NCD980602163_19950224_Warren County PCB Landfill_SERB C_ETG Environmental Qualifications Submittal for Use of BCD to Detoxify PCB Contaminated Soils-OCR

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ETG ENVIRONMENTAL, INC
QUALIFICATIONS SUBMITTAL
FOR USE OF
BASE CATALYZED DECHLORINATION (BCD)
TO DETOXIFY PCB CONTAMINATED SOILS
SUBMITTED TO:
SHARRON ROGERS
NORTH CAROLOINA
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
DIVISION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGMENT
401 OBERLIN ROAD, SUITE 150
RALEIGH, NC 27605
TELEPHONE: [phone]
SUBMITTED BY:
ETG ENVIRONMENT AL, INC.
660 SENTRY PARKWAY
BLUE BELL, PA 19422
TELEPHONE: [phone]
FACSil\1ILE(610)828-6976
FEBRUARY 24, 1995
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Qualifications Submittal to NCDEHNR Project: Warren County landfill
Table of Contents
Section Description ~
1.0 ETG QUALIFICATIONS SUMMARY .................................... 1-1
2.0
Figure
1-1
2-1
2-2
Table
1-1
1.1 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.2 Company Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
1.3 Experience Summary -Key Personnel ................................. 1-3
1.4 Qualifications and Experience -Thermal Desorption/BCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
1.4.1 Thermal Desorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
1.4.2 BCD Process ............................................... 1-5
1.4.2.1 SITE Demonstration ................................. 1-5
1.4.2.2 Other BCD Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
ETG TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION ..................................... 2-1
2.1 Technology Description ............................................ 2-1
2.2 Description of Equipment to be Utilized ............................... 2-4
List of Figures
Description Page
Equipment placed on a portable containment pad (Koppers Superfund Site) . . . . . 1-7
BCD Technology and the Therm-O-Detox® System ........................ 2-3
Therm-O-Detox Pilot Scale System ..................................... 2-4
List of Tables
Description Page
ETG Summary of Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendices
Professional Profiles
Project Summaries
Technology Profile -SITE Program
Attachments
1. ETG Qualifications & Experience
ETG Environmental, Inc. -i-February 27, 1995
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Qualifications Submittal to NCDEHNR Project: Warren County Landfill
1.0 ETG QUALIFICATIONS SUMMARY
1.1 Executive Summary
In response to the demand for technological permanent remedial alternatives to incineration for
treatment/destruction of high hazard chlorinated and non-chlorinated organics, ETG
Environmental, Inc. (ETG) has developed the Therm-O-Detox® indirect heat medium
temperature thermal desorption (MTTD, 600°-950°F) system. The Therm-O-Detox system can
be combined with the U.S. EPA patented, ETG licensed Base Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD)
process to provide low cost complete detoxification/dechlorination of organics including
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF),
polychlorinated phenols (PCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and many others. The
Therm-O-Detox system achieves the following objectives:
• Minimizes/concentrates the organic contaminants of concern,
• Complete detoxification of condensed organics through chemical dechlorination,
• Allows the contaminated media to be recycled as backfill after treatment,
• Recovers the dechlorinated organic compounds for recycling as a fuel supplement
in an industrial boiler,
• Eliminates the off-site shipment of hazardous waste, reducing liability,
• Minimizes air discharges and virtually eliminates water discharges on most
applications, and
• Provides a low cost permanent remedy for PCDD/PCDF/PCB sites or other high
hazard waste sites when compared to off-site landfilling or incineration of
contaminated soil/sediments.
ETG has worked with the U.S. EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) since
1991 to commercially develop the BCD process. ETG is uniquely qualified and is the only
supplier that currently possesses the equipment specified in the Request for Proposal (RFP),
including an MTTD unit and BCD liquid Tank Reactor (LTR). ETG is the only company in the
country with field experience performing liquid phase BCD. ETG is one of only two (2)
licensees of the BCD process.
This provides a package of information to completely respond to the North Carolina Department
of Environment, Health and Natural Resources RFQ ..
ETG Environmental, Inc. 1-1 February 27, 1995
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Qualifications Submittal to NCDEHNR Project: Warren County Landfill
1.2 Company Background
ETG is a field oriented, technology based remediation and hazardous waste processing company
with nearly forty ( 40) years experience providing cost effective environmental services to our
clients. Table 1-1 provides a detailed description of our full range of services. ETG's diverse
project experience base includes over 1,000 projects in twenty-seven (27) states, ranging in size
from $SOK to $10M.
Table 1-1: ETG Summary of Services
► Treatability Studies
► Pilot Scale Demonstrations
On-Site Waste Processing ► Low & Medium Temperature Thermal Desorption
► BCD (Chemical Dehalogenation)
► Liquid/Solids Separation
► Stabilization/Solidification
► Soil Vapor Extraction
Subsurface & Groundwater ► Groundwater Sparging
Remediation ► Vacuum Dewatering
► Bio-enhancement
► Thermal Subsurface Injection
► Soil Gas Surveys
► Groundwater Modeling
Environmental Engineering ► Soil Sampling and Analysis
► Remedial Design
► Bench Scale Testing
► Waste Excavation and Removal
► Drum Remediation
Remedial Construction ► UST/AST Cleaning and Removal
► Lagoon and Impoundment Closure
► Facility Decontamination
ETG is a privately held company with corporate headquarters in Blue Bell, PA (a Philadelphia
suburb) with an additional operating center in Lansing, Michigan.
ETG has the financial backing of Charterhouse Group International, a New York City investment
management firm with U.S. investments approaching $1 billion.
ETG Environmental, Inc. 1-2 February 27, 1995
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Qualifications Submittal to NCDEHNR Project: Warren County landfill
A full Statement of Qualifications and Experience of ETG's non-thermal/BCD projects is
provided as an Attachment to this proposal. A complete description of the ETG thermal
desorption/BCD experience is contained in Section 1.4 and Appendix B.
1.3 Experience Summary -Key Personnel
ETG has over three (3) decades of hands-on, field operation experience in hazardous waste
management. ETG has successfully and safely performed over one-thousand (1,000) projects in
twenty-seven (27) states within the last ten (10) years at various refining, chemical,
primary/secondary metal and general industry facilities. Applications include thermal
desorption, soil vapor extraction, chemical stabilization, dewatering, lagoon/impoundment
closure, tank cleaning, drum identification and disposal, and soil excavation and remediation.
ETG's Senior Vice President of Technology and Business Development, Dr. Yei-Shong Shieh,
provides overall program management for ETG's thermal desorption business sector. Dr. Shieh
has worked extensively with the U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) since
1991 to commercially develop the BCD process. ETG' s thermal desorption technical staff
includes: Dr. Shieh, Haren Master, etc. Haren Master, Mitchell Moss, Bert Slomeana and
Gordon Chin provide clients with technical and field support for project work as well as interface
with governmental/regulatory agencies. Qualifications and experience profiles of the ETG team
are provided in Appendix A.
ETG Environmental, Inc. 1-3 February 27, 1995
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Qualifications Submittal to NCDEHNR Project: Warren County l andfill
1.4 Qualifications and Experience -Thermal Desorption/BCD
1.4.1 Thermal Desorption
ETG has extensive project experience providing thermal desorption services for a number of
commercial applications. The scope of these projects included material handling, thermal
processing using several different technological approaches, and recycling/disposal of the treated
materials. These projects are summarized below and in Appendix B.
ETG Environmental, Inc.
Project Experience
Thermal Desorption/BCD
Location Description Size
Pennsylvania Excavation, thermal desorption, backfill and capping $7,700,000.00
of lagoon containing over 32,000 tons of soil
contaminated with organics.
Ohio Processing of as-generated refinery wastes to meet $2,500,000.00/yr
landfill disposal and/or recycling parameters.
Ohio Processing of as-generated refinery wastes to meet $2,200,000.00/yr
landfill disposal (BDAT) and/or recycling parameters.
New Jersey Dredging, transfer, dewatering, thermal desorption $1 ,500,000.00
and disposal of approximately 7,000 cubic yards of
oily refinery wastes.
Maryland Dewatering and thermal desorption of chemical plant $1 ,000,000.00
waste to meet BDAT standards for disposal.
Puerto Rico Processing of refinery wastes to meet landfill disposal $1 ,000,000.00
(BDA T) parameters for semi-volatile and volatile
organics as well as metals.
ETG Environmental, Inc. 1-4 February 27, 1995
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Qualifications Submittal to NCDEHNR Project: Warren County landfill
1.4.2 BCD Process
ETG has been actively involved in the commercial development of the BCD process both in the
U.S. and internationally. ETG has worked extensively with the USEPA RREL (the technology
developer) and equipment manufacturers to optimize the process performance. ETG has entered
into an exclusive agreement with a U.S. manufacturer of thermal equipment and has developed a
thermal desorption unit which improves desorption removal rates and solid phase BCD by
improving heat transfer efficiency and providing for increased local mixing of the contaminated
material.
Internationally, ETG has entered into a Technology Cooperation Agreement with the Australian
Defense Industry (ADI), an international licensee of the BCD process, to utilize experience
gained in Australia on BCD applications and to transfer ETG's Therm-0-Detox technology to
Australia. In addition, a Therm-0-Detox/BCD system has been sold to ASG of Germany to be
utilized for testing of various contaminated wastes at a former chemical manufacturing facility.
ETG has held discussions with representatives from Japan, Spain, Mexico, Canada, South
America, New Zealand, and Taiwan to explore BCD applications in these countries.
In addition to the previously listed thermal desorption projects, Sections 1.4.2.1 and 1.4.2.2
describe ETG's domestic experience with the BCD technology.
1.4.2.1 SITE Demonstration
Through a cooperative effort between the EPA Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
(SITE) Program, EPA Region IV , and the State ofNorth Carolina, a successful BCD technology
demonstration was conducted by ETG and SRS (ETG acting as Technical and Program Manager)
at the PCP/PCDD/PCDF contaminated Koppers Superfund site in Morrisville, North Carolina in
September, 1993. As a result of the SITE demonstration, EPA Region IV has approved the use
of the BCD technology for the remediation of the site. The full scale remediation at Koppers is
scheduled to be completed in 1995.
In late 1992, ETG was contracted by the USEP A Office of Research and Development (ORD) to
demonstrate the MTTD/BCD technology using the ETG/SRS Sarex® Therm-0-Detox system at
the Koppers Superfund site in Morrisville, NC, under the Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation (SITE) program. The objectives of this demonstration were:
ETG Environmental, Inc. 1-5 February 27, 1995
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Qualifications Submittal to NCDEHNR Project: Warren County Landfill
• Assess the effectiveness of the MTTD/BCD process in treating PCP, PCDD, and
PCDF to levels below those stated in the ROD.
• Determine if treatment residuals (air, water, oil) also meet appropriate clean-up
levels.
• Develop information to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of MTTD/BCD for future
Superfund projects, RCRA corrective actions, or voluntary remediation projects.
The Koppers site in Morrisville was a former wood preserving operation that used PCP for wood
preservation. Contaminants in the soils included PCP in excess of 10,000 ppm, and lesser
concentrations of dioxins and furans.
Following completion of bench-scale testing and approval of the Quality Assurance Project Plan,
an MTTD/BCD pilot scale system capable of 0.25 to 0.5 TPH throughput was mobilized as
pictured in Figure 1-1. The equipment was placed on a portable containment pad with
approximate dimensions of 60' x 80'. Soil was excavated from documented "hot spots" on the
site, screened and placed in 55 gallon drums for transport to the processing area.
One test run was completed per day during the demonstration. The operating parameters ( drum
weight, reagent dosage, retention time, operating temperature, contaminant concentration, etc.)
were recorded throughout the demonstration. Each test run lasted between four and eight hours
and processed 2,000 to 4,000 pounds of feed per run. A total of 15 tons of contaminated waste
were treated. Samples of treated solids, air, water, and organics were collected during each run.
Final results will be reported in the U.S. EPA's SITE Demonstration Summary Report expected
to be released in 1995. The EPA technology profile from the Seventh Edition of the SITE
Program (November 1994) for this demonstration, as well as the EPA Fact Sheet describing the
project, are provided in Attachment C.
ETG Environmental, Inc. 1-6 February 27, 1995
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Qualifications Submittal to NCDEHNR Project: Warren County Landfill
Figure 1-1: Equipment placed on a portable containment pad (Koppers Superfund Site)
1.4.2.2 Other BCD Projects
In addition to the SITE demonstration, ETG has been involved in several projects in which BCD
is being evaluated for full scale remedial action cleanup. These projects are summarized below:
1. New York State Superfund Site. ETG has completed treatability studies and a
ROD specifying MTTD/BCD has been issued for this abandoned commercial
herbicide reformulation/distribution facility. All pesticide soil concentrations
were reduced to less than 60 ppb; PCDD concentrations were reduced to 47 ppt or
less. The waste at this site has been listed as F027 under 40CFR 261.
2. U.S. EPA Funded NPL Site. ETG was recently awarded a treatability study
under the U.S. EPA Region III ARCS program to evaluate MTTD/BCD for this
abandoned wood treating facility with PCP/PCDD/PCDF contamination in
Southern Virginia. The ROD has been issued for chemical dehalogenation
(BCD).
ETG Environmental, Inc. 1-7 February 27, 1995
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Qualifications Submittal to NCDEHNR Project: Warren County Landfill
3. Former Manufacturing Facility. ETG has completed treatability studies and is
currently --orking with the PRP for full scale remediation for the full scale
remediation of PCDD/PCDF contaminated F027 listed waste site in Michigan.
PCDD/PCDF concentrations in the soil were reduced from the low ppm level to
less than 0.1 -1.9 ppt.
4. Operating Primary Metal Production Facility. ETG has completed a
treatability study for this PCB contaminated soil, sludge and sediment site in New
York state. PCB concentrations in the soil were reduced from 267 ppm to 0.119
ppm.
5. U.S. EPA Funded NPL Site. ETG was recently awarded a pilot scale
MTTD/BCD study under the USEPA Emergency Response Team (ERT)
Response Engineering and Analytical Contract (REAC). This contract is to
provide a ilot scale demonstration MTTD/BCD (solid and liquid phase) system
to process up to 500 lb/hour of soil contaminated with PCP/PCDD/PCDF at an
abandoned wood treating facility in California. This study is scheduled to be
conducted in May/June 1995.
6. Operating Chemical Facility. ETG was awarded and is currently performing a
treatability study for this PCDD/PCDF contaminated soil site in Ohio.
Completion is scheduled for March 1995.
7. U.S. Navy. ETG is working with a teaming partner to provide a pilot scale
demonstration to treat PCP and creosote contaminated wood at an operating U.S.
Navy base. Tentatively scheduled for late 1995.
ETG Environmental, Inc. 1-8 February 27, 1995
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Qualifications Submittal to NCDEHNR Project: Warren County Landfill
2.0 ETG TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
2.1 Technology Description
Thermal desorption has become an accepted and effective alternative for the non-oxidative
treatment of organic contaminated soils, sediments, and sludges. Physically separating the
contaminants from the media by indirect heating results in very low volume off-gas flows, which
in tum, allows condensation of the organic compounds from the off-gas. The U.S. EPA patented,
ETG licensed Base Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD) Technology then detoxifies and chemically
decomposes the contaminants by removing chlorine atoms. The BCD process can be combined
with medium temperature thermal desorption (MTTD, 600 °-950 °F) to dechlorinate/detoxify
high hazard organics including pentachlorophenol (PCP), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB),
polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), and
pesticides/herbicides.
The USEPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) in Cincinnati, Ohio developed
and patented the BCD technology. RREL initiated research to develop innovative alternatives
for treatment of chlorinated organic compounds in 1980. The challenge was to modify the
catalytic transfer hydrogenation process utilized extensively in the chemical industry to yield a
low cost commercial process for waste remediation which would meet regulatory standards. In
January, 1989 experimental results confirmed that a process for chemical dechlorination had
indeed been developed on a laboratory scale. The Federal Technology Transfer Act (FTTA)
allowed ETG to acquire a license from the USEP A to commercially develop the process.
Indirect heated thermal desorption of organics from contaminated soils and sludges is well
studied and documented. Indirect heated systems transfer heat from heat transfer fluid through
metal surfaces (walls and shafts/paddles of the MTTD unit) to the waste materials. A sweep gas
with low oxygen content is used to physically separate the organic contaminants from the media
( e.g., soil) through thermal desorption. Desorbed organic compounds are condensed and
recovered. Polymer and/or carbon adsorption are used to polish the off-gas prior to discharge
into the atmosphere. Particulate carryover is minimized due to the low volume of exhaust gas.
The treated, condensed water is recycled back to the treated media for cooling, dust suppression,
and to provide moisture content suitable for backfill compaction.
ETG Environmental, Inc. 2-1 February 27, 1995
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Qualifications Submittal to NCDEHNR Project: Warren County landfill
Heat transfer to the waste and degree of waste mixing are critical factors for effective thermal
desorption. Increased mixing will lead to the reduction of material residence times. A thermal
desorption system that processes material quickly and thoroughly also lessens the probability of
thermal decomposition of organic compounds or the formation of coke in the system. A process
temperature in the thermal desorption system of approximately 700-800°F defined by ETG as
medium temperature thermal desorption (MTTD), is appropriate for the removal of heavy
organic and chlorinated organic compounds, including those identified in the RFQ as
contaminants of concern at the Warren County Landfill, NC.
ETG's Therm-O-Detox® system shown in Figure 2-1 includes an indirect heated MTTD unit to
physically separate moisture and organics from the media, a vapor recovery system including
condensing unit(s), chillers, and polymer/carbon adsorption, and a BCD liquid tank reactor
(L TR). The dried, contaminated/screened materials are fed through a feed hopper to the solids
reactor (MTTD). Dechlorination agents may be added in the feed conveyor to allow premixing
with the contaminated media. The contaminated media is processed by the twin, low speed,
indirectly heated paddles of the MTTD unit. The unique, overlapping design of the paddles
results in thorough mixing and de-balling action, thus maximizing exposure of the particles to
enhance heat transfer. This allows rapid heating of the soil/sludge for optimal, cost effective
contaminant removal. ETG has designed the vapor recovery system to be modular, utilizing
readily available and commercially proven equipment.
The MTTD can be controlled to the desired temperature and residence time required to desorb
the organic compounds and feed the BCD process. Vapors are discharged to the scrubbing and
condensing system and a carbon polishing system prior to atmospheric discharge. Treated media
is discharged to an enclosed cooling conveyor where treated water from the vapor recovery
system is recycled and utilized to cool the treated, clean soil, as well as to control dust and
produce a material with proper moisture content for compaction that is recyclable as on-site
backfill.
The organic contaminants recovered from the vapor recovery system are sent to the BCD liquid
tank reactor (LTR). The BCD reactor treats contaminants by adding base (i.e., sodium
hydroxide), a catalyst, and a hydrocarbon source (specially formulated oil) which serves as the
reaction medium and the hydrogen donor. BCD reactor contents are heated to a temperature of
320° to 340°C (610°-650 °F) to effect dechlorination of contaminants. After dechlorination
ETG Environmental, Inc. 2-2 February 27, 1995
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Qualifications Submittal to NCDEHNR Project: Warren County Landfill
reactions are completed, the BCD reactor contents are non-hazardous/non-regulated and can be
reused to treat other contaminants with chemical additions or recycled as a fuel supplement.
CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT
FEED HOPPER
CONFIDENTIAL
DECHLORINATION
REAGENTS
PUGMILL MIXER
HEAT
TRANSf'tR
FLUID
• ALSO USED AS
SEDIMENT DRYER
VAPOR
DISCHARGE
BCD SOLIDS REACTOR
MEDIUM TEMPERATURE
THERMAL DESORPTION
(MTTD)•
WATER
SPRAY
COOLING WATER C:,v"v -~--=--::::.._-r4 COOLING SCREW CONVEYOR
ON-SIT£ BACKFlll. OR ---------l
OFT-Sm: DISPOSAL
CHILI.ER --------<
TREATED
WATER
RECYCLED ON-SITE
CARBON POLYMER
ADSORB ER ADSORBER
POLYMER
ADSORBER
Figure 2-1: BCD Technology and the Therm-O-Detox System
BCD Methodology
TO
ATMOSPHERE
The principle behind the BCD process is the utilization of hydrogen radicals generated from a
hydrogen donor to completely replace the chlorine ions in the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The key
operating variables for the reactions are temperature, base catalyst, and hydrogen donor
concentrations.
