18067_Wurst Property_AWP_20150721

Mid Atlantic
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Vapor Intrusion Assessment Work Plan
Henry Wurst Facility
810 Lufkin Road
Apex, North Carolina
Brownfields Project Number 18067-14-092
July 21, 2015
OBJECTIVE
409 Rogers View Court
Raleigh, NC 27610
office 919.250.9918
facsimile 919.250.9950
MAAONLINE.COM
The objective of this Work Plan is to outline the activities required to determine if
potential vapor intrusion conditions known to exist at the subject site are an
impediment to proposed redevelopment of the subject site.
BACKGROUND
The subject site is located in Apex, North Carolina in a commercial area southeast of
the intersection of U.S. Highway 1 and U.S. Highway 55 and is comprised of the
parcel at 810 Lufkin Road (Drawing 1). The subject site totals approximately 16
acres of land and is assigned Parcel ID Number 0741-94-2224 according to the
Wake County Tax Administration Office. The site is zoned LI (Light Industrial) by the
Town of Apex Planning Department. Based on aerial photographs, the site was
undeveloped wooded land as early as 1938, and was first developed with structures
in approximately 1972 when the site began commercial printing operations. The site
ceased commercial printing services in December 2011 and is currently vacant with
the exception of leased portions of the building for a corrugated box company and an
inventory sorting and distribution company.
In association with a potential real estate transaction for the subject site, a draft
Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (PESA) dated January 29, 2013 was
conducted by Withers & Ravenel, Inc. This draft PESA identified recognized
environmental conditions (RECs) associated with historical use of the subject site as
a commercial printing facility and industrial operations on adjacent properties. A
subsequent Pre -Purchase Assessment dated May 21, 2013 and conducted by Mid -
Atlantic details soil, groundwater and vapor intrusion testing activities performed at
the subject site to address RECs identified in the draft Withers and Ravenel PESA.
The Pre -Purchase Assessment concluded that groundwater contamination is
present on the subject site and may be attributed to groundwater contamination
EXPERIENCED CUSTOMER FOCUSED INNOVATI'v

Vapor Intrusion Assessment Work Plan July 21, 2015
Henry Wurst Facility Page 2
Apex, North Carolina
associated with the chlorinated solvent release(s) on the north adjacent property
(Apex Tools).
The real estate transaction started in 2013 was never completed. In 2015 a new
potential buyer of the property, Lufkin Road, LLC, developed interest in the subject
site. On behalf of Lufkin Road, LLC, Mid -Atlantic conducted additional assessment of
the subject site. A Limited Phase 11 Environmental Site Assessment report dated
March 2, 2015 was issued and detailed additional soil, groundwater and sub -slab
soil gas assessment activities conducted at the subject site. Soil and groundwater
data collected during this assessment further supported the concept that
groundwater contaminants identified near the northeast corner of the on -site
structure are likely the result of solvent release(s) at the Apex Tool site. As outlined
in the March 2, 2015 report, three solvents were detected in the sub -slab soil gas
samples in concentrations exceeding residential screening levels and one of these
compounds was detected in a concentration exceeding non-residential soil gas
screening levels. Thus, additional assessment of potential vapor intrusion conditions
at the subject site are warranted. In addition, Mid -Atlantic completed a Phase 1
Environmental Site Assessment Report dated March 17, 2015. The findings in this
report were consistent with the findings of the draft Withers & Ravenel, Inc. PESA
conducted in 2013.
On December 30, 2014 Lufkin Road, LLC submitted a Brownfield Property
Application to the North Carolina Brownfields Program (Program). In a letter dated
February 15, 2015, the Program informed Lufkin Road, LLC that the subject site was
deemed eligible for entry into the Program. Redevelopment plans in the near term
are for commercial use of the building after repairs and renovations are completed.
Long term redevelopment plans include the potential for the facility to be used for
educational purposes, which may include the education of children.
HISTORICAL VAPOR INTRUSION DATA
Sub -slab soil gas data has been collected in 2013 (three samples) and 2015 (seven
samples). The results of the analyses of all these sub -slab soil gas samples are
summarized in Table 1. As indicated in the table, trichloroethylene were detected at
concentrations greater than the Non -Residential Soil Gas Screening Levels in the
sample collected at VI-North-3. In addition, tetrachloroethylene was detected in one
sample (VI-2) at a concentration exceeding Residential Soil Gas Screening Levels.
No other compounds were identified in the ten previously tested samples (TO-15) at
concentrations exceeding the Residential Soil Gas Screening Levels. The sample
collected at VI-North-3 exhibited 1,1-dichloroethylene at 56% of the Residential Soil
Gas Screening Level.
Ift Mid Atlantic
Engineering & Environmental Solutions

Vapor Intrusion Assessment Work Plan July 21, 2015
Henry Wurst Facility Page 3
Apex, North Carolina
SUMMARY OF PROPOSED ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES
Mid -Atlantic proposes to collect ten indoor air samples and one sub -slab soil gas
sample at locations illustrated on Drawing 2. Additionally, two ambient air samples
will be collected and the locations of these samples will be selected at the time of
sampling, depending on forecasted weather conditions. The sampling location
rationale, sample collection method, sample test method and sample identification
are all summarized in Table 2.
Indoor air samples collected at locations IA-1 through IA-9 will be tested for the
presence of the four compounds (1, 1 -dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene,
tetrachloroethylene and cis-1,2-dichloroethylene) detected in previous soil gas
samples approaching or exceeding their respective Residential Soil Gas Screening
Levels and as requested by the North Carolina Brownfields Program. The sub -slab
soil gas sample collected at VI -Storage will be tested for the entire EPA
Compendium Method TO-15 analyte list. The indoor air sample collected at location
IA-10 will be tested for the presence of 1,1-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene,
tetrachloroethylene and cis-1,2-dichloroethylene plus any additional compound(s)
detected in the sub -slab sample (VI -Storage Room) at concentrations exceeding
Residential Soil Gas Screening Levels. The soil gas sample, VI -Storage Room, will
be tested prior to the reporting of the IA-10 sample results.
For the sub -slab sample, a vapor pin (vapor pin is an air -tight barbed fitting) will be
installed in the floor slab for use as a sampling port. The sub -slab vapor sample will be
collected using a 1-liter "Mini-SUMMA" canister at a flow rate of 200 ml/min through
the vapor pin. For quality assurance purposes, a leak check will be performed prior to
sample collection using helium tracer gas, a shroud over the sample port site and a
portable helium detector.
For the indoor and ambient air samples, Radiello diffusive samplers will be used.
Information on the use of the Radiello sampling system is attached to this document
(User's Manual).
The results of these assessment activities will be detailed in an assessment report.
The report will include laboratory report(s), drawings, data tabulation tables, a
description of field activities and a discussion of results including data comparisons
to Residential/Non-residential Indoor Air Screening Levels.
Mid Atlantic
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DRAWINGS
Mid Atlantic
Engineering & Environmental Solutions

