, meets the requirements of NCGS § 47-30, and complies with NCGS § 130A-310.35(a)’s requirement that the Notice identify: (1) The location and dimensions of the areas of potential environmental concern with respect to permanently surveyed benchmarks. (2) The type, location and quantity of regulated substances and contaminants known to exist on the Brownfields Property. Attached hereto as Exhibit C is a legal description of the Brownfields Property that would be sufficient as a description of the property in an instrument of conveyance. LAND USE RESTRICTIONS NCGS § 130A-310.35(a) also requires that the Notice identify any restrictions on the current and future use of the Brownfields Property that are necessary or useful to maintain the level of protection appropriate for the designated current or future use of the Brownfields Property and that are designated in the Brownfields Agreement. The restrictions shall remain in force in perpetuity unless canceled by the Secretary of DEQ (or its successor in function), or his/her designee, after the hazards have been eliminated, pursuant to NCGS § 130A-310.35(e). All references to DEQ shall be understood to include any successor in function. The land use restrictions below have been excerpted verbatim from paragraph 15 of the Brownfields Agreement, and all subparagraph letters/numbers are the same as those used in the Brownfields Agreement. The following land use restrictions are hereby imposed on the Brownfields Property: 23001-19-060/ESTUL Tool & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) 3 a. No use may be made of the Brownfields Property other than for industrial, office, open space, recreation, retail, restaurant, entertainment, institutional, hotel, brewery or food production facility, parking, and with prior written DEQ approval, other commercial uses and/or multi-family residential. For purposes of this restriction, the following definitions apply: i. “Industrial” defined as the assembly, fabrication, processing, warehousing or distribution of goods or materials; ii. “Office” defined as the provision of business or professional services; iii. “Open space” defined as land maintained in a natural or landscaped state and used for natural resource protection, buffers, greenways, or detention facilities for storm water; iv. “Retail” defined as the sale of goods or services, products, or merchandise directly to the consumer or businesses and includes showrooms, personal service, and the sales of food and beverage products; v. “Restaurant” defined as a commercial business establishment that prepares and serves food and beverages to patrons; vi. “Brewery or Food Production Facility” defined as an establishment for the manufacture, sale and distribution of beverages or food products, including without limitation beer and ale, together with associated public roadways and related infrastructure; vii. “Parking” defined as the temporary accommodation of motor vehicles in an area designed for same; viii. “Recreation” defined as indoor and outdoor exercise-related, physically focused, or leisure-related activities, whether active or passive, and the facilities for same, including, but not limited to, studios, swimming pools, sports-related courts and fields, open space, greenways, parks, playgrounds, walking paths, and picnic and public gathering areas; ix. “Entertainment” defined as private, public, and community activities (such as, for example, festivals, theater, musical events or shows), which may include food and beverage service; x. “Institutional” defined as the use of land, buildings or structures for public, non-profit, quasi-public purposes, such as libraries, community centers, post-secondary education facilities, or health care facilities; xi. “Hotel” defined as the provision of overnight lodging to customers, and to associated food services, gym, reservation, cleaning, utilities, parking and on-site hospitality, management and reception services; xii. “Commercial” defined as an enterprise carried on for profit or nonprofit by the owner, lessee or licensee; and xiii. “Multi-Family Residential” defined as multi-unit human dwellings, such as condominia or apartments. Single family homes, townhomes, duplexes, or other units with yards are prohibited unless approved in writing by DEQ in advance. Any property outside the dwelling structures shall be usable by all residents and not privately owned as part of a particular unit (e.g., privately-owned courtyards are prohibited). Multi-Family Residential shall include related amenities, such as pools, clubhouses, courtyards, common areas, dog runs, recreation areas and parking garages. 23001-19-060/ESTUL Tool & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) 4 b. The Brownfields Property may not be used for child care centers, adult care centers or schools without the prior written approval of DEQ. c. Unless compliance with this Land Use Restriction is waived in writing by DEQ in advance in regard to particular activity or unless in connection with work conducted in accordance with a DEQ-approved Environmental Management Plan (EMP) as outlined in subparagraph 15.i., no activities that encounter, expose, remove or use groundwater (for example, installation of water supply wells, ponds, lakes or swimming pools, or construction or excavation activities that encounter or expose groundwater) may occur on the Brownfields Property unless and until DEQ states in writing, in advance of the proposed activity, that said activity may occur if carried out along with any measures DEQ deems necessary to ensure the Brownfields Property will be suitable for the uses specified in subparagraph 15.a above while fully protecting public health and the environment. Prior sampling and analysis of groundwater to the written satisfaction of DEQ in any areas proposed for such activities, and submittal of the analytical results to DEQ is required. If such results reflect contaminant concentrations that exceed the standards and screening levels applicable to the uses authorized for the Brownfields Property, the groundwater-related activities proposed may only occur in compliance with any written conditions DEQ imposes. Activities may occur if carried out along with any measures DEQ deems necessary to ensure the Brownfields Property will be suitable for the uses specified in subparagraph 15.a. above while fully protecting public health and the environment. d. No activity that disturbs soil on the Brownfields Property may occur unless and until DEQ states in writing, in advance of the proposed activity, that said activity may occur if carried out along with any measures DEQ deems necessary to ensure the Brownfields Property will be suitable for the uses specified in subparagraph 15.a above while fully protecting public health and the environment, except: i. in connection with landscape planting to depths not exceeding 24”; ii. mowing and pruning of above-ground vegetation; iii. for repair of underground infrastructure, provided that DEQ shall be given written notice at least seven days in advance of a scheduled repair (if only by email) of any such repair, or in emergency circumstances no later than the next business day, and that any related assessment and remedial measures required by DEQ shall be taken; or iv. in connection to work conducted in accordance with a DEQ-approved EMP as outlined below in subparagraph 15.i. e. Soil may not be removed from, or brought onto, the Brownfields Property without prior sampling and analysis to DEQ’s satisfaction and the written approval of DEQ, unless conducted in accordance with an approved EMP as outlined below in subparagraph 15.i. f. No enclosed building may be constructed on the Brownfields Property nor be occupied until DEQ determines in writing that: i. the building is or would be protective of the building’s users, public health and the environment from risk of vapor intrusion based on site assessment data or a site- specific risk assessment approved in writing by DEQ; or 23001-19-060/ESTUL Tool & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) 5 ii. the building is or would be sufficiently distant from the Brownfields Property’s groundwater and/or soil contamination based on assessment data approved in writing by DEQ that the building’s users, public health and the environment will be protected from risk from vapor intrusion related to said contamination; or iii. vapor intrusion mitigation measures are installed and/or implemented to the satisfaction of a professional engineer licensed in North Carolina, as evidenced by said engineer’s professional seal on a report that includes photographs and a description of the installation and performance of said measures. Any design specification for vapor intrusion mitigation measures shall be approved in writing by DEQ in advance of installation and/or implementation of said measures. The design specifications shall include methodology(ies) for demonstrating performance of said measures. g. On-going indoor air sampling of locations IA-1A, IA-2A, IA-3A, IA-4A, and IA-5A, as depicted on Figure 3 of the June 25, 2019 Brownfields Assessment Report, shall be conducted, as outlined in the March 22, 2019 Brownfields Assessment Work Plan Revision 1, annually until such time as three consecutive annual indoor air sample events indicate that the risk within the buildings is acceptable for the uses specified above in subparagraph 15.a. or such time that vapor intrusion mitigation measures approved in advance in writing by DEQ are installed and/or implemented at the Brownfields Property to the satisfaction of a professional engineer licensed in North Carolina, as evidenced by said engineer’s professional seal on a report as provided in subparagraph 15.f.iii. At such time either of the above occurs, a request to terminate future sampling may be submitted to DEQ that includes the public health rationale for such termination. Should the data collected from these indoor air monitoring events indicate exposures at the Brownfields Property that raise the risk to public health or the environment associated with the Brownfields Property beyond an acceptable range and in a manner or to a degree not anticipated in this Agreement, DEQ may require that the then owner(s) re-evaluate that risk for areas potentially subject to said risk and conduct any actions DEQ deems necessary to reduce said risk to make the Brownfields Property suitable for the uses authorized in subparagraph 15.a above while fully protecting public health and the environment. h. No disturbance or alteration of the slab within the existing building footprint, as depicted on the plat component