The BCD chemistry in the LTR is illustrated as follows:
R-(CL) + R 1 Na+ R-H + NaCl +R 11
X iJH
Catalyst
ETG Environmental, Inc. 2-3 February 27, 1995
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Qualifications Submittal to NCDEHNR Project: Warren County Landfill
R -(CL)x, as shown in the equation, can be any halogenated compound such as PCP or PCB's. In
principal R' represents the hydrogen donor whose oxidation potential is sufficiently low to
generate nucleophilic hydrogen in the presence of base Na+ (sodium hydroxide) and at
temperatures between 250°-350°C. Under these conditions, the chlorine on the R -(CL)x
molecule is replaced by H to produce R - H with loss of hydrogen from R' to R" and the
formation of sodium chloride (table salt). This reaction achieves complete dechlorination of
chlorinated compounds.
2.2 Description of Equipment to be Utilized
The Therm-O-Detox® twin shaft paddle type indirect heated desorber pilot unit is basically a
scaled down version of its commercial sized counterpart as shown in Figure 2-2. The pilot scale
BCD treatment unit was designed by ETG based on process considerations and BCD treatment
requirements. The complete unit is fully mobile and capable of meeting the 100-500 pounds per
hour of dried sediment specification and the associated distillate collection requiremen, and
would be used in the pilot demonstration to be held at the Warren County Landfill.
Figure 2-2: Therm-O-Detox Pilot Scale System
ETG Environmental, Inc. 2-4 February 2 7, 1995
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I Appendix A
I Professional Profiles
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Dr. Yei-Shong Shieh
Present Position: Senior Vice President, Technology & Business Development
Education: Ph.D., Chemical & Biochemical Engineering -Rutgers University (1974)
B.S., Chemical Engineering -National Taiwan University ( 1967)
Fields of Competence:
Over twenty-two years experience related to technology and business development in the
fields of environmental technology, resource recovery and fossil energy. A strong
management background in research and development, concept engineering, applications
engineering, process engineering, technology applications, QA/QC and laboratory services.
Familiar with current environmental regulations including RCRA, CERCLA, Clean Air and
Clean Water Acts. Extensive knowledge of emerging technologies in a wide range of
environmental service areas with emphasis on waste minimization ( e.g., liquid/solids
separation, drying), resource recovery and stabilization.
Key Accomplishments:
• Identification of thermal desorption technologies for refinery, chemical, and coal tar wastes, and
joint venture and teaming arrangement negotiation with these companies.
• Process and engineering development of thermal desorption and chemical dechlorination (Base
Catalyzed Decomposition -BCD) commercial systems.
• Negotiation of licensing agreements and technology transfers for remedial technologies including
soil vapor extraction (SVE) and BCD.
• Process engineering and technical design responsibility for more than twenty-five waste treatment
and stabilization facilities for utility companies using chemical stabilization type of processes.
Development of integrated by-product resource recovery management for these wastes.
• Development of the Super Detox Process from laboratory scale to full scale commercialization for
the stabilization of K06 l hazardous wastes generated from electric arc furnaces .
• Technology responsibility for approximately ten wastewater treatment systems for coil coating,
can coating, metal finishing and electroplating industries.
• Established a water quality analysis and modeling program covering the Passaic River, Newark
Bay and Upper Delaware Estuary for the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection.
• Performed technology and business evaluations of wastewater, groundwater, sludge and
contaminated soil treatments relating to dewatering, drying, waste minimization, resource
recovery and stabilization for the refining, pigment, metal finishing, steel and chemical industries.
A-1
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Dr. Yei-Shong Shieh
Page 2
Employment History:
1990 -Present ETG Environmental Inc.
Senior Vice President, Technology & Business Development
1974 -1990 Conversion Systems, Inc.
Director, Technical Services
1973 -1974 New Jersey Department Environmental Protection,
Bureau of Water Pollution Control
Acting Supervising Engineer
A-2
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Haren M. Master
Present Position: Senior Vice President, Operations
Education: M.B.A., Baruch College, City University of New York (All but Thesis)
M.S., Chemical Engineering -Lowell University (1972)
B.S., Chemical Engineering -Indian Institute of Technology (1970)
Fields of Competence:
Over fifteen years of experience with profit and loss management; contract negotiation and
management; subcontractor selection and evaluations; project management; engineering staff
management; process design; resource recovery; estimating; purchasing; claims negotiation.
Key Accomplishments:
• Profit and Loss management responsibility for $20 M/year remedial services business.
• Administer proposal activities, project management, operations and safety functions.
• Engineering development of thermal desorption and chemical dechlorination (Base Catalyzed
Decomposition -BCD) commercial systems.
• Develop and implement annual operating plan. Assist in the development of strategic plan for
remedial business.
• Managed all project engineering, budgeting and scheduling for $75M FGD systems projects for
an electric utility.
• Directed project development and front-end engineering for $80M refuse derived fuel facility.
• Doubled plant reliability at Bridgeport, Connecticut resource recovery facility through process
improvements.
Employment History:
1992 -Present
1990 -1992
1983 -1990
1981 -1983
1974 -1981
ETG Environmental, Inc.
Senior Vice President -Operations
Associated Chemical and Environmental Services, Inc. (Subsidiary of ETG)
Vice President & General Manager
Associated Chemical and Environmental Services, Inc.
General Manager
Thyssen Environmental Systems, Inc.
Manager, Project Engineering
Combustion Equipment Associates (CEA)
Manager Systems Technology and Manager, Contracts
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Mitchell L. Moss
Present Position: Director of Technical Services
Education: B.S., Commerce & Engineering -Drexel University (1972)
PA and NJ licensed for tank closures
Fields of Competence:
Remedial project management; secure landfill facility management; industrial wastewater
treatment operations; field construction; iron and steel plant operations; regulatory agency
reporting and interfacing. As Director of Technical Services his duties include planning and
implementation of pilot studies as well as the development of full scale equipment necessary to
bring bench scale, and new technologies to the field. Responsible for the coordination
between project managers and the client and the transition from the proposal to completion of
the project.
Key Accomplishments:
• Assisted in process, engineering and operational development of thermal desorption and chemical
dechlorination (Base Catalyzed Decomposition -BCD) commercial equipment systems.
• Project Manager for 32,000 ton VOC thermal desorption site remediation in the northeast U.S ..
• Supervised project managers for over $20M per year of hazardous waste site remediation
activities.
• Project Manager for 25,000 ton arsenic waste site remediation for client in the western U.S.
• Plant Manager with total operational responsibility for a 200,000 tons/year hazardous waste
processing and landfill facility.
• Responsible for all aspects of industrial waste treatment, disposal and compliance for major
regional coke producer.
• Department manager for coke oven by-products operation, including coke oven gas and by-
products chemical recovery, waste and wastewater treatment and disposal functions.
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Mitchell Moss
Page 2
Employment History
1993 -Present
1991 -1993
1984 -1990
1981 -1984
1973 -1981
1971 -1973
ETG Environmental, Inc.
Director of Technical Services
Associated Chemical and Environmental Services, Inc.
Director of Project Management
Associated Chemical and Environmental Services, Inc.
Manager of Projects
Envirosafe Services, Inc.
Plant Manager
Alan Wood Steel and Keystone Coke Company
By-Products-Department Manager
Welded Tube Company of America
Marketing Specialist
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Albert J. Slomeana
Present Position: Project Manager
Education: B.S., Mechanical Engineering -Villanova University -1983
Fields of Competence
Over twelve years experience in the fields of: Project Development, Project Management,
cost estimating, site remediation and engineering, underground and above ground storage
tank management, risk analysis, and waste disposal. Experienced with computer software for
the preparation of bids and the scheduling of projects. Extensive background in reviewing
and responding to RFP's in both the public and private sectors.
Key Accomplishments:
• Project development manager for projects requiring building decontamination, underground tank
removal, lagoon closures, PCB transformer and drum remediation, dewatering projects, soil vapor
extraction and thermal desorption.
• Project planning and scheduling engineer for various multi-million dollar gas turbine and co-
generation power plant projects.
• Project manager and chief engineer responsible for the design, quality control, production and
field installation of mechanical and electromechanical cables and cargo handling systems for
government and industrial clients.
• Perform mechanical engineering/system design and cost calculation for proposal development.
• Develop and evaluate technologies and methodologies for remediation projects.
• Evaluate and select economical disposal/recycle technologies for waste streams involving RCRA,
TSCA and non-hazardous materials.
Employment History
1991 -Present
1988 -1991
1983 -1988
1981-1983
ETG Environmental, Inc.
Project Manager
Associated Chemical and Environmental Services, Inc.
Project Development Engineer
Whitehill Manufacturing Corporation
Application/Marketing Engineer
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Project Planning and Scheduling Engineer
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Gordon D. Chin
Present Position: Director of Project Development
Education: B.S., Biology -University of Delaware -1973
M.S., Environmental Engineering -University of Delaware (ABT)
Fields of Competence
Over seventeen years experience in the fields of: Hazardous waste facility start-up and
operations; remedial site quality control; remedial design and engineering: project
management; process engineering; secure solid waste stabilization; landfill management;
waste minimization; biological treatment; liquid waste treatment and filtration; micro-
computer applications; contract administration; risk analysis; cost estimation, proposal
development and permit application support.
Key Accomplishments:
• Project Director for two (2) major multi-million dollar NJDEPE site closure remedial actions,
including thermal desorption, dewatering and waste material handling technologies.
• Development of thermal desorption technologies for refinery, chemical and coal tar gasification
and petroleum wastes.
• Provided technical input/review for air and treatment applications for East Coast Refinery
Thermal Dewatering project.
• Project Manager for numerous remediation projects throughout the Midwest and Northeast
including Superfund and Army Corps of Engineers.
• Conducted and developed numerous waste treatability studies.
• Managed Envirosafe's Honeybrook, PA secure hazardous waste landfill operations employing
chemical fixation/stabilization for a one million ton, four ( 4) year demonstration program.
• Responsible for start-up, management and optimization ofEnvirosafe's Marcus Hook, PA
Hazardous Waste Liquid treatment and filtration facility.
• Managed start-up and operation of an activated sludge biological treatment system, zinc
reclamation plant, and various process equipment including: vacuum-pressure evaporators,
clarifiers, sludge thickeners, vertical centrifuges and plate and frame/rotary drum vacuum
filtration systems.
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Gordon D. Chin
Page2
Employment History
1991 -Present ETG Environmental, Inc.
Director of Project Development
1984 -1990 Associated Chemical and Environmental Services, Inc.
Manager of Project Development
1980 -1984 Envirosafe Services, Inc.
Senior Process Engineer
1973 -1980 National Vulcanized Fibre Company
Operations/Environmental Engineer
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I Appendix B
I Project Summaries
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Army Corps of Engineers
Chambersburg, PA
Scope: Thermal Treatment of 32,000 Tons of Soil
Job Size: $7,700,000
Problem: Subsurface soils at a lagoon site were identified as contaminating local
groundwater with several organic solvent compounds previously used at
the site.
Site Description: Two adjacent concrete lined lagoons of 1.6 million gallons total capacity
were closely bounded on three sides by a small stream, an active rail line,
and the waste water treatment plant's clarifier and trickling filter.
Subsurface was a dense, wet clay with a permeated rock geology
including boulders weighing up to 12 tons and crevices down to 12" wide
and 100' long. The project scope required removal of everything down to
"bedrock."
Solution: Extensive soil sampling was conducted to characterize the type and
location of contamination and several remediation alternatives were
proposed. The chosen alternative, thermal treatment, was tested in the lab
after another confirmatory round of sampling was completed, and the
project commenced in late winter. Installation of all site utilities and
25,000 square feet of shoring, and excavation of over 26,000 tons of soils
and over 6,000 tons of rocks, boulders, and concrete was performed on
schedule for the Corps of Engineers. The soils were heated to
approximately 600 °F and all concrete, rocks and boulders were pressure
washed. Confirmatory sampling and testing proved all treated materials
were safe to return to the original excavation.
Contamination: Halogenated volatile organic compounds.
Safety Level: Levels B, C and D.
Clean-up Levels: Less than 50 ppb per constituent for 10 halogenated volatile organics in
the soils and no visible signs of soils on any concrete, rocks or boulders.
Results: Stringent requirements for safety, health, work and quality assurance
plans were met or exceeded while contract negotiations were under way.
In spite of adverse weather conditions, production rates were met for
materials handling as were performance standards for chemical analysis
of the soils and off-gases. Assistance was provided to obtain necessary
regulatory permits or exemptions; instructional tours for EPA,
USA THAMA, P ADER, Army and other official government agencies
were also provided.
B-1
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Oil Refinery -Toledo, OH
Scope: Processing Of As Generated Refinery Wastes
Job Size: 5,600,000 GallonsN ear -$2,500,000N ear
Problem: The refinery was disposing of K-listed waste at a ReRA incinerator at
great cost since the third landban required that refinery wastes meet
BDAT parameters for voes, SVOes and metals prior to disposal in a
landfill.
Site Description: An Ohio refinery generating approximately 5,600,000 gallons per year of
API separator and DAF unit waste. The waste contained approximately
3% solids and had been dewatered utilizing a belt press prior to disposal.
The material contained approximately 40% solids after dewatering.
Solution: ETG provided a processing system to remove the moisture and oils using
a centrifuge followed by low temperature thermal desorption, thereby
eliminating the older belt press. The system is exempt from ReRA since
it recovers oil and recycles it back to the refinery. The product meets the
required parameters for fuel substitution and can be disposed of at a
cement kiln or landfilled.
Contamination: SVOes, VOes, Metals.
Safety Level: Level D and e.
Clean-up Levels: Meet parameters for acceptance as a fuel supplement or for landfilling.
Results: The process produces a greatly reduced volume of material which meets
all the parameters for disposal as a fuel supplement in a cement kiln, or
for disposal at a landfill. The original 5,600,000 gallons of process feed
at 3% solids results in approximately 700 tons of material for disposal at
over 90% solids after centrifugation and thermal desorption. This
provided significant cost savings to the refinery over incineration, while
also providing substantial waste minimization.
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Ohio Refinery
Scope: Processing Of As Generated Refinery Wastes
Job Size: 3,500 Tons -$2,500,000
Problem: The refinery was disposing of the waste at a ReRA incinerator at great
cost since the third landban required that refinery wastes meet BDAT
parameters for voes, SVOes and metals prior to disposal in a landfill.
Site Description: An Ohio refinery generated approximately 3,500 tons per year of belt
press cake waste. The waste contained approximately 40% water and
60% oil and solids.
Solution: ETG initially provided a processing system to remove the moisture and
light oils using thermal desorption. The system was exempt from ReRA
since it recovered oil and recycled it back to the refinery. The product
met the required parameters for fuel substitution and was disposed of at
cement kilns. ETG then modified the process to provide capability of
heating the waste material up to 1,000°F. This enabled the processed
material to meet all the BDAT parameters for landfill disposal.
Contamination: SVOes, voes, Metals.
Safety Level: Level D and e.
Clean-up Levels: Meet BDA T parameters.
Results: The process produced a greatly reduced volume of material which met all
the BDA T parameters and could be disposed of in a landfill. This
provided significant cost savings ( over $2.5M) to the refinery over
incineration while meeting the waste minimization guidelines. All
applicable air permits were obtained and complied with.
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Chemical Plant -Baltimore, MD
Phase Separation and Thermal Desorption
Scope: Clean Two Wastewater Treatment Tanks
Job Size: $1,000,000
Problem: Two wastewater tanks and a separator containing more than one million
gallons of sludge required cleaning. The material in the storage tanks
exhibited a low flash point and was considered hazardous as a DOO 1
code, and as such was subject to disposal by incineration.
Site Description: Wastewater treatment area of a process chemical manufacturing plant.
Solution: The vessels were cleaned by pumping the contents to a plate and frame
filter press for volume reduction. The dewatering process yielded
approximately 950 tons of filtercake. The filtercake was subsequently fed
to a paddle type dryer which was utilized to drive off VOC's, thereby
increasing the flash point above the threshold for the DOO 1 waste
classification. The drying operation also resulted in a substantial drop in
the quantity for waste disposal. Vapors generated by the process were
captured and fed back to the client's vapor recovery system.
Contamination: Primarily benzene.
Safety Level: Level B and C.
Clean-up Level: N/ A
Results: All material was processed to meet requirements for disposal in a
hazardous waste landfill providing the client a substantial savings
compared to incineration. In addition, the volume of waste for disposal
was reduced dramatically by the drying process.
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New Jersey Refinery
Scope: Dewatering and Drying Demonstration
Job Size: $1,500,000
Problem: The purpose of the project was to demonstrate the ability of dewatering
and drying technologies to meet the following disposal options (1) on-site
reuse, (2) hazardous waste derived fuels program and (3) satisfaction of
BDAT/landfill criteria.
Site Description: The site included two surface impoundment 11 acres and 1.6 acres in
size. Sludge was removed from each impoundment by use of a hydraulic
barge mounted dredge and processed separately. A centrifuge in
combination with a low temperature thermal dryer was used to process
the sludge. Oil was recovered from the effluent through the use of a
coalescing plate oil/water separator. The effluent was returned to each
respective impoundment where the ability to meet EPA guidelines criteria
was tested.
Solution: NI A
Contamination: K048-K051 sludge and non-hazardous oily sludge.
Safety Level: Levels C and B.
Clean-up Level: N/ A
Results: The ability to meet criteria for on-site reuse, hazardous waste derived fuel
and BDAT/landfill were all met as part of this demonstration. Effluent
guidelines will require redesign of treatment systems to produce
consistent results.
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Oil Refinery
Scope: Processing of as Generated Refinery Wastes
Job Size: $1,000,000
Problem: A refinery in Puerto Rico was accumulating wastes which would require
incineration due to land disposal restrictions.
Site Description: Approximately 1,000 tons ofrefinery K-listed wastes had accumulated at
a major refinery in Puerto Rico.
Solution: ETG removed, dewatered and thermally treated the material to meet
BDAT parameters for landfill disposal while recycling the recovered oil
back to the refinery. Solids were prepared and managed for intemodal
shipment to the mainland USA for landfill disposal.
Contamination: SVOCs, VOCs, and Metals
Safety Level: Level C and D.
Clean-up Level: BDAT parameters.
Results: The process resulted in substantial cost savings over incineration while
meeting recycling and waste minimization guidelines.
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I Appendix C
I Technology Profile -SITE Program
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&EPA United States
Environmental Protect,or.
Agency
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Resoonse
Office of Researcn and Deve1oomen:
Washington, o: 20460
August 1993
PROGRAM FACT SHEET
Demonstration of the Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Technology
and SAREX'1' THERM-0-DETOX™ System
Koppers Company Superfund Site
Monisville. North Carolina
THIS FACT SHEET TELLS YOU ABOUT ...
EPA's Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
(SITE) Program
A technology demonstration to be perfonned at the
Koppers Company Superfund site. located in Morrisville.
North Carolina.
A Visitor's Day to be held on August 31 , 1993 at the
Koppers Company site.
INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
identifies new methods for hazardous waste cleanup
through its SITE Program. Under this program. created
in 1986. innovative treatment technologies that may
significantly reduce the toxicity. mobility, or volume of
hazardous waste are demonstrated and evaluated. The
SITE Program also generates reliable perfonnance and
cost infonnation in the technologies for use in evaluating
cleanup alternatives for similarly contaminated sites.
The technology proposed for demonstration is the Base-
Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD) technology developed
by EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory in
Cincinnati, Ohio, using the SAREX® THERM-O-
DETOX" system developed by ETG Environmental. Inc.
(ETG), and Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc.
(SRS). The purpose of this demonstration is to assess
how well the technology removes pentachlorophenol
(PCP) and dioxins from the soil at the Koppers Company
Superfund site in Morrisville, North Carolina.
EPA's SITE PROGRAM
Each year. EPA solicits proposals from private
technology developers to demonstrate innovative
technologies under the SITE Program. Technology
developers can submit demonstration proposals any time
through the year. For each technology selected. EPA.
often with input from state and regional agencies. does
the following:
• Identifies a site with wastes suitable for treatment
• · Prepares a technology demonstration plan
• Notifies appropriate agencies for
intergovernmental and community reviews
• Prepares a fact sheet for the public. proposing the
site and technology match.