REFERENCES:
1. APEX, NC DIGITAL RASTER GRAPHIC FILE, SCANNED
FROM 1:24,000-SCALE TOPOGRAPHIC MAP WITH THE SAME NAME, U.S.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 2013.
2. INSET MAP DIGITAL DATA FROM 2002 NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION ATLAS,
BUREAU OF TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS, WASHINGTON, D.C.
3. PARCEL BOUNDARY DATA FROM WAKE COUNTY GIS.
Mid Atlantic
Engineering & Environmental Solutions
SCALE: 1:12,000
Feet
0 500 1,000 2,000
TOPOGRAPHIC SITE MAP
WURST PROPERTY
810 LUFKIN ROAD
APEX, NORTH CAROLINA
DRAWN
DATE:
BY:
JUNE 2015
DRAFT
JOB NO:
CHECK:
00OR2482.01
ENG.
, /
GIS NO:
CHECK:
1/R!V
03G-R2482.01-11
APPROVAL: J>f Al
DWG NO: 1

n •� 4' Lege d
7,1
4." IA5 SUBJECT SITE PROPERTY BOUNDARY
- w.• �.. r._ _ — !=- 2- PROPOSED INDOOR AIR SAMPLE LOCATIONS
1... -
,.. _..
iAa ., PROPOSED SUB -SLAB SOIL GAS SAMPLE LOCATION
�,. TM �M _ `t neIA, APRIL 2013 SUB -SLAB SOIL GAS SAMPLE LOCATIONS
e ,
JANUARY 2 64'":,, 015 SUB -SLAB SOIL GAS SAMPLE LOCATIONS
s r y IA 7 VIrNORTH 3 r
:, F
• .. W ti, fi `Ara•
i, xV1NORTH-2 -- -s
a ;
r f
IA 2
41
ti l'
• _ •_
\a. ',II ~'� :. '. `• � a. 13 ... J`j� f-`r fit`"rr '" •, s•. ~• - � _�9�.
— +
All
s 4/
40
,
,
..i '-.., . Ez.. �." .0 , VI-CENTER-2 - f1' - - -
sK., t wy
VI CENTER 1
i
`
IN
/ L VI STORAGE ROOM
.. f . -r-
f f_
Jf t '1 �v
4 -
l 4 +t
VI -SOUTH
<, 0 30 60 120 180 240
... Feet
Alm&
DRAWN BY: DATE: JUNE 2015
PROPOSED INDOOR AIR/SUB-SLAB SOIL GAS SAMPLE LOCATIONS DRAFT CHECK JOB NO.: 00OR2482.01
. Mid Atlantic WURST PROPERTY BY:��� ENGINEER CHECK
•�' 810 LUFKIN ROAD BY: �'! GIS NO.: 3G-R2482.01-12
Engineering &Environmental Solutions
APEX, NORTH CAROLINA APPROVED —
BY: BY: �v DRAWING NO.: 2
REFERENCES: APRIL 2013 ORTHOPHOTOGRAPH PROVIDED BY NC ONEMAP. MID -ATLANTIC FIELD NOTES. FIRE MAP PROVIDED BY HENRY WURST, INC.