of the Notice of Brownfields Property referenced in paragraph 20 below, may occur unless in accordance with a DEQ-approved EMP, unless otherwise approved in advance in writing by DEQ, or unless in the case of emergency circumstances for repair of underground infrastructure, in which case DEQ shall be provided written notice no later than the next business day and any related assessment and remedial measures required by DEQ shall be taken. i. Physical redevelopment of the Brownfields Property may not occur other than in accord, as determined by DEQ, with an EMP approved in writing by DEQ in advance (and revised to DEQ’s written satisfaction prior to each subsequent redevelopment phase) that is consistent with all the other land use restrictions and describes redevelopment activities at the Brownfields Property, the timing of redevelopment phases, and addresses health, safety and environmental issues that may arise from use of the Brownfields Property during construction or redevelopment in any other form, including without limitation: 23001-19-060/ESTUL Tool & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) 6 i. soil and water management issues, including without limitation those resulting from contamination identified in the Environmental Reports; ii. issues related to potential sources of contamination referenced in Exhibit 2; iii. contingency plans for addressing, including without limitation the testing of soil and groundwater, newly discovered potential sources of environmental contamination (e.g., USTs, tanks, drums, septic drain fields, oil-water separators, soil contamination); and iv. plans for the proper characterization of, and, as necessary, disposal of contaminated soils excavated during redevelopment. j. No later than January 31 after each one-year anniversary of the effective date of this Agreement for as long as physical redevelopment of the Brownfields Property continues (except that the final deadline shall fall 90 days after the conclusion of physical redevelopment), the then owner of the Brownfields Property shall provide DEQ a report subject to written DEQ approval on environment-related activities (other than DEQ IHSB program activities) since the last report, with a summary and drawings, that describes: i. actions taken on the Brownfields Property in accordance with Section V: Work to be Performed above; ii. soil grading and cut and fill actions; iii. methodology(ies) employed for field screening, sampling and laboratory analysis of environmental media; iv. stockpiling, containerizing, decontaminating, treating, handling, laboratory analysis and ultimate disposition of any soil, groundwater or other materials suspected or confirmed to be contaminated with regulated substances; and v. removal of any contaminated soil, water or other contaminated materials (for example, concrete, demolition debris) from the Brownfields Property (copies of all legally required manifests shall be included). k. Neither DEQ, nor any party conducting environmental assessment or remediation at the Brownfields Property at the direction of, or pursuant to a permit, order or agreement issued or entered into by DEQ, may be denied access to the Brownfields Property for purposes of conducting such assessment or remediation, which is to be conducted using reasonable efforts to minimize interference with authorized uses of the Brownfields Property. l. Any deed or other instrument conveying an interest in the Brownfields Property shall contain the following notice: “This property is subject to the Brownfields Agreement attached as Exhibit A to the Notice of Brownfields Property recorded in the Mecklenburg County land records, Book ____, Page ____.” A copy of any such instrument shall be sent to the persons listed in Section XV (Notices and Submissions), though financial figures and other confidential information related to the conveyance may be redacted to the extent said redactions comply with the confidentiality and trade secret provisions of the North Carolina Public Records Law. The owner conveying an interest may use the following mechanisms to comply with the obligations of this subparagraph: (i) If every lease and rider is identical in form, the owner conveying an interest may provide DEQ with copies of a form lease or rider evidencing 23001-19-060/ESTUL Tool & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) 7 compliance with this subparagraph, in lieu of sending copies of actual, executed leases, to the persons listed in Section XV (Notice and Submissions); or (ii) The owner conveying an interest may provide abstracts of leases, rather than full copies of said leases, to the persons listed in Section XV. m. None of the contaminants known to be present in the environmental media at the Brownfields Property, as described in Exhibit 2 of this Agreement and as modified by DEQ in writing if additional contaminants in excess of applicable standards are discovered at the Brownfields Property, may be used or stored at the Brownfields Property without the prior written approval of DEQ, except: i. in de minimis quantities for cleaning and other routine housekeeping and maintenance activities; ii. in fluids in vehicles; iii. as constituents of fuels, lubricants and oils in emergency generators, machinery, equipment and vehicles in on-board tanks integral to said equipment, or in flammable liquid storage containers totaling no more than 25 gallons; iv. as constituents of products and materials customarily used and stored in office, open space, recreation, retail, restaurant, entertainment, institutional, hotel, brewery or food production facility, and parking environments, provided such products and materials are stored in original retail packaging and used and disposed of in accordance with applicable laws; and v. in products or materials that are brought onto the Brownfields Property, kept in their original packaging or containers (that is, not used or repackaged) and later removed from the Brownfields Property in the original packaging or containers. n. During January of each year after the year in which the Notice referenced below in paragraph 20 is recorded, the owner of any part of the Brownfields Property as of January 1st of that year shall submit a notarized Land Use Restrictions Update (“LURU”) to DEQ, and to the chief public health and environmental officials of Mecklenburg County, certifying that, as of said January 1st, the Notice of Brownfields Property containing these land use restrictions remains recorded at the Mecklenburg County Register of Deeds office and that the land use restrictions are being complied with, and stating: i. the name, mailing address, telephone and facsimile numbers, and contact person’s e-mail address of the owner submitting the LURU if said owner acquired any part of the Brownfields Property during the previous calendar year; ii. the transferee’s name, mailing address, telephone and facsimile numbers, and contact person’s e-mail address, if said owner transferred any part of the Brownfields Property during the previous calendar year; iii. whether any vapor barrier and/or mitigation systems installed pursuant to subparagraph 15.f. above are performing as designed, and whether the uses of the ground floors of any buildings containing such vapor barrier and/or mitigation systems have changed, and, if so, how; and iv. any data acquired from the indoor air sampling on the Brownfields Property referenced in paragraph 15.g., above. 23001-19-060/ESTUL Tool & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) 8 For purposes of the land use restrictions set forth above, the DEQ point of contact shall be the DEQ official referenced in subparagraph 35.a. of Exhibit A hereto, at the address stated therein. ENFORCEMENT The above land use restrictions shall be enforceable without regard to lack of privity of estate or contract, lack of benefit to particular land, or lack of any property interest in particular land. The land use restrictions shall be enforced by any owner of the Brownfields Property. The land use restrictions may also be enforced by DEQ through the remedies provided in NCGS § 130A, Article 1, Part 2 or by means of a civil action; by any unit of local government having jurisdiction over any part of the Brownfields Property; and by any person eligible for liability protection under the Brownfields Property Reuse Act who will lose liability protection if the restrictions are violated. Any attempt to cancel any or all of this Notice without the approval of the Secretary of DEQ (or its successor in function), or his/her delegate, shall be subject to enforcement by DEQ to the full extent of the law. Failure by any party required or authorized to enforce any of the above restrictions shall in no event be deemed a waiver of the right to do so thereafter as to the same violation or as to one occurring prior or subsequent thereto. FUTURE SALES, LEASES, CONVEYANCES AND TRANSFERS When any portion of the Brownfields Property is sold, leased, conveyed or transferred, pursuant to NCGS § 130A-310.35(d) the deed or other instrument of transfer shall contain in the description section, in no smaller type than that used in the body of the deed or instrument, a statement that the Brownfields Property has been classified and, if appropriate, cleaned up as a brownfields property under the Brownfields Property Reuse Act. