NCD980557656_19921201_NC State University (Lot 86 Farm Unit 1)_FRCBERCLA FS_Draft RIFS Sampling and Analysis Plan-OCR

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I DRAFT RI/FS SAMPLING
AND ANALYSIS IPLAN
I NORTH CAIROLINA STA TE
UNIVERSITY
LOT 86SITE I ~eigh, North Carolina
ll}ecember 1992
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Rf f O u1:1.,; f O 1992 .
SAMPLING AND ANALYSis PLAN
REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION/
FEASIBILITY STUDY
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY
LOT 86 SITE
RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA
SUBMITTED TO
UNITED STATES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION IV
PREPARED BY
BROWN AND CALDWELL
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1.0 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.2 Sampling and Analysis Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
1.3 Purpose and Scope of the Sampling and Analysis Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
CHAPTER 2.0 SITE BACKGROUND AND SAMPLING OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.2 Data Quality Objectives (DQO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.3 Approach to Achieving Data Quality Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.4 SAP-Specific Data Quality Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.4. l Source Area and Volume Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
2.4.2 Source Contaminant Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
2.4.3 Groundwater Quality Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
2.4.4 Contaminant Migration Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
2.5 Quality Assurance/Quality Control Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10
CHAPTER 3.0 FIELD DATA COLLECTION PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.1 Data Collection Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.2 Technical Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
3.3 Mobilization and Site Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
3.4 Radiation Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
3.5 Geophysical Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
3.6 Sampling Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
3.6.1 Chemical Waste Disposal Area and Low Level Waste
Disposal Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
3.6.1.1 Surface Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
3.6.1.2 Subsurface Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
3.6.2 Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
3.7 Sample Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
3.8 Sampling and Analysis Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18
CHAPTER 4.0 ANALYTICAL PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.1 Analytical Parameters and Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.1. l Sample Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.1.2 Laboratory Analysis of Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
CHAPTER 5.0 SAMPLING EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
5.2 Sampling Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
5.3 Sample Collection Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
5.3.1 Soil Sample Collection Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
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CONTENTS
(Continued)
5.3.2 Monitoring Well Installation and Development .................... .
5.3.2.1 Monitoring Well Construction Procedures ................... .
5.3.2.2 End Plugs and Well Caps .............................. .
5.3.2.3 Adjustable Centralizers ................................ .
5.3.2.4 Well Construction Materials ............................ .
5.3.2.5 Type III Well Subcasing ............................... .
5.3.2.6 Security Casing ..................................... .
5.3.2.7 Well Development ................................... .
5.3.2.8 Lithologic Logs and Well Completion Diagrams .............. .
5.3.3 Groundwater Sampling ..................................... .
5.3.3.1 Purging ........................................... .
5.3.3.2 Groundwater Sample Collection Procedures ................. .
5.3.3.3 Determination of Groundwater Flow Direction and Velocity ...... .
5.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QNQ(:,) ........................... .
5.5 Equipment and Sampling Supplies .................................. .
5.6 Decontamination Procedures ...................................... .
5.6.1 General Procedures ....................................... .
5.6.2 Drilling Rigs, Augers, Soil Borers, and Other Associated Large Equipment .
5.6.3 Cleaning Procedures for Analyte-Free Water Containers ............. .
5.6.4 Heavily Contaminated Equipment ............................. .
5.6.5 Well Development and Aquifer Property Measurement Equipment ...... .
5.6.6 Water Level Measurement Equipment .......................... .
5.6.7 Sampling Jars and Containers ................................ .
5.6.8 Personnel Decontamination .................................. .
5. 7 Air Quality ................................................ .
5.8 Radiation Monitoring ........................................... .
5.9 Surveying ................................................. .
CHAPTER 6.0 SAMPLE HANDLING .................................. .
6.1 Sampling Records ............................................. .
6.1.1 Chain of Custody (COC) Documentation ........................ .
6.1.2 Sample Labels .......................................... .
6.2 Shipping Requirements .......................................... .
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5-3
5-5
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5-6
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5-9
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5-10
5-10
5-10
5-19
5-19
5-20
5-21
5-21
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5-22
5-22
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5-23
5-23
5-23
6-1
6-1
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6-2
6-5
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CONTENTS
(Continued)
CHAPTER 7.0 INVESTIGATION DERIVED WASTE HANDLING AND DISPOSAL ..
CHAPTER 8.0 LABORATORY QUALITY ASSURANCE
REFERENCES
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7-1
8-1
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Number
2-1
2-2
2-3
3-1
3-2
3-3
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
5-1
5-2
5-3
LIST OF TABLES
Data Quality Objectives--Chemical Waste Disposal Area
and Low Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Data Quality Objectives--Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
North Carolina Drinking Water Standards Criteria and
USEP A MCLs/MCLGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Lot 86 Site Groundwater Quality Monitoring System Summary . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Sampling and Analysis Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
North Carolina State University Lot 86 Site Remedial Investigation
Sampling and Analysis Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19
Data Quality Objectives Method Detection Limits for Volatile Organics . . . . . 4-2
Data Quality Objectives Method Detection Limits for Semivolatile Organics . . 4-4
Data Quality Objectives Method Detection Limits for Pesticides and PCBs . . . 4-7
Data Quality Objectives Method Detection Limits for Inorganics . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Estimated QNQC Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
40 CFR Part 136 Table II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12
Required Sampling Equipment and Expendable Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18
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Number
1-1
1-2
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
5-1
5-2
5-3
6-1
6-2
LIST OF FIGURES
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Site Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Site Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
Field Data Collection Process Aow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Data Requirements/Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Geophysical Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Surface Soil Sampling Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14
Subsurface Soil Sampling Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16
Type II/fype m Well Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Example Lithologic Log ............... ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
Example Well Completion Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Example Chain-of-Custody Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Example Sample Tag and Custody Seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
ISAP\7200f0C.SAP
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CHAPTER 1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
This Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP) describes the data collection and
sample analysis procedures to be utilized during the Remedial Investigation
of the North Carolina State University Lot 86 site. The Lot 86 site consists
of two distinct zones: a chemical waste disposal area and a low-level radio-
active waste disposal area. The site is located 4.5 miles northwest of the City
of Raleigh on the North Carolina State University (NCSU) campus (Figure
1-1). Site features are presented on Figure 1-2. Sample collection and analysis are being
performed as part of a Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RIIFS), in accordance with the
Administrative Order By Consent (EPA Docket No.: 91-24-C).
The approach to conducting the RI/FS is set forth in four planning documents. In addition
to this SAP, these documents include the RI/FS Work Plan (WP, BCC, 1992), the Health and
Safety Plan (HSP, BCC, 1992), and the Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP, BCC, 1992).
1.2 SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS GOALS
The objective of the sampling associated with the three concurrent Remedial Investi-
gations is to (1) characterize the nature and extent of contamination, (2) provide data of
sufficient quality to support a Risk Assessment and determine site-specific cleanup require-
ments, and (3) provide data of sufficient quality to support an evaluation of Remedial Alter-
natives.
1.3 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF TIIE SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS PLAN
The purpose of the SAP is to document the procedures for field activities and sample
analysis. This plan discusses the objectives of the sampling program and ultimate use of the
data. It specifies the sampling protocol and procedures, as well as types, locations and
frequency of samples to be collected, and general quality assurance requirements. Chapters 1
and 2 summarize the proposed Remedial Investigation and data quality objectives which are
described in the Work Plan. Chapters 3 through 8 report sampling methodologies and locations,
and specific data collection activities needed to meet the goals set in Chapter 1.2.
SAPi.7200CHI.SAP
BROWN AND CALDWF.LL 1-1 ~"""A-,.■ PIiia • DttffraNr 19'1
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Figure 1-1 Vicinity Map
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RALEIGH, N.C.
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Figure 1-2 North Carolina State University Lot 86 Site Study Area
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CHAPTER 2.0
SITE BACKGROUND AND SAMPUNG OBJECTIVES
2.1 GENERAL
This section provides descriptive and historical info!lDation relative to the NCSU site and
summariz:es the environmental factors which may influence contaminant fate and migration. The
majority of the text presented in this chapter is extracted and compiled from previously published
info!lDation. This infollDation was obtained from previous site investigation and cleanup reports,
and from data published by the United States, North Carolina Geological Surveys, and other
official sources. A reference list is presented following Chapter 8.0.
2.2 DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES (DQO)
The data collection process is designed to characterize the site in a
~~~EE;~y~~Ji:€f~f.§~~?!~ I
transport of these contaminants. General DQOs are presented in Tables 2-1 and
2-2. A comparison of USEPA MCLs and North Carolina Water Quality Criteria, the preliminary
Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs) for this investigation are
presented in Table 2-3.
2.3 APPROACH TO ACHIEVING DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES
DQOs will be achieved by following a specific, detailed sampling plan. The specific
sample locations, analytical procedures, and sampling methods are described in Chapters 3, 4,
and 5 of this document Specific quality assurance measures to be taken during the sampling and
analysis process are described in the Quality Assurance Project Plan. Additional infollDation
regarding site health and safety protocol is provided in the Site Health and Safety Plan.
2.4 SAP-SPECIFIC DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES
All sampling tasks are directly related to achieving DQOs. InfollDation from these efforts
will be used to characteriz:e the nature and extent of contamination, to develop site-specific
cleanup goals through the Risk Assessment process, and to identify Remedial Alternatives that
will achieve these goals in a cost-effective manner.
BROWN AND CALDWEIL 2-1 S..,,O.,,,.. A_,.is Pia-~ 1992
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Table 2-1 Data Quality Objectives--Chemical Waste Disposal Area and
Low Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Area
Activity
Objective
Data Use
Appropriate analytical levels
Contaminants of concern
Level of concern
Other parameters
Critical samples
Soil
Soil samples will be collected and analyzed to
determine the nature and extent of contaminants,
and provide data necessary to develop a risk
assessment and assess remedial alternatives
Risk assessment, remedial alternatives evaluation
Field screening: 100% Level II
Sample analysis: 75% Level III, 25% Level IV
Radiation samples: Level V
Target Analyte List (TAL), Target Compound
List (TCL), gross alpha, beta, gamma radiation;
tritium and carbon-14 content
To be determined during risk assessment
Physical parameters that may effect contaminant
fate and transport will be evaluated, as required
All samples
,, SAP\7200TI-1.SAP
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Table 2-2 Data Quality Objectives-Groundwater
Activity
Objective
Data use
Appropriate analytical levels
Contaminants of concern
Level of concern
Other parameters
Critical Samples
Groundwater
Groundwater samples will be collected and analyred
to determine horirontal and vertical extent of
contamination, and provide data necessary to
develop a risk assessment and assess remedial
alternatives,
Risk assessment, remedial alternatives evaluation
Field screening: Level II
Sample Analysis: 75% Level ill, 25% Level IV
Radiation samples: Level V
Target analyte list (T AL), target component list
(TCL); gross alpha, beta, and gamma radiation;
tritium and carbon-14 content
To be determined during risk assessment
Physical parameters that may effect contaminant fate
and transport will be evaluated,
All samples
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Table 2-3 North Carolina Drinking Water Standards Criteria
and USEPA MCLs/MCLGs (continued)
NC Standards: Federal Standards:
Proposed
Contaminant Primary Secondary MCL MCL MCLG
Mellmxychlor 100 .. 40 .. 40
Methylene chloride 5 ---.. --
Methyl ethyl ketone 170 --.. .. --
Monochlorobeozene .. .. 100 .. 100
a-Hexane 14,300 --.. --..
o -Dichlorobenzene 620 .. 500 --500
Oxamyl (Vydate) 175 .. --200 --
p -Dichlorobenerene 1.8 --75 5 0
PAHs (benzo(a)pyrene) .. .. . . 0.2 ..
Paradichlorobeozene 1.8 ----.. ..
PCBs .. --0.5 .. 0
Pentachlorophenol 220 ----.. --
Phthalates .. --.. 4 --
Pichloram .. --.. 500 --
Simazine .. .. --I --
Styrene 0.014 .. 100 .. 100
Tetrachlorelhene 0.7 .. 5• .. . .
Tetrachloroelhylene 0.7 --5 .. 0
Toluene 1,000 .. 1,000 .. 1,000
Toxaphene .031 .. 3 .. 0
Trans-1,2-Dichloroelhylene 70 .. 100 -100
1,1, I-Trichloroethane 200 .. .. -- --
Trichloroelhene 2.8 .. 5 .. 0
Trihalomelhanes .. .. IOO(i) .. --
Vinyl chloride 0.Ql5 .. 2• .. 0
Proposed
MCLG
--
--
--
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200
--
0
--
-
--
0
500
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Table 2-3 North Carolina Drinking Water Standards Criteria
and USEPA MCLs/MCLGs (continued)
NC S1andards:
Concaminant Primary Secondary
Xylenes (tocal) 400 ..
Microbiologicals. average .. ..
Microbiologicals. maximum one per ..
lOOmL
Ra-226 and Ra-228 (pCi/L) 5 ..
Gross alpha (pCi/L) 15 ..
Note: All units in micrograms per liter unless otherwise noted.
Sources:
Fedeml Standards:
Proposed
MCL MCL MCLG
10,000 .. 10,000
one per --..
100 mL
(avg)
four per .. ..
lOOmL
(max)
5 .. ..
15 .. ..
Proposed
MCLG
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Title 15, Nonh Carolina Administration Code Subchapter 2L, Section .0202, Water Quality Standards, Class GA
groundwater, December 14, 1989.
40 CFR 141 and 143, Maximum Contaminant Levels.
40 CFR 141.5, Maximum Concaminant Level Goals.
50 FR 46936, Proposed Maximum Concaminant Level Goals.
55 FR 30371, Proposed MCLs and MCLGs. July, 1990.
58 FR 3528, MCLs and MCLGs. January, 1991.
• MCL as established in FR 52 25690
+ Secondary MCL
Based on the s1andard for to cal lrihalomethanes al 100 µg/1
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CHAPTER 2. SITE BACKGROUND AND SAM PUNG OBJECTIVES
2.4. l Source Areas and Volume Characterization
Source areas will be generally characterized by four methods:
l. Evaluation of existing data •
2. Perfonnance of geophysical studies to assess waste disposal area sizes, geometries,
volumes, and apparent consistencies.
3. Use of in-field screening utilizing an HNU Systems Inc. Model 311 portable gas
chromatograph (GC) and radiation survey instruments,
4. Collection and analysis of surface and subsurface samples obtained from locations
selected to meet project objectives.
The on-site geophysical surveys and sample screening task will be utilized to optimize
the assessment program and maximize data value.