TABLES
Mid Atlantic
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TABLE 1
SUB -SLAB SOIL GAS SAMPLING TEST RESULTS
WURST BUILDING
810 LUFKIN ROAD
APEX, NORTH CAROLINA
MID -ATLANTIC JOB NO. OOOR2482.01
Parameter
Non -Residential Soil-
Gas Screening Levels
(ug/m3)
HQ=0.2, TCR=1.0E-05
Residential Soil -Gas
Screening Levels
(ug/m3)
HQ=0.2, TCR=1.0E-05
SAMPLING LOCATION
VI-1
VI-2
VI-3
VI-Center-1
VI-Center-2
VI-North-1
VI-North-2
VI-North-3
VI-South-1
VI-South-2
Sampling Date
4 22 2013
4 22 2013
4 22 2013
1 15 2015
1 15 2015
1 15 2015
1 15 2015
1 15 2015
1 15 2015
1 15 2015
EPA METHOD TO-15
Acetone
2720000
216000
50
56
640
140
640
300
66
39
42
17J
Benzene
1570
104
0.35
0.56
0.43
0.69 B
0.52 B,1
5.9 B
1.1 B
1.3 B
0.4 J
NO (0.33) B
Benzyl Chloride
87.6
6.95
ND (0.20)
ND (0.20)
ND (0.20)
ND (0.20)
ND (0.20)
0.33 1
ND (0.20)
ND (0.20)
ND (0.20)
ND (0.20)
Bromodichloromethane
331
21.9
ND (0.25)
ND (0.25)
ND (0.25)
ND (0.29)
ND (0.29)
ND (0.29)
ND (0.29)
ND (0.29)
ND (0.29)
ND (0.29)
Bromoform
-
-
ND (0.42)
ND (0.42)
ND (0.42)
ND (0.40)
ND (0.40)
ND (0.40)
ND (0.40)
ND (0.40)
ND (0.40)
ND (0.40)
Bromomethane
438
34.8
ND (0.27)
ND (0.27)
ND (0.27)
ND (0.53)
ND (0.53)
ND (0.53)
ND (0.53)
ND (0.53)
ND (0.53)
ND (0.53)
1,3-Butadiene
175
13.9
ND (0.11)
ND (0.11)
ND (0.11)
ND (0.23)
ND (0.23)
ND (0.23)
ND (0.23)
ND (0.23)
ND (0.23)
ND (0.23)
2-Butanone (MEK)
438000
34800
3.6 J
5.7 J
44
27
15 J
31
7.3 J
4.5 J
4.7 J
2.2 J
Carbon Disulfide
61300
4870
0.28J
0.27J
ND(0.13)
2.4J
0.77J
1.4J
2.4J
0.76J
0.64J
ND(0.21)
Carbon Tetrachloride
2040
135
0.38 J
0.26 J
0.44 J
ND (0.30)
ND (0.30)
ND (0.30)
ND (0.30)
ND (0.30)
ND (0.30)
ND (0.30)
Chlorobenzene
4380
348
ND (0.16)
ND (0.16)
ND (0.16)
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
Chloroethane (ethyl chloride)
876000
69500
ND (0.37)
ND (0.37)
ND (0.37)
ND (0.20)
ND (0.20)
0.37 J
ND (0.20)
ND (0.20)
ND (0.20)
ND (0.20)
Chloroform
533
35.3
ND (0.23)
ND (0.23)
0.25 J
0.57 J
ND (0.23)
2.6
ND (0.23)
13
ND (0.23)
ND (0.23)
Chloromethane
7880
626
ND (0.12)
0.64
ND (0.12)
0.64 J
0.33 J
2.1
0.75 J
0.26 J
ND (0.18)
ND (0.18)
Cyclohexane
526000
6950
ND (0.20)
ND (0.20)
ND (0.20)
ND (0.40)
ND (0.40)
ND (0.40)
ND (0.40)
ND (0.40)
ND (0.40)
ND (0.40)
Dibromochloromethane
454
30
ND (0.29)
ND (0.29)
ND (0.29)
ND (0.45)
ND (0.45)
ND (0.45)
ND (0.45)
ND (0.45)
ND (0.45)
ND (0.45)
1,2-Dibromoethane (EDB)
20.4
1.35
ND (0.38)
ND (0.38)
ND (0.38)
ND (0.34)
ND (0.34)
ND (0.34)
ND (0.34)
ND (0.34)
ND (0.34)
ND (0.34)
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
17500
1390
ND (0.31)
0.34 J
ND (0.31)
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
1,3-Dichlorobenzene
-
-
0.28 J
0.32 J
ND (0.27)
ND (0.27)
ND (0.27)
ND (0.27)
ND (0.27)
ND (0.27)
ND (0.27)
ND (0.27)
p-Dichlorobenzene; 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
1110
73.7
0.30 J
0.44 J
0.30 J
ND (0.30)
ND (0.30)
ND (0.30)
ND (0.30)
ND (0.30)
ND (0.30)
ND (0.30)
Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12:
8760
695
2.9
3.3
2.6
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1,1-Dichloroethane
7670
507
ND (0.21)
ND (0.21)
ND (0.21)
ND (0.23)
ND (0.23)
ND (0.23)
ND (0.23)
8.2
ND (0.23)
ND (0.23)
1,2-Dichloroethane
472
31.2
ND (0.16)
ND (0.16)
ND (0.16)
ND (0.23)
ND (0.23)
ND (0.23)
ND (0.23)
ND (0.23)
ND (0.23)
ND (0.23)
1,1-Dichloroethylene
17500
139
ND (0.21)
ND (0.21)
ND (0.21)
ND (0.19)
ND (0.19)
ND (0.19)
ND (0.19)
780
ND (0.19)
ND (0.19)
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene
-
-
ND (0.25)
ND (0.25)
ND (0.25)
ND (0.30)
ND (0.30)
ND (0.30)
ND (0.30)
20
ND (0.30)
ND (0.30)
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
5260
417
ND (0.17)
ND (0.17)
ND (0.17)
ND (0.21)
ND (0.21)
ND (0.21)
ND (0.21)
1.4
ND (0.21)
ND (0.21)
1,2-Dichloropropane
350
27.8
ND (0.21)
ND (0.21)
ND (0.21)
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
cis-1,3-Dichloropropene
-
-
ND (0.24)
ND (0.24)
ND (0.24)
ND (0.24)
ND (0.24)
ND (0.24)
ND (0.24)
ND (0.24)
ND (0.24)
ND (0.24)
trans-1,3-Dichloropropene
-
-
ND (0.18)
ND (0.18)
ND (0.18)
ND (0.24)
ND (0.24)
ND (0.24)
ND (0.24)
ND (0.24)
ND (0.24)
ND (0.24)
1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (Freon 114
-
-
ND (0.30)
ND (0.30)
ND (0.30)
ND (0.33)
ND (0.33)
ND (0.33)
ND (0.33)
ND (0.33)
ND (0.33)
ND (0.33)
1,4-Dioxane
-
-
ND (0.44)
ND (0.44)
ND (0.44)
ND (4.6)
ND (4.6)
17
ND (4.6)
ND (4.6)
ND (4.6)
ND (4.6)
Ethanol
-
-
42
40
300
58
66
24
24
21
16
ND (6.7)
Ethyl Acetate
-
-
ND (0.92)
4.8
2.5 J
ND (0.54)
ND (0.54)
ND (0.54)
ND (0.54)
ND (0.54)
ND (0.54)
ND (0.54)
Ethylbenzene
4910
487
0.56
1.6
1.4
0.36 J
1.3
0.47 J
ND (0.24)
ND (0.24)
0.31 J
ND (0.24)
4-Ethyltoluene
-
-
0.63
2.1
1.4
ND (0.22)
3.9
ND (0.22)
ND (0.22)
ND (0.22)
ND (0.22)
ND (0.22)
Heptane
^'
^'
ND (0.19)
0.79
0.70
ND (0.27)
ND (0.27)
2.6
ND (0.27)
ND (0.27)
ND (0.27)
ND (0.27)
Hexachlorobutadiene
-
-
0.60 J
0.64 J
ND (0.32)
ND (0.80)
ND (0.80)
ND (0.80)
ND (0.80)
ND (0.80)
ND (0.80)
ND (0.80)
Hexane
61300
4870
14
12J
13J
3.1J
2.6J
4.8J
3.3J
2.8J
1.91
1.51
2-Hexanone (MBK)
2630
209
0.92
1.6
56
10
7.8
2.8
0.82
ND (0.21)
0.82
ND (0.21)
Isopropanol
-
-
8.81
7.0 J
360
12 J
350
7.2 J
2.9 J
101
2.6 J
1.11
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE)
47200
3120
ND (0.21)
ND (0.21)
0.84
1.5
ND (0.22)
ND (0.22)
ND (0.22)
ND (0.22)
ND (0.22)
ND (0.22)
Methylene Chloride
52600
4170
24
34
34
4.1 J
3.8 J
5.91
4.6 J
5.2 J
4.1 J
3.2 J
4-Methyl-2-pentanone (MIBK)
263000
20900
0.71
1.3
22
3.6
19
ND (0.20)
0.77 J
ND (0.20)
ND (0.20)
ND (0.20)
Naphthalene
263
20.9
0.88
1.5
1.7
1.4
ND (0.57)
ND (0.57)
0.96
0.61 1
ND (0.57)
ND (0.57)
Propene (propylene)
263000
20900
ND (0.53)
ND (0.53)
ND (0.53)
ND (1.1)
ND (1.1)
25
ND (1.1)
ND (1.1)
2.1 J
ND (1.1)
Styrene (Ethenylbenzene)
87600
6950
2.6
0.66
30
0.56 J
ND (0.17)
0.36 J
ND (0.17)
ND (0.17)
0.31 J
ND (0.17)
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
211
14
0.33 J
ND 0.25
ND (0.25)
ND (0.33)
ND (0.33)
ND (0.33)
ND (0.33)
ND (0.33)
ND (0.33)
ND (0.33)
Tetrachloroethylene;Perchloroethylene
3500
278
0.62 J
300
2.3
2.7
1.11
0.95 J
4.5
0.73 J
ND (0.39)
ND (0.39)
Tetrahydrofuran
175000
1390
0.28 J
ND (0.23)
ND (0.23)
2.5
ND (0.25)
ND (0.25)
ND (0.25)
2.2
ND (0.25)
ND (0.25)
Toluene
438000
3480
0.99
2.2
1.8
1.7
3.4
2.8
1.3
1.1
0.50J
0.35J
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
175
13.9
ND (0.44)
0.50 J
ND (0.44)
ND (0.56)
ND (0.56)
ND (0.56)
ND (0.56)
ND (0.56)
ND (0.56)
ND (0.56)
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
438000
34800
1.0
41
2.1
0.72 J
1.7
0.44 J
0.35 J
30
ND (0.20)
ND (0.20)
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
17.5
1.39
ND (0.27)
ND (0.27)
ND (0.27)
ND (0.33)
ND (0.33)
ND (0.33)
ND (0.33)
ND 0.33
ND (0.33)
ND (0.33)
Trichloroethylene; Trichloroethene; TCE
175
13.9
ND (0.25)
ND (0.25)
0.45 J
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
1.8
ND (0.32)
440
ND (0.32)
ND (0.32)
Trichlorofluoromethane
61300
4870
1.6
1.7
2.7
1.11
8.1
1.01
1.1
1.3
0.97J
1.01
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (Freon 113
2630000
209000
0.61 J
0.55 J
0.611
0.52 J
ND (0.43)
ND (0.43)
0.49 J
0.43 J
ND (0.43)
0.46 J
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
613
48.7
2.5
8.2
4.7
2.6
34
0.92 J
0.85 J
0.79 J
1.4
0.511
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
-
-
0.50
2.1
1.2
0.28 J
10
0.29 J
ND (0.20)
0.22 J
ND (0.20)
ND (0.20)
Vinyl Acetate
17500
1390
ND (1.2)
ND (1.2)
ND (1.2)
ND (0.36)
ND (0.36)
15
ND (0.36)
ND (0.36)
1.3 J
1.7 J
Vinyl chloride; Chloroethene
2790
53.7
ND (0.14)
ND (0.14)
ND (0.14)
ND (0.22)
ND (0.22)
ND (0.22)
ND (0.22)
2.3
ND (0.22)
ND (0.22)
Xylene, m&p
8760
695
2.4
6.8
4.9
1.11
5.5
1.51
0.451
0.561
1.7 J
ND (0.44)
Were, o-
8760
695
0.85
2.7
2.1
0.561
1.5
0.591
ND 0.25
0.421
0.40J
ND 0.25
NOTES:
1. ND = Not detected above the lab reporting limits shown in parenthesis
2. - = No DEN DWM vapor intrusion screening levels,
3. Bold values exceed the NCDENR DWM Residential Soil -Gas Screening Levels,
4. Red bold value exceed NCDENR DWM Non -Residential Soil -Gas Screening Level:
5.1 = Estimated value