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Prospective Developer has caused this instrument to be duly executed this _____ day of _______________, 2019. Ames Station, LLC By: __________________________________________ Paul Kardous Manager NORTH CAROLINA MECKLENBURG COUNTY 23001-19-060/ESTUL Tool & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) 9 I certify that the following person(s) personally appeared before me this day, each acknowledging to me that he or she voluntarily signed the foregoing document for the purpose stated therein and in the capacity indicated: ________________________________. Date: ___________________ ___________________________________ Official Signature of Notary ___________________________________ (Official Seal) Notary’s printed or typed name, Notary Public My commission expires: _____________________ 23001-19-060/ESTUL Tool & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) 10 ************************************ APPROVAL AND CERTIFICATION OF NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY The foregoing Notice of Brownfields Property is hereby approved and certified. North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality By: _________________________________________ ________________________ Ellen Lorscheider Date Deputy Director, Division of Waste Management 1 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) EXHIBIT A NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN THE MATTER OF: Ames Station, LLC UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE ) BROWNFIELDS AGREEMENT re: BROWNFIELDS PROPERTY REUSE ACT ) ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing OF 1997, NCGS § 130A-310.30, et seq. ) Company ) 215 North Ames Street Brownfields Project # 23001-19-060 ) Matthews, Mecklenburg County I. INTRODUCTION This Brownfields Agreement (“Agreement”) is entered into by the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (“DEQ”) and Ames Station, LLC (collectively the "Parties") pursuant to the Brownfields Property Reuse Act of 1997, NCGS § 130A-310.30, et seq. (the “Act”) for the property located at 215 N. Ames Street, Matthews, Mecklenburg County (the “Brownfields Property”). A map showing the location of the Brownfields Property that is the subject of this Agreement is attached hereto as Exhibit 1. Ames Station, LLC is a manager-managed North Carolina limited liability company managed by Paul Kardous, and its mailing address is P.O. Box 12332, Charlotte, NC 28220. This Agreement pertains to approximately 2.15 acres of land located at 215 N. Ames Street in the Town of Matthews (Mecklenburg County tax parcel number 19324401). Ames Station, LLC intends to redevelop the Brownfields Property for no uses other than industrial, office, open space, recreation, retail, restaurant, entertainment, institutional, hotel, brewery or food production facility, parking and, with prior written DEQ approval, other commercial uses and/or multi-family residential. Historically, the Brownfields Property was used for residential purposes prior to the construction of portions of the current warehouse facility by ESTUL Tools 2 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) & Manufacturing (ESTUL) in 1954. ESTUL utilized the Brownfields Property for metal stamping and fabrication processes until an unknown date in the 2000s. The Brownfields Property was then utilized as a motorcycle dealership until December 2016 and a storage facility through February 2017. The facility is currently vacant and unoccupied. The Parties agree to undertake all actions required by the terms and conditions of this Agreement. The purpose of this Agreement is to settle and resolve, subject to reservations and limitations contained in Section VIII (Certification), Section IX (DEQ’s Covenant Not to Sue and Reservation of Rights) and Section X (Prospective Developer’s Covenant Not to Sue), the potential liability of Ames Station, LLC for contaminants at the Brownfields Property. The Parties agree that Ames Station, LLC’s entry into this Agreement, and the actions undertaken by Ames Station, LLC in accordance with the Agreement, do not constitute an admission of any liability by Ames Station, LLC for contaminants at the Brownfields Property. The resolution of this potential liability, in exchange for the benefit Ames Station, LLC shall provide to DEQ, is in the public interest. II. DEFINITIONS Unless otherwise expressly provided herein, terms used in this Agreement which are defined in the Act or elsewhere in NCGS § 130A, Article 9 shall have the meaning assigned to them in those statutory provisions, including any amendments thereto. 1. “Brownfields Property” shall mean the property which is the subject of this Agreement, and which is depicted in Exhibit 1 to the Agreement. 2. "Prospective Developer" shall mean Ames Station, LLC. 3 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) III. STATEMENT OF FACTS 3. The Brownfields Property comprises one parcel totaling approximately 2.15 acres. Prospective Developer has committed itself to redevelopment for no uses other than industrial, office, open space, recreation, retail, restaurant, entertainment, institutional, hotel, brewery or food production facility, parking, and with prior written DEQ approval other commercial uses and/or multi-family residential. 4. The Brownfields Property is bordered to the north by a Matthews Building Supply Co. warehouse, West Matthews Street, and undeveloped vacant land; to the east by North Ames Street followed by two commercial office parks separated by West Matthews Street; and to the south by a railway operated by CSX Transportation followed by two residential properties. 5. Prospective Developer obtained or commissioned the following reports, referred to hereinafter as the “Environmental Reports,” regarding the Brownfields Property: Title Prepared by Date of Report Subsurface Contaminant Assessment ESE Biosciences, Inc. October 8, 1991 Subsurface Investigation Report ESE Environmental, Inc. September 5, 1996 Vapor Intrusion Assessment Report Apex Companies, LLC March 15, 2017 Brownfields Assessment Report Hart & Hickman, PC June 25, 2019 6. For purposes of this Agreement, DEQ relies on the following representations by Prospective Developer and/or DEQ files as to the use and ownership of the Brownfields Property: a. According to a review of historical directories and aerial photographs, the Brownfields Property was developed dating back to 1938 with a residential building and a railroad spur. The residential structure was removed by 1948. A small commercial warehouse 4 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) was constructed by ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (ESTUL) in 1954 when they began metal stamping and fabrication operations at the Brownfields Property. During the fabrication process, cutting oils were used to lubricate and cool metal components. Scrap metal generated during this process was placed in an uncovered dumpster located outside of the northwest corner of the Brownfields Property building. ESTUL expanded the warehouse several times during its occupancy of the Brownfields Property until the current approximately 33,000 square-foot building configuration was completed, as seen in a 1983 aerial photograph. ESTUL continued to operate until an unknown date in the 2000s. The Brownfields Property was then utilized as a motorcycle dealership (Estridge Motorsports) until December 2016 and a storage facility through February 2017. The warehouse facility is currently vacant. 7. Pertinent environmental information regarding the Brownfields Property and surrounding area includes the following: a. The North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources (DEHNR) (now known as DEQ), collected groundwater samples from several water supply wells in the vicinity of the Brownfields Property in the early to mid-1990s in response to complaints made by several nearby businesses of a chemical odor in water coming from their water supply wells. Analytical results of the groundwater samples indicated the presence of several volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including benzene, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and vinyl chloride. A Notice of Violation (NOV) was issued to ESTUL on October 22, 1990. A second NOV was also issued to ESTUL on September 27, 1991. b. A Subsurface Contaminant Assessment report dated October 8, 1991 was completed by ESE Biosciences, Inc. (ESE) for the Brownfields Property. Three soil borings 5 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) were installed to 15 feet below land surface (ft BLS), and one monitoring well (MW-1) was installed to 25 ft BLS in the vicinity of the scrap metal dumpster located outside of the northwest corner of the warehouse building (including on the western adjacent property at 325 W. Matthews Street). Detections of oil and grease and total VOCs were observed in several soil samples. Several VOCs were detected above the current (April 1, 2013) North Carolina Administrative Code (NCAC) Title 15A Subchapter 2L groundwater standards (2L Standards) including 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA), 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), trans-1,2- dichloroethylene, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methylene chloride, and PCE. c. A third NOV was issued to ESTUL on April 26, 1996, which was followed by a Notice of Regulatory Requirements (NORR) on June 19, 1996. ESE Environmental, Inc. completed a Subsurface Investigation Report in September 1996. Eight soil borings ranging in depth from 12 to 16 ft BLS were installed surrounding the location of the former scrap metal dumpster (including on the western adjacent property at 325 W. Matthews Street). VOCs were not detected at concentrations that exceed the current (May 2019) Residential or Industrial/Commercial Preliminary Soil Remediation Goals (PSRGs). A groundwater sample was collected from monitoring well MW-1, and several VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding the 2L Standards. The water supply well located at the neighboring (north) Matthews Building Supply (MBS) facility was also sampled. Several VOCs were detected but only 1,1- DCE exceeded the 2L Standard. Additionally, a well survey with a 1,500-foot radius from the Brownfields Property was conducted. Of the five wells identified, three were associated with the MBS facility (1 water supply well, 1 injection well for receiving coolant water from the air conditioning system, and 1 water supply well associated with the air conditioning system). The 6 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) two remaining wells were owned by Matthews Country Club and not used for human consumption. VOCs were detected in the Matthews Country Club wells but at concentrations below the 2L Standards. d. Apex Companies, LLC completed a Vapor Intrusion Assessment Report for the former ESTUL facility on March 15, 2017. Potential vapor intrusion conditions were evaluated based on the 1991 and 1996 groundwater data as well as data reportedly collected from three sampling locations (including MW-1) in 2007 by ATC Associates of North Carolina, PC (ATC). A report documenting the 2007 groundwater sampling activities by ATC was not provided but groundwater reportedly contained VOCs, including chlorinated solvents, at concentrations exceeding the Non-Residential Vapor Intrusion Screening Levels (VISLs). Five indoor air samples and three sub-slab soil gas samples were collected in February 2017. Several VOCs were detected in the sub-slab soil gas samples but only chloroform exceeded the Non-Residential VISL in one sample (SS-1) located in the southernmost portion of the building at a concentration of 640 µg/m3. TCE was detected at concentrations exceeding the Non-Residential Indoor Air Screening Level (IASL) in two indoor air samples located in the north-central