2.4.2 Source Contaminant Characterization
Soil samples collected during the source investigations will be used to detennine the
characteristics of the source contaminants. Surface soil samples will be utilized to support the
characterization of source contaminants. During the soil test boring phase, geologic logs will be
recorded to document physical characteristics, semi-quantitative identification of organic vapors
by photoionization detector (PID), odors, etc., of collected samples, while laboratory analytical
results will be used for chemical characterization.
2.4.3 Groundwater Quality Investigation
Four new monitoring wells will be installed at selected locations to complete well nests
as two-well clusters (55-foot and 75-foot depths). The proposed well locations will be chosen
based on the results of soil test boring sampling and field screening activities. The new wells
will be used in concert with selected existing wells to fonn an effective groundwater quality
monitoring network.
This monitoring well network will be used to assess groundwater quality conditions,
confirm the presence of target compounds, and establish likely extent, if necessary. All samples
will be analyzed for the full analytical suite to be discussed in Chapter 4.0 of this document
Water table elevations will be detennined during the course of the investigation to evaluate the
water table gradient.
BROWN ,tND CALDWELL 2-9
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CHAPTER 2, SITE BACKGROUND AND SAM PUNG OBJECTIVES
2.4.4 Contaminant Migration Potential
The primary objective of the field investigation for the RI/FS is to characterize the nature
and extent of contamination and the potential pathways for migration to sensitive receptors, both
on-and off-site, This information is essential for informed decisions relative to the level of risk
associated with the site and appropriate remedial response activities.
The potential for, and rate of, possible contaminant migration may be profoundly effected
by conditions that are specific to a particular location and hydrogeologic system, To provide the
data needed for the evaluation, subsamples of representative soil samples will be collected and
shipped to a qualified soil mechanics laboratory in order to characterize the materials encountered
and assess contaminant migration potential.
Geotechnical testing will also be utilized to confirm material identification and physical
characterization (grain size, undisturbed sample permeability, porosity, Atterberg Limits),
2,5 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL OBJECTIVES
Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) procedures are essential to verification of the
achievement of DQOs, QA/QC procedures to be employed at the Lot 86 site include record
keeping, sample identification tracking and chain-of-custody, and the use of specific QA/QC
samples to assess precision and accuracy, These procedures are detailed in the QAPP (BCC,
1992),
Specific samples will be collected to verify the precision and accuracy of data generated
during sampling, The following types of QA/QC samples will be collected:
Replicate samples measure the precision of the sample collection process, Replicates are
collected at the same time, using the same procedures, equipment, preservatives, and type
of containers as the required samples. A minimum of 10 percent of all samples will be
collected in replicate. If less than ten samples of a similar matrix are collected, one
sample will be collected in replicate,
" Matrix spike samples provide an estimation of analytical accuracy, and the degree of
interference inherent in the sample matrix, Spikes (a known quantity of an analyte of
interest) are added to samples collected from locations that are relatively free of
contamination. Accuracy can then be estimated as percent recovery of the analyte.
Spikes will be added .and analyzed as part of the normal laboratory quality assurance
process.
Equipment blanks address cross contamination in the field between sample sources
resulting from deficient decontamination procedures, preservation procedures, site
interference, and the integrity of blank water, Equipment blanks for all sample
parameters will be collected at a frequency of one per 20 samples. If less than 20
BROWN AND CAWWELL 2-10
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CHAPTER 2. SITE BACKGROUND AND SAM PUNG OBJECTIVES
samples are collected, at least one equipment blank will be collected. If field cleaning
is not required, a blank will be collected from pre-cleaned equipment prior to sample
collection.
Equipment blanks will be prepared in the field by collecting, in the appropriate containers,
an analyte-free water rinse from the sampling equipment after the final step of the proper
field decontamination protocol. Analyte-free water will be from the same source used for
the final rinse in the decontamination process. Preservation, identification, chain-of-
custody, handling, and shipping will be identical to all other samples.
Field blanks address sample contamination arising from container filling procedures, pres-
ervation procedures, and ambient conditions. Field blanks are prepared on-site by filling
appropriate sample containers with analyte-free water. Analyte-free water will be from
the same source used for the final rinse in the decontamination process. Preservation,
identification, chain-of-custody, handling, and shipping will be identical to all other
samples. Field blanks will be prepared at a rate concurrent with equipment blanks.
Trio blanks address possible sample contamination arising from cross contamination
during shipping and handling. Trip blanks originate at the laboratory providing sample
containers and analytical services, and accompany all containers and samples throughout
the sample collection process and shipping. A trip blank for volatile organics will be
included in each shipping cooler containing samples to be analyred for these constituents.
SAP\7200CH2.SAP
BROWN ,4/11D CALDWF.J...J... 2-11 s..,,a.w aJ A,_,.■ Pia· 0---1"1
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CHAPTER 3.0
FIEW DATA COLLECTION PROGRAM
3.1 DATA COLLECTION OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the sampling associated with the North Carolina State University Lot 86
site are to characterire the local environmental setting, the nature and extent of contamination, and
to develop an understanding of the site-specific conditions potentially effecting the fate and transport
of contaminants of concern.
3.2 TECHNICAL APPROACH
The technical approach to the execution of this project is governed by four guidelines:
• Previously Completed Work. A substantial amount of site study has been
performed. Most of the waste characterization subtask has been completed.
• Focus. All new project efforts will remain focused on the immediate project
goals, that is, the collection of a sufficient quantity (and quality) of data
needed to substantiate previous work and to support the risk assessment and
the evaluation of remedial alternatives.
•
•
Phased Work. If needed, the data collection effort may be phased to
maximire the potential economy of effort
Flexibility. A Field Screening subtask will be used to select samples for
laboratory analysis, support the selection of monitoring well locations, and to
make on-site decisions relative to the addition of extra test borings or surface
soil sampling points, if needed.
The structure of the data collection effort is illustrated on Figure 3-1, the ('$17%
;~1£~E.~~;f :~~I?f~~~:§;~~~ El
relevant information from a number of outside sources. The outside source
information consists of such diverse sources as local climatic data, North Carolina Geological
Survey, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, and
many others. Figure 3-2 depicts the information requirements and sources typically associated with
the investigation of disposal areas similar to the Lot 86 site.
BROW/II AND C..tWWEU 3-1 s..,,a-. ... A...,.. ,,,.,. ~ D«ftaNr 1"2
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AUTI-IORIZA TION
TO PROCEED
• BACKGROUND
RECORDS REvlEW
• MOBILIZE/SITE SET-UP
• • 1
RADIATION GEOPHYSICAL
SURVEY STUDY
• •
FIELD SURFACE SOIL FIELD ANALYSES I---SOIL TEST ~ f--ANALYSES SCREENING --SCREENING SAMPLING BORINGS
MONITORING WELL
INSTALLATION
GROUND WATER SAMPLE
SAMPLING i--ANALYSES
LAND SURVEYING TO
ESTABLISH HORIZONTAL
AND VERTICAL CONTROL
• DATA VALIDATION
+ DATA MANAGEMENT
AND UTILIZATION
Figure 3-1 Field Data Collection Process Flow Chart
Source: Brown and Caldwell
-------------------BROWN ANO CALOWELL ~ FACILITY LOCAL COUNTY STATE REGIONAL u °' ::,
Figure 3-2 0 ► ~ r VI u " w ti e' ~ ~ ,.; u
TYPICAL INFORMATION z 15 0 ;, 15 i: 0 t!l < > § ► 15 ~ .!w ~ ~ ~ " ti 0
~ti .; ii _;u I w ~ 0 i'! I~ ~u
REQUIREMENTS z 5' z ~ g .~ ~~ ~ 0 "" ti 15 AND SOURCES =-< ~ IS ~ u ~~ " iS ~ ~ ti ~~ o,-5o ~ -,.< § alll °' Ii; 0 < " ~ ~ ':'.!; ~ el .~ ~i5 < ~~ g!I§ '1i5 0 ' @ ~ .! ~i5 i, IS ~ti t;; 0 11~ ililll ~,= ..... ; 15 ~~ u !~ ~,,, ~ ► <le ei,c ;.< '·" z ' ~ ~ .. /;: ~r ""~ 5'u " j ~~ ~i 15 i 0 0 ~ a~ u < ~ ie 1iea ~ ~5 !:a << t;~ -~ :ii z => <5' ~ '\ iii "' z z § ~ a ~lli ~ ~~ it\~ 1,1ill INFORMATION REQUIREMENT 15 => => 0 ~1:1 i ~if sg ~ ~ .. sg;, ~~ 0 "' " => =>~ ,.,.
PROPERTY BOUNDARIES ·.• • ·.·.-. • . _··:-_. .·.·.·: :-:-_.· • 1··--· .. · --:-•:· Iii 1·: .. _.._. .· .·: ... ~ ·.CC:
CONSTRUCTION · ... ·.-_· . •. ·.·:_. ·.-:_. •-.·· . • . · ... .•· .
OPERATION HISTORY :9!• • , .. •,
1. FACILITY • MATERIALS STORAGE • . ·_._. .. ·.· .. .·.·. 1•.· __ ·-.-. ,-: . ·:-
WASTE INVENTORY :•: :-·_._--• ·•: •
WASTE TREATMENT • ,._·-.-·. -:•: . • ~--•
AESTHETICS • !-.·.· • . ·.-·. • • -·•: •
INSTITUTIONS . . _-.-. • 1·.·._._ . • ·-·~-• • • ·-•·· .
2. GENERAL IN FORMATION LAND USE ·.•_. • · .. · • ·.·.· • · ..... _-. ·.· .. ·._-. .... _·. ..... • > ·•·· .·.· ,-_-_.·
LAND VALUES ...... . ,.-.... .·• • · .. -.· ·.·.· .·_. ..... .'·.· . .· .. • . ......
SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS • • • -:-_·. >
TOPOGRAPHY .·.· !. .·:-·.: • . ·· .. · ·.·. ·.-.-. •
3. SURFICIAL SETTING SURFACE SOILS (PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL) .-.. · • . · ... ·-·I/ -.··.··.·. I . ·.•_, .. . • • • .. ·
AGRICULTURE ,-._-:-_· , .. ·. .·._•·-.-._ ... .. •. •
ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS .... .·.•. • • •
4. CLIMATE AIR QUALITY , ... :.-.·_. • ·._ . • :-·.-
PRECIPITATION ANO WIND DATA ::-_·-. •• ·:-_·-. • _-_-_·-. I .. •. ... • ..··. t·-__ -
5. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTA Li :--.··. • • •. • :•: . ·.
FACTORS SENSITIVE ECOSYSTEMS .·.· I-_-_·._·. -·.·.· .... _. • .-:-.·.· • . . • ··•· ·:-_·._.
' FLOOD HAZARDS ·:--:--.. .-. • _-.. .-. • ·.·.· •
6. SURFACE WATERS IMPOUNDED WATERS .·:-_. .·. . . ·.-.·: :· .. :-.-.:·:· ··•·· ·.·.-. • ·.·. _·-.·-•·· • ·.··.· .. · .. •
STREAM FLOWS ·.-__ -.. -. . :-•·· • •
GEOLOGIC DISCONTINUITIES . • :-· .. ·. .·• • .
GEOLOGIC HAZARDS ·::.· ·."·:-:. .· . .-. . ·.·:, • •.·.· • ·.-.· • -:-.-.· . • · .. -_
GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE , .. -. _ .. -._ .. -. • -_._.· . • r7\ •
LITHOLOGY .·.·.· • ._.· .. · • r-:-.·_ 1-:._.· . •P· 7. GEOLOGY OVERBURDEN CHARACTERISTICS 1·:• .. Fi . ·_. 1.·-.·:-I . • 1.-. • 1·· .· :-_·.-. Ii· •
OVERBURDEN THICKNESS • •
OVERBURDEN TYPE ."·:-_ .. .. :-.-._._. · . .-: . .-.
··--·.·.
> • . .-. :-.. · ·.· • '·. ·. ·.'
POTENTIAL AQUIFER ZONES • •
AQUIFERS & PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ·.-:-: .. ,' • •• • • .-.·.·
ELEVATIONS :-•.'. :--.·.
. ··.··•···
1:•··. :.·._-. • •• .·_._·. _._._ • . ..
·-.· · .. ·
FLOW DIRECTIONS .-:-: . .-. ·.·•. ·.-._. . · . .-..... -:-:,: .. • . ..... .. ...... • .··.-.
8. GROUND WATER USAGE · .. ·._-. ......... • ...... • .-.·· ·.·.·:-
QUALilY (REGIONAL/I OCAL) .·.·. .·· .. :-:-:-.. ·:-:.:·. . ·.· • ..... .·•·.· i"<·-: .· ... • --~·:.-.
OFF SITE PUMPING . ·· · .. • •• .·.· •
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CHAPTER 3. SA.MPUNG WC,4.TIONS AND DESIGNATIONS
3.3 MOBILIZATION AND SITE SETIJP
Following the records review, mobilization and site setup will commence. The mobilization
includes the shipment of equipment to be used during the field data collection effort and the
transportation of heavy equipment such as the drill rig. The site setup will include the temporary
removal of the chain link fence surrounding the waste disposal areas, the establishment of site work
zones correlative to the Site Health and Safety Plan, and the construction of a decontamination
station and staging point for the collection, classification, and disposition of all Remedial
Investigation derived waste materials. The RI-derived wastes may include borehole drill cuttings,
decontamination fluids, well development water, used protective clothing, etc. The RI-derived
wastes will be retained on-site in labelled DOT-17 steel drums in a designated staging area adjacent
to the contamination station. Although the chain link fence is an important security device, its
temporary removal is necessary as the fence acts as both a physical barrier and an electrical barrier
to the completion of site geophysical study, described in following subsections of this documenL
3.4 RADIATION SURVEY
All field data collection activities will be preceded by a comprehensive radiation survey of
the Lot 86 site and its immediate environs. The Radiation Survey will be conducted on a 20-by
20-foot coordinate grid system, established in the field using measuring tapes and wood stakes or
polypropylene rope to mark grid lines or intersections. Site technical information furnished to
Brown and Caldwell indicates that most, if not all, radiation concerns have been reduced to
background levels or below by the fact that many of the disposed radionuclides have gone through
multiple half-lives. The expected remaining low level wastes are expected to be either beta (~ ) or
gamma (y) emitters. However, equipment will be maintained on-site during the investigation to
perform alpha particle detection, if needed.
The equipment to be used in this effort will be the following or a recognized equivalent
alternative:
Purpose
Site survey
Sample screening
Worker safety
Instrument
Eberline ESP-2"
Victoreen 190
Detector
AC-3-8 alpha scintillator
LEG-1 beta/gamma scintillator
or HP-260 GM Probe
SPA-6 gamma scintillator
110D pancake GM probe
• Brown and Caldwell reserves the right to substitute equivalent Victoreen,
Ludlum or Bicron instruments for the Eberline devices cited above.