TABLE 2
INDOOR AIR AND SUB -SLAB SOIL GAS SAMPLING PLAN
WURST BUILDING
810 LUFKIN ROAD
APEX, NORTH CAROLINA
MID -ATLANTIC JOB NO. OOOR2482.01
Sample Location
Sample Name
Sample Type
Collection
Sample Period
Test Method
Rationale
Method
IA-1
Near highest sub -slab soil
IA-2
Indoor Air
Radiello 130
RAD-130
IA-3
gas concetrations and
3 to 6 feet
Chemical
7 days
GC-FID
IA-4
near off -site source area
above floor
Desorption
IA-5
IA-6
Indoor Air
Radiello 130
RAD-130
Near off -site source area
3 to 6 feet
Chemical
7 days
GC-FID
IA-7
above floor
Desorption
Indoor Air
Radiello 130
Near former ink storage
RAD-130
IA-8
3 to 6 feet
Chemical
7 days
area
above floor
Desorption
GC-FID
Near Former
Indoor Air
Radiello 130
RAD-130
petrleum/sovlent storage
IA-9
3 to 6 feet
Chemical
7 days
GC-FID
area
above floor
Desorption
Sub-slab
VI -Storage
MiniSumma
0 to 3 inches
5-15 minutes
TO-15
Former
Room
Cannister
petroleum/solvent
below slab
Indoor Air
Radiello 130
storage area
RAD-130
IA-10
3 to 6 feet
Chemical
7 days
GC-FID
above floor
Desorption
AA-1
Ambient Air
Radiello 130
RAD-130
Background air samples
3 to 6 feet
Chemical
7 days
GC-FID
AA-2
above ground
Desorption
Indoor Air
Radiello 130
RAD-130
Duplicate
Dup-1*
3 to 6 feet
Chemical
7 days
GC-FID
above floor
Desorption
*Duplicate sample for IA-1, unless field conditions indicate alternative location is more appropriate