and northwestern portions of the building. The highest TCE concentration (2.6 µg/m3) was observed in sample IA- 5 in the northwestern portion of the building nearest to the former scrap metal dumpster. In addition, benzene was detected at concentrations exceeding the Non-Residential VISL in all five indoor air samples and can likely be attributed to gasoline-powered vehicles present in the facility during sampling. e. DEQ Brownfields issued a request for additional assessment letter to the Prospective Developer on March 4, 2019. A Brownfields Assessment Report was completed by 7 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) Hart & Hickman, PC on June 25, 2019 and included additional soil, sub-slab soil-gas, groundwater, and indoor air assessment. A shallow soil sample was collected from the former scrap metal dumpster area, the former loading dock area, and a background location south of the southern corner of the building. Soil samples were analyzed for VOCs, semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) metals. A concentration of arsenic exceeded the Industrial/Commercial PSRGs in one of the soil samples but is within the range of naturally occurring background levels for arsenic in the region. Groundwater samples were collected from monitoring well MW-1 and from temporary monitoring wells located near the southern and eastern corners of the Brownfields Property. VOCs were present at concentrations exceeding 2L Standards in MW-1, but concentrations for all constituents had decreased significantly since 1996 with concentrations of PCE decreasing from 360 µg/L to 95 µg/L and TCE decreasing from 420 µg/L to 33 µg/L. Only PCE exceeded the 2L Standard in temporary monitoring well TMW-2 at an estimated concentration of 0.94 µg/L. f. Approximately two weeks prior to the 2019 sub-slab soil gas and indoor air assessment, cracks in the existing building slab were filled with epoxy and urethane sealants. Horizontal cracks were sealed with MM-80 (VOC-Free) and vertical cracks were sealed with Dymeric 240 (Low VOC). Five indoor air samples and two sub-slab soil samples were collected in the vicinity of the 2017 samples. One additional sub-slab sample (SS-4) was collected near the southern corner of the building. TCE was detected at concentrations exceeding the Residential IASL in four of the five indoor air samples, but none of the detections exceeded the Non-Residential IASL. Concentrations of PCE and TCE exceeded the Residential 8 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) Sub-Slab and Exterior Soil Gas Screening Level (SGSL) in sub-slab sample SS-3A in the northwestern portion of the warehouse and the Non-Residential SGSL in sub-slab sample SS-2A in the north-central portion of the warehouse. 1,1-DCE was detected at a concentration exceeding the Residential SGSL but below the Non-Residential SGSL in sub-slab sample SS- 2A. 8. The most recent environmental sampling at the Brownfields Property reported in the Environmental Reports occurred on April 26, 2019. The tables set forth in Exhibit 2 to this Agreement present contaminants present at the Brownfields Property above applicable standards or screening levels for each media sampled. 9. For purposes of this Agreement DEQ relies on Prospective Developer’s representations that Prospective Developer's involvement with the Brownfields Property has been limited to obtaining or commissioning the Environmental Reports, preparing and submitting to DEQ a Brownfields Property Application (BPA) dated January 4, 2019, acquiring the Brownfields Property on January 15, 2019, filling cracks in the existing building slab with epoxy and urethane sealants, and marketing the Brownfields Property to prospective tenants. 10. Prospective Developer has provided DEQ with information, or sworn certifications regarding that information on which DEQ relies for purposes of this Agreement, sufficient to demonstrate that: a. Prospective Developer and any parent, subsidiary, or other affiliate has substantially complied with federal and state laws, regulations and rules for protection of the environment, and with the other agreements and requirements cited at NCGS § 130A- 310.32(a)(1); 9 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) b. As a result of the implementation of this Agreement, the Brownfields Property will be suitable for the uses specified in the Agreement while fully protecting public health and the environment; c. Prospective Developer's reuse of the Brownfields Property will produce a public benefit commensurate with the liability protection provided Prospective Developer hereunder; d. Prospective Developer has or can obtain the financial, managerial and technical means to fully implement this Agreement and assure the safe use of the Brownfields Property; and e. Prospective Developer has complied with all applicable procedural requirements. 11. Prospective Developer has paid to DEQ the $2,000 fee to seek a brownfields agreement required by NCGS § 130A-310.39(a) (1), and shall make a payment to DEQ of $6,000 at the time Prospective Developer and DEQ enter into this Agreement, defined for this purpose as occurring no later than the last day of the public comment period related to this Agreement. The Parties agree that such fees will suffice as the $2,000 fee to seek a brownfields agreement required by NCGS § 130A-310.39(a)(1), and, within the meaning of NCGS § 130A- 310.39(a)(2), the full cost to DEQ and the North Carolina Department of Justice of all activities related to this Agreement, unless a change is sought to a Brownfields document after it is in effect, in which case there shall be an additional fee of at least $1,000. IV. BENEFIT TO COMMUNITY 12. The redevelopment of the Brownfields Property proposed herein would provide the 10 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) following public benefits: a. an increase in the Brownfields Property’s productivity; b. the creation of construction jobs for local contractors during redevelopment activities and the creation of permanent commercial, industrial, and/or retail jobs upon completion of redevelopment; c. an increase in tax revenue for affected jurisdictions including both property taxes and taxes from additional employees; d. “smart growth” through use of land in an already developed area, which avoids development of land beyond the urban fringe (“greenfields”). V. WORK TO BE PERFORMED 13. In redeveloping the Brownfields Property, Prospective Developer shall make reasonable efforts to evaluate applying sustainability principles at the Brownfields Property, using the nine (9) areas incorporated into the U.S. Green Building Council Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certification program (Sustainable Sites, Water Efficiency, Energy & Atmosphere, Materials & Resources, Indoor Environmental Quality, Locations & Linkages, Awareness & Education, Innovation in Design and Regional Priority), or a similar program. 14. Based on the information in the Environmental Reports, and subject to imposition of and compliance with the land use restrictions set forth below, and subject to Section IX of this Agreement (DEQ’s Covenant Not to Sue and Reservation of Rights), DEQ is not requiring Prospective Developer to perform any active remediation at the Brownfields Property other than remediation that may be required pursuant to a DEQ-approved Environmental Management Plan 11 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) (EMP) required by this Section. 15. By way of the Notice of Brownfields Property referenced below in paragraph 20, Prospective Developer shall impose the following land use restrictions under the Act, running with the land, to make the Brownfields Property suitable for the uses specified in this Agreement while fully protecting public health and the environment instead of remediation to unrestricted use standards. All references to DEQ shall be understood to include any successor in function. a. No use may be made of the Brownfields Property other than for industrial, office, open space, recreation, retail, restaurant, entertainment, institutional, hotel, brewery or food production facility, parking, and with prior written DEQ approval, other commercial uses and/or multi-family residential. For purposes of this restriction, the following definitions apply: i. “Industrial” defined as the assembly, fabrication, processing, warehousing or distribution of goods or materials; ii. “Office” defined as the provision of business or professional services; iii. “Open space” defined as land maintained in a natural or landscaped state and used for natural resource protection, buffers, greenways, or detention facilities for storm water; iv. “Retail” defined as the sale of goods or services, products, or merchandise directly to the consumer or businesses and includes showrooms, personal service, and the sales of food and beverage products; v. “Restaurant” defined as a commercial business establishment that prepares and serves food and beverages to patrons; vi. “Brewery or Food Production Facility” defined as an establishment for 12 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) the manufacture, sale and distribution of beverages or food products, including without limitation beer and ale, together with associated public roadways and related infrastructure; vii. “Parking” defined as the temporary accommodation of motor vehicles in an area designed for same; viii. “Recreation” defined as indoor and outdoor exercise-related, physically focused, or leisure-related activities, whether active or passive, and the facilities for same, including, but not limited to, studios, swimming pools, sports-related courts and fields, open space, greenways, parks, playgrounds, walking paths, and picnic and public gathering areas; ix. “Entertainment” defined as private, public, and community activities (such as, for example, festivals, theater, musical events or shows), which may include food and beverage service; x. “Institutional” defined as the use of land, buildings or structures for public, non-profit, quasi-public purposes, such as libraries, community centers, post-secondary education facilities, or health care facilities; xi. “Hotel” defined as the provision of overnight lodging to customers, and to associated food services, gym, reservation, cleaning, utilities, parking and on-site hospitality, management and reception services; xii. “Commercial” defined as an enterprise carried on for profit or nonprofit by the owner, lessee or licensee; and xiii. “Multi-Family Residential” defined as multi-unit human dwellings, such as condominia or apartments. Single family