BROWN AND CALDWELL 3-4
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CHAPTER J. SAMPUNG WCATIONS AND DESIGNATIONS
All radiation survey instruments and detectors will be calibrated by the manufacturers prior
to use on-site and calibration documentation will be provided. Each instrument will be checked
before daily use, according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Areas where site work is in progress will be surveyed prior to, during, and after work with
a Geiger-Mueller instrument In addition, all samples collected in the field will be screened prior
to placement in the sample jars and shipment.
LLRW disposal site areas exposed or possibly exposed due to landfill cap erosion will be
surveyed in detail for alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. All other areas will be surveyed for beta
and gamma radiation.
3.5 GEOPHYSICAL STUDY
A geophysical study is planned in order to complete the waste characterization subtask,
assess the size, volumes and geometrics of waste disposal trenches, evaluate the continuity of site
geologic conditions, and attempt to establish the vertical and horizontal extent of a contaminant
plume. if possible. All geophysical work will be performed at either a station-by-station or contin-
uous basis, referenced to the site's fixed physical features in order to maintain horizontal control.
Field data collection locations will be included in the site land survey work to be performed after
the test boring and monitoring well installation procedures are completed. The geophysical data
collection locations will be depicted on the final site plan (described later in this chapter).
The site security fence must be removed temporarily to facilitate the geophysical study. This
is necessary, as the fence is both a physical and electrical barrier.
The geophysical study will consist of the use of electrical resistivity (ER), magnetometer
(MG), and electromagnetic conductivity (EC) studies. The three instrument types will be utilized
in order to obtain information specific to the individual procedures used and to provide an improved
confidence level, as the three procedures tend to complement each other. Instruments will be
calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions prior to each use. An off-site base station
will be established in order to test instruments and to collect background data in an undisturbed area.
Figure 3-3 illustrates the geophysical study area.
ER work will be conducted in the field using a Bison 2350B signal
enhanced earth resistivity meter. The ER procedure will be used at the Lot 86 site
to explore subsurface conditions between widely-spaced borings and wells, to
identify subsurface zones requiring further study, and to evaluate the potential
extent of suspected contaminant plumes with respect to discrete depth intervals. The ER work will
be performed in two modes: Vertical Electric Soundings (VES) using the modified Wenner
electrode array to explore subsurface conditions and Horizontal Electric Profiles (HEP) to develop
estimates of contaminant migration relative to specific depth intervals. The conventional Wenner
electrode array is utilized for HEP data collection with depth intervals selected from the VES work.
BROWN AND CALDWELL 3-5 ~-" A-':,ris n.,,,. o.a-..199'1
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LEGEND
-x-
AREA OF GEOPHYSICAL
SURVEYS
FENCE
0 50 100 ------SCAlf IN FEET
Figure 3-3 Geophysical Study Areas
Source:
f.!odified from
US EPA, 1987
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CHAPTER 3. SAMPUNG LOCATIONS AND DESIGNATIONS
For example, if YES results suggested a possible fractured bedrock zone below the water table at
a depth of 50 feet, a number of HEP data points would be collected using the appropriate Wenner
array spacing. The resulting data is interpreted by contouring apparent resistivity in ohm-feet on
a base map.
As with any indirect measurement method, ER work must be performed in a consistent
manner following accepted methods for the procedure and must be correlated to test boring logs
recorded for site subsurface exploration. In this regard, ER work is analogous to the land surveyor's
circuit. It must begin and close at a reliable benchmark. In this case, ER YES investigations will
commence in close proximity to a reliably recorded boring and will close at the same location or
other reliable benchmark. In addition, at least four YES and HEP data points will be obtained in
undisturbed locations in order to establish background conditions for the study area.
A magnetometer (MG) survey will be conducted on a 20-by 20-foot grid controlled station
by station basis utilizing a GSM-19 magnetometer, or equivalent. The MG survey will collect data
useful in the investigation of subsurface conditions and to locate ferromagnetic objects which may
be present in the former trenches. Background conditions will be established by obtaining at least
four data points in nearby, but undisturbed areas. Magnetic data, recorded in gammas, will be
interpreted by contouring the data to identify anomalies needing further study.
An electromagnetic conductivity (EC) survey will be performed to investigate the former
waste burial areas, the likely consistency of wastes, and to complement the other geophysical
techniques employed. A Geometrics Model EM-31 terrain conductivity meter, or equivalent
equipment will be used to map lateral changes in apparent conductivity and the in-phase component
of the EM field. A 20-by 20-foot grid will be established across both the chemical waste and low
level waste areas in order to provide horizontal control. The EM-31 will be used to collect site-
specific data on a continuous basis. Anomalous readings will be flagged in the field for
reinvestigation with the other geophysical techniques used during this work. Background conditions
will be established by taking not less than four off-site measurements in an undisturbed area nearby.
3.6 SAMPLING LOCATIONS
Media sampling at selected locations will commence following completion of the Radiation
Survey and Geophysical Study. As shown on Figure 3-1, the surface soil sampling effort and the
soil test boring work is intended to progress simultaneously, in order to maximize the efficiency of
the field data collection effort during this task execution.
To characterize the nature and extent of contamination, sampling locations have been
carefully chosen to optimize the new data collection effort Sampling locations are discussed in
detail by source or media. Media samples will be collected by the following methods:
BROWN AND CAWWEU.. 3-7
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CHAPTER 3. SAMPUNG WCATIONS AND DESIGNATIONS
Media
Surface soils
Subsurface soils
Bedrock
Groundwater
Method
Hand auger
Split spoon
Undisturbed tube
Coring
Stainless steel
closed top bailer
Perfonnance Standard
ECB SOPQAM
ASTM D 1586-67
ASTM D 1587
ASTM D 2113
ECB SOPQAM
Table 3-1 summarizes the site's groundwater quality monitoring system,
which includes both the existing and proposed new wells described in following
sections. Table 3-2 summarizes the projects sampling and analytical program.
3.6.1 Chemical Waste Disposal Area and Low Level Waste Disposal Area
A review of both university and USEPA site investigation infonnation indicates that the
waste sources have been well characterized. No surface contamination has been identified.
Groundwater contamination has been detected and its extent estimated (refer to the project summary
presented in the Work Plan, BCC, 1992). The work remaining to be executed consists of the
confinnation and refinement of assessment results obtained by the previous studies. Therefore, all
work described herein is intended to complete and complement the earlier efforts.
3.6.1.1 Surface Soils
~1~~i¥~~~1:~~~~~;;;~~~:~ E
locations have been selected based on the REM ill and REM V reports. Down-
slope sampling points are located in drainage channels or swales below the site, which could, if
possible, receive migrating contaminants. Four sampling points are located in the fonner chemical
storage dumpster area. The upland sampling points were selected in order to provide undisturbed,
background soil quality data.
A total of 36 surface soil samples will be collected and all will be screened in the field,
using the radiation detector and the field GC. A total of 12 samples will be shipped to the
laboratory facility for analyses. Table 3-2 summarizes the project's analytical program.
BROWN AND CALDWELL 3-8
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Table 3-1 Lot 86 Site Groundwater Quality Monitoring System Summary
Well number Relative location Construction Depth, feet Screened interval,
feet
New (34) Down gradient Stainless steel 55 40 to 50
New (35) Down gradient Stainless steel 75 65 to 75
New (36) Down gradient Stainless steel 55 40 to 50
New (37) Down gradient Stainless steel 75 65 to 75
IB Downgradient PVC 56 50.5 to 55
5A Downgradient PVC 55 46 to 55
9 Down gradient PVC 45.6 39 to 45
15 Down gradient PVC 55 34 to 44
16 Downgradient PVC 35 28 to 35
17 Down gradient PVC 32 26 to 32
20 Downgradient PVC 30 25 to 30
30 Upgradient Stainless steel 52 39 to 49
31 Upgradient Stainless steel 59 42 to 52
32 Upgradient Stainless steel 38.5 24.8 to 34.8
33 Upgradient Stainless steel 77 60 to 70
MR Medlin Residence Cast iron ----
SAP\72001'3-l.SAP
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Table 3-2 Sampling and Analysis Summary
Sample designation Sample matrix
NC-SS-01-01 Surface soil sample 0-2 feet
NC-SS-01-02 Surface soil sample 2-4 feet
NC-SS-01-03 Surface soil sample 4-6 feet
NC-SS-02-01 Surface soil sample 0-2 feet
NC-SS-02-02 Surface soil sample 2-4 feet
NC-SS-02-03 Surface soil sample 4-6 feet
NC-SS-03-01 Surface soil sample 0-2 feet
NC-SS-03-02 Surface soil sample 2-4 feet
NC-SS-03-03 Surface soil sample 4-6 feet
NC-SS-04-01 Surface soil sample 0-2 feet
NC-SS-04-02 Surface soil sample 2-4 feet
NC-SS-04-03 Surface soil sample 4-6 feet
NC-SS~OS-01 Surface soil sample 0-2 feet
NC-SS-05-02 Surface soil sample 2-4 feet
NC-SS-05-03 Surface soil sample 4-6 feet
NC-SS-06-01 Surface soil sample 0-2 feet
NC-SS-06-02 Surface soil sample 2-4 feet
NC-SS-06-03 Surface soil sample 4-6 feet
NC-SS-07-01 Surface soil sample 0-2 feet
NC-SS-07-02 Surface soil sample 2-4 feet
NC-SS-07-03 Surface soil sample 4-6 feet
NC-SS-08-01 Surface soil sample 0-2 feet
NC-SS-08-02 Surface soil sample 2-4 feet
NC-SS-08-03 Surface soil sample 4-6 feet
NC-SS-09-0 I Surface soil sample 0-2 feet
NC-SS-09-02 Surface soil sample 2-4 feet
NC-SS-09-03 Surface soil sample 4-6 feet
NC-SS-10-01 Surface soil sample 0-2' feet
NC-SS-10-02 Surface soil sample 2-4 feet
NC-SS-10-03 Surface soil sample 4-6 feet
NC-SS-11-0 I Surface soil sample 0-2 feet
NC-SS-11-02 Surface soil sample 2-4 feet
NC-SS-11-03 Surface soil sample 4-6 feet
NC-SS-12-0 I Surface soil sample 0-2 feet
NC-SS-12-02 Surface soil sample 2-4 feet
NC-SS-12-03 Surface soil sample 4-6 feet
NC-TB-34-01 Subsurface soil sample 0-2 feet
NC-TB-34-02 Subsurface soil sample 5-7 feet
NC-TB-34-03 Subsurface soil sample 10-12 feet
NC-TB-34-04 Subsurface soil sample 15-17 feet
NC-TB-34-05 Subsurface soil sample 20-22 feet
NC-TB-34-06 Subsurface soil sample 25-27 feet
NC-TB-34-07 Subsurface soil sample 30-32 feet
Analysis(!)