• Prepares the demonstration site
• Conducts and audits field sampling and
laboratory analyses
• Organizes a Visitors' Day to view the technology
demonstration
• " Evaluates technology perfonnance
• ~ Prepares an Applications Analysis Report and a
Technology Evaluation Report summarizing the
demonstration results. as well as several other
infonnational ite~s such as bulletins. summaries.
and a video.
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The southeastern section of the site was the CELLON
processing area and former lagoon area. The CELLON
process involved pressure-treating wood with PCP and
then steaming it The water generated from this process,
-called rinsate, was collected, processed to remove the
PCP by flocculation, and placed in two lagoons at the
site for further treatment. The rinsate did however
contain PCP. The CELLON process was used at the site
from 1968 to 1975. the two lagoons were closed and
emptied in 1976. Water from the lagoons was sprayed
onto the ground at the north end of the site, and the
bottom sludges fro the lagoons were spread to dry.
In 1980, high levels of PCP were found in the soils in the
former lagoon area and CELLON processing area. PCP
was also detected in the groundwater. In 1989 the site
was added to EPA's National Priorities List (NPL). A
remedial investigation (RI) was conducted, identifying
the primary contaminants at the site as PCP,
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD),
polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF). and isopropyl
ether (IPE). The RI indicated that the CELLON
processing area and lagoon are served as sources for the
migration of contaminants into the groundwater.
TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION
The BCD technology and SAREX THERM-O-DETOX
system demonstration at the Koppers Company site is
scheduled to occur during August 1993. The primary
objectives of this demonstration are to:
• Determine how efficiently the BCD process
removes PCP, dioxins, and furans from the
contaminated soil.
• Determine whether treatment residuals (air,
water, oil) meet cleanup levels.
• Evaluate the potential for the BCD process to
form additional volatile organic compounds
when heated to high temperatures
• Obtain information required to estimate treatment
costs, including capital and operating expenses.
for future Superfund decision-making purposes.
CHURCH ROAD
LEGEND
PROPERTY
BOUNDARY
• EXISTING WELLS
-PROPERTY BOUNDARY
--UNIT STRUCTURES/
KOPPERS SITE
PROPERTY LINE
FIRE POND
Figure 2: Kopper's.Company, Inc. Superfund Site
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C:!YE ---Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The base-catalyzed decomposition (BCD) pro-
cess is a chemical dehalogenation technology
developed by the Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio. BCD is
initiated in a medium temperarure thermal
desorber (MTID), at temperatures ranging from
600 to 950 degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Chemicals
are added to contaminated soils. sediments, or
sludge matrices containing hazardous chlorinated
organics including polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB) and polychlorinated dioxins and furans.
BCD then chemically detoxifies the condensed
organic contaminants by removing chlorine from
the contaminant and replacing it with hydrogen.
Because the chlorinated organics have some
volatility, there is a degree of volatilization that
takes place in parallel with chemical dechlori-
nation . The result is a clean, inexpensive,
CONTAMINATED MATEIIWS
OR SCRaNED SOtLS
permanent remedy where all process residuals
( including dehalogenated organics) are recyclable
or recoverable.
ETG Environmental. Inc. (ETG), and Separation
and Recovery Systems (SRS) developed the
THERM-0-DET0X® and SAREX® systems and
combined them with the BCD process chemistry .
The combined process begins by initiating solid
phase dechlorination in the MTTD step (see
figure below). Organics are thermally desorbed
from the matrix, and are condensed and sent to
the BCD liquid tank reactor. Reagents are then
added and heated to 600 to 650 °F for 1 to 3
hours to dechlorinate the remaining organics.
The treated residuals are recycled or disposed of
using standard. commercially available methods ,
including solvent reuse and fuel substitution.
Treated. clean soil can be recycled as on-site
backfi''
r-------·-.. ----------------------, VM'OR R[CO'<en' S'l'ST[M TO I 1
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l<TMOSPHERE I
VAPOR DISCHARGES I
OIL
SCRUBBERS ~
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. J_ : "
\,.) \7
BCD SCUDS REACTOR
MEDIUM TEMPERl<T\JRE
THERMl<l. DESORPTION Wl<TER
(MTTtl) ..--sP_AA_v.....,.. _ __, TREAlED
ON-SITE IW:ICfll.l.
COOUNO WATER ' o vov --i____::~....:::......-J
COOLING SCREW CONVEYOR
OR ____ _,
OFT-SITE DlSPOS,\l.
: WATER I
REC\"CILO ON-sm:
I M)UC0US I I CONDOISATE
STIIIIAGE
Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination (BCD) Process
~
REc-rct.Ell OFT-SITE
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Thermal Desorption:
Qg,alifications and ExperzenCi
--~ -= • IJI Environmental, Inc.
660 Sentry Parkway • Blue Bell, PA 19422
Phone: [phone] •Fax: [phone]
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# Who We Are ...
Headquarters: Philadelphia
Regional Centers: Lansing
Philadelphia
ETG
♦ Specialists in
Technology Based Hazardous Waste
Remediation and Processing
Thirty-Eight (38) Year Operating History
60 Employees with a Diverse Range
of Environmental Expertise
♦ Extensive Project Experience
Over 1,000 Projects in the Last 10 Years
$SOK -$10M Range
♦ Application Engineering Oriented
Solving Customer Needs
Environmental, Inc.
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I What We Do ...
... over 38 years of hands-on
hazardous waste management
experience ...
♦ On-Site Waste Processing Services
Treatability Studies
Pilot Scale Demonstrations
Low and Medium Temperature Thermal Desorption
BCD -Base Catalyzed Decomposition
(Chemical Dehalogenation)
Liquid/Solids Separation
Stabilization/Solidification
♦ Subsurface and Groundwater Remediation
ETG
Soil Vapor Extraction
Groundwater Sparging
Thermal Subsurface Injection
Vacuum Dewatering
Bio-enhancement
♦ Environmental Engineering Services
Soil Gas Surveys
Bench Scale Testing
Soil Sampling and Analysis
Groundwater Modeling
Remedial Design
♦ Remedial Construction Services
Drum Remediation
Waste Excavation and Removal
Lagoon and lmpoundment Closure
UST/AST Cleaning and Removal
Facility Decontamination
Environmental, Inc.
I
I # Specializing
I in Innovative
I
Technologies ...
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I ♦ Thermal Desorption -Therm-O-Detox®
I ♦ Base Catalyzed Decomposition -BCD
I ♦ Soil Vapor Extraction -VAPORTECH®
I ♦ Groundwater Sparging -SP ARTECH®
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I ... developing and applying
innovative remedial technologies
I designed to clean up sites quickly and
at low cost ...
I ETG
I Environmental, Inc.
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Environmental, Inc.
COMPANY PROFILE
ORGANIZATION SUMMARY
ETG Environmental, Inc., is a privately held
environmental services firm with nearly forty (40) years
of operating experience. The company specializes in
technology based hazardous waste remediation and
processing management, and has in-depth hands-on
field experience. ETG provides a full-service range of
environmental engineering, waste processing, and
remediation solutions. Each project is performed in a
cost effective, safe manner while in full compliance
with federal and state regulations. ETG has nearly 100
employees with annual sales of $15 -$20M.
CUSTOMERS SERVED
ETG has over 1000 clients with a large percentage of
activity performed for Fortune 500 firms (including
refining, chemical, steel and service industries) and
government agencies. Completed projects range in
size from $50K to over $10M.
COMPANY LOCATIONS
ETG maintains corporate headquarters in Blue Bell,
Pennsylvania with operations in Cincinnati, Toledo,
Lansing, Philadelphia, and sales offices through the
Mid-West and Mid-Atlantic United States.
Company Capabilities
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING SERVICES
ETG provides a broad range of
environmental engineering services
to support specific client
requirements. Services include:
* Site Review -Phase I and II
Assessments
* Hydrogeological Surveys
* Soil and Gas Surveys
* Groundwater Modeling
* Soil Sampling and Analysis
* Feasibility Studies
* Remedial Design
* Bench Scale Testing
* Laboratory Analysis
* Permitting Assistance
* Health and Safety Audits
REMEDIAL
CONSTRUCTION SERVICES
ETG has over three (3) decades of
operating experience in hazardous
waste remediation management,
serving private industry, state and
federal programs. The company has
competed hundreds of field projects.
Services include:
* Waste Excavation and Removal
* UST Removal and Replacement
* Lagoon and lmpoundment
Closure
* Facility Decontamination
* Waste Processing
* Tank Cleaning
* Oil Recovery
LAGOON CLOSURE PROJECT
SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION SYSTEM
PROCESSING PLANT
ETG Environmental, Inc.
INTEGRATED SOIL AND
GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION
With nearly a decade of project and
engineering experience, ETG
provides services for the treatment
and removal of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) from soil and
groundwater.
Services include:
* Site Assessment
* VAPORTECH® In-Situ Soil
Vapor Extraction
* Groundwater Recovery
Systems and Operation
* SPARTECH® In-Situ
Groundwater Sparging
* Bioremediation Enhancement
* RF Heating Systems
HAZARDOUS
WASTE PROCESSING
ETG provides a diverse range of
innovative technologies to offer cost
effective total solutions for the
management of wastewaters and
hazardous waste.
Services include:
* Soil/Sludge Treatment
* Liquid/Solid Separation
* Therm-O-Detox® Thermal
Desorption
* BCD Chemical Dehalogenation
* Chemical Stabilization
* Waste Recycling/Reuse
* Laboratory Treatability Studies
660 Sentry Parkway • Blue Bell, PA 19422
Telephone: [phone] • Fax: [phone]
Providing creative environmental solutions
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2.
3.
TECHNICAL QUALIFICATIONS
COMPANY INFORMATION:
Average revenue last three years: $16.5 Million/year
(Audited financials are available for review ,if required)
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE HISTORY:
ETG has not had any environmental compliance violations on any
projects since the company has been in business. Additionally,
ETG has had an exceptional Safety performance record:
1989
10.7
1989
1.0
OSHA RECORDABLES
1990 1991 1992
6.7 9.0 5.8
1993
8.8
Workman's Compensation EMR
1990 1991 1992 1993
.71 .66 .60 .56
Thermal Desorption Project Experience (Client Project List Attached )
* U.S. Corps of Engineers-Baltimore District-
* BP Oil, Lima, OH
* Sun Oil, Toledo, OH
1991/1992
1992
1991/0ngoing
* USEPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 1993
(RREL)
* Chevron Oil, Perth Amboy, NJ
* Vista Chemical, Baltimore, MD
* Sun Oil, Yabucoa, PR
1992/1993
1993
1992/1995
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4.
5.
6 .
PROJECT ADMINSTRATOR:
Mr. Mitchell Moss
Director Technical Services
ETG Environmental, Inc.
660 Sentry Parkway
Blue Bell, PA 19422
[phone]
PROFESSIONAL REGISTRATION:
Yei-Shong Shieh,PhD, P.E.-NJ
Galen Kilmer, P.E.-IN
SUBCONTRACTOR USAGE:
ETG will be using subcontractors for:
* Off-Site Disposal
* Site Security
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Location
Pennsylvania
USACOE
Baltimore, MD
Ohio
BP Oil. Lima.a
Ohio
Sun Oil, Toledo
North Carolina
USEPA RREL
New Jersey
Chevron Oil
Perth Amboy, Nl
Maryland
Vista Chemical
Puerto Rico
Sun Oil, Yabucc
--~ ~•U
Environmental, Inc.
ETG Environmental, Inc.
Project Experience
-,; ,·.\, ',, ;~tz
Thermal Desorption/BCD
Description Size
Excavation, thermal desorption, backfill and capping $7,700,000.00
of lagoon containing over 32,000 tons of soil
contaminated with organics.
Processing of as-generated refinery wastes to meet $2,500,000.00/yr
landfill disposal and/or recycling parameters.
Processing of as-generated refinery wastes to meet $2,200,000.00/yr
landfill disposal (BDAT) and/or recycling parameters
Processing of soil contaminated with high-hazard SITE Program
organics utilizing thermal treatment and chemical Demonstration
dechlorination.
Dredging, transfer, dewatering, thermal desorption $1 ,500,000.00
and disposal of approximately 7,000 cubic yards of
oily refinery wastes.
Dewatering and thermal desorption of chemical plant $1 ,000,000.00
waste to meet BDAT standards for disposal.
Processing of refinery wastes to meet landfill disposal $1 ,000,000.00
fiBDA T) parameters for semi-volatile and volatile
or1Zanics as well as metals.
-------------------r SR VP OPERATIONS HAREN M. MASTER I-I-I-VP&GENERAL MANAGER-SVE JERRY B. LISIECKI DIRECTOR PROJECT DEVELOPMENT GORDON CHIN PROJECT DEV. MANAGER BERT SLOMEANA 1-1 PURCHASING ADMIN. CORENDA BOWIS FIELD SUPERVISORS/ ' OPERATORS: -LANNY NELSON -EU CLEVENGER --. -RICHARD NELSON -MARVIN MCBRAYER -CHARLES KEELING l SR VP TECHNOLOGY & BUSINESS DEV. YEI-SHONG SHIEH DIRECTOR ~ECHNICAL SERVICES MITCHELL L. MOSS -KEVIN BRENTLINGER (Safety) -CHARLES STOKES · ETG Environmental, Inc. Organizational Chart PRESIDENT & CEO RONALD J. BACSKAI SR EXECUTIVE SECRETARY ~ ANNLUPICA VP FEDERAL PROGRAMS OPEN VP BUSINESS ~ DEVELOPMENT LOREN M. MARTIN DIRECTOR MARKET ~ DEVELOPMENT G. STEVEN DETWILER I VP FINANCE/ ADMINISTRATION WILLIAM J. PETERS, Ill PROJECT ACCOUNT. 1--i MANAGER ._ JEANE. CARR ACCOUNTING MANAGER DONALDG.ROONEY MARKETING COORDINATOR PAT BENNINGHOVE 1-i ACCOUNTING CLERK DAWN THOMAS 1--PAYABLES & RECEPTIONIST 2 (PART TIME) January 3, 1995
I i A•~•t111•~ I:::::::::::····: ::: w. ::;r r·· rtr\:;····:: r r ·• rt··•·•··s,:t \• :·w:::1:::rr:r::1:
/:~~·1:;-6&cii1{•·• •·•·•·•·•·•·•·•·•·•·•·•·•·•·········· 19-APR-1994
I Willis Corroon Corporation of Pennsylvania
Commercial Lines Division
P.O. Box 9052
Radnor PA 19087-9052 I [phone]
I INSURED
ETG Environmental, Inc.
Attn: Ms. Jeanne Carr I 660 Sentry Parkway
Blue Bell PA 19422
I
14 0 3 1 THIS CERTIFICATE IS ISSUED AS A MATTER OF INFORMATION ONLY AND
CONFERS NO RIGHTS UPON THE CERTIFICATE HOLDER. THIS CERTIFICATE
DOES NOT AMEND, EXTEND OR AL TEA THE COVERAGE AFFORDED BY THE
POLICIES BELOW.
COMPANIES AFFORDING COVERAGE
COWANY A ::ommerce & Industry Insurance Company
LETTER
COMPANY B Commerce & Industry Insurance Company
LETTER
COM"ANY
LETTER C Pennsylvania State Workman's Insurance Fund
COMPANY D American International Specialty Lines Ins. Co. LETTER
COMPANY E LETTER
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE POLICIES OF INSURANCE LISTED BELOW HAVE BEEN ISSUED TO THE INSURED NAMED ABOVE FOR THE POLICY PERIOD
INDICATED, NOTWITHSTANDING ANY REQUIREMENT, TERM OR CONDITION OF ANY CONTRACT OR OTHER DOCUMENT WITH RESPECT TO WHICH THIS
I CERTIFICATE MAY BE ISSUED OR MAY PERTAIN, THE INSURANCE AFFORDED BY THE POLICIES DESCRIBED HEREIN IS SUBJECT TO ALL THE TERMS,
EXCLUSIONS AND CONDITIONS OF SUCH POLICIES. LIMITS SHOWN MAY HAVE BEEN REDUCED BY PAID CLAIMS.
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co TYPE OF INSURANCE POLICY NUMBER POLICY EFFECTIVE I POLICY EXPIRATION LIMITS
L DATE(MM/00/YY) ! DATE(!.M/00/YY)
B
C
D
OWNER'S & CONTRACTOR'S PROT. GLCM3405677
AUTOMOBn..E LIABILITY
X ANY AUTO
All OWNED AUTOS
SCHEDULED AUTOS
X HIRED AUTOS
X NON-OWNED AUTOS
GARAGE LI AB I LI TY
EXCESS LIABILITY
UMBRELLA FORM
OTHER THAN UMBRELLA FORM
WORKER'S COMPENSATION
AND
EMPLOYER I' LIABLITY
OTHER
Contractors Pollution/E&O
BA2772519
03142251
7732962
DESCRIPTION OF OPERATIONl/1..OCATIONI/VEHICLEI/IPECIAL ITEMS
GENERAL AGGREGATE $
PRODUCTS-COMP /OP AGG.
PERSONAL & ADV. INJURY
20-APR-1994 120-APR-1995 EACH OCCURRENCE S
FI RE DAMAGE (Any one f I re) $
MEO. EXPENSE (An one erson $
COMBINED SINGLE
LIMIT
BODILY INJURY
(Per person)
20-APR-1994 !20-APR-1995 BODILY INJURY I (Per accident)
$
2,000,000
1,000,000
1 000 000
1,000,000_
50,000
5 000
1,000,000
I 1-------------1---------l
PROPERTY DAMAGE
EACH OCCURRENCE $ 4 000 000
STATUTORY LIMITS
20-APR-1994 !20-APR-1995 1-E:c...A.c..:CH_AC'-"C-'ID-'-EN_T ___ ___,1-s ___ 1-'-, o_o_o_c,_o_o--lo
DISEASE-POLICY LIMIT $ 1,000 000
20-APR-1994 !20-APR-1995
I I
!
DISEASE-EACH EMPLOYEE $ 1 000 000
$1,000,000 each loss
$2,000,000 total losses
FOR BID PURPOSES ONLY
SHOULD .t..?" -· :;;-= THE ABOVE DESCRIBED POLICIES BE CANCELLED BEFORE THE
EXPIRATION DATE THEREOF, THE ISSUING COMPANY WILL ENDEAVOR TO
:: MAIL 30 DA VS WRITTEN NOTICE TO THE CERTIFICATE HOLDER NAMED TO THE
{)LEFT, BUT FAILURE TO MAIL SUCH NOTICE SHALL IMPOSE NO OBLIGATION OR
I LIABILITY OF ANY KIND UPON THE COMPANY' ITS AGENTS OR REPRESENTATIVES. = -SAMPLE CERTIFICATE
c/o ETG Environmental I Blue Bell PA 19422
1xcoatfiii~itiiso· r
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1 The Therm-0-Detox® System
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Thermal Desorption:
An Effective On-Site Treatment Alternative
Environmental, Inc.
The Therm-O-Detox® System 1
An Effective On-Site
Treatment Alternative
Thermal desorption has been demonstrated to be a
cost effective on-site permanent remedy for the
treatment of wastes contaminated with organic
compounds Unlike incineration, which involves
thermal destruction, thermal desorption is a physical
separation process whereby contaminants are Pilot demonstration unit Refinery waste processing
removed through the application of heat at, or
below the boiling point of the contaminants. Features:
System Design
The Therm-O-Detox® system is a proven, non-
oxidative, indirectly heated thermal desorption
system featuring off-gas condensing, waste
minimization, and contaminant recovery. The low
volume, low oxygen content off-gas minimizes emis-
sion rates and regulatory impact.
The Therm-O-Detox system was developed by ETG
under an exclusive arrangement w ith a U.S-based
leader in thermal equipment design and manufac-
turing. The system is based on a reliable twin-shaft
paddle design proven in over thirty years of field
operation. A unique heated paddle configuration
allows high heat transfer efficiency and superior
mixing. The thermal desorption unit operates in a
temperature range which allows effective treatment
of soils, sediments and sludges contaminated with
a wide range of low and high boiling point
compounds.
Fabrication of I 2 ton per hour unit at modern
85,000 sq. ft. manufacturing facility.
FRONT COVER ILLUSTRATION:
Twin-shaft indirectly heated paddle design
• Attainable material temperatures up to 950°F
• Throughput rate of 5-1 5 tons per hour
• Nominal 200 CFM off-gas flow
• Superior heat transfer efficiency
• Full contaminant condensing and recovery
• High degree of mixing/particle exposure
• Highly transportable
Top view of IO ton per hour unit w ith cover removed.