homes, townhomes, duplexes, or other units 13 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) with yards are prohibited unless approved in writing by DEQ in advance. Any property outside the dwelling structures shall be usable by all residents and not privately owned as part of a particular unit (e.g., privately-owned courtyards are prohibited). Multi-Family Residential shall include related amenities, such as pools, clubhouses, courtyards, common areas, dog runs, recreation areas and parking garages. b. The Brownfields Property may not be used for child care centers, adult care centers or schools without the prior written approval of DEQ. c. Unless compliance with this Land Use Restriction is waived in writing by DEQ in advance in regard to particular activity or unless in connection with work conducted in accordance with a DEQ-approved Environmental Management Plan (EMP) as outlined in subparagraph 15.i., no activities that encounter, expose, remove or use groundwater (for example, installation of water supply wells, ponds, lakes or swimming pools, or construction or excavation activities that encounter or expose groundwater) may occur on the Brownfields Property unless and until DEQ states in writing, in advance of the proposed activity, that said activity may occur if carried out along with any measures DEQ deems necessary to ensure the Brownfields Property will be suitable for the uses specified in subparagraph 15.a above while fully protecting public health and the environment. Prior sampling and analysis of groundwater to the written satisfaction of DEQ in any areas proposed for such activities, and submittal of the analytical results to DEQ is required. If such results reflect contaminant concentrations that exceed the standards and screening levels applicable to the uses authorized for the Brownfields Property, the groundwater-related activities proposed may only occur in compliance with any written conditions DEQ imposes. Activities may occur 14 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) if carried out along with any measures DEQ deems necessary to ensure the Brownfields Property will be suitable for the uses specified in subparagraph 15.a. above while fully protecting public health and the environment. d. No activity that disturbs soil on the Brownfields Property may occur unless and until DEQ states in writing, in advance of the proposed activity, that said activity may occur if carried out along with any measures DEQ deems necessary to ensure the Brownfields Property will be suitable for the uses specified in subparagraph 15.a above while fully protecting public health and the environment, except: i. in connection with landscape planting to depths not exceeding 24”; ii. mowing and pruning of above-ground vegetation; iii. for repair of underground infrastructure, provided that DEQ shall be given written notice at least seven days in advance of a scheduled repair (if only by email) of any such repair, or in emergency circumstances no later than the next business day, and that any related assessment and remedial measures required by DEQ shall be taken; or iv. in connection to work conducted in accordance with a DEQ-approved EMP as outlined below in subparagraph 15.i. e. Soil may not be removed from, or brought onto, the Brownfields Property without prior sampling and analysis to DEQ’s satisfaction and the written approval of DEQ, unless conducted in accordance with an approved EMP as outlined below in subparagraph 15.i. f. No enclosed building may be constructed on the Brownfields Property nor be occupied until DEQ determines in writing that: i. the building is or would be protective of the building’s users, public 15 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) health and the environment from risk of vapor intrusion based on site assessment data or a site- specific risk assessment approved in writing by DEQ; or ii. the building is or would be sufficiently distant from the Brownfields Property’s groundwater and/or soil contamination based on assessment data approved in writing by DEQ that the building’s users, public health and the environment will be protected from risk from vapor intrusion related to said contamination; or iii. vapor intrusion mitigation measures are installed and/or implemented to the satisfaction of a professional engineer licensed in North Carolina, as evidenced by said engineer’s professional seal on a report that includes photographs and a description of the installation and performance of said measures. Any design specification for vapor intrusion mitigation measures shall be approved in writing by DEQ in advance of installation and/or implementation of said measures. The design specifications shall include methodology(ies) for demonstrating performance of said measures. g. On-going indoor air sampling of locations IA-1A, IA-2A, IA-3A, IA-4A, and IA-5A, as depicted on Figure 3 of the June 25, 2019 Brownfields Assessment Report, shall be conducted, as outlined in the March 22, 2019 Brownfields Assessment Work Plan Revision 1, annually until such time as three consecutive annual indoor air sample events indicate that the risk within the buildings is acceptable for the uses specified above in subparagraph 15.a. or such time that vapor intrusion mitigation measures approved in advance in writing by DEQ are installed and/or implemented at the Brownfields Property to the satisfaction of a professional engineer licensed in North Carolina, as evidenced by said engineer’s professional seal on a report as provided in subparagraph 15.f.iii. At such time either of the above occurs, a request to 16 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) terminate future sampling may be submitted to DEQ that includes the public health rationale for such termination. Should the data collected from these indoor air monitoring events indicate exposures at the Brownfields Property that raise the risk to public health or the environment associated with the Brownfields Property beyond an acceptable range and in a manner or to a degree not anticipated in this Agreement, DEQ may require that the then owner(s) re-evaluate that risk for areas potentially subject to said risk and conduct any actions DEQ deems necessary to reduce said risk to make the Brownfields Property suitable for the uses authorized in subparagraph 15.a above while fully protecting public health and the environment. h. No disturbance or alteration of the slab within the existing building footprint, as depicted on the plat component of the Notice of Brownfields Property referenced in paragraph 20 below, may occur unless in accordance with a DEQ-approved EMP, unless otherwise approved in advance in writing by DEQ, or unless in the case of emergency circumstances for repair of underground infrastructure, in which case DEQ shall be provided written notice no later than the next business day and any related assessment and remedial measures required by DEQ shall be taken. i. Physical redevelopment of the Brownfields Property may not occur other than in accord, as determined by DEQ, with an EMP approved in writing by DEQ in advance (and revised to DEQ’s written satisfaction prior to each subsequent redevelopment phase) that is consistent with all the other land use restrictions and describes redevelopment activities at the Brownfields Property, the timing of redevelopment phases, and addresses health, safety and environmental issues that may arise from use of the Brownfields Property during construction or redevelopment in any other form, including without limitation: 17 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) i. soil and water management issues, including without limitation those resulting from contamination identified in the Environmental Reports; ii. issues related to potential sources of contamination referenced in Exhibit 2; iii. contingency plans for addressing, including without limitation the testing of soil and groundwater, newly discovered potential sources of environmental contamination (e.g., USTs, tanks, drums, septic drain fields, oil-water separators, soil contamination); and iv. plans for the proper characterization of, and, as necessary, disposal of contaminated soils excavated during redevelopment. j. No later than January 31 after each one-year anniversary of the effective date of this Agreement for as long as physical redevelopment of the Brownfields Property continues (except that the final deadline shall fall 90 days after the conclusion of physical redevelopment), the then owner of the Brownfields Property shall provide DEQ a report subject to written DEQ approval on environment-related activities (other than DEQ IHSB program activities) since the last report, with a summary and drawings, that describes: i. actions taken on the Brownfields Property in accordance with Section V: Work to be Performed above; ii. soil grading and cut and fill actions; iii. methodology(ies) employed for field screening, sampling and laboratory analysis of environmental media; iv. stockpiling, containerizing, decontaminating, treating, handling, 18 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) laboratory analysis and ultimate disposition of any soil, groundwater or other materials suspected or confirmed to be contaminated with regulated substances; and v. removal of any contaminated soil, water or other contaminated materials (for example, concrete, demolition debris) from the Brownfields Property (copies of all legally required manifests shall be included). k. Neither DEQ, nor any party conducting environmental assessment or remediation at the Brownfields Property at the direction of, or pursuant to a permit, order or agreement issued or entered into by DEQ, may be denied access to the Brownfields Property for purposes of conducting such assessment or remediation, which is to be conducted using reasonable efforts to minimize interference with authorized uses of the Brownfields Property. l. Any deed or other instrument conveying an interest in the Brownfields Property shall contain the following notice: “This property is subject to the Brownfields Agreement attached as Exhibit A to the Notice of Brownfields Property recorded in the Mecklenburg County land records, Book ____, Page ____.” A copy of any such instrument shall be sent to the persons listed in Section XV (Notices and Submissions), though financial figures and other confidential information related to the conveyance may be redacted to the extent said redactions comply with the confidentiality and trade secret provisions of the North Carolina Public Records Law. The owner conveying an interest may use the following mechanisms to