A,B,C,D,E
A
A
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
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Table 3-2 Sampling and Analysis Summary (continued)
Sample designation Sample matrix
NC-TB-34-08 Subsurface soil sample 35-37 feet
NC-TB-34-09 Subsurface soil sample 40-42 feet
NC-TB-34-10 Subsurface soil sample 45-47 feet
NC-TB-34-11 Subsurface soil sample 50-52 feet
NC-TB-35-01 Subsurface soil sample 0-2 feet
NC-TB-35-02 Subsurface soil sample 2-4 feet
NC-TB-35-03 Subsurface soil sample 4-6 feet
NC-TB-35-04 Subsurface soil sample 6-8 feet
NC-TB-35-05 Subsurface soil sample 8-10 feet
NC-TB-35-06 Subsurface soil sample 10-12 feet
NC-TB-35-07 Subsurface soil sample 12-14 feet
NC-TB-35-08 Subsurface soil sample 14-16 feet
NC-TB-35-09 Subsurface soil sample 16-18 feet
NC-TB-35-10 Subsurface soil sample 18-20 feet
NC-TB-35-11 Subsurface soil sample 20-22 feet
NC-TB-35-12 Subsurface soil sample 22-24 feet
NC-TB-35-13 Subsurface soil sample 24-26 feet
NC-TB-35-14 Subsurface soil sample 26-28 feet
NC-TB-35-15 Subsurface soil sample 28-30 feet
NC-TB-35-16 Subsurface soil sample 35-37 feet
NC-TB-35-17 Subsurface soil sample 40-42 feet
NC-TB-35-18 Subsurface soil sample 45-47 feet
NC-TB-35-19 Subsurface soil sample 50-52 feet
NC-TB-35-20 Subsurface soil sample 55-57 feet
NC-TB-36-01 Subsurface soil sample 0-2 feet
NC-TB-36-02 Subsurface soil sample 5-7 feet
NC-TB-36-03 Subsurface soil sample 10-12 feet
NC-TB-36-04 Subsurface soil sample 15-17 feet
NC-TB-36-05 Subsurface soil sample 20-22 feet
NC-TB-36-06 Subsurface soil sample 25-27 feet
NC-TB-36-07 Subsurface soil sample 30-32 feet
NC-TB-36-08 Subsurface soil sample 35-37 feet
NC-TB-36-09 Subsurface soil sample 40-42 feet
NC-TB-36-10 Subsurface soil sample 45-47 feet
NC-TB-36-11 Subsurface soil sample 50-52 feet
NC-TB-37-01 Subsurface soil sample 0-2 feet
NC-TB-37-02 Subsurface soil sample 2-4 feet
NC-TB-37-03 Subsurface soil sample 4-6 feet
NC-TB-37-04 Subsurface soil sample 6-8 feet
NC-TB-37-05 Subsurface soil sample 8-10 feet
NC-TB-37-06 Subsurface soil sample 10-12 feet
NC-TB-37-07 Subsurface soil sample 12-14 feet
NC-TB-37-08 Subsurface soil sample 14-16 feet
Analysis<1>
A
A
A
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A,F
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A,F
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A,F
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A,F
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A
A
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Table 3-2 Sampling and Analysis Swnmary (continued)
Sample designation Sample matrix
NC-TB-37-09 Subsurface soil sample 16-18 feet
NC-TB-37-10 Subsurface soil sample 18-20 feet
NC-TB-37-11 Subsurface soil sample 20-22 feet
NC-TB-37-12 Subsurface soil sample 22-24 feet
NC-TB-37-13 Subsurface soil sample 24-26 feet
NC-TB-37-14 Subsurface soil sample 26-28 feet
NC-TB-37-15 Subsurface soil sample 28-30 feet
NC-TB-37-16 Subsurface soil sample 35-37 feet
NC-TB-37-17 Subsurface soil sample 40-42 feet
NC-TB-37-18 Subsurface soil sample 45-47 feet
NC-TB-37-19 Subsurface soil sample 50-52 feet
NC-TB-37-20 Subsurface soil sample 52-57 feet
NC-TB-38-01 Subsurface soil sample 0-2 feet
NC-TB-38-02 Subsurface soil sample 2-4 feet
NC-TB-38-03 Subsurface soil sainple 4-6 feet
NC-TB-38-04 Subsurface soil sample 6-8 feet
NC-TB-38-05 Subsurface soil sample 8-10 feet
NC-TB-38-06 Subsurface soil sample 10-12 feet
NC-TB-38-07 Subsurface soil sample 12-14 feet
NC-TB-38-08 Subsurface soil sample 14-16 feet
NC-TB-38-09 Subsurface soil sample 16-18 feet
NC-TB-38-10 Subsurface soil sample 18-20 feet
NC-TB-38-11 Subsurface soil sample 20-22 feet
NC-TB-38-12 Subsurface soil sample 22-24 feet
NC-TB-38-13 Subsurface soil sample 24-26 feet
NC-TB-38-14 Subsurface soil sample 26-28 feet
NC-TB-38-15 Subsurface soil sample 28-30 feet
NC-TB-38-16 Subsurface soil sample 35-37 feet
NC-TB-38-17 Subsurface soil sample 40-42 feet
NC-TB-38-18 Subsurface soil sample 45-47 feet
NC-TB-38-19 Subsurface soil sample 50-52 feet
NC-TB-38-20 Subsurface soil sample 55-57 feet
NC-GW-lB-01 Groundwater, soil aquifer
NC-GW-5A-0l Groundwater, soil aquifer
NC-GW-09-01 Groundwater, soil aquifer
NC-GW-15-01 Groundwater, soil aquifer
NC-GW-16-01 Groundwater, soil aquifer
NC-GW-17-01 Groundwater, soil aquifer
NC-GW-20-0 l Groundwater, soil aquifer
NC-GW-30-01 Groundwater, soil aquifer
NC-GW-31-01 Groundwater, soil aquifer
NC-GW-32-01 Groundwater, soil aquifer
NC-GW-33-01 Groundwater, soil aauifer
Analysis<1>
A,B,C,D,E
A
A,F
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A, F
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A,F
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A, F
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A
A
A,B,C,D,E
A
A,F
A
B, C, D, e
C,D
C,D
C,D
C,D
B,C,D,E
C,D
C,D
B,C,D,E
C,D
C,D
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Table 3-2 Sampling and Analysis Summary (continued)
Sample designation
NC-GW-34-01
NC-GW-35-01
NC-GW-36-01
NC-GW-37-01
MR-GW-01-01
Analysis Explanation
Sample matrix
Groundwater, soil aquifer
Groundwater, rock aquifer
Groundwater, soil aquifer
Groundwater, rock aquifer
Groundwater, Medlin residence, rock aauifer
A Field GC and radiation screening
B Target analyte list
C Target compound list
D Radiation: gross alpha, beta, gamma, Tritium and Carbon-14 content
E Level IV quality assurance reporting
F Geotechnical testing:
SAP\7200TI-2.SAP
Grain size (all samples submitted
Atterberg Limits (all samples submitted)
Porosity (undisturbed samples)
Permeability (undisturbed samples)
AnalysisCl)
C,D
B,C,D,E
C,D
C,D
B,C,D,E
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LEGEND
* 01 SOIL SAMPLE LOCATION
AND NUMBER
-x-FENCE
* 12
FORMER CHEMICAL
STORAGE DUMPSTER AREA
0 50 100 i--•--SCALE IN mr
Figure 3-4 Surface Soil Sample Locations
Source: Modified from
US EPA, 1987
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CHAPTER J. SAMPUNG LOCATIONS AND DESIGNATIONS
3.6.1.2 Subswface Soils
The environmental quality of subswface soils will be evaluated by
collecting soil samples from soil test borings advanced by a drilling rig at the
locations illustrated on Figure 3-5. One soil test boring will be located in a
topographically upslope area to permit the collection of background environmental
quality samples. Two soil test borings will be located in topographically
downslope points in areas also reported to be at or near the edge of groundwater
::\:,~w-
L
contamination. The downslope borings will be advanced to an approximate depth of 75 feet or at
least 15 feet into continuous bedrock. Soil samples will be obtained by the split spoon/Standard
Penetration Test Method, ASTM D 1586. The deep soil test borings will tie sampled on a
continuous basis from ground swface to the water table encountered at the time of boring. · Soil
samples will be collected at 5-foot intervals below the water table. One test boring each will be
advanced at the location of each of the two residual soil aquifer wells. Soil sampling will be
performed on 5-foot centers to confinn local lithology. Each sample will be field screened with the
field GC and radiation detector. Selected samples will be subjected to geotechnical testing.
At least two cohesive zone soil samples will be obtained from each downslope boring using
a thin-wall undisturbed tube by ASTM D 1587. One cohesive zone soil sample will be obtained
from the upslope boring with the thin-wall undisturbed tube. Bedrock samples will be obtained
using a double-tubed, diamond-bitted core barrel in general conformance with ASTM D 2113.
The work will be supervised, samples visually classified (by ASTM D 2488) and drilling logs
recorded for all work performed by a qualified Brown and Caldwell engineer or geologist The
drilling services will be performed by a prequalified, licensed subcontractor, experienced and
equipped to provide the services required.
It is estimated that each deep test boring will provide approximately 20 subswface soil
samples. Each sample will be screened in the field using the radiation survey instrument and the
field GC. The soil samples exhibiting the highest potential contaminant levels will be shipped to
the selected laboratory for analyses.
For estimations purpose, three soil samples collected from each boring (two spoon samples
and one undistnrbed tube sample) will be shipped to a qualified soil mechanics laboratory for
geotechnical characterization including grain size, Atterberg Limits, porosity, and permeability.
The continuity, integrity, and hydraulic conductivity of site bedrock will be studied in the
field through the performance of one isolated zone packer test to be conducted in each deep boring
penetrating into continuous rock. The two packer tests will be performed at or near the bottom of
each deep boring's coring run in a manner similar to that described by Sowers in ASTM Special
Technical Publication 746 (1981). The packer test data will be utilized to evaluate the bedrock
water bearing unit as a potential contaminant migration pathway.
BROWN AND CAUJWEIL 3-15
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• 15
LEGEND
• EXISTING
MONITORING 111:LL
"" TEST BORING
0 NEW DEEP MONITORING 111:LL
$ NEW SHALLOW MONITORING WELL 0 so -----SCALE IN FIT!
Figure 3-5 Monitoring System Layout
and Test Boring Locations
Source: Modified from
US EPA, 1987
100
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CHAPTER 3. SAMPUNG WC,HIONS AND DESIGNATIONS
3.6.2 Groundwater
A total of 33 groundwater quality monitoring wells have been installed at the subject site in
support of several studies. These studies have indicated the presence and approximate extent of
groundwater contamination. Therefore, the focus of this RJ/FS task is to confirm the findings of
earlier studies and to refine existing information.
Four new stainless steel groundwater quality monitoring wells will be instai!ed at the
approximate locations depicted on Figure 3-5. Two wells will be installed to a maximum depth of
55 feet below grade at hydraulically downgradient locations in the lower section of the residual soil
water-bearing zone. The screened interval for these wells is anticipated to be 40 to 50 feet, unless
the site-specific conditions encountered require modification.
Two bedrock water-bearing zone groundwater quality monitoring wells will be installed at
hydraulically downgradient locations shown on Figure 3-5. The wells will be constructed of
stainless steel, double-cased to preclude the potential migration of contaminants vertically along the
borehole wall. Depending upon the conditions encountered at the time of drilling, the bedrock wells
may be finished either with stainless steel screens conventionally or as open hole wells. At this
time. it is anticipated that the open interval to be sampled will be 65 to 75 feet below land surface.
A total of 11 existing PVC monitoring wells will be incorporated into the new monitoring
system and resampled at the same time the new wells are sampled. The 11 existing wells were
selected based upon their locations. well construction details, and the aquifer depth intervals
screened. Table 3-1 summarizes details of the four new wells and the 11 existing wells to be
incorporated in the site's groundwater quality monitoring system.
3.7 SAMPLE DESIGNATIONS
All samples will be assigned and labeled with a logical code to facilitate consistent
identification throughout collection, handling, and analysis.
Where:
AA-BB-XX-YY
AA = two character unit designator (North Carolina Medlin Residence)
BB = two character sample matrix code (Ground Water, Field Blank, etc.)
XX = location designation (01, 02, etc.)
YY = depth interval code (01, 02, 03)
Sample designations and the associated analytical parameters are presented in Table 3-2.
BROWN AND CALIJ~ 3-17 s-,... ..... ..,.. ,..... . 0...-., 1!192
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CHAPTER 3. SAMPUNG WCATIONS AND DESIGNATIONS
3.8 SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS SUMMARY
Table 3-3 summarires the planned sampling effort for this project and the
required physical and chemical analysis program.
SAPi7200CH3.SAP
BROWN AND CALDWELL 3-18 ~-' .. _,.. Pm·~ 1"1
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Table 3-3 North Carolina State University Lot 86 Site
Remedial Investigation Sampling and Analysis Summary
Analytical Program•
Sample Type/Media Number
A B C D E
Surface soil 36 36 9 9 9 9
Subsurface soil 82 82 15 15 15 15
Groundwater 16 --6 16 16 6
Subtotals 118 30 40 40 30
QNQ<::, samples 6 8 ----
Totals 118 36 48 40 30
•Explanation:
A Field GC and radiation screening.
B Target analyte list.
C Target compound list.
D Radiation: gross alpha, beta, and gamma; tritium and carbon-14 content.
E Level IV quality assurance reporting.
F Geotechnical testing:
\5AP\7200D-3.SAP
Grain size
Atterberg Limits
Porosity
Permeability
F
--
15
--
15
--
15
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CHAPTER 4.0
ANALYTICAL PROGRAM
4.1 ANALYTICAL PARAMETERS AND METIIODOLOGIES
4.1.1 Sample Screening
All soil samples collected will be screened in the field for indication of organic
compounds (benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and tetrachloroethene) using an HNU
Model 311 ponable gas chromatograph fitted with a Nardion 30-meter capillary glass column.
The indicator compounds (used by EPA contractors to plot groundwater contaminant extent)
are contained in the Model 311 's internal library for rapid determination. The instrument
detects many compounds to the low ppb range. Soil samples exhibiting compound
concentrations exceeding NC standards on MCLs will be transmitted to the analytical facility
for T AUTCL and radiation analysis (alpha, beta, gamma, 3H and 14C content). All soil samples
will also be subjected to a field beta and gamma radiation screening using a Victoreen
Model 190 survey meter equipped with a Model I !OD detector probe. Soil samples exhibiting
potential radiation levels 10 times background values will be submitted for the full analytical
suite (T Al/fCL, alpha, beta, gamma, 3H and 14C).
4.1.2 Laboratory Analysis of Samples
~~~f£~¥~~~!~qJ~~:~t~~~~; ~•.
carbon-14 content Analytical methods will be as defined in above referenced
CLPSOW. A list of these analytes and expected detection limits is presented as Tables 4-1
through 4-4.
SAP\7200CH4.SAP
BROWN AND CALDWF.LL 4-1 s-.,,a,...,.. .... ..,,.. p,--o-..kr 1991
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Table 4-1 Data Quality Objectives Method Detection Limits for Volatile Organics
Detection limits
Constituent CAS number Reference
method Water" Soilb
µg/L µg/kg
Cbloromethane 74-87-3 CLP-VOA 10 10
Bromomethane 74-83-9 CLP-VOA 10 10
Vinyl chloride 75-01-4 CLP-VOA 10 10
Cbloroethane 75-00-3 CLP-VOA 10 10
Methylene chloride 75-09.2 CLP-VOA 5 5
Acetone 67--64-1 CLP-VOA 10 10
Carbon disulfide 75-15-0 CLP-VOA 5 5
I, 1-Dichloroethene 75.35-4 CLP-VOA 5 5
I, 1-Dichloroethane 75.35.3 CLP-VOA 5 5
Trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 156-(,()-5 CLP-VOA 5 5
Chloroform 67-66-3 CLP-VOA 5 5
1,2-Dichloroethane 107-06--2 CLP-VOA 5 5
2-Butanone 78-93-3 CLP-VOA 10 10
I, I, I-trichloroethane 71-55-6 CLP-VOA 5 5
Carbon tetrachloride 56--23-5 CLP-VOA 5 5
Vinyl acetate 108-05-4 CLP-VOA 10 10
Bromodichloromethane 75-27-4 CLP-VOA 5 5
1,1,2,2•Tetrachloroethane 79.34-5 CLP-VOA 5 5
1,2-Dichloropropane 78-87-5 CLP-VOA 5 5
trans-1,3-Dichlotop, opeoe 10061-01-5 CLP-VOA 5 5
Trichloroethene 79-01-6 CLP-VOA 5 5
Dibromocloromethane 124-48-1 CLP-VOA 5 5
1, 1,2-Trichloroethane 79-00-5 CLP-VOA 5 5
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Table 4-1 Data Quality Objectives Method Detection Limits for Volatile Organks
(continued)
Detection limits
Constituent CAS nwnber Reference
method Water" Soilb
µg/L µg/kg
Benzene 71-43-2 CLP-VOA 5 5
cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 10061--01-5 CLP-VOA 5 5
2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether 110-75-8 CLP-VOA 10 10
Bromoform 75-25-2 CLP-VOA 5 5
2-Hexanone 591-78-6 CLP-VOA IO 10
4-Methyl-2-pentanone 108-10-1 CLP-VOA 10 IO
Tetracbloroethene 127-18-4 CLP-VOA 5 5
Toluene 108-88-3 CLP-VOA 5 5
Cblorobenzene 108-90-7 CLP-VOA 5 5
Ethyl benzene 100-41-4 CLP-VOA 5 5
Styrene 100-42-5 CLP-VOA 5 5
Total xylene's none CLP-VOA 5 5
'Values listed are for low water concentrations. Medium water contract required detection limits (CRDL) for
volatile HSL compounds are 100 times the individual low water CRDL.
•values listed are for low soiVsediment concentration. Medium soiVsediment contract required detection limits
(CRDL) for volatile HSL compounds are 100 times the individual low soiVsediment CRDL.