System Applications
The Therm-O-Detox system can be applied directly to a
wide range of contaminated media. Sludge, sediment,
and clayey soils can be effectively treated without the need
for pre-drying or pre-conditioning. The potential for
"balling" of wet or clay soils is virtually eliminated due to
the fluidizing effect of the overlapping paddles.
Wide Variety of Contaminants
The Therm-O-Detox system can process a diverse range of
contaminants as follows:
• Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
• Dioxins/Furans
• Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
• Pesticides/herbicides
• Hazardous refinery wastes
• Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH'.s)
• Chlorinated hydrocarbons
• Coal tars
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Process Equipment
The Therm-O-Detox system consists of a feed hopper, feed conveyor, medium temperature thermal
desorption (MTTD) unit, heat transfer system, off-gas scrubbers, condensers, and a discharge cooling
conveyor. The off-gas and water treatment systems can be customized to meet project needs.
-FEEDISOUD/SWDGE
-HEAT TRANSFER FLUID
~ VAPOR STREAM
-CONDENSATE
-WATER
HEAT TRANSF£R
MEDIUMFWID
Why Therm-O-Detox? ...
CLEAN SOLIDS-
RETURN TO SITE
• High heat transfer efficiency resulting in a
compact and highly mobile unit
• Thorough mixing action maximizes particle
exposure.
• Increased productivity due to higher
throughput rates.
• Less regulatory impact due to low off-gas flows
and contaminant recovery -No Afterburner!
• High achievable material temperatures .
• Tolerance for high contaminant concentrations
without autoignition.
• Low mobilization cost -the entire system fits on
three to five semi-trailers!
• Compliance with regulatory trends -
waste minimization, recycling and re-use.
• Unobtrusive, low noise processing system.
... A Cost Effective,
Environmentally Sound System.
RECYCLE OR
REUSED WATER
SYSTEM
ETG Services
ETG provides Therm-O-Detox services on a
turnkey basis, including all equipment and
manpower necessary to assure safe and
reliable project performance, consistent with
client and regulatory requirements. ETG has
over 38 years of experience encompassing all
aspects of remediation from waste excavation,
material handling and processing to sampling
and analysis, site closure and site restoration.
Pilot System
ETG has full capabilities for bench and pilot
scale treatability studies. A pilot scale
Therm-O-Detox system with a throughput of
200 pounds per hour is available for field tests.
The complete pilot system is transported on a
single, standard size semi-trailer. This system
provides a low cost method for conducting
feasibility studies, proof-of-concept, and on-site
demonstrations.
Regional Operations
Philadelphia Toledo
(61 OJ 832-0700 (419J 693-9900
Cincinnati
(606J 282-6137
Lansing
(517J 322-9311
- -- -
Corporate Headquarters
660 Sentry Parkway
Blue Bell, PA 19422
(61 OJ 832-0700
1/ii.lU
Environmental, Inc.
1·
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I Therm-0-Detox®
System ...
Twin Paddles Result in
Thorough Mixing and Exposure
The Therm-O-Detox® System developed by ETG is a
proven process that uses indirectly heated thermal treatment
units to separate organic compounds from contaminated media
such as soil, sediments or sludge. The units are designed to
achieve feed material temperatures of up to 950°F, thereby
allowing effective treatment of soils and sludges contaminated
with a wide range of low and high boiling point compounds.
Applications include chlorinated solvents, oily sludges,
pesticides, PCBs, dioxins, coal by-products and wood treating
compounds. Off-gasses are treated by an extensive vapor
recovery system including a scrubber(s), a condensing unit,
and vapor phase carbon adsorption. The equipment design
offers superior mixing, a low sweep gas flow and contaminant
recovery. Carbon adsorption is used only for final polishing
of gases exiting the condensers. The Therm-O-Detox system
utilizes an inert sweep gas (less than 5% oxygen) and as such
has been designed as a true non-oxidative system, thus
avoiding the stigma afforded to thermal desorption systems
that incorporate afterburners or catalytic oxidation units.
The Therm-O-Detox system consists of a feed hopper,
feed conveyor, low or medium temperature thermal desorption
unit (L TTD or MTTD), hot oil heater, off-gas scrubbers,
condensers, and discharge cooling conveyor. The system
through-put rate will depend upon the soil/sludge type,
moisture content, contaminant level and treatment standards.
Each system is expected to process 5 -15 tons per hour (TPH)
depending on the variation in feed material characteristics.
The contaminated media (i.e., soil) is conveyed into the
treatment unit where it is processed by twin, low speed,
indirectly heated paddles. The heating medium (hot oil and/or
molten salt) is pumped through the hollow metal shafts,
paddles and walls. Heat is conducted through the metal to the
waste, raising the waste temperature to allow for thermal
desorption or volatilization of the contaminants into the vapor
phase. The unique overlapping design of the paddles results in
thorough mixing and de-balling action, thus maximizing
exposure of the particles to the heat transfer surfaces. This
allows for enhanced heat transfer and thus provides for rapid
heating of the soil/sludge for maximum contaminant removal.
Contaminants and moisture are carried from the thermal
unit by the sweep gas and are condensed and recovered by the
scrubbers/condensers. The condensed mixture is separated,
and the organic contaminant is collected for recycling via
solvent recovery or fuel substitution. Separated water can be
ETG
Environmental, Inc.
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. . . has already processed up to
50,000 tons of contaminated soil
using Therm-0-Detox ...
. . . high heat transfer ef/icienry:
reduction in retention time ...
treated by liquid phase carbon adsorption and sand filtration.
Most of the treated water can be recycled back to the process
for use in the scrubbers and cooling conveyor. Excess treated
water will occasionally be bled from the process as needed.
Off-gases exiting the vapor recovery system are discharged to
the atmosphere after carbon adsorption polishing.
The cooling conveyor is used to cool and condition the
processed clean waste in order to control dusting and to
promote compactability for backfilling or for off-site disposal.
The Therm-O-Detox system can be used in conjunction
with the USEPA patented Base Catalyzed Decomposition
(BCD) chemical dechlorination process to chemically detoxify
high hazard chlorinated substances including PCBs, dioxins,
furans, and pesticides/herbicides. After MTTD, condensed
chlorinated organics can be sent to a liquid tank reactor (L TR),
where addition of a hydrogen donor (hydrocarbon), sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) and a proprietary catalyst result in
replacement of the chlorine atom with hydrogen at
temperatures in the 600 °-650°F range. This dechlorinated oil
(which is generally non-hazardous/non-regulated) can be used
as a fuel supplement in an industrial boiler such as a cement
kiln.
CONTAMIKA16)
SOIL/SW0G(
WATER
SPRAY
"""'"' OECONT......,_TtD SOIL
Typical Therm-O-Detox System
ETG has developed preliminary cost estimates for the
MTTD/BCD system of $100 -$250/feed ton for sites
containing more that 15,000 tons of contaminated soils.
Systems capable of handling 5-15 TPH are available
immediately after a typical 2-3 month treatability study .
Treatability bench and/or pilot scale studies typically cost
$20,000 -$200,000. System economics are determined by a
---~•u
Environmental, Inc.
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. . . low air flow and emissions . . .
# Therm-O-Detox
System Advantages ...
Proven equipment ...
number of factors including volume and concentrations of
contaminated material, required clean-up standards, utility
availability, physical nature of contaminated wastes (necessity
of pre-treatment), and permitting requirements. Due to the
varying nature of these factors, treatability studies are strongly
recommended. Pilot scale studies may be performed at the site
or off-site at a hazardous waste recycling facility permitted to
perform these studies.
The thermal desorption unit developed by ETG is based on
a proven indirect heat twin-shaft paddle dryer design utilizing
a combination of hot oil and molten salt (or other indirect
heated methods as the heat source). This allows material
processing temperature as highs 950 °F.
♦ Lower cost than incineration or high temperature thermal ..
desorption systems.
♦ The overall unit has a high heat transfer surface area
resulting in high heat transfer efficiency, resulting in
lower operating costs.
♦ The unique overlapping design of the twin low speed
paddles provides thorough local mixing action exposing
most of the particles of the process mass to the heat
transfer surface, reducing the dependency of heat
movement on the thermal conductivity of the material.
♦ The paddle configuration promotes uniform bed
conditions thereby allowing direct surface thermal
desorption compared to the ineffective diffusion
phenomena that takes lace when the particles are
"Jumped" or "caked." The homogenous bed results in
reduction of the retention time required to meet treatment
criteria.
♦ The unit can process sludge, sediment and clayey soils
directly, without the need for pre-drying or pre-
conditioning, thereby allowing increased productivity.
ETG
Environmental, Inc.
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I More Advantages ...
. . . state of the art waste
minimimtion process with off-gas
condensing and contaminant
recycling ...
♦ Sweep gas flow through the indirectly heated unit is very
low (200 CFM for a typical 10 ton/hour system). This
allows condensation of the off-gas, eliminating the
requirement of an afterburner (incinerator). The Therm-
O-Detox system has less regulatory impact and is easier
to permit.
♦ Sween !lac;; ic;; inert (less than 5% ox~gen), virtually
-eliminating dioxin formation or reformation. ·· ·
♦ The higher material temperature achieved through more
efficient heat transfer and uniform material bed
conditions assures higher removal rates for high boiling
point contaminants.
♦ Higher contaminant concentrations can be treated,
without soil pre-conditioning or the possibility of internal
thermal unit ignition since sweep gas is inert and can be
tightly controlled.
♦ The unit is mobile and requires much less space than a
mobile rotary kiln.
♦ The Therm-O-Detox system with off-gas condensing is
considered by many state agencies as a physical
separation method as opposed to a treatment process
since organic contaminants are physically separated from
the media. Thus, a treatment permit may not be required.
♦ The Therm-O-Detox system can be combined with
chemical dechlorination (BCD) to detoxify PCBs,
dioxins, furans, and pesticides/herbicides.
♦ The Therm-O-Detox system can incorporate stabilization
additives if potentially teachable levels of heavy metals
are present.
♦ The Therm-O-Detox system has won public and
community acceptance due to the clear differentiation
from incineration .
ETG
Environmental, Inc.
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# Indirect Heat
Thermal Desorption ...
The thermal desorption of organics from contaminated soils
and sludges is well studies and documented. ETG's own field
experience, as well as published information, has concluded
that the most critical factors for thermal desorption are the
ability of the system to heat the treated material to a required
temperature and the ability to homogenize the waste mass to
maximize exposure of individual particles to the heat transfer
surface. Increased mixing efficiency will lead to the reduction
of material residence time. A thermal desorption system that
can process a material quickly and thoroughly will result in
less potential for thermal decomposition of organic
compounds or for the formation of coke in the system due to
high hydrocarbon concentrations in the feed material.
Thermal desorption of a particular material is achieved when
the boiling point is reached and the total vapor pressures
equals 760 mm (1 atmosphere). The total vapor pressure for a
mixture of organics will equal the sum of the partial vapor
pressures of each liquid component of the mixture. As the
temperature of the feed material rises, water will begin to boil.
However, water will evaporate at a temperature lower than
100°C due to the effect of partial pressures. During this time,
significant quantities of low boiling point hydrocarbons will
be volatilized by steam distillation occurring at 60°C -80°C.
When most of the moisture has evaporated, the material
temperature will continue to rise and the partial pressure of
each component as well as the boiling point of the mixture
will continue to shift.
In general, each component of the mixture will be removed at
a temperature below its boiling point due to partial pressures.
ETG
Environmental, Inc.
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I System Mobility
and Size ...
... Therm-0-Detox System is designed
to be a compact and highly mobile
unit. The basic system fits on three to
five semi-trailers ...
♦ Three Trailer Base System
I. Low Temperature Thermal Unit, for temperatures
up to 750°F, including feed hopper, thermal
processor, discharge vapor hood, and discharge
cooling conveyor.
2. Vapor Recovery System, including scrubbers,
condensers, heat exchangers, and carbon units.
3. Heat Transfer Medium, "Hot Oil" unit heater.
♦ Two Additional Trailers for Contaminant
Compounds Requiring Higher
Desorption Temperatures
I. Medium Temperature Thermal Unit, for
temperatures up to 950°F, including transfer
conveyor, thermal unit and discharge airlock.
2. Heat Transfer Medium, Eutectic Salt unit heater
trailer.
♦ Supplemental Trailers for
Site Specific Conditions
I. Base-Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD) System
Trailer, for on-site dehalogenation of PCBs and
dioxins.
2. Cooling Tower/Water Recycle trailer.
3. Recovered Water Storage and Treatment trailer.
4. Soil Pre-Conditioning Equipment trailer for
screening and crushing equipment.
ETG
Environmental, Inc.
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MTTD Unit With Top Removed
(Top View)
"'81~~ CIU
Environmental, Inc.
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Manufacturing Capabilities
--~ CIU
Environmental, Inc.
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Medium Temperature
Thermal Desorption (MTTD)
& Chemical Dechlorination Systems
(Base Catalyzed Decomposition -BCD)
~lll!!IJ!IIIII~ CIU
Environmental, Inc.
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I BCD Liquid Tank Reactor (L TR)
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~~~ CIU
Environmental, Inc.
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# BCD Technology ...
Base Catalyzed Decomposition
ETG
Environmental, Inc.
Chemical Dechlorination
of Organic Compounds
BCD Liquid Reactor
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# BCD Background. ..
# Chemical
Dechlorination
-Past Practices:
APEG/KPEG
Polyethylene
Glycol Based
... BCD does not employ
polyethylene glycol ...
ETG
♦ Developed by U.S. EPA Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory (RREL)
Research Initiated in 1981
Initial Laboratory Development 1989 / Patented
Federal Technology Transfer Act (FTTA)
ETG Involvement -1991
License Status to ETG
♦ APEG I KPEG Disadvantages
High Cost Reagent
Potential Hazardous Intermediates
Incomplete Dechlorination
Environmental, Inc.
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I Why is there a need
for Base-Catalyzed
Decomposition? ♦ Highly Effective On-Site Treatment for ...
I Conventional
Remedy ...
ETG
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD)
Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDF)
Herbicides/Pesticides
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
♦ Lower Cost Alternative
♦ Permanent Remedy
@@@ Incineration @@@
♦ Perceived Disadvantages
@ Safety
@High Cost
@ High Air Discharge/Pollution
® No Recycling or Waste Minimization
@ Public Opposition
@ Destruction
@Ash
Environmental, Inc.
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I BCD Chemistry ...
I Advantages of
the BCD Process ...
R-(CL) +R 1 N/ R-H + NaCl+R 11
X /:,.
Catalyst
♦ R -(CL)x represents halogenated compounds such
as PCP, PCBs, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic or
2,4,5-trichlorophenol and dioxins.
♦ R' represents the hydrogen donor.
♦ Chloride on R-(CL)x is replaced by H to produce
R -H. R' donates hydrogen and becomes R" with
the formation of sodium chloride (NaCL).
ETG
Developed by U.S. EPA
Complete Dechlorination
Low Residual Concentration
No Off-Site Shipments of Hazardous Waste
Simple Process -Low Capital
Low Reagent Ratio/Costs
Low Cost Alternative
Environmental, Inc.
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IBCD/
Therm-O-Detox
Treatment ...
I BCD I Therm-O-
Detox System
Applications ...
ETG
♦ Project Development Plan
♦ Treatability Studies
♦ Demonstration
♦ Remedial Design
♦ Full-Scale Remedial Action
♦ Public Participation
♦ Regulatory Involvement
♦ Equipment Selection Factors
Project Size
Material Consistency
Air Permit Acceptance
Contaminant Type and Concentration
Treatment Standards
Site Conditions
♦ Remediates a Wide Range of Wastes
High Moisture Content
High Contaminant Concentrations
Soil, Sludge, Sediment and Liquid
Mixed Waste
Environmental, Inc.
-------------------CONTAMINATED MATERIALS OR SCREENED SOILS FEED HOPPER DECHLORINATION REAGENTS L:::,__ /"-V V FEED CONVEYOR BCD SOLIDS REACTOR MEDIUM TEMPERATURE THERMAL DESORPTION ON-SITE BACKFILL OR OFF-SITE DISPOSAL (MTTD) COOLING WATER VAPOR DISCHARGES WATER SPRAY D. /'--V V COOLING SCREW CONVEYOR r--------------------------------7 I VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEM TO I I ATMOSPHERE I : CONDENSING : I SCRUBBERS UNIT I AIR REHEAT CARBON POLISHER I I I I I I I I I L------------~-------~-----------~ TREATED WATER RECYCLED ON-SITE AQUEOUS CONDENSATE STORAGE FILTRATION AND CARBON ADSORPTION OILY CONDENSATE STORAGE DECHLORINATION REAGENTS TREATED OIL/HC RECYCLED OFF-SITE DECONTAMINATED SOLIDS CONTAINER c=.11 ~ D O r.::!:!:J ENVIRONMENTAL, INC. 0 0 THE BCD TECHNOLOGY AND THE THERM-O-DETox• SYSTEM Rev. # 4,7 Drown By: M. Brocker I Date: 1 DL 31 /94 Dwg. # 4010 FIGURE 1
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BCD Test Apparatus
One Liter Ten Liter
--~ i:;ji,j
Environmental, Inc.
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PROJECT SUMMARY
ETG Environmental, Inc.
Project Experience
Location Description
Pennsylvania Excavation, thermal desorption, backfill and capping
of lagoon containing over 32,000 tons of soil
contaminated with organics.
Ohio Processing of as-generated refinery wastes to meet
landfill disposal and/or recycling parameters.
Ohio Processing of as-generated refinery wastes to meet
landfill disposal (BOAT) and/or recycling parameters
North Carolina Processing of soil contaminated with high-hazard
organics utilizing thermal treatment and chemical
dechlorination.
New Jersey Dredging, transfer, dewatering, thermal desorption
and disposal of approximately 7,000 cubic yards of
oily refinery wastes.
Maryland Oewatering and thermal desorption of chemical plant
waste to meet BOAT standards for disposal.
Puerto Rico Processing of refinery wastes to meet landfill disposal
(BOAT) parameters for semi-volatile and volatile
or anics as well as metals.
Providing creative environmental solutions
Environmental, Inc.
Size
$7 ,700,000.00
$2,500,000.00/yr
$2,200,000.00/yr
SITE Program
Demonstration
$1 ,500,000.00
$1 ,000,000.00
$1 ,000,000.00
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PROJECT SUMMARY
Army Corps of Engineers
Chambersburg, PA
--~ - - - -- -.:=, ... -
Environmental, Inc.
Scope: Thermal Treatment of 32,000 Tons of Soil
Job Size: $7,700,000
Problem: Subsurface soils at a lagoon site were identified as contaminating local
groundwater with several organic solvent compounds previously used at the
site.
Site Description: Two adjacent concrete lined lagoons of 1.6 million gallons total capacity
were closely bounded on three sides by a small stream, an active rail line,
and the waste water treatment plant's clarifier and trickling filter.
Subsurface was a dense, wet clay with a permeated rock geology including
boulders weighing up to 12 tons and crevices down to 12" wide and 100'
long. The project scope required removal of everything down to "bedrock".
Solution: Extensive soil sampling was conducted to characterize the type and location
of contamination and several remediation alternatives were proposed. The
chosen alternative (thermal treatment) was tested in the lab after another
confirmatory round of sampling was completed and the project commenced
in late winter. Installation of all site utilities and 25,000 square feet of
shoring, and excavation of over 26,000 tons of soils and over 6,000 tons of
rocks, boulders, and concrete was performed on schedule for the Corp of
Engineers. The soils were heated to approximately 600°F and all concrete,
rocks and boulders were pressure washed. Confirmatory sampling and
testing proved all treated materials were safe to return to the original
excavation.
Contamination: Halogenated volatile organic compounds.
Safety Level: Levels B, C and D.
Clean-up Levels: Less than 50 ppb per constituent for 10 halogenated volatile organics in the
soils and no visible signs of soils on any concrete, rocks or boulders.
Results: Stringent requirements for safety, health, work and quality assurance plans
were met or exceeded while contract negotiations were under way. In spite
of adver~e weather conditions, production rates were met for materials
handling as were performance standards for chemical analysis of the soils
and off-gases. Assistance was provided to obtain necessary regulatory
permits or exemptions; instructional tours for EPA, USA THAMA,
P ADER, Army and other official government agencies were also provided.
Providing creative environmental solutions
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PROJECT SUMMARY
::;::;............. ----.:= 1 IJI.
Environmental, Inc.