comply with the obligations of this subparagraph: (i) If every lease and rider is identical in form, the owner conveying an interest may provide DEQ with copies of a form lease or rider evidencing compliance with this subparagraph, in lieu of sending copies of actual, executed leases, to the persons listed in Section XV (Notice and Submissions); or (ii) The owner conveying an interest 19 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) may provide abstracts of leases, rather than full copies of said leases, to the persons listed in Section XV. m. None of the contaminants known to be present in the environmental media at the Brownfields Property, as described in Exhibit 2 of this Agreement and as modified by DEQ in writing if additional contaminants in excess of applicable standards are discovered at the Brownfields Property, may be used or stored at the Brownfields Property without the prior written approval of DEQ, except: i. in de minimis quantities for cleaning and other routine housekeeping and maintenance activities; ii. in fluids in vehicles; iii. as constituents of fuels, lubricants and oils in emergency generators, machinery, equipment and vehicles in on-board tanks integral to said equipment, or in flammable liquid storage containers totaling no more than 25 gallons; iv. as constituents of products and materials customarily used and stored in office, open space, recreation, retail, restaurant, entertainment, institutional, hotel, brewery or food production facility, and parking environments, provided such products and materials are stored in original retail packaging and used and disposed of in accordance with applicable laws; and v. in products or materials that are brought onto the Brownfields Property, kept in their original packaging or containers (that is, not used or repackaged) and later removed from the Brownfields Property in the original packaging or containers. n. During January of each year after the year in which the Notice referenced 20 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) below in paragraph 20 is recorded, the owner of any part of the Brownfields Property as of January 1st of that year shall submit a notarized Land Use Restrictions Update (“LURU”) to DEQ, and to the chief public health and environmental officials of Mecklenburg County, certifying that, as of said January 1st, the Notice of Brownfields Property containing these land use restrictions remains recorded at the Mecklenburg County Register of Deeds office and that the land use restrictions are being complied with, and stating: i. the name, mailing address, telephone and facsimile numbers, and contact person’s e-mail address of the owner submitting the LURU if said owner acquired any part of the Brownfields Property during the previous calendar year; ii. the transferee’s name, mailing address, telephone and facsimile numbers, and contact person’s e-mail address, if said owner transferred any part of the Brownfields Property during the previous calendar year; iii. whether any vapor barrier and/or mitigation systems installed pursuant to subparagraph 15.f. above are performing as designed, and whether the uses of the ground floors of any buildings containing such vapor barrier and/or mitigation systems have changed, and, if so, how; and iv. any data acquired from the indoor air sampling on the Brownfields Property referenced in paragraph 15.g., above. 16. The desired result of the above-referenced land use restrictions is to make the Brownfields Property suitable for the uses specified in the Agreement while fully protecting public health and the environment. 17. The guidelines, including parameters, principles and policies within which the 21 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) desired results are to be accomplished are, as to field procedures and laboratory testing, the Guidelines of the Inactive Hazardous Sites Branch of DEQ’s Superfund Section and the Division of Waste Management Vapor Intrusion Guidance, as embodied in their most current version. 18. The consequence of achieving the desired results will be that the Brownfields Property will be suitable for the uses specified in the Agreement while fully protecting public health and the environment. The consequence of not achieving the desired results will be that modifications to land use restrictions and/or remediation in some form may be necessary to fully protect public health and/or the environment. VI. ACCESS/NOTICE TO SUCCESSORS IN INTEREST 19. In addition to providing access to the Brownfields Property pursuant to subparagraph 15.k. above, Prospective Developer shall provide DEQ, its authorized officers, employees, representatives, and all other persons performing response actions under DEQ oversight, access at all reasonable times to other property controlled by Prospective Developer in connection with the performance or oversight of any response actions at the Brownfields Property under applicable law. Such access is to occur after prior notice and using reasonable efforts to minimize interference with authorized uses of such other property except in response to emergencies and/or imminent threats to public health and the environment. While Prospective Developer owns the Brownfields Property, DEQ shall provide reasonable notice to Prospective Developer of the timing of any response actions to be undertaken by or under the oversight of DEQ at the Brownfields Property. Except as may be set forth in the Agreement, DEQ retains all of its authorities and rights, including enforcement authorities related thereto, under the Act and any other applicable statute or regulation, including any amendments thereto. 22 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) 20. DEQ has approved, pursuant to NCGS § 130A-310.35, a Notice of Brownfields Property for the Brownfields Property containing, inter alia, the land use restrictions set forth in Section V (Work to Be Performed) of this Agreement and a survey plat of the Brownfields Property. Pursuant to NCGS § 130A-310.35(b), within 15 days of the effective date of this Agreement, Prospective Developer shall file the Notice of Brownfields Property in the Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, Register of Deeds’ Office. Within three (3) days thereafter, Prospective Developer shall furnish DEQ a copy of the documentary component of the Notice containing a certification by the register of deeds as to the Book and Page numbers where both the documentary and plat components of the Notice are recorded, and a copy of the plat with notations indicating its recordation. 21. This Agreement shall be attached as Exhibit A to the Notice of Brownfields Property. Subsequent to recordation of said Notice, any deed or other instrument conveying an interest in the Brownfields Property shall contain the following notice: “This property is subject to the Brownfields Agreement attached as Exhibit A to the Notice of Brownfields Property recorded in the Mecklenburg County land records, Book ____, Page ____.” A copy of any such instrument shall be sent to the persons listed in Section XV (Notices and Submissions), though financial figures and other confidential information related to the conveyance may be redacted to the extent said redactions comply with the confidentiality and trade secret provisions of the North Carolina Public Records Law. Prospective Developer may use the following mechanisms to comply with the obligations of this paragraph: (i) If every lease and rider is identical in form, Prospective Developer may provide DEQ with copies of a form lease or rider evidencing compliance with this paragraph, in lieu of sending copies of actual, executed leases, to the 23 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) persons listed in Section XV (Notices and Submissions); or (ii) Prospective Developer may provide abstracts of leases, rather than full copies of said leases, to the persons listed in Section XV. 22. The Prospective Developer shall ensure that a copy of this Agreement is provided to any current lessee or sublessee on the Brownfields Property within seven days of the effective date of this Agreement. VII. DUE CARE/COOPERATION 23. The Prospective Developer shall exercise due care at the Brownfields Property with respect to the manner in which regulated substances are handled at the Brownfields Property and shall comply with all applicable local, State, and federal laws and regulations. The Prospective Developer agrees to cooperate fully with any assessment or remediation of the Brownfields Property by DEQ and further agrees not to interfere with any such assessment or remediation. In the event the Prospective Developer becomes aware of any action or occurrence which causes or threatens a release of contaminants at or from the Brownfields Property while Prospective Developer owns the Brownfields Property, the Prospective Developer shall immediately take all appropriate action to prevent, abate, or minimize such release or threat of release, shall comply with any applicable notification requirements under NCGS § 130A-310.1 and 143-215.85, Section 103 of CERCLA, 42 USC § 9603, and/or any other law, and shall immediately notify the DEQ Official referenced in subparagraph 35.a. below of any such required notification. VIII. CERTIFICATION 24. By entering into this Agreement, the Prospective Developer certifies that, without 24 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) DEQ approval, it will make no use of the Brownfields Property other than that committed to in the Brownfields Property Application dated January 4, 2019 by which it applied for this Agreement, as modified herein. That use is industrial, office, open space, recreation, retail, restaurant, entertainment, institutional, hotel, brewery or food production facility, parking, and with prior written DEQ approval other commercial uses and/or multi-family residential. Prospective Developer also certifies that to the best of its knowledge and belief it has fully and accurately disclosed to DEQ all information known to Prospective Developer and all information in the possession or control of its officers, directors, employees, contractors and agents which relates in any way to any past use of regulated substances or known contaminants at the Brownfields Property and to its qualification for this Agreement, including the requirement that it not have caused or contributed to the contamination at the Brownfields Property. IX. DEQ’S COVENANT NOT TO SUE AND RESERVATION OF RIGHTS 25. Unless any of the following apply, Prospective Developer shall not be liable to DEQ, and DEQ covenants not to sue Prospective