\SAPl7200T4-I.SAP
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Table 4-2 Data Quality Objectives Method Detection Limits for Semivolatile Organics
Detection limits
Constituent CAS number Reference
method Water" Soilb
µg/L µg/kg
Phenol 108-95-2 CLP-SY IO 330
bis (2-Chloroethyl) ether 114-44-4 CLP-SY 10 330
2-Chlorophenol 95-57-8 CLP-SY 10 330
1,3-Dichlorobenreoe 541-75-1 CLP-SY 10 330
1,4-Dichlorobenreoe 106-46-7 CLP-SY IO 330
Benzyl alcohol 100-51-6 CLP-SY IO 330
1,2-Dichlorobenrene 95-50-1 CLP-SY IO 330
2-Methylphenol 95-48-7 CLP-SY 10 330
bis (2-Chloroisopropyl) ether 39638-32-9 CLP-SY IO 330
4-Methyl phenol 106-44-5 CLP-SY IO 330
N-Nitroso-Dipropylamine 621-64-7 CLP-SY IO 330
Hexachloroethane 67-72-1 CLP-SY IO 330
Nitrobenzene 98-95-3 CLP-SY 10 330
Isophrone 78-59-1 CLP-SY IO 330
2-Nitrophenol 88-75-5 CLP-SY IO 330
2,4-Dimethylpbenol 105-67-9 CLP-SY IO 330
Benzoic acid 65-85-0 CLP-SY 50 1600
bis (2-ehloroethoxy) methane 111-91-1 CLP-SY 10 330
2,4-Dichlorophenol 120-83-2 CLP-SY 10 330
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 120-82-1 CLP-SY 10 330
Naphthalene 91-20-3 CLP-SY IO 330
4-Chloroaniline 106-47-8 CLP-SY IO 330
Hexachlorobutadiene 87-68-3 CLP-SY IO 330
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Table 4-2 Data Quality Objectives Method Detection Limits for Semivolatile Organics
( continued)
Detection limits
Constituent CAS number Reference
method Water" Soilb
µg/L µg/k:g
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol 59-50-7 CLP-SY 10 330
2-Melhylnapthalene 91-57-6 CLP-SY 10 330
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 77-47-4 CLP-SY 10 330
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 88-06-2 CLP-SY 10 330
2.4,5-Trichlorophenol 95-95-4 CLP-SY 50 1600
2-Chloronaphthalene 91-58-7 CLP-SY 10 330
2-Nilroaniline 88-74-4 CLP-SY 50 1600
Dimethyl phthalate 131-11-3 CLP-SY 10 330
Acenaphlhylene 208-96-8 CLP-SY 10 330
3-Ni1roaniline 99-09-2 CLP-SY 50 1600
Acenaplhene 83-32-9 CLP-SY 10 330
2,4-Dinitrophenol 51-28-5 CLP-SY 50 1600
4-Nitrophenol 100-02-7 CLP-SY 50 1600
Dibenzofuran 132-64-9 CLP-SY 10 330
2,4-Dinitrotoluene 121-14-2 CLP-SY 10 330
2,6-Dinitrotoluene 606-20-2 CLP-SY 10 330
Diethylphthalate 84-66-2 CLP-SY 10 330
4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether 7005-72-3 CLP-SY 10 330
Fluorene 86-73-7 CLP-SY 10 330
4-Nitroaniline 100-01-6 CLP-SY 50 1600
4,6-Dinitro-2-melhylphenol 534-52-1 CLP-SY 50 1600
N-Nitrosodiphenylamine 86-30-6 CLP-SY 10 330
4-Bromophenyl-phenyl ether 101-55-3 CLP-SY 10 330
Hexachlorobeni.ene 118-74-1 CLP-SY 10 330
Pentachlorophenol 87-86-5 CLP-SY 50 1600
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Table 4-2 Data Quality Objectives Method Detection Limits for Semivolatile Organics
( continued)
Detection limits
Constituent CAS number Reference
method Water' Soilb
µg/L µg/kg
Phenantbrene 85-01-8 CLP-SY 10 330
Anthracene 120-12-7 CLP-SY 10 330
Di-n-butylphthalate 84-74-2 CLP-SY 10 330
Auoranthene 206-44-0 CLP-SY 10 330
Pyrene 129-00-0 CLP-SY 10 330
Butyl Benzyl phthalate 85-68-7 CLP-SY 10 330
3,3-Dichlorobenzidine 91-94-1 CLP-SY 20 330
Benzo(a)aothracene 56-55-3 CLP-SY 10 330
bis (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 117-81-7 CLP-SY 10 330
Chrysene 218-01-9 CLP-SY 10 330
Di-n-octyl phthalate 117-84-0 CLP-SY 10 330
Benzo(b)fluoranthene 205-99-2 CLP-SY 10 330
Benzo(k)fluoranthene 207-08-9 CLP-SY 10 330
Benzo(a)pyrene 50-32-8 CLP-SY 10 330
Indeno( 1,2.3-cd)pyrene 193-39-5 CLP-SY 10 330
Dibenz(a.ti)aothracene 53-70-3 CLP-SY 10 330
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 191-24-2 CLP-SY 10 330
'Values listed are for low water concentrations. Medium water cootract required detection limits (CRDL) fer
semi volatile HSL compounds are I 00 times the individual low water CRDL.
"values listed are for low soil/sediment concentrations. Medium soiVsediment contract required detection limits
(CRDL) for semivolatile HSL compounds are 60 times the individual low soil/sediment CRDL.
\SA?.7200T4-2.SAP
I
I Table 4-3 Data Quality Objectives Method Detection Limits for Pesticides and PCBs ,,, Detection limits
Constituent CAS number Reference
method Water' Soilb
a µg/L µg/kg
Alpha-BHC 319-84-6 CLP-PEST 0.05 8.0
I/ Beta-BHC 319-85-7 CLP-PEST 0.05 8.0
Delta-BHC 319-86-8 CLP-PEST 0.05 8.0
Gamma-BHC(lindane) 58-89-9 CLP-PEST 0.05 8.0 , Heptachlor 76-44-8 CLP-PEST 0.05 8.0
I\ Aldrin 309-00-2 CLP-PEST 0.05 8.0 --Heptacblor epoxide 1024-57-3 CLP-PEST 0.05 8.0
I I.\
Endosulfan I 959-98-8 CLP-PEST 0.05 8.0
Dieldrin 60-57-1 CLP-PEST 0.10 16.0
' 4,4-DDE 72-55-9 CLP-PEST 0.10 16.0
I Endrin 72-20-8 CLP-PEST 0.10 16.0
Endosulfan II 33213-65-9 CLP-PEST 0.10 16.0
I' 4,4-DDD 72-54-8 CLP-PEST 0.10 16.0
Endosulfan sulfate 1031-07-8 CLP-PEST 0.10 16.0
i, 4,4-DDT 50-29-3 CLP-PEST 0.10 16.0
I Endrin ketone 53494-70-5 CLP-PEST 0.10 16.0
Mellloxychlor 72-43-5 CLP-PEST 0.5 80.0
I'
Chlordane 57-74-9 CLP-PEST 0.5 80.0
Toxapbene 8001-32-2 CLP-PEST 0.5 160.0
i, Aroclor-1016 (PCB) 12674-11-2 CLP-PEST 0.5 80.0
Aroclor-1221 (PCB) 11104-28-2 CLP-PEST 0.5 80.0
I' -.. -
Aroclor-1232 (PCB) 11141-16-5 CLP-PEST 0.5 80.0
Aroclor-1242 (PCB) 53469-21-9 CLP-PEST 0.5 80.0
I: Aroclor-1248 (PCB) 12672-29-6 CLP-PEST 0.5 80.0
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Table 4-3 Data Quality Objectives Method Detection Limits for Pesticides and PCBs
(continued)
Detection limits
Constituent CAS number Reference
method Water' Soilh
µg/L µg/kg
Aroclor-1254 (PCB) II ()1)7-69-1 1.0 160.0
Aroclor-1260 (PCB) 11096-82-5 CLP-PEST 1.0 160.0
'Values listed are for low water concentrations. Medium water cootract required detection limits (CRDL) for
volatile HSL compounds are 100 times the individual low water CRDL.
"values listed are for low soiVsediment concentration. Medium soiVsediment contract required detection limits
(CRDL) for volatile HSL compounds are 100 limes the individual low soiVsediment CRDL.
'SAP\7200T4-3.SAP
Table 4-4 Data Quality Objectives Method Detection Limits for Inorganlcs
Instrument' Furnace/AA ICP-AA Estimated
CLP Contr'.ict required deteetion levels optimum ranges linear ranges melhod detection
Constituent reference deteetion levels (µg/L or (mg/kg) (µg/L) or (mg/kg) (µg/L) limits for solids2
melhod (µg/L) or (mg/kg) (mg/kg)
ICP FAA Low High Low High ICP FAA
Metals
Aluminum 200.7 CLP-M 200 16.0 16.0 IOOK 3.2
Antimony 200.7 CLP-M 60 27.0 27.0 IOOK 5.4
Arsenic 206.2 CLP-M 10 3.0 5 100 0.06
Barium 200.7 CLP-M 200 2.0 2.0 lO0K 0.4
Beryllium 200.7 CLP-M 5 1.0 1.0 IOOK 0.2
Cadmium 13.2 CLP-M 5 0.1 0.5 10.0 0.02
Calcium 200.7 CLP-M 5000 10.0 10.0 200K 2.0
Chromium 200.7 CLP-M 10 3.0 3.0 IOOK 0.6
Cobalt 200.7 CLP-M 50 6.0 6.0 IOOK 1.2
Copper 200.7 CLP-M 25 3.0 3.0 IOOK 0.6
Iron 200.7 CLP-M 100 4.0 4.0 IOOK 0.8
Lead 239.2 CLP-M 5 1.0 5 100 0.2
Magnesium 200.7 CLP-M 5000 1.0 1.0 40K 0.2
Manganese 200.7 CLP-M 15 2.0 2.0 IOOK 0.4
Mercury (water) 245.1 CLP-M 0.2 0.2 0.2 10
Mercury (sediments) 245.5 CLP-M 0.1 0.1 0.1 5.0 0.1
Nickel 200.7 CLP-M 40 11.0 11.0 IOOK 2.2
Potassium 200.7 CLP-M 5000 500.0 500.0 200K 100
C
Table 4-4 Data Quality Objectives Method Detection Limits for Inorganlcs (continued)
lnslrlllilent1 Furnace/AA ICP-AA Estimated
method detection CLP Contract required detection levels optimum ranges linear ranges limits for solids2
Constituent reference detection levels (µg/L or (mg/kg) (µg/L) or (mg/kg) (µg/L) . (mg/kg) method (µg/L) or (mg/kg)
ICP FAA Low High Low High ICP FAA
Selenium 270.2 CLP-M 5 3.0 5 100 0.6
Silver 200.7 CLP-M IO 4.0 4.0 IOOK 0.8
Sodium 200.7 CLP-M 5000 34.0 34.0 200K 6.8
Thallium 279.2 CLP-M IO 4.0 5 100 0.8
Vanadium 200.7 CLP-M 50 3.0 3.0 IOOK 0.6
Zinc 200.7 CLP-M 20 2.0 2.0 70K 0.4
Non-Metals
Cyanide3 335.2 CLP-M IO 5.0 0.5
pH USEPA 150.1 2.0-12.0
Specific-conductance USEPA 120.1 IO umhcvcm
'Vary slightly; updated quarterly.
"Detection limits for an extract of I gram of solid in 200 ml of extractant based upon current instrument detection levels (IDLs).
'Cyanide in water and solids by reflux-distiUation and spectrophotometric measurement. Conductivity and pH by standard instrumentation. ICP and FAA
methods are not employed.
\SAN200TM.SAP
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CHAPTER 5.0
SAMPUNG EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
5.1 GENERAL
Consistent collection of representative samples from a given environmental matrix depends
on implementation and adherence to standard operating procedures of sample collection, handling,
preservation, and documentation. Sampling procedures used for field investigations will follow the
guidelines set forth in Standard Operating Procedures and Quality Assurance Manual (SOP). USEPA
Region IV, 1991. To avoid cross contamination, all sampling will be conducted from '1east to most
suspected contaminated areas.
5.2 SAMPLING PROTOCOL
Sampling essentially occurs in three distinct stages. First, sampling equipment is selected
and prepared. Second, the actual sample location is selected and prepared for sampling. Location
preparation can range from simply covering the ground and surrounding vegetation with clean
polyethylene film to prevent the sampling equipment from coming in contact with and becoming
contaminated by the ground and surrounding vegetation, to land clearing and partial excavation to
facilitate access to the required sample location. These preparation procedures will be selected
based upon site conditions.
The third stage is the actual collection of the sample, filling of the sample containers, and
documentation. In all cases the following sampling procedures will be observed:
I.
2.
Volume of each subsample of a composite (if applicable) will be recorded in the field
logbook;
Split samples will be mixed in a large, precleaned container, then distributed among
sample bottles;
3. Duplicates for soil will be collected from the same sample source.
5.3 SAMPLE COLLECTION PROCEDURES
Sample collection procedures for soil samples will be consistent with those procedures
described in the USEPA Region IV SOPQAM (1991) and are addressed in Section 5.3.1.
Monitoring well installation, development, and groundwater sampling will be discussed in separate
sections.
BROWN AND CAI.DWP.LL 5-1
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CHAPTER 5. SAMPUNG EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
5.3. l Soil Sample Collection Procedures
Soil samples will be collected primarily with the use of a drill rig fitted with split-spoon
samplers according to ASTM Method D 1586. After selecting the sample location, the surface will
be cleared of debris with a clean shovel. Any concrete or asphalt pavement will be removed prior
to borehole construction. A borehole will then be constructed to a depth just above the desired
sampling interval, and a lined stainless steel split-spoon will be driven to the desired depth, and
withdrawn.
Soil samples collected from areas inaccessible to a drill rig will be collected by the hand
auger method. A clean hand auger will be used to collect a sample of the newly exposed soil at
the desired depth intervals. For samples to be collected at depth intervals other than surface to 2
feet, a borehole will be advanced to a depth just above the desired sample interval, and a clean
auger bucket will be installed for collection of the sample.
In all cases, the uppermost one quarter of the volume of soil inside the split spoon or hand
auger will be discarded to avoid cross contamination of the sample with "fall back" from previous
strata. Samples will be mixed by the quarter/mix method: The sample is divided into quarters,
each quarter is mixed well, the four quarters are mixed together, and the sample is placed in
appropriate sample containers.
A clean pair of disposable latex gloves will be worn at each sample location. During sample
collection, sample container caps will not be placed on the ground or in the sampler's pockets. If
a sample container cap is dropped, it will be discarded and a new container will be used.