RADIELLO INFORMATION
Ift Mid Atlantic
Engineering & Environmental Solutions

how es
186 diffusive sampler work?
The diffusive sampler is a closed box, usually cylindrical. Of its two opposite sides, one
is "transparent" to gaseous molecules which cross it, and are adsorbed onto the sec-
ond side. The former side is named diffusive surface, the latter is the adsorbing sur-
face (marked with S and A in the figure).
Driven by the concentration gradient dCldl, the gaseous molecules cross S and dif-
fuse towards A along the path /, parallel to the axis of the cylindrical box. The mol-
ecules, which can be trapped by the adsorbing material, are eventually adsorbed
onto A according to the equation:
dt, DSd l [1]
where dm is the adsorbed mass during time dt and D is the diffusion coefficient.
Let C be the concentration at the diffusive surface and Co the concentration at the
adsorbing surface, the integral of [1 ] becomes
m = D-L (C-Cd [2]
If the concentration at the adsorbing surface is negligible, the equation can be
approximated to
m= D= Q and then C= Q [3]
Al
Supelco Edition
L L 4 V
V
diffusive surface S j
adsorbing surface
In the diffusive sampler, the adsorb-
ing and the diffusive surfaces are two
opposing plane of a closed box.
Driven by the concentration gradient
the gaseus molecules (coloured in
the figure) pass through the diffusive
surface and are trapped from the
adsorbing surface.
Q is the sampling rate and has the dimensions of a gaseous flow (if m is expressed in pg, t in minutes and
C in pg-l-1, Q is expressed in I-min-1).
Therefore, if Q is constant and measured, to calculate the ambient air concentration you need only to quantify the mass
of analyte trapped by the adsorbing material and to keep note of the time of exposure of the diffusive sampler.
To improve the analytical sensitivity the collected mass m should be increased by enlarging Q. As D is a constant term,
one can only try to improve the S11 ratio, namely the geometrical constant of the sampler. Unfortunately, in the com-
mon axial simmetry sampler, if S is enlarged, the adsorbing surface A must be enlarged too, in order to keep the two
parallel surfaces at a fixed distance. Since the analytes can be recovered from the axial sampler only by solvent extrac-
tion, any increase of A lead to a proportional increase of the extraction solvent volume, thus the improvement of Q is
canceled out by the effect of dilution.
The value of distance / could also be reduced, but under the critical
value of about 8 mm the diffusion law is no longer valid in the case of
low air velocity values, since adsorption rate becomes higher than sup-
plying rate of analyte molecules at the diffusive surface.
Cannot we improve Q then?
The answer is to improve the sampler geometry to a radial design.
From this idea the radiello sampler has been developed, its cylindrical
outer surface acting as diffusive membrane: the gaseus molecules move axi-
ally parallel towards an adsorbent bed which is cylindrical too and coaxial to
the diffusive surface.
When compared to the axial sampler, radiello shows a much higher dif-
fusive surface without increase of the adsorbing material amount. Even if
the adsorbing surface is quite smaller then the diffusive one, each point of
the diffusive layer faces the diffusion barrier at the same distance.
diffusive
surface
1
r, 4--
adsorbing
surface
Section of radiello.
Diffusive and adsorb-
ing surfaces are cylin-
l`—drical and coaxial: a
large diffusive surface
faces, at a fixed dis-
tance, the small sur-
face of a little concen-
tric cartridge.
patented b Y ES"iva ro
— 595 North Harrison Road, radiello is p gr ®°^
S U P E LC 0 Bellefonte, PA 16823 USA FONDAZIONE SALVATORE MAUGERI-IRCCS g'
www.sigma-aldrich.com/radiello Centro di Ricerche Ambientali - via Svizzera, 16 - 35127 PADOVA o