Developer, for remediation of the Brownfields Property except as specified in this Agreement: a. The Prospective Developer fails to comply with this Agreement. b. The activities conducted on the Brownfields Property by or under the control or direction of the Prospective Developer increase the risk of harm to public health or the environment, in which case Prospective Developer shall be liable for remediation of the areas of the Brownfields Property, remediation of which is required by this Agreement, to the extent necessary to eliminate such risk of harm to public health or the environment. c. A land use restriction set out in the Notice of Brownfields Property required 25 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) under NCGS § 130A-310.35 is violated while the Prospective Developer owns the Brownfields Property, in which case the Prospective Developer shall be responsible for remediation of the Brownfields Property to unrestricted use standards. d. The Prospective Developer knowingly or recklessly provided false information that formed a basis for this Agreement or knowingly or recklessly offers false information to demonstrate compliance with this Agreement or fails to disclose relevant information about contamination at the Brownfields Property. e. New information indicates the existence of previously unreported contaminants or an area of previously unreported contamination on or associated with the Brownfields Property that has not been remediated to unrestricted use standards, unless this Agreement is amended to include any previously unreported contaminants and any additional areas of contamination. If this Agreement sets maximum concentrations for contaminants, and new information indicates the existence of previously unreported areas of these contaminants, further remediation shall be required only if the areas of previously unreported contaminants raise the risk of the contamination to public health or the environment to a level less protective of public health and the environment than that required by this Agreement. f. The level of risk to public health or the environment from contaminants is unacceptable at or in the vicinity of the Brownfields Property due to changes in exposure conditions, including (i) a change in land use that increases the probability of exposure to contaminants at or in the vicinity of the Brownfields Property or (ii) the failure of remediation to mitigate risks to the extent required to make the Brownfields Property fully protective of public health and the environment as planned in this Agreement. 26 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) g. DEQ obtains new information about a contaminant associated with the Brownfields Property or exposures at or around the Brownfields Property that raises the risk to public health or the environment associated with the Brownfields Property beyond an acceptable range and in a manner or to a degree not anticipated in this Agreement. h. The Prospective Developer fails to file a timely and proper Notice of Brownfields Property under NCGS § 130A-310.35. 26. Except as may be provided herein, DEQ reserves its rights against Prospective Developer as to liabilities beyond the scope of the Act. 27. This Agreement does not waive any applicable requirement to obtain a permit, license or certification, or to comply with any and all other applicable law, including the North Carolina Environmental Policy Act, NCGS § 113A-1, et seq. 28. Consistent with NCGS § 130A-310.33, the liability protections provided herein, and any statutory limitations in paragraphs 25 through 27 above apply to all of the persons listed in NCGS § 130A-310.33, including future owners of the Brownfields Property, to the same extent as Prospective Developer, so long as these persons are not otherwise potentially responsible parties or parents, subsidiaries, or affiliates of potentially responsible parties. X. PROSPECTIVE DEVELOPER'S COVENANT NOT TO SUE 29. In consideration of DEQ’s Covenant Not To Sue in Section IX of this Agreement and in recognition of the absolute State immunity provided in NCGS § 130A-310.37(b), the Prospective Developer hereby covenants not to sue and not to assert any claims or causes of action against DEQ, its authorized officers, employees, or representatives with respect to any action implementing the Act, including negotiating, entering, monitoring or enforcing this 27 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) Agreement or the above-referenced Notice of Brownfields Property. XI. PARTIES BOUND 30. This Agreement shall apply to and be binding upon DEQ, and on the Prospective Developer, its officers, directors, employees, and agents. Each Party’s signatory to this Agreement represents that she or he is fully authorized to enter into the terms and conditions of this Agreement and to legally bind the Party for whom she or he signs. XII. DISCLAIMER 31. Prospective Developer and DEQ agree that this Agreement meets the requirements of the Act, including but not limited to the requirements set forth in NCGS § 130A-310.32(a)(2). However, this Agreement in no way constitutes a finding by DEQ as to the risks to public health and the environment which may be posed by regulated substances at the Brownfields Property, a representation by DEQ that the Brownfields Property is fit for any particular purpose, nor a waiver of Prospective Developer’s duty to seek applicable permits or of the provisions of NCGS § 130A-310.37. 32. Except for the land use restrictions set forth in paragraph 15 above and NCGS § 130A-310.33(a)(1)-(5)'s provision of the Act's liability protection to certain persons to the same extent as to a prospective developer, no rights, benefits or obligations conferred or imposed upon Prospective Developer under this Agreement are conferred or imposed upon any other person. XIII. DOCUMENT RETENTION 33. The Prospective Developer agrees to retain and make available to DEQ all business and operating records, contracts, site studies and investigations, remediation reports, and 28 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) documents generated by and/or in the control of the Prospective Developer, its affiliates or subsidiaries relating to storage, generation, use, disposal and management of regulated substances at the Brownfields Property, including without limitation all Material Safety Data Sheets or Safety Data Sheets, for six (6) years following the effective date of this Agreement, unless otherwise agreed to in writing by the Parties. Said records may be retained electronically such that they can be retrieved and submitted to DEQ upon request. At the end of six (6) years, the Prospective Developer shall notify DEQ of the location of such documents and shall provide DEQ with an opportunity to copy any documents at the expense of DEQ. By entering into this Agreement, Prospective Developer waives no rights of confidentiality or privilege provided by the North Carolina Public Records Act or otherwise and, at the time DEQ requests to copy or inspect said documents, Prospective Developer shall provide DEQ with a log of documents withheld from DEQ, including a specific description of the document(s) and the alleged legal basis upon which they are being withheld. To the extent DEQ retains any copies of such documents, Prospective Developer retains all rights it then may have to seek protection from disclosure of such documents as confidential business information. XIV. PAYMENT OF ENFORCEMENT COSTS 34. If the Prospective Developer fails to comply with the terms of this Agreement, including, but not limited to, the provisions of Section V (Work to be Performed), it shall be liable for all litigation and other enforcement costs incurred by DEQ to enforce this Agreement or otherwise obtain compliance. 29 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) XV. NOTICES AND SUBMISSIONS 35. Unless otherwise required by DEQ or a Party notifies the other Party in writing of a change in contact information, all notices and submissions pursuant to this Agreement shall be sent by prepaid first class U.S. mail, as follows: a. for DEQ: Brownfields Property Management Unit (or successor in function) N.C. Division of Waste Management Brownfields Program Mail Service Center 1646 Raleigh, NC 27699-1646 b. for Prospective Developer: Paul Kardous (or successor in function) Ames Station, LLC P.O. Box 12332 Charlotte, NC 28220 Notices and submissions sent by prepaid first class U.S. mail shall be effective on the third day following postmarking. Notices and submissions sent by hand or by other means affording written evidence of date of receipt shall be effective on such date. XVI. EFFECTIVE DATE 36. This Agreement shall become effective on the date the Prospective Developer signs it, after receiving the signed, conditionally approved Agreement from DEQ. DEQ’s approval of this Agreement is conditioned upon the complete and timely execution and filing of this Agreement in the manner set forth herein. Prospective Developer shall expeditiously sign the Agreement in order to effect the recordation of the full Notice of Brownfields Property within the statutory deadline set forth in N.C.G.S. § 130A-310.35(b). If the Agreement is not signed by 30 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) Prospective Developer within 45 days after such receipt, DEQ has the right to revoke its approval and certification of this Agreement, and invalidate its signature on this Agreement. XVII. TERMINATION OF CERTAIN PROVISIONS 37. If any Party believes that any or all of the obligations under Section VI (Access/Notice to Successors in Interest) are no longer necessary to ensure compliance with the requirements of the Agreement, that Party may request in writing that the other Party agree to terminate the provision(s) establishing such obligations; provided, however, that the provision(s) in question shall continue in force unless and until the Party requesting such termination receives written agreement from the other Party to terminate such provision(s). XVIII. CONTRIBUTION PROTECTION 38. With regard to claims for contribution against Prospective Developer in relation to the subject matter of this Agreement, Prospective Developer is entitled to protection from such claims to the extent provided by NCGS § 130A-310.37(a)(5)-(6). The subject matter of this Agreement is all remediation taken or to be taken and response costs incurred or to be incurred by DEQ or any other person in relation to the Brownfields Property. 39. The Prospective Developer agrees that, with respect to any suit or claim for contribution brought by it in relation to the subject matter of this Agreement, it will notify DEQ in writing no later than 60 days prior to the initiation of such suit or claim. 