5.3.2 Monitoring Well Installation and Development
Monitoring well drilling locations will be marked by the project field team. Physical site
access and field conditions will determine their exact locations. Utilities, both underground and
above ground will be located prior to drilling.
Drilling will be conducted with a truck-mounted hollow-stem auger or mud rotary drill rig
in general conformance with ASTM 1586 or other methods deemed to be consistent with project
data collection needs and site-specific subsurface conditions. All information will be documented
in the project field logbook, to include the following information:
• Borehole number and location
• Description of soils and subsurface conditions
• Type of drilling equipment, driller, and drilling company
• Type and size of well screen
• Depth to well screen
• Drilling and sampling times
BROWN AND CALDWBIL 5-2
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CHAPTER 5. SAMPUNG EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
Soil and subsurface material descriptions will be logged in general accordance with the
Unified Soil Classification System (visual identification) as defined in ASTM 2488. The visual
descriptions will be subject to confirmation as selected samples will be transmitted to a soil
mechanics laboratory for geotechnical testing (grain size, Atterberg Limits, porosity, and
permeability).
5.3.2.1 Monitoring Well Construction Procedures
Type II groundwater quality monitoring wells will be installed into the
residual soil aquifer and Type III wells will be installed into the bedrock aquifer.
Figure 5-1 illustrates the significant construction features of each well design.
The Type II wells will consist of Schedule 5, type 304 stainless steel well
screens and solid wall casing. The well design and construction will be adequate
to prevent soil particles and other foreign matter from entering the well during development,
purging, hydraulic conductivity testing and sampling. The Brown and Caldwell field geologist or
engineer will select the geologic interval or stratum to be monitored, based upon the subsurface
materials encountered at the individual test drilling location. The well screen will be 0.010-inch
factory slotted, approximately l 0 feet in length. The well screen and casing assembly will be
appropriately decontaminated prior to insertion into the auger cased borehole. If deemed necessary,
stainless steel centralizers will be used to ensure the well assembly's concentricity within the
borehole. A silica sand filter pack will be manually placed or tremied around the well screen, to
a height of not less than 2 feet above the screen. The sand pack will be sealed into place with a
2-foot-thick layer of pure bentonite pellets. The remainder of the annular space will be filled with
a cement-bentonite slurry, pumped under positive pressure in a single, monolithic effort. All work
will proceed in lifts of approximately l foot; as the sand pack is installed, the auger casing will be
gradually withdrawn in increments not to exceed l foot so that sand pack bridging or borehole
collapse into the annular space are avoided. The bentonite pellet seal and the final grouting will be
conducted in a similar manner so that work proceeds gradually in steps. The driller will perform
physical measurements of the work in progress at 1-foot intervals to assure the well installation's
success.
The Type III well will be installed as follows: The soil test boring will be advanced,
permitting planned soil sampling to the top of bedrock. Upon encountering both spoon and auger
refusal, the borehole will be augered clean and the augers withdrawn. An 8-inch-diameter black iron
solid wall subcasing will be immediately inserted to the bottom of the borehole. The black iron
casing will be promptly grouted into place using a cement-bentonite slurry pumped under positive
pressure in a single, monolithic effort to ground surface. The well installation will then be covered
and not disturbed for not less than 24 hours. After 24 hours have passed and the grout has set up,
a 4-inch-diameter borehole will be reamed through the grouted subcasing to bedrock. Rock coring
techniques will be utilized in general conformance with ASTM Method D 2113 to penetrate and
sample the bedrock. If the bedrock is found to be competent, the Type III well construction may
utilize an open hole in rock, rather than a well screen. As is frequently the case, however, Piedmont
BROWN AND CALDWEIL 5-3
-------------------
TYPE II
(RESIDUAL SOIL WELL)
LOCKABLE
COVER----~ GROUND
SURFACE
··•.. .-~ SOLID PIPE ----!-'-I , ' -lo--GROUT SEAL
BOREHOLE -----;
THREADED JOINT
ALLOWS FOR IMPROVED
GRAVEL PACKING
~~ .. ; • .. ~-
BEN TONI TE
SEAL
SLOTTED PIPE-------h~f]:·:+------COARSE SAND OR
(SCREEN) FINE GRAVEL
E~:l--BOTTOM PLUG
(NOT TO SCALE)
TYPE Ill
(BEDROCK WELL)
SOLID PIPE -----IH-.1-
'. ·.:
PERMANENT CASING
SEALS OFF CONT AMINA TED
ZONE
RESIDUAL
SOIL
ROCK
j
BOREHOLE -------i
THREADED JOINT---,;.;+-
ALLOWS FOR IMPROVED
GRAVEL PACKING
GROUT SEAL
BEN TONI TE
SEAL
SLOTTED PIPE -----+::o,a: ·"'~-COARSE SAND OR
(SCREEN) FINE GRAVEL
""'---BOTTOM PLUG
(NOT TO SCALE)
Figure 5-1 Type II and Ill Water Quality Monitoring Wells
Sourr::e: Brown and Coldwell
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CHAPTER 5. SAMPUNG EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
shallow rock wells require screens to control the entry of soils or other deleterious materials into
the well. If the field geologist or engineer detennines the need, the hole advanced into rock will
be over reamed to pennit the installation of a Type II well assembly (described above) into the rock.
The stainless steel casing and screen will then be installed in the same manner as described above.
The Type III well design is illustrated on Figure 5-1.
5.3.2.2 End Plugs and Well Caps
The end plug and well cap will be flush threaded, Schedule 5, 304 stainless steel. Markings,
writing, or paint strips are not pennitted on any of the materials. Well caps will be fitted with a
hasp to enable securing with a padlock.
5.3.2.3 Adjustable Centralirers
The centralirer. if detennined necessary by the on-site geologist, will be capable of
maintaining the casing and screen straight and plumb in the borehole during the well installation.
The material type will be stainless steel. No solvents or glues will be used.
5.3.2.4 Well Construction Materials
The filter pack will be preinstalled into the well screen by the manufacturer using No. 1
standard, 98 percent pure silica, cleaned with potable water, and will have a unifonnity coefficient
of l to 3 and a specific gravity of 2.6 to 2. 7. The size of the filter pack will be 6 to 20. The
expansive bentonite seal will be composed of bentonite pellets that are 90 percent montmorillonite
clay, 1/4 inch, with a bulk dry density of 80 lb/cu ft, a specific gravity of 1.2, and a pH of 8.5 to
10.5. Portland cement Type I will be used for the grout and will contain 3 percent bentonite. The
grout will be pumped into place under positive pressure in a single monolithic effon. No
incomplete well installations will be left open overnight Samples of filter pack material and
bentonite will be collected and analyred for all parameters.
5.3.2.5 Type ill Well Subcasing
The subcasing utilired for Type ill (bedrock) well construction will be 8-inch-diameter black
iron. The subcasing will be completely encased in solid grout to preclude the vertical migration of
contaminants along the borehole. The conventional well assembly will be telescoped through the
subcasing into bedrock.
5.3.2.6 Security Casing
A flush-mounted, watertight 16-gauge steel protective well cover will be installed. The
padlocks will be brass, corrosion resistant, and keyed alike. The concrete surface pad will be 3 feet
by 3 feet by 6 inches according to ASTM C 150.
BROWN AND CALDWELL 5-5 ~ --.. ..,.. ,,,_. c,,....,, 1"2
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CHAPTER 5. SAMPUNG EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
5.3.2.7 Well Development
Well development will begin no sooner than 24 hours, but no later than 48 hours after
placement of the grout by the drilling subcontractor. The development method will not introduce
any type of contamination into the aquifer. Introduction of potable water during drilling and
development will be minimized. Samples of water introduced will be collected and analyzed for
all parameters to be sampled at that location. A written repon will be required describing reasons
why any introduced water could not be recovered. Any water introduced will be recovered to the
maximum extent possible within a reasonable amount of time. The development process will result
in wells that are sediment free. Stabilization of pH, conductivity, temperature, and reasonably
sediment-free water indicate proper development.
5.3.2.8 Lithologic Logs and Well Completion Diagrams
will be ~~~~~:~~
2
b;1~e
5
ii~l~h~;dr~;e~~;!~;~~ =~:i::~. c~~~~~~~ ~~le'?;~ :ii;i;;§t~!~
~:~::~~:~~~~:~:~~:~~:~ f~~i~~~::!Fs~:~rr:;~~j~r~::. :ii:~rm
5.3.3 Groundwater Sampling
Prior to purging a well for sampling, water level and total well depth readings will be taken
from the top of casing (TOC). This measuring point will be located consistently on each well from
permanently established reference marks. The reference point will be documented in field records.
The measurement from the TOC to ground level will also be recorded. All water levels will be
measured and recorded to the nearest 0.01 foot.
Water level measurements will be made using either a stainless steel tape or electrical water
level indicator. The electrical water level indicator consists of a spool of dual conductor wire, a
probe attached to the end, and an indicator. When the probe comes in contact with the water, the
circuit is closed and a meter light and/or audio indicator attached to the spool will signal the
contact. Either piece of equipment used will be properly decontaminated between wells.
In the event that wells are sampled where an oily layer is present, a clear bailer will be used
to determine the thickness of the free phase layer. These wells should be sampled last to avoid
possible cross-contamination of subsequent wells to be sampled.
All equipment entering the well will be decontaminated prior to and following well entry.
Clean, disposable latex gloves will be worn during all steps of groundwater sampling.
BROWN AND CALDWELL 5-6
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SOIL OOnlNG CONSmUCTION LOG -. . ------..
PROJECT: _____________ DATE:
CODE: TIME: -------------
METHOD: _____________ LOGGER: ______ ~_
DEPTH FORMATION BLOWS I
INTERVAL DESCRIPTION l'ER61N. I COMMENTS
----
..
Figure 5-2 Example Llthologic Log
BG Brown and Caldwell
Consullanla
iii:lriiiimiii
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Well Completion Log
Proleot1
Well 10:
o,1111no Metflod,
Proteatlwe Catino (Feet ALSJ,
Well Cuh10 H1lot11 ,, ••• ALSJ,
L111d au,taa•
a routi
Uaterlala U11d1
Top ol 81ntonll1 (Feat BLS)r
Top ol Sand Paalt (Feat BLSli
Top ol Soraaft (Feat BLS)1
·s101r
Co•platton 01111
Loagad By,
Figure 5-3 Example Well Completion Log
BO =
Brown and~
Consutlarts
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CHAPTERS. SAMPUNG EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
5.3.3.1 Purging
Wells will be purged before taking samples in order to clear the well of stagnant water in
the well casing that may not be representative of aquifer conditions. Wells will be purged until
three to five times the volume of standing water in the well have been removed and until the pH,
temperature, and specific conductance measurements of the groundwater being developed stabiliu.
If a well is pumped dry, this constitutes an adequate purge and the well can be sampled following
the recovery.
The wells will either be purged with a bailer or a pump. Standard, decontaminated, stainless
steel bailers with new nylon rope will be lowered into the top of the water column. allowed to fill
and then removed. The water will be discarded on-site. A pump will be used to purge the higher
producing wells. Only the intake line will be placed into the water column. The inside and outside
of the pump/pump head and associated piping will be washed with laboratory-grade detergent and
tap water, followed by a tap water rinse 10 remove visible soapy film, and a deionized water rinse
between wells.
In order to purge wells, the volume of water in the well will be calculated. To determine
the volume, the following method will be used: measure the distance from the bottom of the well
to the static water level, then measure the inside diameter of the well or casing. Obtain the volume
of the well by the following formula:
Where
V = 3.1416 rh
h = depth of water in feet
r = radius of well in feet
V = volume of water in cubic feet
This volume multiplied by 7.48 will be the well volume in gallons.
The pumping rate of the pump used during well purging will be determined by collecting
the flow of water from the pump in a bucket of known volume and measuring the time it takes to
fill the bucket The result will be flow rate in gallons per minute.
5.3.3.2 Groundwater Sample Collection Procedures
Following purging, samples will be collected using a closed-top Teflon"' or stainless steel
bailer. Samples for analysis of volatile organic analytes will be collected fust, extractables next,
then all other organics, and metals and other inorganics. All samples will be placed in coolers out
of the sun and iced as soon as possible after collection. All equipment will be decontaminated prior
to the sampling of each well. When bailing, new foil or plastic sheeting will be placed on the
ground around each well to prevent contamination of sampling equipment during bailing in the event
BROWN AND CALDWFLL 5-9 ~-" .... _,,..no..~ 11n
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CHAPTER S. SAMPUNG EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
any equipment is dropped or otherwise comes into contact with the ground. The closed top bailer
will have a leader of Teflon® coated wire on which braided nylon cord will be affixed and used to
raise and lower the bailer into the well without contacting the groundwater with the nylon cord. The
nylon cord and Teflon® coated wire will be discarded between wells.
Unfiltered metals samples will be preserved with HNO3 to a pH of less than 2. Volatile
samples will be preserved with HCI.
Samples collected for radiation analysis (gross alpha, beta, gamma; tritium and carbon 14
content) will be stored in a I-liter polyethylene bottle and placed in ice.
5.3.3.3 Determination of Groundwater Aow Direction and Velocity
The site-specific groundwater flow conditions will be studied using two lines of investigation.
NCGS and USGS WRD publications and file data
Site well water levels
Slug tests will be performed to obtain hydraulic conductivity values for the residual soil unit
Slug tests will be performed in the field using the Hvorslev Method, as described by Fetter (1988).
The hydraulic conductivity values for the bedrock unit will be obtained by performing isolated zone
packer tests in sealed, open hole. The average flow velocity v is calculated by the relationship:
where k = hydraulic conductivity
V -ki --g-
i = hydraulic gradient (assumed to be = l)
0 = effective porosity, obtained from geotechnical tests
5.4 QUALITY ASSURANCF/QUALITY CONTROL (QNQC)
Table 5-1 lists the estimated QNQC sample requirements.
5.5 EQUIPMENT AND SAMPLING SUPPLIES
Table 5-2 lists sample container requirements. Table 5-3 lists required
sampling equipment and expendable supplies. All sampling equipment will be
constructed of stainless steel, glass, or Teflon®.
BROWN AND CALDWELL 5-10 s-.,,1i,w oNI A,..,.# Pia. 0-C--1111
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Table 5-1 Estimated QA/QC Samples
Field Equipment Operable Unit Duplicates Blanks Blanks
Chemical waste 3 2 2
disposal area
Groundwater 2 2 2
* = Volatile constituents only.