Oil Refinery -Toledo, OH
Scope: Processing Of As Generated Refinery Wastes
Job Size: 5,600,000 Gallons/Year -$2,500,000/Y ear
Problem: The refinery was disposing of K-listed waste at a ReRA incinerator at great
cost since the third-third landban required that refinery wastes meet BDA T
parameters for voes, SVOes and metals prior to disposal in a landfill.
Site Description: An Ohio refinery generating approximately 5,600,000 gallons per year of
API separator and DAF unit waste. The waste contained approximately 3%
solids and had been dewatered utilizing a belt press prior to disposal. The
material contained approximately 40% solids after dewatering.
Solution: ETG provided a processing system to remove the moisture and oils using a
centrifuge followed by low temperature thermal desorption, thereby
eliminating the older belt press. The system is exempt from ReRA since it
recovers oil and recycles it back to the refinery. The product meets the
required parameters for fuel substitution and can be disposed of at a cement
kiln or landfilled.
Contamination: SVOes, voes, Metals.
Safety Level: Level D and e.
Clean-up Levels: Meet parameters for acceptance as a fuel supplement or for landfilling.
Results: The process produces a greatly reduced volume of material which meets all
the parameters for disposal as a fuel supplement in a cement kiln, or for
disposal at a landfill. The original 5,600,000 gallons of process feed at 3%
solids results in approximately 700 tons of material for disposal at over
90% solids after centrifugation and thermal desorption. This provided
significant cost savings to the refinery over incineration, while also
providing substantial waste minimization.
Providing creative environmental solutions
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PROJECT SUMMARY
Environmental, Inc.
Ohio Refinery
Scope: Processing Of As Generated Refinery Wastes
Job Size: 3,500 Tons -$2,500,000
Problem: The refinery was disposing of the waste at a ReRA incinerator at great cost
since the third-third landban required that refinery wastes meet BDA T
parameters for voes, SVOes and metals prior to disposal in a landfill.
Site Description: An Ohio refinery generated approximately 3,500 tons per year of belt press
cake waste. The waste contained approximately 40% water and 60% oil
and solids.
Solution: ETG initially provided a processing system to remove the moisture and
light oils using thermal desorption. The system was exempt from ReRA
since it recovered oil and recycled it back to the refinery. The product met
the required parameters for fuel substitution and was disposed of at cement
kilns. ETG then modified the process to provide capability of heating the
waste material up to l ,000°F. This enabled the processed material to meet
all the BDA T parameters for landfill disposal.
Contamination: SVOes, voes, Metals.
Safety Level: Level D and e.
Clean-up Levels: Meet BDAT parameters.
Results: The process produced a greatly reduced volume of material which met all
the BDAT parameters and could be disposed of in a landfill. This provided
significant cost savings ( over $2.SM) to the refinery over incineration while
meeting the waste minimization guidelines. All applicable air permits were
obtained and complied with.
Providing creative environmental solutions
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Environmental, Inc.
Chemical Plant -Baltimore, MD
Phase Separation and Thermal Desorption
Scope: Clean Two Wastewater Treatment Tanks
Job Size: $1,000,000
Problem: Two wastewater tanks and a separator containing more than one million
gallons of sludge required cleaning. The material in the storage tanks
exhibited a low flash point and was considered hazardous as a DOO 1 code,
and as such was subject to disposal by incineration.
Site Description: Wastewater treatment area of a process chemical manufacturing plant.
Solution: The vessels were cleaned by pumping the contents to a plate and frame
filter press for volume reduction. The dewatering process yielded
approximately 950 tons of filtercake. The filtercake was subsequently fed
to a paddle type dryer which was utilized to drive off VOC's, thereby
increasing the flash point above the threshold for the DOO 1 waste
classification. The drying operation also resulted in a substantial drop in
the quantity for waste disposal. Vapors generated by the process were
captured and fed back to the client's vapor recovery system.
Contamination: Primarily benzene.
Safety Level: Level Band C.
Clean-up LevelN/ A
Results: All material was processed to meet requirements for disposal in a hazardous
waste landfill providing the client a substantial savings compared to
incineration. In addition, the volume of waste for disposal was reduced
dramatically by the drying process.
Providing creative environmental solutions
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SITE Program Demonstration
Former Wood Preserving Facility
Environmental, Inc.
Scope: Excavate, Screen & Thermal Treatment/Base Catalyzed Decomposition
(BCD) of Wood Processing Contaminated Waste
Problem: On-site waste impoundment of former wood preservation facility in North
Carolina resulted in soil and groundwater contamination with
Pentachlorophenol (PCP), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD),
polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and isopropyl ether (IPE).
Site Description: Fonner wood processing facility was added to the National Priorities List
(NPL) in 1989. A technology demonstration under the Superfund
Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program was conducted utilizing
medium temperature thermal desorption (MTTD) and subsequent chemical
dechlorination (BCD).
Solution: Under the joint direction of USEP A Region 4 Office of Research and
Development and North Carolina DEHNR, a MTTD/BCD demonstration
unit was mobilized to process contaminated soil to determine if clean-up
standards specified in the ROD could be met. Initial analysis indicates
compliance, and the technology has been approved by the USEP A Region
IV for use to remediate this site.
Contamination: PCP, PCDD, PCDF contaminated soil.
Safety Level: B and C.
Clean-up Levels: Less than 95 ppb for pentachlorophenol; less than 7 ppb for dioxin.
Results: Final report available 4th quarter of 1994.
Providing creative environmental solutions
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-

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PROJECT SUMMARY 1:1..-
Environmental, Inc.
New Jersey Refinery
Scope: Dewatering and Drying Demonstration
Job Size: $1,500,000
Problem: The purpose of the project was to demonstrate the ability of dewatering and
drying technologies to meet the following disposal options (1) on-site reuse,
(2) hazardous waste derived fuels program and (3) meet BDAT/landfill
criteria.
Site Description: The site included two surface impoundment 11 acres and 1.6 acres in size.
Sludge was removed from each impoundment by use of a hydraulic barge
mounted dredge and processed separately. A centrifuge in combination
with a low temperature thermal dryer was used to process the sludge. Oil
was recovered from the effluent through the use of a coalescing plate
oil/water separator. The effluent was returned to each respective
impoundment where the ability to meet ETP guidelines criteria was tested.
Solution: NIA
Contamination: K048-K051 sludge and non-hazardous oily sludge.
Safety Level: Levels C and B.
Clean-up Level: N/ A
Results: The ability to meet criteria for on-site reuse, hazardous waste derived fuel
and BDAT/landfill were all met as part of this demonstration. Effluent
guidelines will require redesign of treatment systems to produce consistent
results.
Providing creative environmental solutions
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Environmental, Inc.
Oil Refinery
Scope: Processing of as Generated Refinery Wastes
Job Size: $1,000,000
Problem: A refinery in Puerto Rico was accumulating wastes which would require
incineration due to land disposal restrictions.
Site Description: Approximately 1,000 tons ofrefinery K-listed wastes had accumulated at a
major refinery in Puerto Rico.
Solution: ETG removed, dewatered and thermally treated the material to meet BDAT
parameters for landfill disposal while recycling the recovered oil back to the
refinery. Solids were prepared and managed for internodal shipment to the
mainland USA for landfill disposal.
Contamination: SVOCs, VOCs, and Metals
Safety Level: Level C and D.
Clean-up Level: BDA T parameters.
Results: The process resulted in substantial cost savings over incineration while
meeting recycling and waste minimization guidelines.
Providing creative environmental solutions
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I Preprint Paper
BCD/THERM-O-DETOx®
I FOR THE CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION
OF HIGH HAZARD CHLORINATED ORGANICS
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I Presented by:
Yei-Shong Shieh, Ph.D., P.E.
I Authored by:
Dr. Yei-Shong Shieh
I Ronald J. Bacskai
The I & E C Special Symposium
I American Chemical Society
Atlanta, GA,
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September 19-21, 1994
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Environmental, Inc
I ~ 660 Sentry Parkway ~ Blue Bell, PA 19422 7 i
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BCD/Therm-O-Detox Dr. Yei-Shong Shieh
BCDffherm-0-Detox® for the Chemical Decomposition
of High Hazard Chlorinated Organics
Yei-Shong Shieh, Ph.D., P.E.
Ronald J. Bacskai
ETG Environmental Inc.
660 Sentry Parkway
Blue Bell, PA 19422
Abstract
One of the primary problems for the USEPA Superfund program has been the inability of the public,
regulatory agencies and potentially responsible parties (PRPs) to agree on a cost effective clean-up remedy to
perform site remedial actions. As a result, most of the Superfund money has been spent on studies and
litigation instead of actual clean-up, a fact that the USEPA wants to improve by proposing broad changes in
Superfund Reauthorization.
Recently, EPA announced a major new Environmental Technology Initiative to spur the development and
use of more advanced innovative technology in the United States and abroad. At the forefront of these
environmental changes is the EPA patented Base Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD) process to chemically
decompose high hazard chlorinated organics such as PCBs, dioxins, pesticides, herbicides and
pentachlorophenol (PCP) in soils, sludges and sediments. ETG Environmental, Inc. (ETG) has combined BCD
with a proprietary indirect heat thermal desorption system, registered as Therm-O-Detox®. The BCDffherm-O-
Detox system has been demonstrated successfully in the EPA's SITE (Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation) Program for the treatment of PCP, dioxins and furans at the Koppers Superfund site in North
Carolina. USEPA has approved BCDffherm-O-Detox for remediation of this site.
The BCDffherm-O-Detox technology will appeal to all decision making groups such as the public, the
EPA/state regulatory agencies, and the PRP's due to its cost effective and technically superior approach. The
system includes an indirect heated medium temperature thermal desorption (MTTD) unit capable of heating
waste material up to 950°F and an extensive off-gas condensing and treatment system with low off-gas flow.
The BCD process, unlike earlier technologies (e.g., K-PEG, A-PEG), results in total dechlorination of high-
hazard compounds. The treated residuals are non-hazardous and can be recycled as a fuel supplement in
industrial furnaces or cement kilns.
Introduction
A wide range of innovative technologies has
been developed to meet the ever tightening
environmental requirements of Superfund cleanups
and Land Ban wastes. Most of these technologies are
suitable for processing volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds
(SVOCs). In-situ soil vapor extraction (SVE),
bioremediation, and direct heated rotary drum type
Low Temperature Thermal Desorption (L TTD) units
equipped with an after burner are the most common
treatment technologies used throughout the United
States for petroleum and VOC contaminated soils.
Indirect heated thermal desorption systems1 with off-
gas condensing are designed for high moisture and/or
high organic content(> 1.5%) wastes.
For high hazard chlorinated organics,
incineration has been the only proven treatment
method. Recently, due to air pollution and safety
considerations, local citizens groups have strenuously
objected to incineration at many Superfund sites
across the United States. The BCDffherm-O-Detox
system developed by ETG is a cost effective and
environmentally sound alternative to incineration for
treatment of these high hazard chlorinated organic
compounds. The BCD2 chemical dehalogenation
technology was developed by the Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory (RREL) of USEP A and has
been licensed and commercialized by ETG.
BCD/Therm-O-Detox System Description
The BCD/Therm-O-Detox process as shown in
Figure 1 is a proven system that uses an indirectly
-1 -
BCD/Therm-O-Detox
CONTAMINATED MATERIALS OR SCR£ENEll SOILS
Dr. Yei-Shong Shieh
f----------yAPQR~-SYSTEM-------;Q--7
I AlMOSPHERE I
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FEED HOPPER
r-vM'O_R_D_1sc_HAR_GE_s_1f-----l--,---,,_~-' J
DECHLORINATION
REAGENTS
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BCD SOLIDS REACTOR
MEDIUM TEMPERATURE
THERMAL DESORPTION
(t.mO)
WATER
~SP_RA_Y~----< TREATED
ON-Sm: 8'CKFILL
OR ------t OfF-S!TE OISPOSAl
WATER
RECYCUD
ON-Sm:
~
REC'\"CL£D OfF-S!TE
Figure 1. BCD Technology and the Therm-O-Detox System
heated medium temperature thermal desorption indirectly heated paddles. The unique overlapping
(MTTD) unit to separate organic compounds from design of the paddles as shown in Figure 2 results in
contaminated media. The unit is designed to achieve thorough mixing and de-balling action, thus
material temperatures of up to 950°F, thereby maximizing exposure of the particles to enhance heat
allowing effective treatment of soils and sludges transfer. This allows rapid heating of the soil/sludge
contaminated with a wide range of low and high for optimum contaminant removal.
boiling point compounds.
Applications of the BCD/Therm-O-Detox
process include oily sludges, pesticides, herbicides,
PCB's, coal by-products, wood treating compounds,
dioxins, and furans. Off-gasses are treated by an
extensive vapor recovery system including an oil
venturi, an oil scrubber, a water scrubber, a
condensing unit, and vapor phase carbon adsorption.
The equipment design offers superior mixing, a low
sweep gas flow and contaminant recovery. Carbon
adsorption is used only for final polishing of gasses
exiting the condensers. The Therm-O-Detox system
has been designed as a non-oxidative system and as
such, can avoid the stigma afforded to thermal
desorption systems that incorporate afterburners or
catalytic oxidation units.
The contaminated media are introduced into the
treatment unit and processed by twin, low speed,
Figure 2: MTTD Unit With Top Removed
Contaminants and moisture entrained in the off-
gas are condensed and recovered by the
scrubbers/condensers. The condensed mixture is
separated and the organic contaminant is collected
for further treatment or for recycling via solvent
- 2 -
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BCD/Therm-O-Detox
recovery or fuel substitution. Separated water can be
treated by liquid phase carbon adsorption and sand
filtration. Most of the treated water can be recycled
to the process for use in the scrubbers and cooling
conveyor. A cooling conveyor or mixer is used to
cool and condition the processed waste in order to
control dusting and to promote compactability for
backfilling or for off-site disposal. Excess treated
water will occasionally be bled from the process as
needed. Off-gasses exiting the vapor recovery system
are discharged to the atmosphere after carbon
adsorption polishing.
The organic contaminants from the vapor
condensate will be collected and can be treated in a
BCD liquid reactor (see Figure 3) capable of heating
up to 343 °c (650°F). Oil may be added to the
condensate tank to remove the hydrocarbons from
the water phase due to hydrophobic nature of the
hydrocarbon contaminants. The water phase will be
filtered to remove solids and polished by carbon
adsorption units. The dechlorinated oil will be
recycled as a fuel supplement in an industrial boiler
such as a cement kiln.
Figure 3: BCD Liquid Reactor
The principle of the BCD process is the
generation of hydrogen radicals from a hydrogen
donor to replace the halogen atoms in halogenated
hydrocarbons. 3•4 BCD results in complete
dehalogenation, whereby all halogen atoms are
replaced by hydrogen radicals. For example, the by-
products from the dechlorination of PCBs are
biphenyl and salt. The key variables for the reactions
are temperature, base catalyst and hydrogen donor
concentrations.
Dr. Yei-Shong Shieh
BCD/Therm-O-Detox System Advantages
■ The overall unit has a high heat transfer surface
area resulting in high heat transfer efficiency
and in lower operating costs.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The unique overlapping design of the twin low
speed paddles provides thorough local mixing
action exposing most of the particles of the
process mass to the heat transfer surface. This
reduces the dependency of heat movement on the
thermal conductivity of the material, further
improving heat transfer efficiency.
The paddle configuration promotes uniform bed
conditions, thereby allowing direct surface
thermal desorption compared to the ineffective
diffusion phenomena that takes place when the
particles are "lumped" or "caked." The
homogenous bed results in reduced retention
time required to meet treatment criteria, which
increases the thermal unit throughput, resulting
in lower operating costs.
The unit can process sludge, sediment, and clay
soils directly, without the need for pre-drying or
pre-conditioning, thereby allowing increased
productivity.
Sweep gas flow through the indirectly heated
unit is very low (200 SCFM for an 8-15 TPH
system), allowing condensation of the off-gas,
and eliminating the requirement of an
afterburner (incinerator). The Therm-O-Detox
system has less regulatory impact and is easier
to permit.
The higher material temperature achieved
through more efficient heat transfer and uniform
material bed conditions assures higher removal
rates for high boiling point contaminants.
High contaminant concentrations can be
treated without pre-conditioning or the
possibility of ignition inside the thermal unit,
because sweep gas is inert (less than 5% oxygen)
and can be tightly controlled.
The unit is mobile and requires much less
space than a mobile rotary kiln. The compact
nature of the unit results in lower capital costs
for the Thermal/BCD system.
The cost effective BCD process is combined to
completely dechlorinate the high hazard
chlorinated organics on-site to avoid shipping
high hazard wastes off-site through local
communities.
- 3 -
BCD/Therm-O-Detox
Process Economics
The treatment costs are determined by a number
of factors, including: scope of work, waste quantity,
contaminant compounds, physical nature of
contaminated wastes, clean-up standards, permitting
issues, and analytical and air monitoring
requirements. BCD!fherm-O-Detox systems capable
of handling 5-15 TPH are available and can be
mobilized within 3-4 months. For sites containing
more than 15,000 tons of contaminated soils, the
estimated treatment costs are $150 -$250/ton offeed
material.5
BCD/Therm-O-Detox Applications
ETG has worked closely with Wright State
University (WSU) to simulate the internal mixing
and temperature range of a full-scale BCD!fherm-O-
Detox system using a laboratory scale batch reactor
system.
Recent bench-scale test conducted by ETG for
the treatment of soils contaminated with wood-
preserving chemicals, pesticides, herbicides, dioxins
and furans have demonstrated the remarkable
effectiveness of this technology. The results showed
that the residual soils following the BCD/Thermal
treatment were essentially clean. Concentrations of
organic contaminants of concern were well below the
required treated standards. Following completion of
bench-scale tests, the BCD/Therm-O-Detox process
was successfully demonstrated in the field under the
EPA Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
(SITE) program.
Koppers Superfund Site
The Koppers Site in Morrisville, NC is a former
wood treating facility which utilized the Cellon6
process between 1968 and 1975. The treatment
consisted of steaming the wood after
pentachlorophenol (PCP) had been pressure applied
to the wood. Water generated from the steam, known
as rinsate, was collected and processed to remove
PCP by means of flocculation. The PCP containing
rinsate was then placed in two lagoons on the 52 acre
site for further treatment.
In 1980, high levels of PCP were found in the
soils of the former lagoon area and the Cellon
processing area. PCP in excess of 10,000 ppm and
dioxins and furans were detected. The site was
Dr. Yei-Shong Shieh
placed in the national priorities list in 1989. A
Remedial Investigation (RI) identified PCP, PCDD,
PCDF, and isopropyl ether as the major contaminants
of concern. The feasibility study determined
incineration was the only proven method of
treatment. The community rejected the incineration
option, and the EPA was asked to evaluate additional
alternatives.
In 1991, EPA Region IV requested inclusion of
the Koppers Superfund Site into EPA Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL)
Superfund Technical Response Team Program
(START).7 The START program provides
comprehensive technical support and oversight for
the most complex Superfund Sites in the country.
The START team leader investigated the capability
of utilizing other innovative remediation
technologies to provide remediation for the site.
BCD chemical dechlorination technology was
proposed by EPA for a field study. The START
program negotiated with the SITE program to
include the field study as part of a SITE
demonstration. In December 1992, the Record of
Decision (ROD) was signed. Off-site incineration
was selected as the primary remedy. BCD innovative
technology was the contingency remedy. A
treatability study would be conducted to determine
the effectiveness of BCD on the contaminants of
concern. Based on the treatability study, a
determination would be made to select the final
remedy as incineration or the BCD process.
In late 1992, ETG was contacted by the START
program to demonstrate the Therm-O-Detox system
with BCD technology at the Koppers Site. A
BCD/Therm-O-Detox system was designed and
assembled based on a system proven for several other
industrial applications.
Bench scale treatability studies conducted in
March 1993 were very promising. Following the
approval of the Quality Assurance Project Plan
(QAPP), the BCD/Therm-O-Detox system was
mobilized in August, 1993, in a joint program with
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. The
demonstration was conducted from August 23 to
September 10, 1993. On August 31, 1993, the public
was invited to an open house and viewing of the
BCD/Therm-O-Detox technology in operation. The
equipment system as shown in Figure 4 includes
Medium Temperature Thermal Desorption (MTTD)
- 4 -
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BCD/Therm-O-Detox
Unit, Liquid BCD Reactor, Oil Scrubber, Water
Condenser, Water Chiller, and various ancillary
equipment. 8
Soil was excavated from the known "Hot Spots."