40. The Prospective Developer also agrees that, with respect to any suit or claim for contribution brought against it in relation to the subject matter of this Agreement, it will notify DEQ in writing within 10 days of receiving said suit or claim. 31 23001-19-060/ ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing (December 23, 2019) XIX. PUBLIC COMMENT 41. This Agreement shall be subject to a public comment period of at least 30 days starting the day after the last of the following public notice tasks occurs: publication of the approved summary of the Notice of Intent to Redevelop a Brownfields Property required by NCGS § 130A-310.34 in a newspaper of general circulation serving the area in which the Brownfields Property is located; conspicuous posting of a copy of said summary at the Brownfields Property; and mailing or delivery of a copy of the summary to each owner of property contiguous to the Brownfields Property. After expiration of that period, or following a public meeting if DEQ holds one pursuant to NCGS § 130A-310.34(c), DEQ may modify or withdraw its consent to this Agreement if comments received disclose facts or considerations which indicate that this Agreement is inappropriate, improper or inadequate. IT IS SO AGREED: NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY By: ____________________________________________________________________________ Ellen Lorscheider Date Deputy Director, Division of Waste Management IT IS SO AGREED: Ames Station, LLC By: ____________________________________________________________________________ Name typed or printed: Paul Kardous Date Title typed or printed: Manager JOB NO. BPP-003 FIGURE NO. 1 DATE: 5/16/2019 REVISION NO. 0 2923 South Tryon Street- Suite 100Charlotte, North Carolina 28203704-586-0007 (p) 704-586-0373 (f)License # C-1269 / #C-245 Geology SITE LOCATION MAP ESTUL TOOLS & MANUFACTURING COMPANY215 N. AMES STREET MATTHEWS, NORTH CAROLINA 0 2,000 4,000 SCALE IN FEET APPROXIMATEÜ U.S.G.S QUADRANGLE MAP MATTHEWS, NORTH CAROLINA, 2016 QUADRANGLE 7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC) SITE 23001-19-060/ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing 1 Exhibit 2 The most recent environmental sampling at the Brownfields Property reported in the Environmental Reports occurred on April 25, 2019. The following tables set forth, for contaminants present at the Brownfields Property above unrestricted use standards or screening levels, the concentration found at each sample location, and the applicable standard or screening level. Screening levels and groundwater standards are shown for reference only and are not set forth as cleanup levels for purposes of this Agreement. GROUNDWATER Groundwater contaminants in micrograms per liter (the equivalent of parts per billion), the standards for which are contained in Title 15A of the North Carolina Administrative Code, Subchapter 2L (2L), Rule .0202, (April 1, 2013 version): Groundwater Contaminant Sample Location Highest Concentration Exceeding Standard (µg/L) Date of Sampling Most Recent Concentration (µg/L) Date of Sampling 2L Standard (µg/L) 1,1,1- Trichloroethane MW-1 300 8/2/1996 3.2 4/9/2019 200 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 360 3/21/1991 22 4/9/2019 0.6* 1,1-Dichloroethane 360 8/2/1996 29 4/9/2019 6 1,2-Dichloroethane 25 8/2/1996 <0.32 4/9/2019 0.4 1,1-Dichloroethylene 1,200 3/21/1991 7.8 4/9/2019 350 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 150 4/9/2019 150 4/9/2019 70 trans-1,2- Dichloroethylene 110 3/21/1991 <0.62 4/9/2019 100 1,4-Dioxane 33 4/9/2019 33 4/9/2019 3 Carbon Tetrachloride 1,000 3/21/1991 <0.22 4/9/2019 0.3 Benzene 14 3/21/1991 <0.36 4/9/2019 1 Chloroform 71 3/21/1991 1.3 J 4/9/2019 70 Methylene Chloride 84 3/21/1991 <0.68 4/9/2019 5 Tetrachloroethylene 360 8/2/1996 100 4/9/2019 0.7 TMW-2 0.94 J 4/9/2019 0.94 J 4/9/2019 0.7 23001-19-060/ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing 2 Groundwater Contaminant Sample Location Highest Concentration Exceeding Standard (µg/L) Date of Sampling Most Recent Concentration (µg/L) Date of Sampling 2L Standard (µg/L) Trichloroethylene MW-1 420 8/2/1996 36 4/9/2019 3 *NC 2L Standard not established, Interim Maximum Allowable Concentration used instead. J = compound was detected above the laboratory method detection limit but below the laboratory reporting limit resulting in an estimated concentration. GROUNDWATER VAPOR INTRUSION RISK Groundwater contaminants with potential for vapor intrusion (VI) in micrograms per liter (the equivalent of parts per billion), the vapor intrusion screening levels for which are derived from the Non-Residential Vapor Intrusion Screening Levels of the Division of Waste Management February 2018 version): Groundwater Contaminant with Potential for Vapor Intrusion Sample Location Highest Concentration Exceeding Screening Level (µg/L) Date of Sampling Most Recent Concentration (µg/L) Date of Sampling Non-Residential VISL1 (µg/L) 1,1,2- Trichloroethane MW-1 360 3/21/1991 22 4/9/2019 5.2 1,1-Dichloroethane 360 8/2/1996 29 4/9/2019 330 1,1- Dichloroethylene 1,200 3/21/1991 7.8 4/9/2019 160 Carbon Tetrachloride 1,000 3/21/1991 <0.22 4/9/2019 18 Chloroform 71 3/21/1991 1.3 J 4/9/2019 36 Tetrachloroethylene 360 8/2/1996 100 4/9/2019 48 Trichloroethylene 420 8/2/1996 36 4/9/2019 4.4 1Screening levels displayed for non-carcinogens are for a hazard quotient equal to 0.2. Screening levels displayed for carcinogens are for a 1.0E-5 lifetime incremental cancer risk. 23001-19-060/ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing 3 SOIL Soil contaminants in milligrams per kilogram (the equivalent of parts per million), the screening levels for which are derived from the Preliminary Industrial/Commercial Health- Based Soil Remediation Goals of the Inactive Hazardous Sites Branch of DEQ’s Superfund Section (May 2019 version): Soil Contaminant Sample Location Depth (ft) Date of Sampling Concentration Exceeding Screening Level (mg/kg) Industrial/Comm ercial Screening Level1 (mg/kg) Arsenic2 SB-13 0 – 2 4/9/2019 7.2 3.0 Chromium (Total)2 SB-12 0 – 2 4/9/2019 12 6.5/350,0003 SB-13 0 – 2 4/9/2019 63 SB-14 0 – 2 4/9/2019 494 1Screening levels displayed for non-carcinogens are for a hazard quotient equal to 0.2. Screening levels displayed for carcinogens are for a 1.0E-6 lifetime incremental cancer risk. 2Concentrations considered to represent naturally occurring background levels in soil. 3Hexavalent chromium/trivalent chromium Preliminary Soil Remediation Goals. Based on note 9 to the May 2019 PSRGs, if only total chromium is reported, the result may be entered as trivalent chromium if it can be verified that total chromium levels are within natural background concentrations. 4Concentration representative of duplicate from parent sample. SUB-SLAB SOIL VAPOR OR SOIL GAS Soil gas contaminants in micrograms per cubic meter, the screening levels for which are derived from Non-Residential Sub-Slab and Exterior Soil Gas Screening Levels of the Division of Waste Management (February 2018 version): Soil Gas Contaminant Sample Location Highest Concentration Exceeding Screening Level (µg/m3) Date of Sampling Non-Residential Sub-slab and Exterior Soil Gas Screening Levels1 (µg/m3) Chloroform SS-1 640 2/22/2017 530 Tetrachloroethylene SS-2A 7,600 4/25/2019 3,500 Trichloroethylene 410 4/25/2019 180 1Screening levels displayed for non-carcinogens are for a hazard quotient equal to 0.2. Screening levels displayed for carcinogens are for a 1.0E-5 lifetime incremental cancer risk. 23001-19-060/ESTUL Tools & Manufacturing 4 INDOOR AIR Indoor air contaminants in micrograms per cubic meter, the screening levels for which are derived from Non-Residential Vapor Intrusion Screening Levels of the Division of Waste Management (February 2018 version): Indoor Air Contaminant Sample Location1 Highest Concentration Exceeding Screening Level (µg/m3) Date of Sampling Most Recent Concentration (µg/m3) Date of Sampling Non- Residential Indoor Air Screening Level2 (µg/m3) Benzene IA-1/IA-1A 7.43 2/17/2017 0.47 4/24/2019 1.6 IA-2/IA-2A 133 2/17/2017 0.42 4/24/2019 IA-3/IA-3A 153 2/17/2017 0.39 4/24/2019 IA-4/IA-4A 133 2/17/2017 0.41 4/24/2019 IA-5/IA-5A 263,4 2/17/2017 0.40 4/24/2019 Trichloroeth ylene IA-4/IA-4A 2.4 2/17/2017 1.1 4/24/2019 1.8 IA-5/IA-5A 2.6 2/17/2017 1.7 4/24/2019 1Indoor air samples ending with an “A” designation were collected in April 2019 in the vicinity of indoor air samples with corresponding naming structure collected in February 2017 (i.e., IA-1A collected in the vicinity of IA-1). 2Screening limits displayed for non-carcinogens are for a hazard quotient equal to 0.2. Screening levels displayed for carcinogens are for a 1.0E-6 lifetime incremental cancer risk. 3Fuels associated with the former motorcycle repair facility present at time of sampling. 4Concentration representative of duplicate from parent sample. Exhibit C Beginning at a point being located on the northern right of way for North Ames Street being situated in the Town of Matthews, Mecklenburg County, North Carolinas, said point also being located near the centerline of rail road tracks; thence with said tracks a bearing of N 33°35'25" W and a distance of 209.58' to a point; thence with a bearing of N 28°58'25" W and a distance of 70.10' to a point; thence leaving the tracks with the common line of the (now or formerly) Mary C. Hulsey Family LP as recorded in Deed Book 13102, Page 503 with a bearing of N 39°01'35" E and a total distance of 235.31' to a magnetic reading in asphalt (passing a rebar set at 62.29’ and a rebar found at 104.28’); thence continuing with a bearing of N 71°29'45" E and a distance of 88.87' to a rebar found; thence with a bearing of S 46°52'45" E and a distance of 35.00' to a rebar found; thence with a bearing of N 87°46'08" E and a distance of 27.13' to a rebar found on the western right of way of West Matthews Street; thence with said right of way an Arc to the Left, having a Radius of 188.28', and a Length of 65.76', and being Chorded by a bearing of S 40°58'04" E and a distance of 65.43' to a point; thence with a bearing of S 50°58'25" E and a total distance of 77.55' to a rebar set (passing a rebar found at 70.00’); thence with an Arc to the Right, having a Radius of 20.00', and a Length of 31.42', and being Chorded by a bearing of S 5°58'25" E, and a distance of 28.28' to a point; thence with a bearing of S 39°01'35" W and a total distance of 383.18’ to the point of beginning (passing rebars set at 59.00’ and 319.97’), containing 2.151 acres, more or less.