A2
Supelco Edition
As S=27zrh (where h is the height of the cylinder) and the diffusive path is as long as the radius r, we can then express
equation [1] as follows
dm dC
dt = D 27c h r dr [4]
The integral of equation [4] from rd (radius of the diffusive cylindrical surface) to ra (radius of the adsorbing surface)
becomes
tC =D 21th =Q [5]
In d
ra
the ratio
2rr h
In rd
ra
is the geometrical constant of radiello. The calculated uptake rate [5] is therefore proportional to the height of the
diffusive cylinder and inversely proportional to the logarithm of the ratio of diffusive vs adsorbing cylinder radii.
The microporous sin-
tered polyethylene diffu-
sive barrier of radiello
photographed at the
electrton microscope;
the path length is much
longer than the mem-
brane thickness due to
the tortuosity of the
pores.
While ra can be easily measured, rd can only be calculated by exposure
experiments. Actually the diffusive membrane has been designed with a
thick tubular microporous layer. The actual diffusive path length is there-
fore much longer than the distance among the diffusive and adsorbing sur-
faces due to the tortuosity of the path through the pores. A diffusive cylin-
der of external diameter 8 mm, thickness 1.7 mm and average porosity of
25 pm, coupled to an adsorbing cartridge with radius 2.9 mm creates a
diffusive path of 18 mm instead of the straight line path estimation of (8-
2.9) = 5.1 mm.
The sampling rate Q is function of diffusive coefficient D, which is a thermodynamic property of each chemical sub-
stance. D varies with temperature (T) and pressure (p); therefore also the sampling rate is a function of those variables
according to
Q=f(Lp)
Q values that will be quoted in the following have been measured at 25 °C and 1013 hPa. As a consequence, they
should be corrected so as to reflect the actual sampling conditions.
The correction of Q for atmospheric pressure is usually negligible since its dependence is linear and very seldom we face
variations of more than 30 hPa about the average value of 1013 hPa. In the worst case, if corrections for pressure are
ignored you make an error of ±3%, usually it is within ±1.5%.
On the other hand, Q depends exponentially on temperature variations, therefore more relevant errors can be intro-
duced if average temperature is significantly different from 25 'C. Moreover, when chemiadsorbing cartridge are used
kinetic effects (variations of reaction velocities between analyte and chemiadsorbing substrate) can be evident, apart
from thermodynamic ones (variation of D).
It is therefore very important to know the average temperature in order to ensure accuracy of experimental
data. See how you can perform on -field temperature measurements on page B3.
Even if some cartridges adsorb large quantities of water when exposed for a long time in wet atmosphere, generally this
does not affect sampling by radiello. Some consequences, neverthless, can sometimes be felt on the analysis. As an
example, a very wet graphitised charcoal cartridge could generate ice plugs during cryogenic focusing of thermally des-
orbed compounds or blow out a FID flame.
It is therefore important to protect radiello from bad weather. See page B1 how this can be easily done.
2F'Sp®T� F.
g a radiello is patented by 595 North Harrison Road,
<" FONDAZIONE SALVATORE MAUGERI-IRCCS Bellefonte, PA 16823 USA J S U P E LC 0
o s Centro di Ricerche Ambientali - via Svizzera, 16 - 35127 PADOVA www.sigma-aldrich.com/radiello

A3
f .•. Supelco Edition
why is radiello so
special?
The diffusive sampling does not involve the use of heavy and encumbering pumping systems, does not have energy
power supply problems, does not require supervision, is noiseless, is not flammable and does not represent an explosion
hazard, can be performed by everybody everywhere and with very low costs.
Moreover, it is not subject to the breakthrough problem, which can be serious when active pumping is performed.
In pumped sampling the adsorbed compound behaves as
a chromatographic peak (top): air flow displaces it along
the adsorbent bed and its concentration is distributed as
a gaussian function. Eventually, the compound comes out
from the opposite end. When its concentration in the
outlet air is 10% of the concentration in the sampled air
we say that the breakthrough has been reached or, with
a misleading expression, that the tube has been saturat-
ed. Any further pumping leads to a loss of analyte and a
consequent underestimation of the environmental con-
centration. The extent of this phenomenon depends
weakly on the concentration of target compound but
rather on the value of air flow, the overall sampling vol-
ume and the chemical compound involved.
In the graph the case of benzene is displayed, sampled at
25 °C onto an activated charcoal adsorbent bed of the
same volume of a code 130 radiello cartridge. The
breakthrough is reached after 35, 44 or 49 liters of sam-
pled air depending on benzene concentration in air (10,
50 or 100 Ng•m-3 respectively).
100
0
rn 80
w
c
3
0 60
nE 40
a
S
20
100 Ng•m'
— pumped
— samplers
. radiello
50 Ng•m'
1-10Ag-M
V 1000 2000 30QO 4000
35 I Ann ��00 3050
An apparently similar phenomenon is shown by m49 back -diffusion air (Liters)
radiello also. In this case, however, we cannot speak of breakthrough
breakthrough, since no actual air flow is involved, but
rather of backdiffusion. This consists of a decrease of the
value of m•Q-'•t' (which is equal to the measured concentration, see eqn. [3] on page A1). This term is constant and equal to
the actual concentration until the adsorbed mass of analyte is far from the maximum amount allowed by the adsorbing medi-
um capacity. The extent of backdiffusion depends on concentration and exposure time but a decrease of 10% in the m•Q-1-t
' term is observed along with equivalent sampling volumes of magnitude bigger than those seen before: 1600, 2300 and 3050
liters at the concentration of 10, 50 and 100 pg•m-3.
Why diffusive sampling has not been so extensively adopt-
ed up to now?
This is due to the fact that the traditional axial symmetry
sampler has generally poor sensitivity and reproducibility
because of the limits set by its geometry. On one side,
uptake rate values are generally low, on the other, they
often vary depending on environmental conditions.
These limitations have been overcome by radiello.
By virtue of radial symmetry, uptake rate is
✓ high, since it does not vary linearly
but exponentially with the ratio diffu-
sive surface vs diffusive path length
(see eqn. [5]). With the same dimen-
sions, radiello's uptake rate is at least
three times higher than that of any
axial diffusive sampler;
For a traditional 0
axial symmetry
sampler the
uptake rate
increases linearly with tha ratio of diffusive surface vs diffusive path length, while for
the radial simmetry sampler, the corresponding increase is exponential. This means
that, let the diffusive surface vs diffusive path length ratio be 8:1, for the axial sampler
the uptake rate value is 8 (regardless of dimensions) while for the radial one it is 45.
595 North Harrison Road, radiello is patented by
C SUPELCO Bellefonte, PA 16823 USA FONDAZIONE SALVATORE VAUGERI-IRCCS
www.sigma-aldrich.com/radiello Centro di Ricerche Ambientali - via Svizzera, 16 - 35127 PADOVA o `