\SAP\7200T5-l.SAP
Trip
Blanks*
9
6
--~----------------
Table 5-2 40 CFR Part 136 Table II: Required Containers, Preservation Techniques, and Holding Times
(Water/Wastewater Samples)
Parameter number/name Container Preservation Max hold time
Table IA-Bacterial Tests:
1-4. Coliform, fecal and total P,G Cool 4°C, 0.008% Na2S2O3
5 6 hours
5. Fecal streptococci P,G Cool 4°C, 0.008% Na2S2O3
5 6 hours
Table IB-Inorganic Tests:
I. Acidity P,G Cool 4°C 14 days
2. Alkalinity P,G Cool 4°C 14 days
4. Ammonia P,G Cool 4°C, H2SO4 to pH<2 28 days
9. Biochemical oxygen demand P,G Cool 4°C 48 hours
11. Bromide P,G None required 28 days
14. Biochemical oxygen demand P,G Cool 4°C 48 hours
carbonaceous
15. Chemical oxygen demand P,G Cool 4°C, H2SO4 to pH<2 28 days
16. Chloride P,G None required 28 days
17. Chlorine, total residual P,G None required Analyze immediately
21. Color P,G Cool 4°C 48 hours
23-24. Cyanide, total and amenable to P,G Cool 4°C, H2S04 to pH<2, 0.6g 14 days 6
chlorination ascorbic acid 5
25. Fluoride P,G None required 28 days
27. Hardness P,G HNO3 to pH<2, H2SO4 to 6 months
pH<2
----·---------------
Table 5-2 40 CFR Part 136 Table II: Required Containers, Preservation Techniques, and Holding Times
(Water/Wastewater Samples)
Parameter number/name Container Preservation Max hold time
28. Hydrogen ion (pH) P,G None required Analyze immediately
3 I ,43. Kjeldahl and organic nitrogen P,G Cool 4°C, H2SO4 to pH<2 28 days
Metals:7
18. Chromium VI PG Cool 4°C 24 hours
35. Mercury PG HNO3 to pH<2 28 days
3. 5-8, IO, 12, 13, 19, 20, 22, PG HNO3 to pH<2 6 months
26, 29, 30, 32-34, 36, 37, 45, 47, 51,
52, 58-60, 62, 63, 70-72, 74, 75.
Metals, except chromium VI and
mercury
38. Nitrate P,G Cool 4°C 48 hours
39. Nitrate-nitrite P,G Cool 4°C, H2SO4 to pH<2 28 days
40. Nitrate P,G Cool 4°C 48 hours
41. Oil and grease P,G Cool 4°C, H2SO4 to pH<2 28 days
42. Organic carbon P,G Cool 4°C, HCI or H2SO4 to 28 days
pH<2
44. Orthophosphate P,G Filter immediately, Cool 4°C 48 hours
46. Oxygen, dissolved probe P,G None required Analyze immediately
47. Oxygen, Winkler P,G Fix on-site and store in dark 8 hours
48. Phenols P,G Cool 4°C, H2SO4 to pH<2 28 days
49. Phosphorus (elemental) P,G Cool 4°C 48 days
-----------~-------
Table 5-2 40 CFR Part 136 Table II: Required Containers, Preservation Techniques, and Holding Times
(Water/Wastewater Samples)
Parameter number/name Container Preservation Max hold time
50. Phosphorus, total P,G Cool 4°C, H2SO4 to pH<2 28 hours
53. Residue, total P,G Cool 4°C 7 days
54. Residue, filterable P,G Cool 4°C 7 days
55. Residue, nonfilterable (TSS) P,G Cool 4°C 7 days
56. Residue, settleable Cool 4°C 48 hours
57. Residue, volatile Cool 4°C 7 days
61. Silica Cool 4°C 28 days
64. Specific conductance Cool 4°C 28 days
65. Sulfate Cool 4°C 28 days
66. Sulfide Cool 4 °C add zinc acetate plus 7 days
sodium hydroxide to pH>9
67. Sulfite None required Analyze immediately
68. Surfactants Cool 4°C 48 hours
69. Temperature None required Analyze
73. Turbidity Cool 4°C 48 hours
Table IC--Organic Tests:8 G, Teflon-Cool 4°C, 0.008% Na2 S2O3 s 14 days
lined
13, 18-20, 22, 24-28, 34-37, 39-43, G, Teflon-Cool 4°C, 0.008% Na2 S2O3 s 14 days
45-47, 56, 66, 88, 89, 92-95, 97. lined HCI to pH2 9
Purgeabie halocarbons septum
6, 57, 90 Purgeable aromatic hydrocarbons n
-------------------
Table 5-2 40 CFR Part 136 Table II: Required Containers, Preservation Techniques, and Holding Times
(Water/Wastewater Samples)
Parameter number/name
3,4, Acrolein and acrylonitrile
23, 30, 44, 49, 53, 67, 70, 71, 83, 85, 96,
Phenols 11
7, 38. Benzidines 11
14, 17, 48, 50-52. Phthalate esters 11
72-74. Nitrosamines 11• 14
76-82. PCBs 11 acrylonitrile
54, 55, 65, 69. Nitroaromatics and
isophorone 11
1, 2, 5, 8-12, 32, 33, 58, 59, 64, 68, 84, 86.
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons 11
15, 16, 21, 31, 75. Haloethers 11
29, 35-37, 60-63, 91. Chlorinated
hydrocarbons
87. TCDD 11
Container
G, Teflon-
lined
septum
G, Teflon-
lined cap
G, Teflon-
lined cap
G, Teflon-
lined cap
G, Teflon-
lined cap
G, Teflon-
lined cap
G, Teflon-
lined cap
G, Teflon-
lined cap
G, Teflon-
lined cap
G, Teflon-
lined cap
G, Teflon-
lined cap
Preservation
Cool 4°C, 0.008% Na2 S20 3
5
Adjust pH to 4.5 10
Cool 4°C, 0.008% Na2 S20 3
5
Cool 4°C, 0.008% Na2 S20 3
5
Cool 4°C
Cool 4°C, store in dark,
0.008% Na2 S20 3
5
Cool 4°C
Cool 4°C, 0.008% Na2 S20 3
5
store in dark
Cool 4°C, 0.008% Na2 S20 3
5
store in dark
Cool 4°C, 0.008% Na2 S20 3
5
Cool 4°C
Cool 4°C, 0.008% Na2 S20 3
5
Max hold time
14 days
7 days until extraction, 40
days after extraction
7 days until extraction 13
7 days until extraction, 40
days after extraction
7 days until extraction, 40
days after extraction
7 days until extraction, 40
days after extraction
7 days until extraction, 40
days after extraction
7 days until extraction, 40
days after extraction
7 days until extraction, 40
days after extraction
7 days until extraction, 40
days after extraction
7 days until extraction, 40
days after extraction
Table 5-2 40 CFR Part 136 Table II: Required Containers, Preservation Techniques, and Holding Times
(Water/Wastewater Samples)
Parameter number/name Container Preservation Max hold time
Table ID--Pesticides Tests:
1-70. Pesticides 11 G, Teflon-Cool 4°C, 0.008% Na2 S2O3
5 7 days until extraction, 40
lined cap days after extraction
Table IE--Radiological Tests:
1-5. Alpha, beta and radium P, G HN03 to pH<2 6 months
Table II Notes
1Polyethylene (P) or Glass (G).
2Sample preservation should be performed immediately upon sample collection. For composite chemical samples each aliquot
should be preserved at the time of collection. When use of an automated sampler makes it impossible to preserve each aliquot,
then chemical samples may be preserved by maintaining at 4°C until composting and sample splitting is completed.
3When any sample is to be stripped by common carrier or sent through the United States Mails, it must comply with the
Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations ( 49 CFR Part 172). The person offering such material for
transportation is responsible for ensuring such compliance. For the preservation requirements of Table II, the Office of
Hazardous Materials, Materials Transportation Bureau, Department of Transportation has determined that the Hazardous Materials
Regulations do not apply to the following materials: Hydrochloric acid (HCI) in water solutions at concentrations of 0.04% by
weight or less (pH about 1.96 or greater); Nitric acid (HNO3) in water solutions at concentrations of 0.15% by weight or less (pH
about 1.62 or greater); Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in water solutions at concentrations of 0.35% by weight or less (ph about 1.15 or
greater); and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in water solutions at concentrations of 0.080% by weight or less (pH about 12.30 or
less).
4Samples should be analyzed as soon as possible after collection. The times listed are the maximum times that samples may be
held before analysis and still be considered valid. Samples may be held for longer periods only if the permittee, or monitoring
laboratory, has data on file to show that the specific types of samples under study are stable for the longer time, and has received
a variance from the Regional Administer under Part 136.6(e). Some samples may not be stable for the maximum time period
given in the table. A permittee, or monitoring laboratory, is obligated to hold the sample for a shorter time if knowledge exists
to show that this is necessary to maintain sample stability. See Part 136.J(e) for details.
Table 5-2 40 CFR Part 136 Table II: Required Containers, Preservation Techniques, and Holding Times
{Water/Wastewater Samples)
Parameter number/name Container Preservation Max hold time
Table II Notes (continued)
5Should only be used in the presence of residual chlorine.
6Maximum holding time is 24 hours when sulfide is present. Optionally all samples may be tested with lead acetate paper before
pH adjustments in order to determine if sulfide is present. If sulfide is present, it can be removed by the addition of cadmium
nitrate powder until a negative spot test is obtained. The sample is filtered and then NaOH is added to pH 12.
7Samples should be filtered immediately on-site before adding preservative for dissolved metals.
8Guidance applies to samples to be analyzed by GC, LC, OR GC/MS for specific compounds.
9Sample receiving no pH adjustment must be analyzed within 7 days of sampling.
1~e pH adjustment is not required if acrolein will not be measured. Samples for acrolcin receiving no pH adjustment must be
analyzed within 3 days of sampling.
11When the extractable analytes of concern fall within a single chemical category, the specified preservative and maximum
holding times should be observed for optimum safeguard of sample integrity. When the analytes of concern fall within two or
more chemical categories, the sample may be preserved by cooling to 4°C, reducing residual chlorine with 0.008% sodium
thiosulfate, storing in the dark, and adjusting the pH to 6-9; samples preserved in this manner may be held for 7 days before
extraction and for 40 days after extraction. Exceptions to this optional preservation and holding time procedure are noted in
footnote 5 {re: the requirement for thiosulfate reduction of residual chlorine), and footnotes 12, 13 {re: the analysis of benzidine).
12If 1, 2-diphenylhydrazine is likely to be present, adjust the pH of the sample to 4.0± 0.2 to prevent rearrangement to benzidine.
13Extracts may be stored up to 7 days before analysis if storage is conducted under an inert {oxidant-free) atmosphere.
14For the analysis of diphenylnitrosamine, add 0.008% Na2S20 3 and adjust pH to 7-10 with NaOH within 24 hours of sampling.
15The pH adjustment may be performed upon receipt at the laboratory and may be omitted if the samples are extracted within
72 hours of collection. For the analysis of aldrin, add 0.008% Na2S20 3•
Reference:
SAP\72001"5-l.SAP
This table is reprinted from 40 CFR Chapter I, Revised as of July I, 1988. According to Federal Register of
Thursday, September 3, 1987, preservation for Oil and Grease may also be performed with HCI.
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Table 5-3 Required Sampling Equipment and Expendable Supplies
Instruments Personal Protective Sampling Supplies Decontamination
Equipment Suppies
HN1J PIO Tyvek suits Nylon rope Buckets
HNU Model 311 GC
Bailers Latex gloves Teflon coated wire Liquioox/ Alcooox
Hand augers Respira!Oll; Venniculite Isopropyl alcohol
Mixing bowls/spoons Cartridges Reference standaros Analyte-free water
Purge pump Hard hats Preservatives Deionired water
Well sounders Steel 1oe boots Log books Spray bottles
Engineer's tape Protective eye wear Aluminum foil Plastic sheeting
Conductivity meter Hearing protec!Oll; Sharpies Brushes
pH meter Pens Plywood
Thermometers Polyethylene bags
Camera/film Trash bags
Sample containers Sample paperwork
Shipping coolers Duct tape
Calculator Strapping tape
"
Tools Ice
Drums Paper towels
Victoreen Model I 90
radiation Slll'Vey meter
\';AP\7200TS-3.SAP
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CHAPTERS. SAMPUNG EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
5.6 DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES
All expendable and miscellaneous items that contact the sample will be made of inert
material (Teflon~. glass, stainless steel, etc.). Used expendable materials will be collected in plastic
garbage bags, and disposed of according to applicable regulations.
Whenever possible, sufficient equipment will be cleaned prior to mobilization and transported
to the field so that the entire investigation can be conducted without the need for field cleaning.
When equipment requires cleaning in the field, cleaning procedures will be conducted
in a predesignated area chosen to minimize potential cross contamination by airborne dust. All field
cleaning procedures will be documented in the field logbook. Following sample collection, sampling
equipment will be immediately rinsed with tap water.
Field decontamination residues will be collected and retained for later disposal. Disposal will
be based upon the analytical results obtained from the specific sampling locations.
5.6.1 General Procedures
The following steps will be used for decontamination of all field sampling and measuring
equipment. Prior to mobilization to the field:
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Wash the equipment in a contaminant free location with hot tap water containing
laboratory-grade (Liquinox) detergent.
Rinse several times with potable water.
Rinse glass or plastic equipment with 10% reagent grade nitric acid solution. This
rinse should not be used on stainless steel equipment.
Rinse with analyte-free water and allow to air dry.
Rinse with pesticide-grade isopropyl alcohol and allow to air dry.
Wrap in clean aluminum foil to transport to the field.
Field cleaning procedures are as follows:
I. Wash the equipment in a relatively contaminant free location with potable water
containing laboratory-grade (Liquinox) detergent. Scrub with a brush to remove any
soil.
2. Rinse several times with potable water.
BROWN AND CALDWPLL 5-19
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CHAPTER 5. SAMPUNG EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
3.
4.
5.
Rinse glass or plastic equipment with 10% reagent grade nitric acid solution. This
rinse should not be used with stainless steel equipment.
Rinse with analyte-free.
Rinse with pesticide grade isopropyl alcohol and allow to air dry. If air drying is
impractical, follow with two analyte-free water rinses.
6. Check for the presence of beta and gamma radiation with the field survey instrument,
above background levels.
7. Wrap in clean aluminum foil.
5.6.2 Drilling Rigs, Augers, Soil Borers, and Other Associated Large Equipment
All drilling rigs and associated large equipment will be cleaned and decontaminated prior to
mobilization to the designated site. All equipment will be inspected to insure that there are no fluids
leaking from gaskets or seals. Prior to initiation of drilling activities, and between sample locations,
the equipment will be cleaned in a designated decontamination area equipped with a plastic-lined
pit or other containment structure that will catch and contain all decontamination fluids.