Approximately 12 tons of soil were treated during
the field demonstration. A total of seven thermal
desorption test runs were conducted. Four were for
the purpose of determining process parameters.
Three (runs 4-6) were for the performance
verification of the process. Two liquid BCD test runs
were conducted in a liquid tank reactor.
Pentachlorophenol in the treated soil from the
performance runs 4-6 has been reduced from
estimated concentration of 1,600 - 8, 100 ppm to a
ND level at below 1 ppm. The clean up standard for
PCP is 95 ppm. PCDD/PCDF in the soil from the
performance test runs 4-6 were treated to non-detect.
Dr. Yei-Shong Shieh
The test run 4 is shown in Table 1. Detection limits
vary from sample to sample due to dilution factors in
the laboratory. The clean up standard for PCDD and
PCDF as specified in the ROD is 7 ppb. All PCDD
and PCDF were below their sample specific
detection limits. Therefore, the cleanup standard was
reached.
PCDD/PCDF in the condensed oil was treated
from a total of 68,000 -96,000 ppb to below 1 ppb
average estimated level as shown in Table 2. The
PCP concentrations in the condensed oil entering the
liquid tank reactor ranged from 140,000 to 2,100,000
ppb. PCP was not detected in treated oil samples.
However, due to high sample detection limits by the
EPA's contracted lab, laboratory techniques are being
developed by EPA to achieve a lower detection limit.
Figure 4: EPA SITE Demo
Koppers Superfund Site, NC
- 5 -
BCD/Therm-O-Detox Dr. Yei-Shong Shieh
Table 1
Analytical Results for PCDD/PCDF in Soil Samples (µg/k!!)
Analyte I, .s, if y .,,,, ,1hi\ r " , ..... ,,. ... +; ,@ .,, •.w }!~'· • """ i ii• rTest Run 4 {Performance Ruri) / •Ci .
•·i•. '<> ?' = '½;,J)Jfi' lilt lnput·•i\ . ¥ "',Output ;;) 1fvll !i ,,
';;7 CN1-CN1 CN2 CN3
SL2 D.L. .SL3 D.L. .SL3 D.L .SL3 D.L.
2,3,7,8-TCDD ND 2.1 ND 0.74 ND 1.4 ND 1.6
Total TCDD ND 3.4 ND 5.1 ND 7.6 ND 4.9
Total PeCDD ND 0.2 ND 8.4 ND 8.1 ND 4.1
Total HxCDD 117 ND 15.4 ND 4.2 ND 11.9
Total HpCDD 2,000 J ND 23.1 ND 12.2 ND 13.9
OCDD 15,000 J ND 42.4 ND 19.0 ND 22.7
2,3, 7,8-TCDF ND 1.2 ND 1.4 ND 1.0 ND 1.0
Total TCDF 22 J ND 2.1 ND 1.1 ND 1.1
Total PeCDF 122 J ND 3.1 ND 1.2 ND 1.5
Total HxCDF 607 J ND 2.1 ND 1.8 ND 2.4
Total HpCDF 1,070 J ND 3.4 ND 1.5 ND 1.4
OCDF 3,390 J ND 2.5 ND 1.9 ND 1.0
ND= Non Detect
J = Estimated value only. Below instrument calibraiton range.
Detection limits (D.L.) may vary from sample to sample due to dilution factors.
Table 2
Analytical Results for PCDD/PCDF in Condensed Oil (µg/k!!)
Analyte Condensed Oil Treated Oil
Run 1 Run 2 Run 1 Run2
2,3, 7,8-TCDD 570 J 650 J ND (0.15) ND (0.18)
Total TCDD 18150 14560 ND(0.21) ND (0.28)
Total PeCDD 14350 17370 0.24 J,B ND (0.20)
Total HxCDD 12700 24140 0.26 J,B 0.38 J,B
Total HpCDD 10060 15550 0.70 J,B 0.69 J,B
OCDD 8850 19480 5.11 J,B 2.26 J,B
2,3, 7,8-TCDF ND (57) ND (120) ND (0.92) ND(0.11)
Total TCDF 722 845 J ND(0.16) ND(0.11)
Total PeCDF 258 851 J ND(0.15) ND(0.12)
Total HxCDF 289 993 J 0.26 J,B ND(0.11)
Total HpCDF 1273 1127 ND (0.19) ND (0.13)
OCDF 238 470 J 0.25 J,B 0.17 J,B
B = Analyte found in associated laboratory blank.
J = Estimated only. Below instrument calibration range.
- 6 -
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BCD/Therm-O-Detox
Based upon the preliminary data summary report
of the BCD demonstration prepared by the RREL,
EPA Region IV has selected the BCD treatment
technology to be utilized as the permanant remedy to
replace incineration at the Koppers Site to treat
contaminated soil on-site.
Thermal Desorption Applications
ETG Environmental, Inc. is a technology based
remediation company with more than 36 years of
field experience in hazardous waste management. A
wide range of contaminants such as chlorinated
solvents, volatiles, semivolatiles, heavy metal, and
high hazard chlorinated organics have been
remediated using thermal desorption, chemical
dechlorination, RF heating, soil vapor extraction,
groundwater sparging, liquid/solid separation and
chemical stabilization/solidification technologies.
Facilities remediated include landfills, lagoons,
impoundments, refineries, utilities, waste treatment,
chemical and manufacturing plants.
Eight thermal desorption projects have been
completed over the past 3-4 years. Indirect heat
thermal desorption units were used for sludges and
high hazard organics containing soils and a directed
heated rotary drum type unit was used for VOC
contaminated soils. A paddle design MTTD system
will be installed at a TSD facility within the next few
months.
Figure 5: Oil Refinery -Ohio
An MTTD system as shown in Figure 5 is
processing 10 million gallons/year of K and F listed
wastes and bioslurry at a refinery in Ohio. Oil is
recovered via centrifugation, and MTTD thermal
Dr. Yei-Shong Shieh
desorption. The treated residues meet best
demonstrated available technology (BDA T)
treatment standards and are disposed of in RCRA
landfills.
Figure 6: Letterkenny Army Depot -USA CE
At a 4 acre industrial waste lagoon at the
Letterkenny Army Depot in Pennsylvania, (shown in
Figure 6) 32,000 tons of soil and debris contaminated
with halogenated VOCs have been treated to below
50 ppb cleanup level using a direct heated thermal
desorption system. The project scope included
installation of shoring, excavation, thermal
desorption treatment, backfill, and installation of
RCRA cap.
Conclusion
BCD combined with the Therm-O-Detox System
is gaining increased support from industry groups,
regulatory agencies, and community groups for a
number of important reasons. The combined
technologies offer lower costs for a permanent
remedy of high hazard chlorinated organics. The on-
site technologies are considered innovative, and as
such, are favored under EPA's Environmental
Technology Initiative (ETI). The indirect heat
thermal desorption unit with off gas condensation,
results in less contaminants released into the
atmosphere (lower air discharge), waste
minimization, and recycling/recovery of
contaminants. In addition, no hazardous wastes are
transported off-site. The total of these considerations
has resulted in favorable community support which
greatly simplifies regulatory difficulties in
implementing the technologies for full scale remedial
-7 -
BCD/Therm-O-Detox
applications. As a result, several sites with various
contaminants are requiring BCD/indirect heat
thermal desorption for inclusion into the site Records
of Decision.
References
1. Shieh, Y. S., ETG Environmental, Inc., Thermal
Desorption -A Physical Separation Method to
Treat Soils and Sludges Contaminated with
Organic Compounds, paper presented at 1993
HMCRI Superfund XIV Conference, November
3 0 -December 2, 1993.
2. Rogers, C. J., Kornel, A., and Sparks, H. L.,
Method for the Destruction of Halogenated
Compounds in a Contaminated Medium, Patents:
Number 5,019,175 (May 28, 1991), 5,039,350
(August 13, 1991), and 5,064,506 (November
12, 1991).
3. Rogers, C. J., Kornel, A., and Sparks, H. L.,
USEP A/RREL; The Development of Catalytic
Transfer Hydrogenation Process for the
Destruction of Toxic and Hazardous
Compounds, unpublished paper.
4. Rogers, C. J., Kornel, A., and Sparks, H. L., Haz
Pac '91, Hazardous Waste Management in
Pacific Basin. Randol International, Ltd.,
Golden, CO, 1991.
5. Shieh, Y. S., Thermal-O-Detox -A Thermal
Separation System. The Thirteenth International
Incineration Conference; Houston, TX, May
1994.
6. USEPA, OSWER; SITE Program Fact Sheet,
Demonstration of the Base Catalyzed
Decomposition Technology and SAREX Therm-
O-Detox System, August 1993.
7. Lyons, T. M., The Base Catalyzed
Decomposition (BCD) Process SITE
Demonstration for Treating Pentachlorophenol
and Dioxins in Soil. USEP A 20th Annual RREI
Research Symposium; March, 1994.
8. Detweiler, G. S., Shieh, Y. S., Lyons, T. M., and
Miller, G. H., Thermal Desorption/Base
- 8 -
Dr. Yei-Shong Shieh
Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD): A Non-
oxidative Method/or Chemical Dechlorination of
Organic Compounds. USEPA 5th Forum on
Innovative Hazardous Waste Treatment
Technologies: Domestic & International;
Chicago, IL, May 1994.
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C~yi; ---Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The base-catalyzed decomposition (BCD) pro-
cess is a chemical dehalogenation technology
developed by the Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio. BCD is
initiated in a medium temperature thermal
desorber (MTTD), at temperatures ranging from
600 to 950 degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Chemicals
are added to contaminated soils, sediments, or
sludge matrices containing hazardous chlorinated
organics including polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB) and polychlorinated dioxins and furans .
BCD then chemically detoxifies the condensed
organic contaminants by removing chlorine from
the contaminant and replacing it with hydrogen.
Because the chlorinated organics have some
volatility, there is a degree of volatilization that
takes place in parallel with chemical dechlori-
nation. The result is a clean, inexpensive,
CONTAMINATED
MATERW..S
OR SCREENED SOILS
permanent remedy where all process residuals
(including dehalogenated organics) are recyclable
or recoverable.
ETG Environmental, Inc. (ETG), and Separation
and Recovery Systems (SRS) developed the
1HERM-o-DET0X® and SAREX® systems and
combined them with the BCD process chemistry.
The combined process begins by initiating solid
phase dechlorination in the MTTD step (see
figure below). Organics are thermally desorbed
from the matrix, and are condensed and sent to
the BCD liquid tank reactor. Reagents are then
added and heated to 600 to 650 °F for 1 to 3
hours to dechlorinate the remaining organics .
The treated residuals are recycled or disposed of
using standard, commercially available methods,
including solvent reuse and fuel substitution.
Treated. clean soil can be recycled as on-site
backff'
r-------·· . -·----------------------7 VAPOR RECD'IERY SYST<M TO 1 I
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ATMOSPHERE I
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fl:EI)
HOPPER
VAPOR DISCHARGES I
DECHLORINATION
REAGENTS
/\ /\ \7 \7
BCD SOLIDS REACTOR MEDIUM Tc:MPERATIJRE
THERMAL DESORPTION
(MTTD)
COOUNG WATER
ON-SrTE ~FILL OR ____ __,
OFT -SITT DISPOSAL
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WAITR
.---sP_RA_Y--.--~, i:~o
COOLING SCREW
CONVEYOR
RECYCl.£0
ON-SITE
Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination (BCD) Process
RECYCLED OFT-SITT
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The BCD process can treat soils, sediments, and
sludges contaminated with the following chlori-
nated compounds:
• Halogenated volatile organic compounds
• Halogenated semivolatile organic com-
pounds, including herbicides and pesti-
cides
• PCBs
• Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
• Polychlorinated dioxins and furans
STATUS:
The combined BCD process was successfully
demonstrated at the Koppers Company
Superfund Site in Morrisville, North Carolina,
from August through September 1993. The
process removed PCP and polychlorinated
dioxins and furans from clay soils to levels well
below those specified in the Record of Decision.
As a result, EPA Region 4 approved BCD for
the full-scale site remediation.
For information on the SAREX® system, see the
SRS profile in this document.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration consisted of four replicate
test runs in the MTTD and two replicate test
runs in the liquid tank reactor (L TR). Feed soil
consisted of a dry, clayey silt which was pro-
cessed at a rate of 250 pounds per hour in the
MTTD at 800 °F; retention time was approxi-
mately one hour. The oil in each L TR test run
was batch-processed for six hours at 650 °F.
Based on preliminary analytical results, key
findings from the SITE demonstration are sum-
marized as follows:
November 1994
Completed Project
• The MTTD removed 99 percent of
penta-chlorophenol (PCP), and 92
percent of dioxins and furans in the soil.
• Treated soil met the cleanup goals of 95
parts per million for PCP and 7 parts
per billion for dioxins and furans.
• All semivolatile organic compounds
were well below toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure limits in treated soil.
• The L TR batch tests reduced PCP
concen-trations by 97 percent, and
dioxin and furan concentrations by 99
percent.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Terrence Lyons
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7589
Fax: [phone]
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Carl Brunner
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7655
Fax: [phone] or 7677
Y ei-Shong Shieh or Steven Detwiler
ETG Environmental, Inc .
660 Sentry Parkway
Blue Bell , PA 19422
610-832-0700
Fax: [phone]
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OEPA United States
Environmental Protect,on
Agency
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
August 1993
PROGRAM FACT SHEET
Demonstration of the Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Technology
and SAREX<E' THERM-0-DETOX™ System
Koppers Company Superfund Site
Morrisville, North Carolina
THIS FACT SHEET TELLS YOU ABOUT ...
EPA's Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
(SITE) Program
A technology demonstration to be performed at the
Koppers Company Superfund site, located in Morrisville,
North Carolina.
A Visitor's Day to be held on August 31, 1993 at the
Koppers Company site.
INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
identifies new methods for hazardous waste cleanup
through its SITE Program. Under this program. created
in 1986, innovative treatment technologies that may
significantly reduce the toxicity, mobility, or volume of
hazardous waste are demonstrated and evaluated. The
SITE Program also generates reliable performance and
cost information in the technologies for use in evaluating
cleanup alternatives for similarly contaminated sites.
The technology proposed for demonstration is the Base-
Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD) technology developed
by EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory in
Cincinnati, Ohio, using the SAREX® THERM-O-
DETOX® system developed by ETG Environmental. Inc.
(ETG), and Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc .
(SRS). The purpose of this demonstration is to assess
how well the technology removes pentachlorophenol
(PCP) and dioxins from the soil at the Koppers Company
Superfund site in Morrisville, North Carolina.
EPA's SITE PROGRAM
Each year, EPA solicits proposals from private
technology developers to demonstrate innovative
technologies under the SITE Program. Technology
developers can submit demonstration proposals any time
through the year. For each technology selected, EPA,
often with input from state and regional agencies, does
the following:
• Identifies a site with wastes suitable for treatment
• Prepares a technology demonstration plan
• Notifies appropriate agencies for
intergovernmental and community reviews
• Prepares a fact sheet for the public, proposing the
site and technology match.
• Prepares the demonstration site
• Conducts and audits field sampling and
laboratory analyses
• Organizes a Visitors' Day to view the technology
demonstration
• Evaluates technology performance
• Prepares an Applications Analysis Report and a
Technology Evaluation Report summarizing the
demonstration results, as well as several other
informational itell!s such as bulletins. summaries,
and a video.
CONTAMINATED
MATERIALS
OR SCREENED SOILS ______ VA_P __ OR RECOVERY SYSTE.::M:.:....----,
VAPOR DISCHARGES
FEED
HOPPER
SCREW CONVEYOR
MEDUIM TEMP. THERMAL
DESORPTION UNIT
(MTTD)
COOLING WATER
COOLING SCREW
CONVEYOR
ON-SITE BACKFILL
OR
OFF-SITE DISPOSAL
TO
ATMOSPHERE
CARBON
POLISHER
CONDENSOR
UNIT
DECHLORINATION
r---'---,OIL ADDITIVE REAGENTS
AQUEOUS OILY
CONDENSATE CONDENSATE t-----s
STORAGE STORAGE
CARBON
ADSORPTIO
TREATED
WATER
DECONTAMINATED SOLIDS
CONTAINER OIL/HC
Figure 1: BCD Technology and SARE:xe THERM-0-DETOX™ System
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
The BCD technology is an EPA-patented process to
remediate soil and sludge contaminated with chlorinated
organic compounds. Based on the process requirements
of the BCD technology, ETG and SRS have developed
the SAREX THERM-O-DETOX system in cooperation
with EPA to evaluate the effectiveness of this process
under real-time conditions in the field.
The SAREX® THERM-O-DETOX<l system is based on
a proven indirect-heat medium temperature thermal
desorption (MTTD) unit. the unit is equipped with a
multiple-shaft agitator for high heat transfer efficiency
and excellent local mixing action.
The BCD physical/chemical process detoxifies and
chemically decomposes contaminants by removing
chlorine atoms. Compounds that the BCD process can
decompose include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),
PCP, chlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans,
insecticides, and herbicides.
The process begins by mixing an inorganic reagent with
the contaminated soil, sediment, or sludge. The mixture
is heated in the MTTD unit for about 1 hour at 650F to
800F. Some of the chlorinated contaminants are
decomposed during this step. The remaining organic
contaminants are thermally desorbed and removed with
the off-gas.
Clean soil exiting the solid reactor can be returned to the
site. The remaining contaminants form the vapor
condensate and residual dust are captured and treated for
2 to 4 hours at approximately 650F in a liquid tank
reactor (LTR). The L TR uses a high boiling point
hydrocarbon, a proprietary catalyst, and sodium
hydroxide. Nitrogen is purged through the LTR to
control oxygen levels, preventing the tank contents from
oxidizing or igniting.
Oily residuals remaining in the L TR contain dust and
sludge and are combustible. They can be burned in an
oil-fired power plant. a cement kiln. or treated and
reclaimed by waste oil recyclers. the aqueous condensate
from the process can be discharged to a publicly-owned
treatment works after being polished through an
activated carbon treatment process. Decontaminated
sludge can be disposed of in the same manner as
municipal sludge. Spent carbon from the water polishing
can also be treated in this process.
The only by-products produced by the BCD process are
biphenyl, low boiling olefinics, and sodium chloride.
SITE DESCRIPTION
The Koppers Company site is located in the Shiloh
community, several miles north of Morrisville, North
Carolina. The site cover& approximately 52 acres at the
intersection of Highway 54 and Koppers Road (Figure
2).
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Ihe southeastern section of the site was the CELLON
processing area and fonner lagoon area. The CELLON
-process involved pressure-treating wood with PCP and
then steaming it The water generated from this process,
-called rinsate, was collected, processed to remove the
PCP by flocculation, and placed in two lagoons at the
site for further treatment. The rinsate did however
contain PCP. The CELLON process was used at the site
from 1968 to 1975. the two lagoons were closed and
emptied in 1976. Water from the lagoons was sprayed
onto the ground at the north end of the site, and the
bottom sludges fro the lagoons were spread to dry.
In 1980, high levels of PCP were found in the soils in the
fonner lagoon area and CELLON processing area. PCP
was also detected in the groundwater. In 1989 the site
was added to EPA's National Priorities List (NPL). A
remedial investigation (RI) was conducted, identifying
the primary contaminants at the site as PCP,
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD),
polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), and isopropyl
ether (IPE). The RI indicated that the CELLON
processing area and lagoon are served as sources for the
migration of contaminants into the groundwater.
TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION
The BCD technology and SAREX THERM-O-DETOX
system demonstration at the Koppers Company site is
scheduled to occur during August 1993. The primary
objectives of this demonstration are to:
• Detennine how efficiently the BCD process
removes PCP, dioxins, and furans from the
contaminated soil.
• Detennine whether treatment residuals (air,
water, oil) meet cleanup levels.
• Evaluate the potential for the BCD process to
fonn additional volatile organic compounds
when heated to high temperatures
• Obtain infonnation required to estimate treatment
costs, including capital and operating expenses,
for future Superfund decision-making purposes.