Supelco Edition
✓ constant, due to the great adsorbing capacity of the adsorbing car-
tridge,-
reproducible, by virtue of the stiffness of the diffusive membrane and
the cartridge and of the close tolerances characterizing all the compo-
nents of radiello;
✓ invariable with air speed, due to the tortuosity of the diffusive path
inside the microporous diffusive cylindrical surface;
✓ precisely measured, because it is not calculated but experimental-
ly measured in a controlled atmosphere chamber in a wide range of
concentration, temperature, relative humidity, air speed conditions
and with or without interferents....
Moreover, radiello
► able to work properly also with bad weather conditions due
to the water-repellent diffusive body
► has blank values lower than three times the instrumental
noise due to the complex conditioning procedures of the
bulk adsorbing (or chemiadsorbing) materials and to the
repeated quality controls along the whole production
► has low detection limits and high adsorbing capacities that
allow exposure time duration from 15 minutes to 30 days
and concentration measurements from 1 ppb to over 1000
ppm
► offers high precision and accuracy over a wide range of expo-
sure values
► allows thermal desorption and HRGC-MS analysis without inter-
ferents
► is suited to the sampling of a vast range of gaseous pollutants
► is though and chemically inert, being made of polycarbonate,
microporous polyethylene and stainless steel
► is indefinitely reusable in all of its components apart from the
adsorbing cartridge; the latter can be recovered if thermal des
orption is employed
► it comes from the efforts of one of the main European scientific
research institutions that produces it directly by high technology
equipment and continuously submits it to severe tests and per
forms research and development in its laboratory in Padova
All the images in the manual concern the Environmental Research Center of Padova of the Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri-IRCCS
2F'Sp®T� F.
g a radiello is patented by 595 North Harrison Road,
<" FONDAZIONE SALVATORE MAUGERI-IRCCS Bellefonte, PA 16823 USA J S U P E LC 0
o s Centro di Ricerche Ambientali - via Svizzera, 16 - 35127 PADOVA www.sigma-aldrich.com/radiello

I A5
Supelco Edition
the componen 5
ragielo
The essential parts of radiello are the adsorbing cartridge, the diffusive body, the supporting plate and the adhesive
label with the bar code indication. Apart from the adsorbing cartridge, if not differently stated, all of the other com-
ponents can be repeatedly used for several sampling experiments.
The adsorbing cartridge
The diffusive body
Depending on the polluting compound to be sam-
Four kinds of diffusive bodies are available, with like outer
pled, many different adsorbing or chemiadsorbing
dimensions: 60 mm height and 16 mm diameter.
cartridges have been developed. Their dimensions
The white diffusive body, code 120, of general use, is made of
are neverthless the same for all: 60 mm length and
microporous polyethylene 1.7 mm thick and average porosity 25
4.8 or 5.8 mm diameter.
t 5 pm. Diffusive path length is 18 mm.
They are contained in glass or plastic tubes
The blue diffusive body, code 120-1, has the same properties of
wrapped up in a transparent polyethylene ther-
the white one but is opaque to light: it is suited to the sampling
mowelded bag.
of light-sensitive compounds.
The code number, printed onto the bag along with
The yellow diffusive body, code 120-2, should be used when -
the lot number and expiry date indicates the kind
ever the sampling rate must be reduced; it is made of microp-
of cartridge.
orous polyethylene 5 mm thick and average porosity 10 t 2 pm.
Apart from the thermal desorption cartridges, all of
Diffusive path length is 150 mm.
the other kinds are for single use only. See the
The permeative diffusive body, code 120-3, is a 50 pm thick sil-
application section at the back for codes relevant to
icone membrane strengthened by a stainless steel net and a
the different analytes.
microporous polyethylene cylinder. It is employed for anaesthet-
Available in 20 pieces per package.
is gases and vapours sampling.
The cartridge has to be introduced into the
Available in 20 pieces per package.
diffusive body.
The diffusive body has to be screwed onto the supporting
plate.
cnDI,1?m
� rain.
rtrdiello" CDDE168
The supporting plate
It is identified by the code 121. Made
of polycarbonate, it acts both as clo- code 120 120-1 120-2 120-3
sure and support for the diffusive
body, which has to be screwed onto
the thread. It comes along with a The label
clip and a transparent adhesive �I��Ei�I�iII�l�� IIIIj��I iI'Il
pocket to hold the label. The A7975 Self-adhesive, with printed barcode
three parts are to be assem- date time number. Since each barcode number
bled before use (see page at art has been printed in only one copy, it
A6). arf end allows an unmistakable identifica-
Available in 20 pieces '""'
del, tj,. tion of the sampling tube on field
per package. M' code 190 and in the laboratory for the subse-
quent analysis.
Each package of 20 adsorbing cartridges contains also
21 labels.
code 121 If the labels are ordered separately, they are
shipped in 198 pieces per package.
patented b y Es"ivaro
595 North Harrison Road, radiello is p
J S U P E LC 0 Bellefonte, PA 16823 USA FONDAZIONE SALVATORE MAUGERI-IRCCS <" '
^" n
www.sigma-aldrich.com/radiello Centro di Ricerche Ambientali - via Svizzera, 16 - 35127 PADOVA o c