Decontamination fluids will be stored in the adjacent staging area in labelled DOT-17 steel drums.
All portions of the equipment that will be over the borehole will be steam cleaned and wire
brushed to remove all rust, soil, and other material. The equipment will then be inspected to
determine that no oil, grease, hydraulic fluid, etc., is present. All downhole and associated
equipment will be cleaned by the following procedure:
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Clean with tap water and Liquinox using a brush to remove particulate matter and
surface films. Steam cleaning and/or high pressure hot water washing may be
necessary. Hollow equipment will be cleaned inside and out.
Rinse thoroughly with potable water.
Rinse thoroughly with analyte-free.
Rinse thoroughly with pesticide grade isopropyl alcohol and allow to air dry.
Check for the presence of beta and gamma radiation with the field survey instrument,
above background levels.
6. Wrap with aluminum foil or clean plastic wrap to store or transport.
BROWN A.ND CALDWELL 5-20 ~ OM Alfdl,.o Pm -O.C--,, 1"2
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CHAPTER 5. SAMPUNG EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
For all well casing, tremie tubing, etc., that arrive on-site with printing and/or writing on
them, the printing and/or writing should be removed before step I above. Emery cloth or sandpaper
can be used to remove the printing and/or writing. Most well material suppliers can supply
materials without printing and/or writing if it is specified when the materials are ordered.
5.6.3 Cleaning Procedures for Analyte-Free Water Containers
Borosilicate glass containers will be maintained for the purpose of transporting analyte-free
water only. These containers will be cleaned by the following procedure:
Wash containers thoroughly with hot tap water and Liquinox, using a bottle brush to
-remove particulate matter and surface film.
Rinse containers thoroughly with hot tap water.
Rinse containers with 10 percent nitric acid.
Rinse containers thoroughly with tap water.
Rinse containers thoroughly with deionized water.
Rinse twice with pesticide-grade isopropyl alcohol and allow to air dry for 24 hours.
Cap with aluminum film, or caps with Teflon® liners.
Water will not be stored in the containers for longer than 3 days prior to mobilization to use
in the field.
5.6.4 Heavily Contaminated Equipment
Sampling equipment that becomes contaminated to a degree that standard cleaning procedures
outlined above are not effective shall be cleaned in a controlled location with acetone/hexane,
followed by standard cleaning methods. If equipment cannot be cleaned by this method, it will be
discarded.
5.6.5 Well Development and Aquifer Property Measuring Equipment
All equipment used for well development will be decontaminated before and after use at each
well. This will include, but is not limited to, decontamination of all pumps, purging ballers, and
downhole piping. New rope will be used at each well location.
The decontamination procedures will be similar to those described for drilling equipment
(steam clean, detergent wash, solvent rinse, organic-free water triple-rinse).
BROWN AND CAWWELL 5-21
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CHAPTERS. SAMPUNG EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
5.6.6 Water Level Measurement Equipment
The electrical (sounding) tape or steel tape used to measure water levels will be
decontaminated to avoid chemical cross contamination between wells before and after use at each
well in the following manner:
Wash with laboratory-grade detergent and tap water.
Rinse with tap water.
Triple-rinse with organic-free water.
I.
2.
3.
4. Utilize the field survey instrument to check for the presence of beta or gamma
radiation. above background levels.
5. Place equipment in polyethylene bag for storage or transportation.
5.6.7 Sampling Jars and Containers
The outside of sampling jars and containers used for sending samples to the contract
laboratory will be decontaminated after the sample is taken and the lid is tight Decontamination
procedures will consist of:
I. Scrub with detergent (Liquinox) solution and brush.
2. Rinse with potable water.
3. Check for the presence of radiation levels above accepted background levels.
Rec lean the containers as necessary.
4. Place container in a polyethylene bag and seal.
A separate decontamination tub will be set up for these samples.
5.6.8 Personnel Decontamination
The personnel decontamination procedures to be used at the site will be performed at each
drilling location or other sampling sites before leaving the investigation areas. Each subcontractor,
will provide all protective clothing for its own personnel and the equipment necessary to comply
with decontamination procedures specified in the Site Health and Safety Plan. Personnel
decontamination will include a beta-gamma radiation survey, as described above.
BROWN ,tND CALDWELL 5-22 s..,,lillt/f-" A-,.;. /'fa • ~ 1"1
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CHAPTERS. SAMPUNG EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
5.7 AIR QUALITY
Air monitoring is used to help establish criteria for work safety, to document potential
exposures, and to determine protective measures for the public. An effective air surveillance
program, tailored to meet the conditions found at each work site, must be established to accomplish
these tasks. Air monitoring measures related to health and safety issues are described in the Site
Health and Safety Plan. Basically, the type of monitoring required during investigation phases of
hazardous waste operations is periodic monitoring (spot checking), typically with direct-reading
instruments such as the HNU Model 101 or Photovac International MicroTip. The use of direct-
reading instruments allows immediate feedback as to the appropriateness of the level of protective
equipment being used, in particular the use of respirators.
5.8 RADIATION MONITORING
Two types of radiation detection and monitoring equipment will be employed: scintillation
devices will be used for low level measurement on a site grid for waste characterization. A Geiger-
Mueller device will be employed for initial sample screening and for worker health and safety
protection. All the instrumentation utilized will be pre-calibrated by the manufacturer and will be
direct-reading, providing immediate response in real time.
5.9 SURVEYING
All sampling locations will be surveyed for horizontal and vertical control by a state licensed
surveyor using the procedures specified in SOPQAM Sections 7.2 and 7.3 (USEPA, 199).
SAPiTIOCK:1-15.SAP
BROWN AND CALDWF.LL 5-23 ~-' A-,.is Pf,,,. -D«ff#Mr 1991
✓'
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CHAPTER 6.0
SAMPLE BANDUNG
6.1 SAMPLING RECORDS
Proper sample documentation is essential to data quality, and provides a means of
identification cross reference to insure accurate interpretation of results.
6.1.1 Chain Of Custody (COC) Documentation
After the sample is collected in the field and the outside of the sample container is
properly decontaminated, documentation for sample shipment is completed. A COC record
must be prepared per sample cooler to maintain the legal transfer of the sample from the field
team to the laboratory. The COC lists each sample in that cooler. The COC record is used to
record the custody of samples and will accompany samples at all times. The COC record will
contain the following information:
Project name;
Sampler(s) signature(s);
Site name and address
Sample ID number or location;
Date;
Time in local 24-hour designation;
Sample matrix;
Type of sample (grab or composite);
Brief description of station location;
Total number of sample containers and the total number of individual containers
for each type of analysis;
Sample tag number and comments;
Signature, date, and time of person relinquishing the samples, and of the person
receiving them;
BROWN AND CALDWEU 6-1
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CHAPTER 6. SAMPLE BANDUNG
Air bill or freight number, if samples are shipped by a common courier.
The analyses listed on the COC serves as an official communication
to the laboratory of the particular analyses required for each sample and
provide further evidence that the COC is complete. COC records initiated in
the field will be placed in a plastic cover and taped to the inside of the
shipping container used for sample transport from the field to the laboratory.
Copies of these COC records will be kept with the sampling team should
questions arise. The laboratory will return the original signed COC records
with the data packages. Figure 6-1 shows an example of a COC record.
6.1.2 Sample Labels
;~;;~~~~J:;~;:§Eg:4:~ [~
Project or site name;
Field identification or sample station number and a brief description of the
sampling location;
Date and time of sample collection;
Designation of sample as a grab or composite
Type of sample (water, sediment, etc.);
Signature of the sampler(s);
Whether the sample is preserved or unpreserved, and the nature or the
preservative;
Type of analyses to be performed;
Relevant comments ( color, odor, pH, etc.).
Split samples will be identified with tags containing identical information. Control
samples, such as blanks or spikes, will be recorded as such on the sample tags. "Blind" spikes
or duplicate samples will be given fictitious sample station numbers. The exact description of
all samples will be recorded in the field logbook. ·
BROWN AND CALDWELL 6-2 s..p,;,.-"' ... _,.. ,.,,_ . 0.:..... 1991
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Figure 6-1 Example Chain-of-Custody Form
eo~i:ic•-= =
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Preservative .ti Yes □ No 0 .. ~
~ a ANALYSES .. C ._
.2' BOD anions .. t .,
""'"'• ITT!':\ rTn!':\ ,.,.,, 0 • 0 f"nQ rnr-N1rtrient,i;
! Phenollcs a • Mercurv C ~ k!!, Metals -Cvanide ~ ! Or9anics GC/MS -E • Volilile Ornanics • "' • Pesticides >: ~ • ~ DESCRIPTION :;
::,
HWSI SoiVSed.
HWSI Water
0 z REMARKS g
0 j ~ .. g
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0 ~
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8 Tag No, Lab, SalTl)IB No.
u 4088 -~ ..
CUSTODY SEAL BROWN ANO CALOWELL
CONSU. TANfS
5110 Elson_ BM!.. Sube 2:)0
Ta,npa.FL3363,C
(1113) 1189-9515
FAX (1113) 8~
Figure 6-2 Sample Tag and Custody Seal
BG ~,:i Coldwell
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CHAPTER 6. SAMPLE HANDUNG
Sample labels may be completed prior to lillUauon of field work except for the
signatures, sample date, and time. A signed and dated custody seal will be placed across the
container cap and the container will be sealed into a polyethylene bag to prevent cross
contamination during shipping.
6.2 SHIPPING REQUIREMENTS
Shipping containers will be secured with nylon of fiberglass reinforced strapping tape
and signed custody seals to ensure that the samples are not disturbed during transport. The
custody seals will be placed on the cooler so that the cooler cannot be opened without breaking
the seal.
Samples will be shipped in insulated containers with either freezer forms or ice. If ice
is used, it will be place in a container so that the water will not leak into the cooler as the ice
melts. The sample will be shipped within 24 hours of collection. An overnight express
company will be used, if necessary. Department of Transportation regulations will be followed
for packaging and sample shipping methods.
Upon sample receipt, the laboratory will sign and keep copies of the express air bill and
COC. The condition of the samples will be documented. If any breakage or discrepancy arises
between COC, sample labels, and requested analysis, the sample custodian will notify the field
team. Any discrepancy or improper preservation will be noted by the laboratory and will be
documented with the corrective action taken.
Samples being shipped to the selected mixed-waste analytical laboratory for radiation
parameters analyses will be pre-screened in the field, prior to packaging and placement in the
shipping container. No direct sampling of LLRW will be performed during the Remedial
Investigation activities described herein. Therefore, if any media samples are found to be
radioactively contaminated, only very low levels of residual radiation would be encountered.
The packaging, labelling, and shipment of media samples exhibiting radiation levels greater than
that of established normal site background values will be handled and shipped in conformance
with the applicable U.S. Department of Transportation regulations in 40 CFR Parts 100-189.
SAPl. 7200CH6
BROWN AND CAW'WELL 6-5 s..,lilfr GM A..,.ir Pia. o.e..,1,-, J#J
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CHAPTER 7.0
INVESTIGATION DERIVED WASTE HANDUNG
AND DISPOSAL
Waste will be generated as a byproduct of the field investigation. The handling of waste
generated onsite shall conform to all health and safety requirements, and all state, local, and
federal regulations. Types of wastes to be generated include:
Borehole drilling cuttings;
Wastewater from decontamination;
Purge water from well sampling; and
Disposable health and safety clothing and sampling supplies.
Waste material will be stored on-site in sealed drums until the initiation of remedial
activities. The waste materials may then be disposed of as normal solid waste if contaminant
concentrations do not exceed any state or federal regulatory limits for the type of waste in
question.
SAP\7200CH7.SAP
BROWN AND CAWWl?LL 7-1
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CHAPTER 8.0
LABORATORY QUAUTY ASSURANCE
The contracted laboratory utilired for T ALJTCL analyses will be required to meet the
guidelines for Quality Assurance/Quality Control described f.o1" the USEPA Contract Laboratory
Program Statement of Work (1990). h1\
The laboratory contracted for radiation parameters analyses will be required to meet
appropriate US EPA and/or U.S. Department of Energy guidelines and certification requirements.
SAP\7200CHB.SAP
BROWN AND CALDWEU. 8-1 S..,,..,,_,.A,_,.ir Pka • D«n.wr 1#1
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REFERENCES
ATSDR, 1988. Preliminary Health Assessment, North Carolina State University. Lot 86 Wake
County. Raleigh. North Carolina. Office of Health Assessment, Agency for Toxic Substances
and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.
BCC, 1992. RI/FS Site Health & Safety Plan. North Carolina State University Lot 86 Site.
BCC, 1992. RI/FS Quality Assurance Project Plan. North Carolina State University Lot 86 Site.
BCC, 1992. RI/FS Work Plan. North Carolina State University Lot 86 Site.
Fetter, C.W., 1988. Applied Hydrogeology. 2nd Edition. Merrill Publishing Company, Columbus,
OH, pp. 196-200.
Liddle, S., 1984. Trace Element Analysis of the Groundwater at a Hazardous Waste Landfill in the
Piedmont of North Carolina. M.S. Thesis, Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric
Sciences, North Carolina State University. Raleigh, North Carolina.
McDade, I.A., I.I. Won, and C.W. Welby, 1984. Application of Surface Geophysical Methods to
the Hydrogeological Evaluation of Waste Disposal Sites in North Carolina. Final Report
Prepared for North Carolina Board of Science and Technology.
Parker, J.M., ill, 1979. Geology and Mineral Resources of Wake County. North Carolina
Department of Natural Resources and Community Development. Division of Land Resources,
Geological Survey Section. Raleigh, North Carolina.
USEPA, 1991. Administrative Order by consent, EPA Docket No. 91-24-C.
USEPA, 1991. Environmental Compliance Branch Standard Operating Procedures and Quality
Assurance Manual. Athens, Georgia.
USEPA, 1990. Contract Laboratory Program Statement of Work.
USEPA, 1988. REM V Program Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study Work Plan
Amendment No. 01 (Final). Low Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Area--North Carolina
State University Lot 86 Site, Raleigh, North Carolina. "
'
USEPA, 1987. Data Quality Objectives for Remedial Response Activities. EPN540/6-87/003.
USEPA, 1987. REM ill Program Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study Draft Work Plan.
North Carolina State University Lot 86 Site, Raleigh, North Carolina.
BROWN AND CALDWEIL R-1 s.-,,a-. ... A...,.. ,.,,_. 0..,.,,., 1#1
6
m REFERENCES
I USEPA, 1985. Forward Planning Study, North Carolina State Universi!Y, Lot 86 Site. Fmal
Report.
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