CHURCH ROAD
LEGEND
PROPERTY
BOUNDARY
• EXISTING WELLS
-PROPERTY BOUNDARY
UNIT STRUCTURES/
KOPPERS SITE
PROPERTY LINE
FIRE POND
Figure 2: Kopper's..Company, Inc. Superfund Site
EPA has prepared a detailed quality assurance project
plan outlining the methods and procedures for testing
and evaluating the technology. When the demonstration
is complete, EPA will compile and analyze the findings
in an Applications Analysis Report and a Technology
Evaluation Report. These reports will be used to
evaluate alternatives for cleaning up similar sites across
the country.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Questions or comments about the SITE Program or the
proposed demonstration should be made by August 25,
1993 to:
Terry Lyons
U.S. EPA SITE Project Manager
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
[phone]
Specific questions regarding the demonstration site
should be directed to:
Beverly Hudson or Diane Barrett
North Superfund Remedial Branch
Waste Management Division
U.S. EPA, Region 4
345 Courtland Street, NE
Atlanta, Georgia 30365
[phone] or [phone]
Specific questions regarding the BCD technology or
SAREX THERM-O-DETOX system should be directed
to:
Dr. Y ei-Shong Shieh
ETG Environmental, Inc.
660 Sentry Parkway
Blue Bell, PA 19422
[phone]
ft
0 EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Attention: Terry Lyons
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Thermal Desorption/Base Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD)
A Non-Oxidative Method For Chemical Dechlorination
Of Organic Compounds
Y ei-Shong Shieh
G. Steven Detwiler
ETG Environmental, Inc.
Terrance Lyons
USEPA
Cincinnati, OH
Blue Bell, PA
Presented At:
Bradford H. Miller
Separation & Recovery Systems
Irvine, CA
USEPA 5th Forum On Innovative Hazardous Waste
Treatment Technologies: Domestic & International
May 3-5, 1994
Congress Hotel
Chicago, IL
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Thermal Desorption/Base Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD)
A Non-oxidative Method For Chemical Dechlorination
Of Organic Compounds
Introduction
Thermal desorption has become an acceptable and effective alternative for the non-
oxidative treatment of organic contaminated soils, sediments and sludges. Physical
separation of the contaminants from the media through indirect heated thermal desorption
results in lower volume off-gas which allows for contaminant recovery through condensation
of the organic compounds from the off-gas. The Base Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD)
Technology detoxifies and chemically decomposes contaminants by removing chlorine atoms.
The BCD process can be combined with medium temperature thermal desorption (MTID)
to dechlorinate high-hazard organics including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD),
polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), pentachlorophenol (PCP), polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB) and pesticides/herbicides. The combination of MTITI with BCD allows for meeting
the objectives of minimizing/ concentrating the organics requiring BCD, treating the
contaminated media for recycling as backfill, minimizing air and water discharges, and
recovering the dechlorinated organic compounds for utilization as a fuel supplement in an
industrial boiler.
EP A's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) in Cincinnati, Ohio
developed and patented the BCD technology. RREL initiated research to develop
innovative alternatives for treatment of chlorinated organic compounds in 1980. The
challenge was to modify catalytic transfer hydrogenation process extensively utilized in the
chemical process industry to result in a cost effective commercial process which would meet
applicable regulatory standards. In January, 1989 experimental results confirmed that a
process for chemical dechlorination had indeed been developed on a laboratory scale <1>.
The Federal Technology Transfer Act (FTTA) allows private sector firms like ETG
Environmental, Inc. ("ETG") and Separation and Recovery Systems ("SRS") to conduct BCD
and other technology commercialization in conjunction with the USEP A
ETG /SRS has worked with RREL/USEPA since 1991 to develop the SARE~
Therm-0-Detox• system to be used with the BCD process on a commercial level. Through
a cooperative effort between the EPA SITE Program, EPA Region 4, and the NC-DEHNR,
a BCD technology demonstration was conducted by ETG and SRS at the Koppers
Superfund site in Morrisville, North Carolina in September, 1993.
Methodolo2Y
The principle of the BCD process is the utilization of hydrogen radicals (Acceptor-H)
generated from a hydrogen donor to completely replace the chlorine ions in the chlorinated
hydrocarbons<2>. The key operating vairables for the reactions are temperature, base catalyst
and hydrogen donor concentrations.
Indirect heated thermal desorption of organics from contaminated soils and sludges
is well studied and documentedC3>. Indirect heated systems transfer heat from steam, hot
oil, molten salt or electricity through metal surfaces to the waste materials. A sweep gas
with low oxygen content is used to physically separate the organic contaminants from the
media (e.g. soil) through thermal desorption. Desorbed organic compounds are condensed
and recovered. Carbon adsorption may be used to polish the off-gas prior to discharge into
the atmosphere. Particulate carryover is minimized due to the decreased volume of exhaust
gas. Condensed water is recycled to the treated media for cooling, dust suppression, and
to provide a moisture content suitable for backfill compaction.
ETG /SRS have observed through their own field experience, as well as published
information, that heat transfer to the waste and degree of waste mixing are two of the most
critical factors for effective thermal desorption. Increased mixing will lead to the reduction
of material residence times. A thermal desorption system that processes a material quickly
and thoroughly also has less chance for thermal decomposition of organic compounds or
forming coke in the system caused by higher hydrocarbon concentration from the feed
material. A continuing trend is to increase the process temperature of the thermal
desorption system to a higher range (750'F to 950°F) defined by ETG/SRS as medium
temperature thermal desorption (MTfD), for the removal of heavy organic and chlorinated
organic compounds.
The SARE.xe Therm-O-Detox• system as shown in Figure 1 includes an indirect
heated MTID unit to physically separate moisture and organics from the media, an
extensive vapor recovery system including condensing unit(s) and carbon adsorption, and a
BCD liquid tank reactor (LTR) unit. The contaminated/screened materials are fed to a
feed hopper and conveyed through an enclosed hopper to the solids reactor (MTfD).
Dechlorination agents are added in the feed conveyor to allow premixing with the
contaminated media.
The indirect heated MTfD can be controlled to a desirable temperature and
residence time as required by the BCD process. Vapors are discharged to the scrubbing and
condensing system and a carbon polishing system prior to atmospheric discharge. Clean
media is discharged to an enclosed cooling conveyor where condensed, polished water from
the vapor recovery system is recycled and utilized to cool the media, as well as to control
dust and produce a material with proper moisture content for compaction as on-site backfill.
The organic contaminants recovered from the vapor recovery system are sent to the
BCD LTR. The LTR is prepared to treat contaminants by adding base (i.e., sodium
hydorxide ), a catalyst, and a hydrocarbon which serves as the reaction medium and the
hydrogen donor. The LTR contents are heated to a temperature of 320' -340'C (610' -
650'F) to effect dechlorination of contaminants. After dechlorination reactions are
completed, the LTR contents can be reused to treat other contaminants with chemical
additions or used as a fuel supplement in an industrial boiler such as a cement kiln.
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- - - - -- ---- ------ - -~----------------------·-------·-... -·---·------------··-CONTAM!NATED MATERIALS OR SCREENED SOILS _I._ __ HOPPER gHTD 1 DECHLORINAT,ON I I REAGENTS D. n. V V FEED CONVEYOR /''\ /"-'\../ \.7 BCD SOLIDS REACTOR MEDIUM TEMPERATURE THERMAL DESORPTION (MHD) COOUNG WATER ,------•-· -·-----------·----------·-·--1 V/1POR Rt.COVERY SYS fEM 1 TO I : ATMOSPHEf~E I I OIL W.ATlR CONDENS1NG gj I VAPOR DISCHARGES I SCRUBBEl<S '..>C:RUBBE.RS UNIT -0 ___ _ ! -~ --~----0-·---jCARBON WATER SPRAY _l l D r, V V COOLING SCREW CONVEYOR I --POLISH EH I I I I I L __ _ [. ·-·---·--1 .AQUfOU'., C:ONDENSATE '.;TQRAGF: ·--~ OILY U 1NOENSAT[ --· STORAGE -------OIL ADDITIVE CARBON ADSORPTION {:~:~DJ [3t.,D l.lQUID REACfOR (LTR) DLCHLOi~INATION REAGCNT!, COND[Ns:m ---:-[><J ~;~I~TEj TANK l -~;-~TED] OIL/He ---~-------ON-SITE BACKFILL ~)l::C.ONTAMINATED SOLID~ OR ---------CONTAINER OFF -SITE Dl~il'OSAL 0 0 -----·----·---L.=.JL~~:]~ Cs O ~ ENVIRONYENTAL. IN<: SAREXD THERM-0-DETOX® SYSTEM BCD PROCESS ·--.... •·------------·--···---.-------·------Rev. # 4.5 Drawn By: M. Brocker I Date: 2/4/94 Dwg. # 4010 FIGURE 1 -
The BCD chemistry{4) in the LTR is illustrated as follows:
R-(Cl) +R 1 Na+ >R-H+NaCJ +R 11
:r 620"F-650"F
Catalyst
R-(Cl)x as shown can be any halogenated compound such as PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs,
2,4-D or 2,4,5-T. In principal R' is a hydrogen donor whose oxidation potential is sufficiently
low to generate nucleophilic hydrogen in the presence of base Na+ ( sodium hydroxide) and
at temperatures between 250° -350° C. Under these conditions, chlorine on R-Cl is replaced
by H to produce R-H with loss of hydrogen from R' to R0 and the formation of sodium
chloride. This reaction achieves complete dechlorination of chlorinated compounds.
The MTTD /BCD system has the following advantages:
• The unit has a high heat transfer surface area resulting in hi~h heat transfer
efficiency.
• The MTID unit provides complete local mixin~ action exposing most of the
particles of the process mass to the heat transfer surface. This reduces the
dependency of heat movement on the thermal conductivity of the process.
• System equipment components are proven effective and commercially available.
No new or experimental equipment is required.
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The MTTD system can be modified to incorporate stabilization/fixation additives I
if heavy metals are present.
• The uniform bed conditions will promote direct surface thermal desorption
comparing to the ineffective diffusion phenomena when the particles are stuck
together in lump or cake. The homogenous bed will result in the reduction of the
retention time required to meet the treatment standards.
• The M1TD unit can process sludge, sediment and clayey soils directly to meet
treatment requirements. No pre-drying is required.
• There is no large volume of sweep gas flow through the MTTD indirect heat
unit, resulting in true, non-oxidative physical separation. The off-gas can be
condensed without the requirement of an afterburner (incinerator). The
MTTD /BCD system will have less environmental impact and permittin~
requirements.
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• BCD reagents are inexpensive and do not require reuse, in contrast to other
dechlorination processes (APEG/KPEG).
Lower cost than incineration and other higher temperature thermal desorption
systems.
• The hi~er material temperature and uniform material bed will assure the higher
removal rate for high boiling point contaminants.
SITE Demonstration
In late 1992, ETG/SRS was contacted by the USEPA Office of Research and
Development (ORD) to demonstrate the MTID/BCD technology using the SAREX-
Therm-O-Detox• system at a Superfund site in Morrisville, North Carolina under the
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) programC5)_ The objectives of this
demonstration are listed below:
• Assess the effectiveness of the MTID /BCD process in treating PCP, dioxins, and
furans to levels below those stated in the ROD.
• Determine if treatment residuals (air, water, oil) also meet appropriate clean-up
levels.
• Develop information to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of MTID /BCD for future
Superfund projects, RCRA corrective actions, or voluntary remediation projects.
The Koppers site in Morrisville was a former wood preserving operation utilizing the
Cell on process, which involves pressure treating of wood with PCP and subsequent steaming
for wood preservation. The rinsate was placed in unlined lagoons where leaching into the
soil occurred. Contaminants included PCP in excess of 10,000 ppm, and . lesser
concentrations of dioxins and furans.
Following completion of bench-scale testing and approval of the Quality Assurance
Project Plan, an MTID /BCD system capable of handling 0.25 -.5 TPH throughput was
mobilized. The equipment was placed into a portable containment pad with approximate
dimensions of 60' x 80'. Soil was excavated from the documented "hot spots" on the site and
hand screened to less than 0.5 inches and placed in 55 gallon drums for transport to the
processing area.
Results
One test run was completed per day during the demonstration. The operating
parameters were recorded ( drum weight, reagent dosage, retention time, operating
temperature, contaminant concentration, etc.) throughout the demonstration. Each of seven
total test runs lasted between four and eight hours and processed 2,000 to 4,000 pounds of
feed per runC7)_ Samples of treated solids, air, water, and organics were collected during
each run. Preliminary results look encouraging and appear to be similar to the bench-scale
treatability results. Final results will be reported in the USEPA's SITE Demonstration
Summary Report expected to be released in 1994.
Bench scale analytical testing on the contaminated soils indicated that the
MTfD/BCD process was very successful in dechlorinating the PCP, dioxins and furans. As
indicated in Table 1, destruction and removal efficiencies of 99.99% or greater were
achieved in most cases<6). These results indicate that the treatment standards of 95 ppm for
PCP and 7 ppb for dioxins specified in the Morrisville, North Carolina ROD will be easily
met.
Table 1
Treatability Test Results For A Soil Sample From
The Koppers Site, Morrisville, NC
Feed . Soil Following Percent\ Treatment
Contaminant < Soil >soo. F Treatment Removal >Standard
Chlorophenol {CP}f PPM /
Total Tri-CP 90 0.001 99.99
Total Tetra-CP 750 0.0005 99.999
Penta-CP 35,000 0.0006 99.9999 95
Total TCDDs 1.46 0.121 29.489 1.0·
Total PeCDDs 11.40 0.129 90.373
Total HxCDDs 726.00 0.173 99.349
Total HpCDDs 4810.00 0.122 99.978
OCDD 31.20 0.0945 99.997
Total TCDFs 3.5 ND ( < 0.0007) >99.832
Total PeCDFs 40.9 ND ( < 0.0012) >99.975
Total HxCDFs 529.0 ND ( < 0.0016) >99.997
Total HpCDFs 3020.0 ND ( <0.0030) >99.999
OCDF 3540.0 ND ( < 0.0057) >99.999
• 2,3,7,8 TCDD equivalent
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Based on the operating data and equipment efficiency monitored during the USEP A
SITE Demonstration, ETG /SRS have developed preliminary cost estimates for the
MITD/BCD system of $150 -$250/feed ton for sites containing more than 10,000 yd3 of
contaminated soils. Systems capable of handling 5-15 TPH are currently under construction
and are available immediately after a 2-3 month (typical) treatability study. Treatability
bench and/or pilot-scale studies typically cost $20,000 -$200,000. System economics are
determined by a number of factors including volume and concentrations of contaminated
material, required clean-up standards, utility availability, physical nature of contaminated
wastes (necessity of pre-treatment), and permitting requirements. Due to the varying nature
of these factors, treatability studies are strongly recommended.
Conclusions
Medium Temperature Thermal Desorption (M1TD) is a proven commercial process
to physically separate organic contaminants (VOCs, SVOCs, Coal Tar, etc.) from
contaminated media (soil, process sludges) by indirect heating. The low volume of off-gas
results in condensation and ultimate recycling of the organic contaminants. The technology
has proven to be technically and economically effective at a number of oil refining and
chemical industry sites for soil and process sludge treatment.
M1TD can be combined with Base Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD) to chemically
dechlorinate high-hazard organics such as chlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pentachlorophenol (PCP), and pesticides/herbicides (2,4-
D 2,4,5-T, silvex, DDT, DDD, lindane, etc.). Bench-scale testing indicates destruction and
removal efficiencies in excess of 99.9% can be achieved. For a site containing greater than
10,000 yd3 of contaminated soils, the estimated remediation costs of $150 -$250/ton of feed
are applicable for a 5-15 TPH system.
References
1. Rogers, CJ.; Komel, A; Sparks, H.L.; USEPA/RREL; The Development of
Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation Process for the Destruction of Toxic and
Hazardous Compounds; unpublished paper.
2. Rogers, CJ.; Komel, A; Sparks, H.L.; Haz Pac '91, Hazardous Waste
Management in Pacific Basin. Randol International, Ltd., Golden, CO, 1991.
3. Shieh, Y.S.; ETG Environmental, Inc.; Thermal Desorption -A Physical
Separation Method to Treat Soils and Sludges Contaminated with Organic
Compounds; paper presented at 1993 HMCRI Superfund XIV Conference,
November 30 -December 2, 1993.
4. Rogers, CJ.; Komel, A; Sparks, H.L.; Method for the Destruction of Halogenated
Compounds in a Contaminated Medium. Patents: Number 5,019,175 (May 28,
1991); 5,039,350 (August 13, 1991), and 5,064,506 (November 12, 1991).
5. USEP A, OSWER,; SITE Program Fact Sheet, Demonstration of the Base
Catalyzed Decomposition Technology and SAREX-Therm-O-Detoxtm System;
August, 1993.
6. The PRC SITE Team, Final QAPP for Base Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD)
Technology SITE Demonstration at Koppers Company, Inc., Morrisville, NC.
7. Miller, B.H.; Sheehan, W.J.; Swanberg, CJ.; Separation and Recovery Systems,
Inc.; The Base Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD) Process for Treating Heavy
Halocarbons in Soils and Sludges; paper presented at 1993 HMCRI Superfund
XIV Conference; November 30 -December 2, 1993.
For more information, please contact:
Y ei-Shong Shieh, Ph.D., P.E.
ETG Environmental, Inc.
660 Sentry Parkway
Blue Bell, Pennsylvania 19422
[phone]
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THERM-0-DETO~ -A THERMAL SEPARATION SYSTEM
Yei-Shong Shieh, Ph.D., P.E.
ETG Environmental, Inc.
660 Sentry Parkway
Blue Bell, PA 19422
[phone]
[phone] (Facsimile)
To Be Presented At:
The Thirteenth International Incineration Conference
May 9 -May 14, 1994
Houston, TX
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THERM-0-DETOX® -A THERMAL SEPARATION SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
Yei-Shong Shieh, Ph.D.
ETG Environmental, Inc.
660 Sentry Parkway
Blue Bell, PA 19422
Thermal desorption has become a cost effective alternative to incineration for the treatment
of wastes contaminated with organic compounds. The selection of a thermal desorption system
depends upon a number of factors including the contaminant type and concentration, material
consistency, treatment standards, air permit requirements, project size and site conditions. These
factors would determine the selection of the type of thermal desorption system (direct or indirect)
to be utilized. Due to numerous advantages defined in this paper, indirect heated systems such as
the Therm-O-Detox® system will be the preferred choice for most applications.
The Therm-O-Detox® system developed by ETG is a proven indirect heated process featuring
an off-gas condensing and carbon adsorption design. The system consists of a feeding unit, medium
temperature thermal desorption (MTTD) unit, heating source unit, off-gas condensing unit, and
carbon adsorption unit. A low volume, low oxygen content sweep gas is used to physically separate
the organic contaminants from the media ( e.g. soil) through thermal desorption. The organic
compounds are then condensed and recovered from the off-gas.
The MTTD unit is based on an indirect heated twin-shaft paddle design with a combination
of hot oil and electric current (or other indirect heated methods) as the heat sources. The advantages
of the MTTD unit include high heat transfer efficiency and excellent local mixing action to break-up
the waste mass.
The Therm-O-Detox® system can be applied to sludge, sediment, and clayey soils directly
without pre-drying for the removal of contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs ),
dioxins, pentachlorophenol (PCP), herbicides/pesticides ( e.g., DDT, DOD, 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, Sil vex),
coal tar and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (P AHs ). The dechlorination process, Base Catalyzed
Decomposition (BCD) can be used in conjunction with the Therm-O-Detox® system to dechlorinate
high molecular weight chlorinated hydrocarbons condensed from the off-gas.
INTRODUCTION
Indirect heated thermal desorption of organics from contaminated soils and sludges is well
studied and documented(1l. Indirect heated systems transfer heat from steam, hot oil, molten salt or
electricity through metal surfaces to the waste materials. A sweep gas with low oxygen content is
used to physically separate the organic contaminants from the media ( e.g. soil) through thermal
desorption. Desorbed organic compounds are condensed and recovered. Carbon adsorption may
be used to polish the off-gas prior to discharge into the atmosphere. Particulate carryover is
minimized due to the low sweep gas flows inherent in the system. Condensed water is recycled to
"Thenn-0-Detox•' A Thennal Separation System Page-I-
the treated media for cooling, dust suppression, and to provide a moisture content suitable for
backfill compaction.