A6
Supelco Edition
how to us assembling assembling the
before sampling supporting plate
Before using radiello, you have to assemble the supporting plate with the clip, necessary to suspend it, and the adhe-
sive label pocket.
O
insert the clip strip in the slot, with
the peg facing upwards
user tip
Assemble the supporting plate in
your laboratory before the sam-
pling campaign to save
time in the field
on -field
to start the sampling
ply the strip and insert the peg
the hole
peel off the transparent
pocket
O
and place it onto the plate in a central QIF-
position; if you prefer, the pocket can
be applied to the rear of the plate, but
BE CAREFUL, always with the label
insertion slot on the side (otherwise, if
it starts raining the label can get wet)
open the plastic bag, draw the cartridge out from the tube and put
it in the diffusive body. Keep the glass or the plastic tube and
stopper in the original plastic bag.
The lower part of the diffusive body holds a seat for the central
positioning of the cartridge. A correctly centered cartridge
should not stick out even by half a millimeter. If it does, the
cartridge is not correctly positioned and out of axis.
BE CAREFUL: do not hold the diffusive body horizontally
when you screw it onto the plate, otherwise the cartridge
could come out from its seat and stick out.
As a consequence, when the diffusive body is screwed onto the
supporting plate the cartridge is bent, the geometry of the sampler
is disturbed and the results obtained become unreliable. To place
the cartridge centrally you need only to tap on the diffusive
body.
Insert a label in the pocket without peeling it
off. Keep note of the date and time and
expose radiello. Sampling has started.
user tip
0
z
Keeping the
diffusive body in a
vertical position,
to screw it onto
the support plate
Do not touch the cartridge
with your fingers if possible,
particularly if it is
impregnated with reactive
Sp��AT
radiello is patented by
<" FONDAZIONE SALVATORE MAUGERI-IRCCS
o V Centro di Ricerche Ambientali - via Svizzera, 16 - 35127 PADOVA
O
V?7-
V
V
595 North Harrison Road,
Bellefonte, PA 16823 USA J S U P E L C O
www.sigma-aldrich.com/radiello

A7
Supelco Edition
user tip
even if you can write date and time of the sampling start and end on the adhesive label, we suggest you to keep
note of these parameters also separately: after a week exposure with bad weather conditions,
your writing might have become illegible!
DO NOT USE MARKER PENS to write on the label: they contain solvents that are sampled by radiello!
after the sampling O
Keep note of the date and time of the end of exposure.
Place the cartridge into the tube, peel off the label and stick it onto the tube
such that the barcode is parallel to the axis of the tube.
If you have performed the sampling of different polluting compounds at the
same time, BE CAREFUL NOT TO MIX UP THE TUBES: place the exposed
cartridge in its original tube, identified by the code printed on the plastic bag.
IMPORTANT
Always stick the label such that the barcode is parallel to the axis of the tube: any other position will com-
promise the barcode automated reading by the optic reading device.
radiello
maintenance
When exposed outdoors or in a workplace environment, the diffusive body may get dirty from airborne dust. Fine par-
ticles (PIVI J are especially harmful to yellow diffusive bodies since they can obstruct the pores. When the diffusive bod-
ies are dirty you can wash them as follows.
Immerse the diffusive bodies in a beaker with a soapy solution (e.g. dish detergent) and sonicate them for 20 minutes.
As the diffusive bodies float, you may make them sink by putting a smaller beaker on them, with water inside enough
to dip it a few centimeters. Rinse the diffusive bodies with plenty of water and then deionized water; let them finally
dry in the air.
IMPORTANT: NEVER USE SOLVENTS TO CLEAN THE DIFFUSIVE BODIES!!!
After four or five washings, diffusive bodies need to be replaced: repeatedly adsorbed dust may have penetrated the so
deeply that they cannot be removed by washing anymore.
The following table shows the advised washing schedule:
PM10 concentration (pg-m-3) <30 40
Washing after days of exposure 45 30
c S U P E L C 0 595 North Harrison Road,
Bellefonte, PA 16823 USA
www.sigma-aldrich.com/radiello
>50
15
SALVq,
radiello is patented by ozE o f
3
FONDAZIONE SALVATORE MAUGERI-IRCCS <"
- 351 Z7 PADOVA Centro di Rlcerche Ambientali - via Svizzera, 16 o

A8
Supelco Edition
radiello -ready- to- use
The ready -to -use version may be advantageous when you prefer not to assemble all of the components on
field. It can be purchased as it is or in separate parts to be assembled by the customer.
In the ready -to -use version the adsorbing cartridge is already contained in a diffusive body closed with a
polycarbonate screw -thread cap. The whole is closed in a polypropylene airtight container. Just before use
draw the diffusive body out of the container and fit it to the special snapping vertical adapter fixed to the
supporting plate. After the end of exposure, the diffusive body with its content is placed again
in the polypropylene airtight container to be shipped to the laboratory for analysis. The
ready -to -use radiello (polycarbonate cap, glass or plastic tube, special snapping vertical
adapter, barcode label and polypropylene container) is available for the sampling of the follow-
ing compounds: 0
code sampling of contains
123-1 BTEX and VOCs white diffusive body and cartridge code 130
123-2 BTEX and VOCs yellow diffusive body and cartridge code 145
123-3 N021 S02 and HF blue diffusive body and cartridge code 166
123-4 aldehydes blue diffusive body and cartridge code 165
123-5 ozone blue diffusive body and cartridge code 172
123-6 hydrogen sulfide white diffusive body and cartridge code 170
123-7 ammonia blue diffusive body and cartridge code 168
123-8 HCI white diffusive body and cartridge code 169
IMPORTANT: for the ready -to -use version the support-
ing plate needs to be ordered separately. The ready -to -
use samplers are stable for 3 months.
If you prefer to assemble it by yourselves, you should order: A
✓ diffusive bodies (of the required type, see following chapterc)
✓ adsorbing cartridges (of the required type, see following
chapters)
✓ polycarbonate caps, code 124-1
✓ special snapping adapters, code 122-1
✓ polypropylene containers, code 124-2
✓ supporting plates, code 121
r `
Fit the diffusive
body to the
adapter by push-
ing it till you
hear a clicking
sound
on top:
to the right, radiello-ready-to-use
to the left, the diffusive body with the
polycarbonate cap and the adsorbing car-
tridge inside
at the bottom: the special snapping
adapter
see left: the supporting plate with the
vertical snapping adapter
user tip
the ready -to -use version of radiello
is very useful in the workplace sampling
campaigns but is not advised if very low
concentrations in outdoor or domestic
environments are to be measured
Draw the diffusive body by
tilting it with decision
2F'Sp®T� F.
g a radiello is patented by 595 North Harrison Road,
<" FONDAZIONE SALVATORE MAUGERI-IRCCS Bellefonte, PA 16823 USA J S U P E LC 0
o s Centro di Ricerche Ambientali - via Svizzera, 16 - 35127 PADOVA www.sigma-aldrich.com/radiello