ETG's own field experience, as well as published information, has concluded that the most
critical factors for thermal desorption are the ability of the system to heat the treated material to a
required temperature and the ability to homogenize the waste mass to maximize exposure of
individual particles to the heat transfer surface. Increased mixing efficiency will lead to the
reduction of material residence time. A thermal desorption system that can process a material
quickly and thoroughly will result in less potential for thermal decomposition of organic compounds
or for the formation of coke in the system due to high hydrocarbon concentrations in the feed
material. A continuing trend is to increase the process temperature of the thermal desorption system
to a higher range (700°F to 950°F) defined by ETG as medium temperature thermal desorption
(MTTD), for the removal of heavy organic and chlorinated organic compounds.
Thermal desorption of a particular material is achieved when the boiling point is reached and
the total vapor pressure equals 760 mm (1 atmosphere). The total vapor pressure for a mixture of
organics will equal the sum of the partial vapor pressures of each liquid component of the mixture.
As the temperature of the feed material rises, water will begin to boil off. However, water will boil
off at a temperature lower than l00°C due to the effect of partial pressures. During this time,
significant quantities of low boiling point hydrocarbons will be volatilized by steam distillation
occurring at 60°C -80°C. When most of the moisture has evaporated, the material temperature will
continue to rise and the partial pressure of each component as well as the boiling point of the mixture
will continue to shift. In general, each component of the mixture will be removed at a temperature
below its boiling point due to the partial pressure effect.
THERM-0-DETOX® SYSTEM
The Therm-O-Detox® system developed by ETG is a proven process that uses indirectly
heated thermal treatment units to separate organic compounds from contaminated media. The units
are designed to achieve feed material temperatures of up to 950°F thereby allowing effective
treatment of soils and sludges contaminated with a wide range of low and high boiling point
compounds. Applications include oily sludges, pesticides, herbicides, PCB's, coal by-products,
wood treating compounds, dioxins, and furans. Off-gasses are treated by an extensive vapor
recovery system including an oil venturi, an oil scrubber, a water scrubber, a condensing unit, and
vapor phase carbon adsorption. The equipment design offers superior mixing, a low sweep gas flow
and contaminant recovery. Carbon adsorption is used only for final polishing of gases exiting the
condensers. The Therm-O-Detox® system has been designed as a non-oxidative system and as such,
can avoid the stigma afforded to thermal desorption systems that incorporate afterburners or catalytic
oxidation units.
The Therm-O-Detox® system consists of a feed hopper, feed conveyer, low or medium
temperature thermal desorption unit (LTTD or MTTD), hot oil heater, off-gas scrubbers, condensers,
and discharge cooling conveyor. The system through-put rate will depend upon
the waste type, moisture content, contaminant level and treatment standards. Each system is
expected to process 5 -15 tons per hour (TPH) depending on the variation in feed material
characteristics and regulatory requirements.
The contaminated media is conveyed into the treatment unit where it is processed by twin,
low speed, indirectly heated paddles. The unique overlapping design of the paddles results in
"Thenn-O-Detox• A Thermal Separation System Page -2-
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thorough mixing and de-balling action, thus maximizing exposure of the particles to enhance heat
transfer. This allows rapid heating of the soil/sludge for optimum contaminant removal.
Contaminants and moisture entrained in the off-gas are condensed and recovered by the
scrubbers/condensers. The condensed mixture is separated and the organic contaminant is collected
for recycling via solvent recovery or fuel substitution. Separated water can be treated by liquid phase
carbon adsorption and sand filtration. Most of the treated water can be recycled back to the process
for use in the scrubbers and cooling conveyor. A cooling conveyor or mixer is used to cool and
condition the processed waste in order to control dusting and to promote compactability for
backfilling or for off-site disposal. Excess treated water will occasionally be bled from the process
as needed. Off-gasses exiting the vapor recovery system are discharged to the atmosphere after
carbon adsorption polishing.
The Base Catalyzed Decomposition ("BCD") Process
The Therm-O-Detox® system has been used in conjunction with the Base Catalyzed
Decomposition (BCD) process for the dechlorination of dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
pentachlorophenol (PCP) formerly used in wood preserving applications, and pesticides/herbicides.
The BCD process was developed by the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) of U.S.
EPA<2J and has been licensed and commercialized by ETG.
The organic contaminants from the vapor condensate will be collected and treated in a BCD
liquid reactor capable of heating up to 343°C (650°F). Oil may be added to the condensate tank to
remove the hydrocarbons from the water phase due to hydrophobic nature of the hydrocarbon
contaminants. The water phase will be filtered to remove solids and polished by carbon adsorption
units. The dechlorinated oil will be recycled as a fuel supplement in an industrial boiler such as a
cement kiln.
BCD Process Chemistry
The principle of the BCD process is the generation of hydrogen radicals from a hydrogen
donor to replace the halogen ions in halogenated hydrocarbons(3J. Unlike earlier technologies, BCD
results in a complete dehalogenation whereby all halogen ions are replaced by hydrogen radicals.
For example, the by-products from the dechlorination of PCBs are biphenyl and salt. The key
variables for the reactions are temperature, base catalyst and hydrogen donor concentrations.
The BCD process has been successfully demonstrated by the U.S. EPA in laboratory scale
to destroy the aforementioned halogenated contaminants. ETG has demonstrated the BCD/Therm-
O-Detox® application at the Koppers Superfund Site in Morrisville, NC for the treatment of
Pentachlorophenol (PCP), chlorinated dioxins and furans.
BCD chemistryC4J is illustrated as follows:
, Na · C " R-(CJ) +R ---->R-H+Na l+R
X 620°F-6S0°F
Catalyst
"Therm-O-Detox., A Thermal Separation System Page -3-
R-(Cl)x as shown can be any of the subject halogenated compounds. In principal R' is a
hydrogen donor whose oxidation potential is sufficiently low to generate nucleophilic hydrogen in
the presence of base Na+ (sodium hydroxide) at temperatures between 250° -350°C. Under these
conditions, chlorine on R-Cl is replaced by H to produce R-H with loss of hydrogen from R' to R"
and the formation of sodium chloride. This reaction achieves complete dechlorination of chlorinated
compounds.
Therm-O-Detox® System Advantages
The thermal desorption developed by ETG is based on a proven design utilizing a
combination of hot oil and other indirect heated methods as the heat sources, allowing material
processing temperatures as high as 950°F. The advantages of the Therm-O-Detox® system as shown
in Figure 1 are as follows:
• The overall unit has a high heat transfer surface area resulting in high heat
transfer efficiency.
• The unique overlapping design of the twin low speed paddles provides
thorough local mixing action exposing most of the particles of the process
mass to the heat transfer surface. This reduces the dependency of heat
movement on the thermal conductivity of the material.
• The paddle configuration promotes uniform bed conditions thereby allowing
direct surface thermal desorption compared to the ineffective diffusion
phenomena that takes place when the particles are "lumped" or "caked". The
homogenous bed results in reduction of the retention time required to meet
treatment criteria.
• The unit can process sludge, sediment and clayey soils directly, without the
need for pre-drying or pre-conditioning, thereby allowing increased
productivity.
• Sweep gas flow through the indirectly heated unit is very low. This allows
condensation of the off-gas, thereby eliminating the requirement of an
afterburner (incinerator). The Therm-O-Detox® system has less regulatory
impact and is easier to permit.
• The higher material temperature achieved through more efficient heat transfer
and uniform material bed conditions assures higher removal rates for high
boiling point contaminants.
• High contaminant concentrations can be treated, without soil pre-
conditioning or the possibility of ignition inside the thermal unit, because
sweep gas can be tightly controlled.
• The unit is mobile and requires much less space than a mobile rotary kiln.
"Therm-O-Detox•· A Thermal Separation System Page -4-
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• The Therm-O-Detox® system with off-gas condensing is considered by many
state agencies as a physical separation method as opposed to a treatment
process since organic contaminants are physically separated from the media.
Thus, a treatment permit may not be required.
• The cost effective BCD process can be combined to treat chlorinated
hydrocarbons on-site to avoid off-site incineration.
OIL REFINERY APPLICATIONS
The Therm-O-Detox® system has been applied to several refineries to process API separator
sludge (K051) and DAF unit wastes (K048). Concentrations of VOCs and SVOCs are removed
from the wastes to levels below the required BDAT standards. Depending upon the system
application and site characteristics, the system may be exempt from RCRA permitting requirements.
ETG has received exemptions from RCRA permitting based on the fact that secondary materials are
reclaimed and returned to the original process.
Case History
An Ohio refinery was disposing of K-listed waste at a RCRA incinerator at significant cost.
The refinery generated approximately 3,500 tons per year of belt press cake from API separator
waste (K051 ). The waste contained approximately 40% water and 60% oil and solids.
ETG initially provided a processing system to remove moisture and light ends using thermal
desorption. The system was exempt from RCRA since it recovered and recycled oil back to the
refinery. The thermal desorption residuals met the required parameters for fuel substitution and were
disposed at cement kilns.
ETG then modified the process to provide an MTTD unit to process the waste material up
to 950°F. The process produced a greatly reduced volume of material which met all the BDAT
parameters and could be disposed of in a landfill. This provided significant cost savings to the
refinery over incineration while meeting waste minimization guidelines. All applicable air permits
were obtained and the system operated within permit guidelines.
All BDA T standards for landfill disposal were achieved as illustrated in Table 1.
"Therm-O-Detox''' A Thermal Separation System Page -5-
TABLE 1
Field K048 -K052 Waste BDAT Treatment-Ohio Refinery
Typical Field BDAT Detection
Typical Feed Treated Sample Standard Limit
Compound (m!!llu!) (me/ki?) (ml?fk2) (me/ki?)
VOLATILES -CONSTITUENT
Benzene ND ND 14.0 1.0
Toluene 9.0 1.3 14.0 1.0
Ethylbenzene ND ND 14.0 1.0
Xylenes 4.9 ND 22.0 1.0
SEMI-VO LA TILES -CONSTITUENT
Benzo (a) anthracene ND ND 20.0 10.0
Benzo (a) pyrene ND ND 12.0 10.0
Chrysene 21 ND 15.0 5.0
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate ND ND 7.3 5.0
Di-n-butylphthalate ND ND 3.6 2.5
Naphthalene 44 ND 42.0 5.0
Phenanthrene I 14 ND 34.0 5.0
Phenol ND ND 3.6 2.5
Pyrene 16 ND 36.0 5.0
Anthracene 41 ND 28.0 5.0
OTHER -CONSTITUENT
Cyanides 0.3 0.5 1.8 0.3
TPH 118,000 92 --
TCLP METALS, mg/I
Chromium (TOT AL) 0.05 0.05 1.7 0.02
Nickel 0.10 0.11 0.2 0.2
BCD APPLICATIONS
In late 1992, ETG was contacted by the USEP A Office of Research and Development (ORD)
to demonstrate the MTTD/BCD technology using the Therm-0-Detox® system at a Superfund site
in Morrisville, North Carolina under the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
program<5lC6l. The objectives of this demonstration were to:
• Assess the effectiveness of the MTTD/BCD process in treating PCP,
dioxins, and furans to levels below those stated in the ROD.
"Thenn-O-Detox® A Thennal Separation System Page -6-
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• Determine if treatment residuals (air, water, oil) also meet appropriate
clean-up levels.
• Develop information to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of
MTTD/BCD for future Superfund projects, RCRA corrective actions,
or voluntary remediation projects.
The Koppers site in Morrisville was a former wood preserving operation utilizing the Cellon
process, which involves pressure treating of wood with PCP and subsequent steaming. A PCP
contaminated rinsate is generated in the process. This rinsate was placed in unlined lagoons where
leaching into the soil occurred. Concentrations of PCP in excess of 8,000 ppm, and lesser
concentrations of dioxins and furans were present in the soil.
Following completion of bench-scale testing and approval of the Quality Assurance Project
Plan(7l, an MTTD/BCD system capable of handling 0.25 -.5 TPH throughput was mobilized as part
of a joint program with Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. ("SRS"). The equipment was placed
into a portable containment pad with approximate dimensions of 60' x so·. Soil was excavated from
the documented "hot spots" on the site and hand screened to less than 0.5 inches and placed in 55
gallon drums for transport to the processing area.
PCDDs/PCDFs results as shown in Table 2 from the Performance Test Run 4 are non-detect
(ND). Detection limits vary from sample to sample due to dilution factors. 2,3,7,8-TCDD/TCDF
are non-detect for both untreated and treated soil samples. PeCDD/PeCDF, HxCDD/HxCDF,
HpCDD/HpCDF and OCDD/OCDF are treated from relatively high concentration to non-detect
levels. Two other Performance Test Runs (5 & 6) achieved similar results.
PCDDs/PCDFs in the condensed oil have been treated from relatively high concentration to
below 1 µg/kg average estimated level as shown in Table 3.
Pentachlorophenol has been treated from estimated concentrations of 1,600 - 8,100 ppm to
estimated levels of 0.14 -1.06 ppm (0.49 ppm avg.).
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) in condensed oil has been reduced to a non-detect level ( 440 ppm).
Additional analytical tests are being conducted by EP A's contracted lab to reduce the detection limit
to below 40 ppm. Based on demonstrated experience from EPA RREU8l and Wright State(9l
Laboratories, when TCDDs/TCDFs are treated to a non-detect level below 1 ppb, as shown in Table
3, PCP should be reduced to a non-detect level below 1 ppm.
CONCLUSION
ETG's Therm-O-Detox® system is a physical separation system utilizing medium temperature
thermal desorption (MTTD) to physically separate organic contaminants (e.g. PCBs, PCP, Dioxins,
Furans, Pesticides, PAHs, coal tar, SVOCs) from contaminated media by indirect heating. The
organic contaminants are volatilized into the off-gas stream and condensed as liquid for recycling
or further treatment. The technology has been safely and successfully applied to numerous projects
at various oil refining and chemical industries sites for sludge and soil treatment.
"Thenn-O-Detox''' A Thennal Separation System Page -7-
The Therm-O-Detox® system has also been applied with BCD technology in the field as a
physical/chemical process to remove and detoxify pentachlorophenol (PCP), chlorinated
dibenzodioxins and furans. Other applications include chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), and pesticides and herbicides (e.g. 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T, silvex, DDT, DDD, lindane, endrin and
dieldrin).
For a site containing greater than 10,000 yd3 of contaminated soils, estimated processing
costs<10l of $150 -$250/ton of feed are applicable for a 5 -15 TPH system.
TABLE2
ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR PCDD/PCDF IN SOIL SAMPLES (µg/kg)
TEST RUN 4 (Performance Run)
INPUT (Untreated OUTPUT (Treated Soil)
Analyte Soil)
BATI-CNl CN2 CN3
CN1-SL2 D.L. -SL3 D.L. -SL3 D.L. -SL3 D.L.
2,3,7,8-TCDD ND 2.1 ND 0.74 ND 1.4 ND 1.6
Total TCDD ND 3.4 ND 5.1 ND 7.6 ND 4.9
Total PeCDD ND .2 ND 8.4 ND 8.1 ND 4.1
Total HxCDD 117.0 ND 15.4 ND 4.2 ND 11.9
Total HoCDD 2,000.0 J ND 23.1 ND 12.2 ND 13.9
OCDD 15,000.0 J ND 42.4 ND 19.0 ND 22.7
2,3,7,8-TCDF ND 1.2 ND 1.4 ND 1.0 ND 1.0
Total TCDF 22.0 J ND 2.1 ND I. I ND I.I
Total PeCDF 122.0 J ND 3.1 ND 1.2 ND 1.5
Total HxCDF 607.0 J ND 2.1 ND 1.8 ND 2.4
Total HpCDF 1,070.0 J ND 3.4 ND 1.5 ND 1.4
OCDF 3,390.0 J ND 2.5 ND 1.9 ND 1.0
ND = Non Detect
J = Estimated value only. Below instrument calibration range.
Detection limits (D.L.) may vary from sample to sample due to dilution factors.
"Therm-O-Detox• A Thermal Separation System Page -8-
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TABLE3
ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR PCDD/PCDF IN
CONDENSED OIL (µ,g/kg)
Condensed Oil Treated Oil
Run 1 Run2 Run 1 Run2
2,3 ,7,8 TCDD 570 J 650 J ND(0.15) ND (0.18)
Total TCDD 18,150 14,560 ND(0.21) ND (0.28)
PeCDD 14,350 17,370 0.24 J,B ND (0.20)
HxCDD 12,700 24,140 0.26 J,B 0.38 J,B
HpCDD 10,060 15,550 0.70 J,B 0.69 J,B
OCDD 8,850 19,480 5.11 J,B 2.26 J,B
2,3,7,8 TCDF ND (57) ND (120) ND (0.92) ND (0.11)
TCDF 722 845 J ND (0.16) ND (0.11)
PeCDF 258 851 J ND (0.15) ND (0.12)
HxCDF 289 993 J 0.26 J,B ND(0.11)
HpCDF 1,273 1,127 ND (0.19) ND (0.13)
OCDF 238 470 J 0.25 J,B 0.17 J,B
B = Analyte found in associated laboratory blank.
J = Estimate only. Below instrument calibration range.
REFERENCES
1. Shieh, Y.S.; ETG Environmental, Inc.; "Thermal Desorption - A Physical Separation
Method to Treat Soils and Sludges Contaminated with Organic Compounds"; paper
presented at 1993 HMCRI Superfund XIV Conference, November 30 -December 2, 1993.
2. Rogers, C.J.; Kornel, A.; Sparks, H.L.; "Method for the Destruction of Halogenated
Compounds in a Contaminated Medium". Patents: Number 5,019,175 (May 28, 1991);
5,039,350 (August 13, 1991), and 5,064,506 (November 12, 1991).
3. Rogers, C.J.; Kornel, A.; Sparks, H.L.; USEPAIRREL; "The Development of Catalytic
Transfer Hydrogenation Process for the Destruction of Toxic and Hazardous Compounds";
unpublished paper.
4. Rogers, C.J.; Kornel, A.; Sparks, H.L.; Haz Pac '91 , Hazardous Waste Management in
Pacific Basin. Randol International, Ltd., Golden, CO, 1991 .
5. USEPA, OSWER,; SITE Program Fact Sheet, Demonstration of the Base catalyzed
Decomposition Technology and SAREX® Therm-O-Detox® System; August, 1993.
6. Lyons, T.M.; "The Base Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD) Process SITE Demonstration for
Treating Pentachlorophenol and Dixoins in Soil". USEPA 20th Annual RREL Research
Symposium; March, 1994.
7. USEPA, The PRC SITE Team, Final QAPP for Base Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD)
Technology SITE Demonstration at Koppers Company, Inc., Morrisville, NC., 1993.
8. Rogers, C.J.; U.S. EPA RREL,; Personal Communication, 1993.
9. Tineman, T.; Wright State University,; Personal Communication, 1993 .
10. Shieh, Y.S.; Detwiler, G.S.; Lyons, T.M., Miller, G.H.; "Thermal Desorption/Base
Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD) A Non-oxidative Method for Chemical Dechlorination
of Organic Compounds". USEPA 5th Forum on Innovative Hazardous Waste Treatment
Technologies: Domestic & International; Chicago, IL; May, 1994.
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TABLE 1
Field K048-K052 BDAT Treatment -Ohio Refinery
Field Sample Results (mg/kg)
Compound SlS S17 S18 S19 S20 S21
VOLATILES
Benzene ND ND ND ND ND ND
Toluene ND ND ND ND ND ND
Ethyl benzene ND ND ND ND ND ND
Xylenes ND ND ND ND ND ND
SEMI-VOLATILES
Benzo (a) anthracene ND ND ND ND ND ND
Benzo (a) pyrene ND ND ND ND ND ND
Chrysene 1.7 I. I ND ND ND ND
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) ND ND ND ND ND ND
phthalate
Di-n-butylphthalate ND ND ND ND ND ND
Naphthalene 1.0 1.0 ND ND ND ND
Phenanthrene 1.9 1.5 ND ND ND ND
Phenol 1.7 ND 05 0.7 1.0 0.6
Pyrene I. I ND ND ND ND ND
Anthracene ND ND ND ND ND ND
OTHER
Cyanides 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.5
TCLP METALS, mg/I
Chromium (TOTAL) ND ND ND ND ND ND
Nickel 0.03 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.14 0.15
"Therm-O-Detox® A Thermal Separation System
BDAT Detection
Standards Limit (mg/kg)
(ml?flqz)
14.0 0.01
14.0 0.01
14.0 0.01
22.0 0.01
20.0 5.0
12.0 5.0
15.0 1.0
7.3 1.0
3.6 0.5
42.0 1.0
34.0 1.0
3.6 0.5
36.0 1.0
28.0 1.0
1.8 0.3
1.7 0.02
0.2 0.02
Page -11-